ORGANIZATION

DEVB.OPMENT
The Process of Leading
Organizational Change

DONALD L ANDERSON
University of Denver

SAGE
Los Angeles * London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC

Contents

Preface

ix

1. What Is Organization Development?

Organization Development Defined
Change Is a Constant Pressure
What Organization Development Looks Like
What Organization Development Is Not
Who This Book Is For
Overview of the Book
Analyzing Case Studies
Summary

1
2
3
4
8
10
10
12
14

2. History of Organization Development

Laboratory Training and T-Groups
Action Research and Survey Feedback
Management Practices
Quality and Employee Involvement
Organizational Culture
Change Management, Strategic Change, and Reengineering
Organizational Learning
Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Engagement
Summary

15
16
18
21
24
26
28
29
31
32

3. Core Values and Ethics of Organization Development

Defining Values
Why Are Values Important to the OD Practitioner?
Core Values of Organization Development
Changes to OD Values Over Time and the Values Debate
Challenges to Holding Organization Development Values
Statement of Organization Development Ethics
Summary
Appendix

35
36
36
37
43
45
46
46
48

CASE STUDY 1: ANALYZING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ORGANIZATION

DEVELOPMENT WORK AT NORTHERN COUNTY LEGAL SERVICES

55

4. Foundations of Organizational Change

Levels and Characteristics of Organizational Change
Models of Organizational Change: Systems Theory
and Social Construction Approaches
Organizations as Systems
Organizations as Socially Constructed
.
Summary

59
61
62
62
74
81

5. The Organization Development Practitioner

and the Consulting Process
The Consulting Relationship and Types of Consulting
The Organization Development Consulting Model
OD Practitioners: Who Are They and Where Do They Work?
The Organization Development Consulting Profession
The OD Consulting Process and Action Research
Summary

83
84
86
88
91
93
98

6. Entry and Contracting

Entry
Contracting
Summary

101
102
105
116

7. Data Gathering
The Importance of Data Gathering
Presenting Problems and Underlying Problems
Data Gathering Process
Data Gathering Methods
Creating a Data Gathering Strategy and Proposing an Approach
Ethical Issues With Data Gathering
Summary

117
118
119
120
120
137
141
141

CASE STUDY 2: PROPOSING A DATA GATHERING STRATEGY AT AEROTECH, INC.

8. Diagnosis and Feedback

Diagnosis: Discovery, Assessment, Analysis, and Interpretation
Finding Patterns by Analyzing Data
Interpreting Data
Selecting and Prioritizing Themes
Feedback
Recognizing Resistance
Ethical Issues With Diagnosis and Giving Feedback
Summary

143

149
150
152
158
159
161
163
166
167

CASE STUDY 3: SORTING THROUGH

THE DATA FROM LOGAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

169

9. An Introduction to Interventions
Interventions Defined
Why Interventions Fail

173
175
176

Considerations in Selecting the Right

Intervention Strategy
,Structuring and Planning Interventions for Success
The Change Agent's Role in the Intervention
Ethical Issues With Interventions
Overview of Intervention Techniques
Summary
10. Individual Interventions
Individual Change and Reactions to Change
Individual Instruments and Assessments
Coaching
Mentoring
360 Feedback
Career Planning and Development
Summary
CASE STUDY 4: REORGANIZING HUMAN RESOURCES AT ASP SOFTWARE

11. Team Interventions

Defining Teams
What Makes a Successful Team?
Special Types of Teams
Team Development
Team-Building Interventions
Intergroup Interventions
Summary
CASE STUDY 5: SOLVING TEAM CHALLENGES AT DOCSYSTEMS BILLING, INC.

12. Whole Organization and

Multiple Organization Interventions
Characteristics of Contemporary Large-Scale Interventions
Organizational Culture Assessment and Change
Organization Design and Structure
Directional Interventions
Quality and Productivity Interventions
Mergers and Acquisitions
Transorganization or Interorganization Development
Summary
CASE STUDY 6: THE FUTURE OF THE CROSSROADS CENTER

13. Sustaining Change, Evaluating,

and Ending an Engagement
Sustaining Change After the Intervention
Evaluation
Ending an Engagement: Separation and Exit
Summary

180
185
188
189
190
190
193
194
196
200
203
204
206
210
211

217
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219
220
224
224
243
248
250

259
261
262
265
275
285
289
293
295
298

303
304
309
315
317

14. The Future of Organization Development

Increasing Complexity of Change
Globalization
Changing Workforce Demographics
Changing Nature of Work
The Current State of OD:
Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities
Summary

319
319
321
324
326

References

333

Index

355

About the Author

369

329
332