Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objectives
Identify requirements that are likely to drive the design
First estimate of the size of the aircraft, through Wo
MISSION PROFILE
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Mission Profiles
Mission profile purpose of the aircraft
General Aviation Aircraft
Simple Cruise + Hold
4
5
Loiter
5
Approach
6
Landing, Taxi-in
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7
Cruise 1
3
5
1
6
Combat
Loiter
Loiter
Weapon Drop
Approach
Landing, Taxi-in
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Cruise 1
Loiter
Loiter
Combat
Approach
5
Weapon Drop
Landing,
Taxi-in
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Cruise 1
Loiter
4
5
6
Combat
10
Approach
8
Weapon Drop
11
12
Landing,
Taxi-in
* R: Re-Fuelling
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Payload
Usable Fuel
Trapped Fuel
25
25
50
20
5
Wo
Wo
Wcrew + W pay
Wo =
1 {w e + w f }
w e & w f
ESTIMATION OF EMPTY
WEIGHT FRACTION
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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A/C type
Sailplane (unpowered)
Sailplane (powered)
Homebuilt-metal/wood
Home-built composite
General Aviation-1 Engine
General Aviation-2 Engine
Agricultural a/c
Twin turboprop
Flying Boat
Jet trainer
Jet fighter
Military cargo
Jet transport
0.83
0.88
1.11
1.07
2.05
1.40
0.72
0.92
1.05
1.47
2.11
0.88
0.97
Note: Wo in kg
C
-0.05
-0.05
-0.09
-0.09
-0.18
-0.10
-0.03
-0.05
-0.05
-0.10
-0.13
-0.07
-0.06
A
1.53
2.48
0.86
C
-0.16
-0.18
-0.06
e = A WoC * Kvs
Source: Table 3.1, pg. 31, Raymer, 5th edition
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Bae 146-100
DC-9-10
130000
BAC-111
120000
BAE 146-200
y = 0.5598x
F100
110000
BAE 146-300
DC-9-30
100000
737-200
90000
DC-9-40
DC-9-50
80000
717-200
70000
737-300
737-400
60000
MD-81
50000
40000
80000
737-600
737-700
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
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Assumption
Fuel used in each mission segment is proportional to a/c weight
mission start
Mission segment weight fraction for ith segment = Wi/Wi-1
Total fuel weight fraction (W6/W0) obtained by multiplying the
weight fractions of each mission segments
W6 W6 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1
=
W0 W5 W4 W3 W2 W1 W0
W6
W5
W3
= 0.995
1.0
0.985 0.97
W0
W4
W2
W6
W W
= 0.95067 5 3
W0
W4 W2
ESTIMATION OF FUEL
WEIGHT FRACTION
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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dW = tsfc T dt
V dW
ds = V dt =
(tsfc )T
During Cruise
T = D, W = L
Hence:
V L dW
ds =
tsfc D W
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a L Winitial
R=
M ln
tsfc D W final
Engine efficiency
(fuel consumption)
Aerodynamic
efficiency
Structural
efficiency
a is sound speed
Winitial = MTOW (Maximum Takeoff Weight)
Wfinal = OEW + Pax + reserve fuel
OEW = Operational Empty Weight = Empty Weight
+ Crew + trapped fuel & Oil
Source: Jet Sense; The Philosophy and the Art of Aircraft Design, Zarir D. Pastakia
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Vcruise
R=
ccruise
R
ccruise
Vcruise
[L/D]cruise
Wi 1
L
ln
D cruise
Wi
1
E=
cloiter
E
cloiter
[L/D]loiter
Wi 1
L
ln
D loiter
Wi
= Endurance (sec)
= Specific Fuel consumption in Loiter (per sec)
= Optimum lift to drag ratio during loiter
= 0.866 [L/D]max for Propeller driven a/c
= [L/D]max
for Jet engined a/c
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Estimation of [L/D]max
Accurate value is not available since the aircraft
Configuration dependent
In level flight, L = W; L/D depends on D
Two main components of subsonic D
Parasite or Zero Lift f(wetted area)
Induced or lift dependent: f(wing span)
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 20 , AIAA Education Series, 1989
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 21, AIAA Education Series, 1989
Source: Raymer,D., Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed., pp 22, AIAA Education Series, 1989
From: The Historical Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of Regional Aircraft from Technological, Operational, and Cost Perspectives,
R. Babikian, S. Lukachko and I. Waitz, http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/people/waitz/publications/Babikian.pdf
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ESTIMATION OF ENGINE
PARAMETERS
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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Jet Engine TSFC = fuel mass flow rate per unit thrust
units = mg/N-s or lb/lb-hr
Propeller engine PSFC = fuel mass flow rate per unit power
units = mg/W-s or lb/SHP-hr
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
Series1
Linear (Series1)
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.5
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
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1.2
0.8
Heavier
Bigger Landing Gear
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
12
16
Bypass Ratio
AE-332M / 714 Aircraft Design
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c
lb/(SHP-hr)
Personal / Utility
0.80
0.60
Commuter
Regional Turboprop
0.82
0.85
0.55
0.50
= [Cjet]. p/V
Thus, Cjet = CpowerV/p
Thus by using Cjet in Brequet Equations, we can use
them also for Turbo/Pistonprop a/c also !
Wcrew + W pay
Wo =
1 {w e + w f }
Wo =
Wcrew + W pay
Wx
C
1 A Wo + (1 + RFF )1
W0
Steps in Wo estimation
Assume starting value of Wo (say, 4 times Wpay)
Estimate e = A WoC * Kvs
Estimate segment weight fractions, using
Historical Data
Breguet Range and Endurance formulae
EXAMPLE OF SIZING
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Requirements
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Mission Profile
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Assumptions
Loiter
cj = 0.55 lb/hr/lb
Diversion
Cruise speed of 250 kts (FAR 25)
L/D of 10 and cj = 0.9 lb/hr/lb
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S O L V E !!
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