SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

09/10/2015

STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
&
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
&
EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING

Presented by
Prof. R. S. DESAI

UNIT-IV
RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

WELCOME TO YOU ALL

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Chamoli, Comp-N20E
300

Get a set of several SDOF structures each having its own

period of vibration, such that all have periods uniformly
increasing from a minimum period T1 to a maximum specified
value of PERIOD Tn. (T1,T2,T3,Tn)

Acceleration (cm/sec )

200

100

-100

-200

Koyna Dam, Comp-Longi.

-300

500

-400

The interval (dT) between any two consecutive periods is

constant.

400
0

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15

20

25

30

35

300

Acceleration (cm/sec )

TIME (sec)

Consider a single STRONG GROUND MOTION (i.e an ground

motion accelerogram)

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-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

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12

14

TIME (sec)

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SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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RESPONSE SPECRUM
Each of the above SDOF structure is subjected to the
selected ground motion excitation at BASE for full
duration of the accelerogram.

The PEAK RESPONSE (displacement, velocity,

acceleration ) of each SDOF structure is noted and
plotted on Y axis corresponding to its PERIOD on X
axis.

Resulting graph of the PEAK RESPONSE on Y v/s

PERIOD on X represents a RESPONSE SPECTRUM.
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Prof. R.S. Desai

SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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All three spectra are skillfully used in defining or constructing the design
response spectrum, which will be discussed later.
Therefore, a combined plot showing all three of the spectral quantities is
desirable. This integrated presentation is possible because of the relationship
that exists between these three quantities.
log Sd =log Sv - log n
log Sa = log Sv +log n
From Equations , it is evident that a plot on logarithmic graph paper with logSv as ordinate and
log n as abscissa, the two equations are straight lines with slopes -45 and +45 for constant
values of logSd and logSa, respectively.
If log of time period T, instead of log n, is considered, then these orthogonal straight lines
are interchanged. Thus, a four way log plot as shown in Figure can be used to plot all three
spectra

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

End of Response Spectrum Theory

and its Construction.

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM

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Idealized response spectrum RESPONSE
by a series SPECTRUM
of straight lines for El Centro earthquake10

Design Response Spectrum and its Construction

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SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is intended to be used for the design of

new structures or the risk evaluation of existing structures for future
earthquakes, which are not known.
Requirements to be Satisfied by DRS: (CRITERIA of CONSTRUCTION)
a. The spectrum should be as smooth as possible and devoid of high irregularities, as observed in
the response spectrum of an earthquake shown in Figure , for two reasons. Firstly, irregularities
in the spectra of two different earthquakes could be significantly different, leading to an
erroneous estimate of the spectral ordinates for future earthquakes. Secondly, for a highly
irregular spectrum, spectral ordinates may drastically change for a small change in frequency.
As there is always a certain amount of uncertainty in the determination of natural frequencies of
structural systems, an irregular spectrum can provide a very erroneous estimate of the
earthquake forces calculated for the structures. Therefore, a design spectrum in a four way log
plot is expected to consist of a series of straight lines, such as that of an idealized spectrum shown
in Figure

b. The design spectrum should be representative of spectra for past earthquake ground motions in the
region. If there are insufficient or no earthquake records available for the region, then records of other
sites under similar conditions may be used. The factors that should be considered for identifying
similar conditions include the magnitude of the earthquake, distance of the site from the fault, fault
mechanism, geology of the travel path of the seismic waves from the source to the site, and the local soil
conditions of the site.
c. A single response spectrum may not be able to represent the variations in the spectra of all past
earthquakes in the region. Therefore, two response spectra, one mean spectrum, with the other being
the mean plus one standard deviation spectrum, should be considered as design spectra.
d. The design response spectrum should be a normalized response spectrum with respect to the peak
ground acceleration (PGA), as thePGA may drastically vary from one place to another. Furthermore, a
design response spectrum should be consistent with the specification of the level of the seismic design
force, or the deformation of structures experienced during previous earthquakes.
Finally, the design response spectrum should be consistent with seismic design philosophy. Currently,
a dual design philosophy is adopted (which will be discussed later). This requires specification of two

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1. Expected PGAvalues for design and maximum probable

earthquakes are derived for the region using the procedure of
hazard analysis.
2. Peak values of the ground velocity and displacement are
estimated using empirical relationships valid for the region,
which are given in the form of

Design Response Spectrum -Construction

gmax=c1* gmax/g
ugmax=c2* gmax/ gmax
3. The values of c1 and c2 are determined from the recorded
earthquake data. Typical values of c1 and c2 may be taken as c1
=1:22 to 0:92 m.s-1 and c2=6.
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SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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4. On the four way log graph paper, plot the baseline showing gmax, ug max
and gmax as hown in Figure. Multiply These quantities by the
amplification factors A, D, and V, respectively, to obtain the lines bc, de,
and cd.
d
c

Point b corresponds to frequency f2=1/T2, which may be taken as f2=4f1 where

f1=1/T1, is the frequency corresponding to the intersection point. Note that
intersection points c and d are fixed by the relative values of A, D, and V.
Point a corresponds to the frequencyf3=1/T3, which may be taken as f3=10f1.
Points e and f are selected corresponding to very lowfrequencies (large periods),
and could be of the order of (1/101/15) and (1/301/35) Hz,respectively.

e
c

f
a

f
a

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Exact values of time periods corresponding to points a, b, e, and f depend upon recorded data in the
region. Similarly, values of aA, aD, and aV also depend upon the recorded earthquake data. In
reference [4] some representative values of aA, aD, and aV for mean and mean plus one standard
deviation spectra obtained from a set of large earthquake data are given. Note that the values of aA,
aD, and aV depend upon the damping, as expected.
Once the design spectrum is drawn in a four way log plot, the normalized acceleration response
spectrum can be obtained in an ordinary plot. A typical plot of the normalized pseudo acceleration
spectrum (derived from a log plot) as given in the codes of practice is shown in Figure below. It is
seen from the figure that spectral accelerations (Sa) for a soft soil profile are more compared with
those of a hard soil profile at periods of more than 0.5 s. This is the case because the amplified
factors aA, aD, and aV substantially change with the soil conditions.

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Design Acceleration Response spectrum as given in IS1893 Code

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SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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STRONG GROUND MOTION

&
Its 3 Characteristics
Chamoli, Comp-N20E
300

Acceleration(cm/sec )

200

End of D.R.S.and its Construction

100

-100

-200

-300

-400

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15

20

25

30

35

TIME (sec)

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STRONG GROUND MOTION

is a ground motion accelerogram or
portion of it which is capable of
affecting life on earth or its
environment.(by Krammer)

Accelerograph is an instrument used to obtain a graphical measurement of an

Earthquake
ground shaking acceleration
called accelerogram as shown above.
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Important characteristic of ground motion of engineering

significance
i) Amplitude
ii) Frequency content
iii) Duration
Several parameters are measured/calculated to extract above
characteristics from a given accelerogram , and used for
Earthquake Analysis and Design purposes. These are given below.
Chamoli, Comp-N20E
300

200

Acceleration(cm/sec )

The amount of energy arriving at a surface depends

on so many parameters which is estimated by
Earthquake Hazard Analysis of a region. In general
acceleration of magnitude more than 0.2g or An
earthquake mag. Of more than 5 on Richter scale
could be considered as S.G.M.

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-300

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
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25

30

35

TIME (sec)

Prof. R.S. Desai

SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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1.

2.

A. PARAMETERS for AMPLITUDE

3.

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Parameter
Motion parameters
from time history of
ground motion are
a.acceleration
b.velocity
c.displacement
P.H.A
Peak horizontal
acceleration

Largest magnitude (absolute value) of the time history of a single

component (X or Y). Resultant P.H.A is obtained by vector sum of X &
Y components. This is highly useful parameter as it is directly related to
inertial forces developed in structure. The correlations of P.H.A &
INTENSITY of earthquake are useful where magnitude of earthquake
is not available. Vertical acceleration has no significant effects on
structure.
P.H.A is important parameter related to damage but not always
governing. It lacks information regarding frequency content &
duration very high frequency P.H.A will not cause damage than what
more cycles of single weaker acceleration do.
Peak velocity & For structures or facilities sensitive to intermediate-frequency range
peak displacement (tall building & bridges) these parameters may be more accurate
indication of potential damage than P.H.A
Peak displacement is subjected to processing and other errors in
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SPECTRUM
it, is rarelyRESPONSE
used in analysis.
Peak displacement is related to26lowerfrequency components of g.m.

Parameter
(ground
motion
spectra)
1. Fourier
spectra

B. PARAMETERS FOR FREQUENCY CONTENT

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Definition, merits, & properties of parameters

Generally one of the quantity is directly obtained by instrumental
measurement and others obtained by integration/ differentiation
velocity obtained by integration of acceleration filters out higher
frequencies. Displacement are further more smoothed.

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Definition, merits, & properties of parameters

A plot of Fourier amplitude versus frequenncy is called Fourier

amplitude spectrum and plot of phase angle with respect to
frequency gives Fourier phase spectrum. From plots indication
of frequency content is easily obtained.
Fourier acceleration amplitudes tend to be largest over an
intermediate range of frequencies bounded by lower frequency
called (corner frequency) and cutoff frequency. It is inversely
proportional to cube root of seismic moment.(Brune 1970,71)

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SDEE04-RESPONSE SPECTRUM THEORY

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3. Response When axis is time period spectral acceleration and

spectra
spectral displacement reverses their places.
At low frequency spectral displacement is nearly
constant & at high frequency spectral acceleration is
nearly constant & at intermediate frequency spectral
velocity is nearly constant.

C. PARAMETERS FOR DURATION

So very often displacement spectra is divided into

three regions acceleration controlled (hi frequency),
velocity controlled (intermediate frequency) and
displacement controlled (low frequency).

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Duration of S.G.M has importance in number of reversal

cycles of motion. Duration is related to the time required for
release of accumulated strain energy by rupture along fault.
Since strain energy release is related to fault length, rupture
area: (Hanks & Mc Guire 1981) suggested that duration
should be proportional to
a. Bracketed duration of S.G.M is more commonly used (bolt 1969) time
span between first and last exceedance of threshold accn. (Usually 0.05g)
b. Time span between 5% to 95% of total energy is recorded (Trifunac &
Brady 1975).
c. Corner period (inverse of corner frequency) (Boore 1983).
d. Power
spectral density concepts
ofSPECTRUM
duration are also proposed.
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