Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Soybean Statistics
Brazil
Soybean
Harvest
65
Last 15 Years: y = +0.826x - 1,601
R2
= 0.895
195
55
Seed Yield (bu/ac)
165
45
35
135
105
75
USA Trend: y = +0.424x - 810.4 R2 = 0.811
25
45
15
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
15
1970
2015
Production Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Production Year
210
NE Irrigated Corn Yield Trend:
y(bu/ac) = 2.095x - 4,024.7 R2 = 0.853
Note: 56 pounds of corn at 15.5% seed H2O = 1 bushel !
180
C4
Yield (bu/ac)
150
120
90
Corn
60
30
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Production Year
Graph corn and soybean yield improvement on 3.25 vs 1 scales, to reflect the intrinsic
3.25/1.0 corn/soybean productivity difference (Note: less DM & more H2O per corn bu)!
210
65
180
56
150
46
120
37
90
Rank
Management Factor
Yield Difference
(bu/acre)
Variety Selection
15
Planting Date
Weed Control
Phosphorus Fertility
Crop Rotation
Seeding Rate
28
NE Irrigated Soybean Yield Trend:
y(bu/ac) = 0.645x - 1,243.7 R2 = 0.895
Note: 60 pounds of soybean (at 13% seed H2O) per bushel !
60
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Production Year
2000
2005
2010
19
2015
CULTIVAR
A
a hybrid or
a variety
HYBRID
Seed
COMPLEMENTATION
SELECTION STRATEGY
VARIETY
Gene
COMPLEMENTATION
SELECTION STRATEGY
Steps
identify workhorse
(i.e. proven) hybrids/varieties
Complement based on
production
No
COMPLEMENTATION
SELECTION STRATEGY
Problems
trends
Varieties have short life (4 yrs)
turn
soybean = 24%
how
to identify workhorse
variety?
Availability of information
especially
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
Days
2900
3100
3300
SOYBEAN MATURITY??
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
Soybean
is a short-day plant
What does that mean?
Actually is the length of night
(i.e. short-day = long-night)
Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage
28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)
Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until
R5 stage
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
Further
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
90%
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION - Repeat
Soybean
is a short-day plant
is the length of night
(i.e. short-day = long-night)
Induction occurs at the V1 growth stage
28 to 31 days later flowering starts (R1)
Plant continues to form nodes (pods) until
R5 stage
Earlier maturing varieties reach R5 in fewer
days than later maturing varieties
Actually
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
= 15 hrs
= 14 hrs 20 minutes
Mississippi = 13 hrs 40 minutes
Nebraska
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
Determinate
SOYBEAN MATURITY
CLASSIFICATION
Characteristics
+ low yield
SOYBEAN GROWTH
PROPERTY - GROWTH HABIT
Characteristic
Origin
Flowering Period
Stress Tolerance
Height
Lodging
Prod. Environment
Yield Potential
Indeterminate
000 - IV
4 - 6 weeks
Greater
Tall
More
Range
Equal
Determinate
V-X
2 - 4 weeks
Less
Short
Less
High Yield
Thin-line
(Slender) Bushy
Narrow
Wide
High
Low
High
Low
Worse
Better
Equal
Less
More
Warm
Ridge tops
Well drained soils (sandy)
Residues incorporated
temperature
water
Coleoptile length & type of emergence
(epigeal for soybean)
Seedsize not a major issue for soybean
Type of Emergence and coleoptile/hypocotyl
length
Commonly 1 2 inches deep some
varieties with long hypocotyls able to
emerge from greater depth
Soil
soil conditions
cleaners (no-till)
cleaners (ridge-plant)
Ridge
Residue
Planting Depth
Type of
Emergence &
Coleoptile Length
Crusting
Hypocotyl
Hypogeal
Planting
Depth
Seed
Size
Epigeal
Generally not a soybean issue!
Planting Date
A
planting effect on
Seeding Rate
Weight/acre
or
100,000
64.6
3.6
96
54.2
3.0
100
58.1
3.3
100
Skips in Rows
LSD (0.05)
0
25
50
vs. seeds/ft
100
92
86
**
51
57
72
11
% of Rows
in Skips
25
Length of Skips
(inches)
9
14
27
Relative
Yield (%)
100
96
90
50
9
18
27
96
94
87
height
height
lodging (low population)
Plant lodging (high population)
height
lodging (low population)
Plant lodging (high population)
Weed competition
Branch
Branch
Nebraska On-Farm
Seeding Rate
height
lodging (low population)
Yield (bu/acre)
90,000
Plant
Population
84,150
120,000
109,200
69.5
150,000
135,450
69.8
180,000
159,300
69.6
68.1
Adjustments to Maximize
Harvestable Yield - NE
None!!!!
Elmore indicates a seeding rate of 140,000
seeds/acre (approximately 119,000
plants/acre) to be recommended rate for:
Adjustments to Maximize
Harvestable Yield - KS
Devlin
High
variety
Plant 12 viable seeds per foot of row
200,000 viable seeds per acre in 30 inch rows
If % germination is 90%, then 222,000 seeds/acre
If % germination is 80%, then 250,000 seeds/acre
Seeding
rate/plant population
recommendation does not vary with other soil
nutrient levels
Soybeans
Review
Growth habit
Branching ability
Long flowering period
Replant Decisions
>
50,000 plant/acre
Fairly
Able
uniformly distributed
Then
do not replant!!!!
rows
Soybean
15 inch
30 inch
6 inch
Days to Closure
36
47
58
67
rows
Interception of
Row Spacing Solar Radiation Increase
(inches)
(%)
(%)
36
46
-
18
61
33
6
70
53
rows
Potential
rows
40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = _5 - 7___%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = ________%
Potential
rows
40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7
%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%
rows
40 inches --------- 30 inches = _7 - 10__%
30 inches --------- 20 inches = 5 - 7
%
20 inches --------- 10 inches = _ 3 - 5___%
TOTAL 15 - 22 (20%)
Water
Availability Consideration
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing
(inches)
10
1975
39
20
37
30
36
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing
(inches)
10
1975
39
48
20
37
11
48
48
30
36
13
48
36
11
44
8.2
1.1
14.7
Yield (Bu/a)
1976
1977
12
52
11
13
40
36
11
44
40
Precipitation in
June-August
8.2
1.1
14.7
Precipitation in
June-August
Castana, Iowa
Row Spacing
(inches)
10
1975
39
20
37
11
30
36
40
36
Precipitation in
June-August
8.2
Yield (Bu/a)
1976
1977
12
52
Castana, Iowa
Yield (Bu/a)
1976
1977
12
52
Row Spacing
(inches)
10
1975
39
Yield (Bu/a)
1976
1977
12
52
48
20
37
11
48
13
48
30
36
13
48
11
44
40
36
11
44
1.1
14.7
Precipitation in
June-August
8.2
1.1
14.7
1
2
3
4
5
Yield (bu/a)
Row Spacing
(inches)
19762 19773 19784 19795
6
8
1
16
12
18
11
3
17
13
36
10
3
18
11
LSD (0.05)
NS
0.6
NS
NS
Yield (bu/a)
Row Spacing
(inches)
19762 19773 19784 19795
6
8
1
16
12
18
11
3
17
13
10
3
18
11
36
LSD (0.05)
NS
0.6
NS
NS
N Application
Rate (lbs/a)
0
Corsoy
+23
Williams
+24
Clark rj
-6
50
+29
+18
100
+29
+21
+7
200
+23
+23
+21
N Application
Rate (lbs/a)
0
Corsoy
+23
Williams
+24
Clark rj
-6
N Application
Rate (lbs/a)
0
Corsoy
+23
Williams
+24
Clark rj
-6
50
+29
+18
50
+29
+18
100
+29
+21
+7
100
+29
+21
+7
200
+23
+23
+21
200
+23
+23
+21
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
EXTENSION RECOMMENDATION
Yield
Need
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
habit
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
habit
Determinate due to smaller plant size
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
Thinline
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
Thinline
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
Thinline
Planting
Date
Maturity Classification
and Growth Habit
Determinate
Thinline
Planting
Date
Soybean Review
Variety selection
Maturity Classification
Photoperiod
Interactions with
temperature & elevation
1.5 to 2 inches
Adjust based upon soil
temp & moisture
Growth Habit
Indeterminate
Determinate
Canopy/Plant Type
Slender (Thin-line)
Bushy
Transgenes
Planting Depth
Planting Date
Photoperiod response
Early planting
More nodes
More pods
Higher yields
Plant height
R5 & Physiological maturity