Pure

Substances
and Mixtures
Chapter 1: Classifying
Matter

1.1 What is
Matter? Key
Question:
What is matter made of
and how does it behave?

1.1

What Is Matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. For
example, chocolate, water, wood, steel and air.
The study of matter and its changes is called chemistry, and
those who work in this area are called chemists.

The particle theory of matter states that all matter is made up

of tiny particles that are always moving randomly, that attract
each other, and that have empty space between them.
The particles move faster and farther apart when they are
heated.
The particles themselves do not look like the kind of matter
they make up. For example, a particle of water does not look
or behave like the water in a lake.

matter
chemistry
particle theory of
matter

1.1 What is Matter?

Matter is anything that takes up space and has
mass.

All objects around you are made up of matter

(e.g. the air and your body).
The study of matter and its changes are called
chemistry.
Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.
Chemists can often imitate, or copy the matter
found in nature using artificial chemicals.

Artificial chemicals can be good for people (e.g.,

some medicines are made up of matter in plants)

Artificial chemicals can be used to make

medicines cost less. The medicines with these
chemicals are often purer than the medicines
made from plants.

Not all artificial chemicals are better though

(e.g., lemonade made from lemons has vitamin
C. Lemonade made with artificial flavours does
not have as much vitamin C.

The Makeup of Matter

All matter is made up of very tiny particles. You

can see these particles only with a very strong
microscope. These particles do not always look
like the matter they make up.

The Particle Theory of

Matter

Scientists use the particle theory of matter (a.k.a.

particle theory
There are 5 aspects to The Particle Theory

Particle Theory
1)

2)
3)
4)
5)

All matter is made up of tiny particles

Particles have empty spaces between them
Even though you cannot see them, particles
are moving randomly all the time.
Particles move faster and spread farther
apart when they are heated.
Particles attract each other, so they tend to
stay together rater then fly apart.

1.2 More About

Matter
Key Questions:
What are the three states of
matter?

1.2

More About Matter

All forms of matter, including water, can exist in three different
states: solid, liquid, and gas.
A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.
A liquid has a definite volume, but does not have a definite
shape. It takes the shape of its container.
A gas does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. It
takes the volume and shape of its container.
The particles of a sample of matter always stay the same,
whether the matter is solid, liquid, or gas. The difference is in
the movement and arrangement of the particles.
Matter can change state when a sample is heated or cooled.

solid
volume
liquid
gas

Three States of Matter

All

forms of matter can exist in three

different states:
1) Solid
2) Liquid
3) Gas

Solids
Solid

is a state of matter with a definite

volume and a definite shape.
Volume is a measure of the quantity of
space occupied by an object. It is how
much space something takes up.
Its shape and volume stay the same.

Liquids
Liquid

is a state of matter with a definite

volume, but no definite shape; a liquid
takes the shape of its container.
Example: Water is a liquid. If you have 150
mL of water in a glass, the waters volume
is 150 mL. If you pour the water into a
bowl, the volume is still 150 mL. However,
the waters shape will change.

Gases
Gas

is a state of matter that does not

have a definite volume or a definite
shape; a gas takes the shape and volume
of its containers.
When a balloon is filled with air, the air
particles take the shape of a sphere. The
volume of the air particles inside the
balloon is equal to the volume of the
balloon.

Particles of Solids, Liquids, and

Gases

1)
2)

The particles of a sample of matter always stay the same in

all three states of matter.
The difference between solids, liquids, and gases is in :
The movement of particles
The arrangement of particles

Link: This link is a rap about the states of matter.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBBmdqti_Kg
Link: This link will show you how a liquid and gas move in their
states.
http://members.shaw.ca/r.burak/Ch07/ch7_kmt_solids_liquids
_gases.html

Particle
movement

Particle
arrangement

Solids

Stay in the
Very close
same
together
position but
move, or
rotate, a little

Liquids

Move around Close

in all
together
directions

Gases

Have lots of
energy and
move very
quickly in all
directions

Far apart

Illustration

Particle Attraction

Particles of matter attract each other

When particles are close together, forces of
attraction hold the particles together.
The volume of liquids and solids does not
change much because the particles are
close together.
When particles are far apart, the forces of
attraction cannot hold the particles together.
The volume of gases changes because the
particles are far apart.

Changes in State

Matter can change from one state to another. A

change in state can happen when matter is heated
or cooled.
Ice changes to water when it is heated. The heat
causes the water particles to move faster and
spread apart to become a liquid. More heat makes
the water change to a gas.
If a gas is cooled, the particles move slower. The gas
changes into a liquid. If cooled further, the liquid may
freeze into a solid.
When matter changes state, the particles stay the
same. The number of particles also stays the same.
Only the arrangement and movement of the
particles change.

1.4 Pure
Substances
and Mixtures
Key Question:
What makes a substance
pure? What makes a
substance a mixture?

1.4

Pure Substances and Mixtures

A pure substance is a type of matter that contains only one
kind of particle. For example, aluminum, table sugar, and
distilled water are pure substances.
A mixture is a type of matter that contains two or more pure
substances mixed together. For example, steel, salt water,
milk, and air are mixtures.
Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases, or even
combinations of these.

pure substance
mixture

Pure Substances
Pure

substances is a substance made of

one type of particle.
Example: white sugar is a pure substance.
White table sugar contains only sugar
particles. All of the sugar particles have
the same structure.
Pure substances include: aluminum foil,
table salt, distilled water.

Pure Substances
Distilled

water is different from tap water.

Tap water is not a pure substance. Tap
water has other particles in it. Some of
these substances come from the pipes.
Distilled water does not have these other
substances.

Mixtures

Some substances look pure. They seem like

they are made up of one kind of particle.
They are really made of many different
particles.
Example: cows milk. Cows milk might seem
like a pure substance. It is actually a mixture!
A mixture is made of two or more pure
substances mixed together.
Some substances in cows milk are: water,
lactose, fat, protein, minerals and vitamins

Making Mixtures
Think

of a glass of distilled water. It is a

pure substance. You add sugar to
sweeten the water. Sugar is another pure
substance. The sweetened water is a
mixture of distilled water and sugar.

Making Mixtures
There

are many kinds of mixtures. Here are

some familiar mixtures:
1) Steel
2) Batteries
3) Juice
4) Air
5) Concrete

Making Mixtures

Mixtures can contain pure substances that are

dangerous. Batteries and certain light bulbs
contain harmful substances.
Mercury and lead are two examples of dangerous
pure substances.
It is important to separate and recycle these
dangerous parts. They should not be placed with
regular garbage.
They should be brought to special recycling
stations.
Knowing about pure substances and mixtures will
help you dispose of chemicals properly.

1.6 Mechanical
Mixtures and
Solutions
Key Question:
What is the difference
between a mechanical
mixture and a solution?

1.6

Mechanical Mixtures and Solutions

Scientists classify mixtures
into two main groups:
mechanical mixtures and
solutions.

mechanical mixture
heterogeneous mixture
solution
homogeneous mixture

If you can see different kinds of matter in a mixture, it is

called a mechanical mixture (or a heterogeneous mixture).
For example soil, chocolate chip cookies, and granola bars
are mechanical mixtures.

Mixtures that look as though they are pure substances are

called solutions (or homogeneous mixtures). For example,
apple juice, seawater, and air are solutions.
The different particles of a solution
are evenly mixed. The different
particles of a mechanical mixture
are unevenly mixed.

Comparing Mixtures
Making

food involves many mixtures.

Example: an omelette could be a mixture
of eggs, vegetables, and cheese.
Mixtures are made of two or more
different kinds of particles. Scientists put
mixtures into two groups:
1) Mechanical Mixtures
2) Solutions

1. Mechanical Mixtures
It

is not always easy to tell if something is a

mixture. You might not always be able to
see the different parts.
Mechanical mixture is one where you can
see the different parts of the mixture.
Mechanical mixtures are also called
heterogeneous mixtures.

Mechanical Mixtures
You

can use mechanical mixtures every

day. You can find a mechanical mixture:
1) Inside your closet
2) Inside your pencil case
3) On your dinner plate
4) On the playground

Mechanical Mixtures
They

can exist anywhere. You know soil is

a mechanical mixture because you can
see the different parts. Soil might have:
sand, gravel, twigs, and leaves.

Mechanical Mixtures
Other

mechanical mixtures are not as

easy to see.
Imagine you have a mixture of sugar and
salt. Since sugar and salt look alike, it may
look like one substance.
If you look closely, you can see the
different crystals.

2. Solutions

Some mixtures look like pure substances.

Example: grape juice looks like one
substance. So does shampoo. However they
are both mixtures.
Mixtures that look like pure substances are
called solutions.
Solutions have more than one kind of particle,
but they look like pure substances.
Solutions can also be called homogeneous
mixtures.

Solutions
Some

1)
2)
3)
4)

solutions you know are:

Steel
Seawater
Milk
air

Solutions
Solutions

can be in any three states: solid,

liquid, or gas. For example:
Solution

State

Parts

Candle wax

Solid

Wax (paraffin or
beeswax), sent
oils

Air

Gas

Nitrogen,
oxygen, argon,
other gases

Blood

Liquid

Platelets, red
blood cells,
white blood
cells, water

Solutions

Do you know why you cannot see the

different parts of a solution?
Particles in a solution are mixed together
evenly. You cannot see the individual
particles. This makes the solution look like one
substance.
Particles in a mechanical mixture are not
mixed evenly. The particles stay together in
groups. You can see these groups as different
kinds of matter.

Solutions
Solution

Mechanical

Mixture

Classifying Matter
You

know that matter can be grouped as:

1) A pure substance
2) A mixture
Mixtures can be grouped as:
1) Mechanical mixtures
2) Solutions

Summarizes what you already

know:
Matter

Can combine to form

Pure substances

Mixtures

Mechanical
mixtures
Classification of Matter

Solutions

Scientific
Method
Scientific Method Process

Scientific Method

Link: These are raps to help you remember the

scientific method.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUailQqEv0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Xg4bIp
uvRw
Link: This is the scientific method in action with
the Big Bang Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1
_24

CHAPTER

Summary Looking Back

Human production, use, and disposal of pure substances and mixtures
have both benefits and costs.
We use pure substances and mixtures in everything we do.
Some mixtures contain pure substances that are harmful to people and
the environment.
Some pure substances are beneficial but are also potentially dangerous.
The particle theory explains the behaviour of particles of matter.
Everything that has mass and takes up space is made of matter.

The particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are
separated by empty spaces. These particles are attracted to one another.
The particle theory states that particles are
in constant motion, and move faster and
farther apart when they are heated.
Three states of matter are solid, liquid,
and gas.

CHAPTER

Summary Looking Back

The skills of analysis can be used to apply the particle theory to changes
in matter.
Changes in mass observed during investigations can be explained using
the particle theory.

A pure substance contains only one kind of particle, but a mixture

contains more than one kind of particle.
Aluminum, table sugar, salt, and distilled water are all examples of
pure substances.
The particles of pure substances do not change, regardless of their
state of matter.
Mixtures can be mechanical mixtures
(heterogeneous mixtures) or solutions
(homogeneous mixtures).

Chocolate chip cookies, steel, salad

dressing, pop, and ketchup are examples
of mixtures.

CHAPTER

Summary Looking Back

The skills of scientific inquiry can be used to classify matter as a pure
substance or a mixture.
Pure substances and mixtures can be identified using observation skills.
Different properties of pure substances and mixtures can be determined
by mixing them together.
A mechanical mixture contains different components that you can see.
A granola bar, cooking oil with herbs, and a childrens ball room are all
examples of mechanical mixtures.

A mechanical mixture is also called a heterogeneous mixture.

A solution is a mixture that looks like a pure substance.
Stainless steel, clear tea, and clear nail polish are all solutions.
A solution is also called a homogeneous mixture.