Introduction

The major objective of research is to identify effective brief interventions that can be
implemented in clinics and other primary health care facilities. Current research
indicates that HIV education campaigns that primarily provide information about the
HIV virus, modes of infection, and methods of prevention do not produce sustained
behavior change. In addition, models of brief interventions that access hard-to-reach
populations who may not otherwise be exposed to HIV prevention programs are
urgently needed. Aids & Hiv Traced to a closely related virus, Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), that infects a subspecies of chimpanzee. Chimpanzees
are hunt for mean in West Central Africa and believed have passed from blood of
Chimpanzee into human through superficial wounds, probably in early 1930s

Statement of the Problem

-

By far the largest health problem in Africa

Cause of Aids & Hiv

Sexual contact
Sharing needles, syringes
From mother to baby
Blood transfusion
Breast milk

Objective

Find ways to prevent further spread of Hiv infection

To help Aids & Hiv patients

Question

What are the ways to prevent further spread of Hiv infection?

Prevent exchange of bodily fluid
Learn to use condom
Avoid transmission through syringes

What can one do to help Hiv Patients?

Give motivational support
Raise some funds for the patients to go to treatment
Therapy and counseling

Review of Literature:

What type of virus is HIV/AIDS

AIDS is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). By damaging the immune system, HIV interferes with the body's ability to
fight off viruses, bacteria and fungi that cause disease. HIV makes the infected person
more susceptible to certain types of cancers and to infections the body would
normally resist, such as pneumonia and meningitis. The virus and the infection itself
are known as HIV. "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)" is the name given to
the later stages of an HIV infection. which originated in non-human primates in Sub-

Saharan Africa. While various sub-groups of the virus acquired human infectivity at
different times, the global pandemic had its origins in the emergence of one specific
strain HIV-1 subgroup M in Lopoldville in the Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the 1920s. Two types of HIV exist: HIV-1 and HIV2. HIV-1 is more virulent, is more easily transmitted and is the cause of the vast
majority of HIV infections globally. HIV is a lentivirus, and like all viruses of this type,
it attacks the immune system. Lentiviruses are in turn part of a larger group of viruses
known as retroviruses. The name 'lentivirus' literally means 'slow virus' because they
take such a long time to produce any adverse effects in the body. They have been
found in a number of different animals, including cats, sheep, horses and cattle.
However, the most interesting lentivirus in terms of the investigation into the origins
of HIV is the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that affects monkeys of the
subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes, which live in the forests of the Central
African nations of Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of Congo (or CongoBrazzaville), and Central African Republic. HIV-2 is less transmittable and is largely
confined to West Africa, along with its closest relative, a virus of the sooty
mangabey (Cercocebus atys atys), an Old World monkey inhabiting
southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and western Ivory
Coast.
History and effects of the disease
According to the natural transfer theory (also called 'Hunter Theory' or 'Bushmeat
Theory'), the "simplest and most plausible explanation for the cross-species
transmission" of SIV or HIV (post mutation), the virus was transmitted from
an ape or monkey to a human when a hunter or bushmeat vendor/handler was bitten
or cut while hunting or butchering the animal. The resulting exposure to blood or
other bodily fluids of the animal can result in SIV infection.Prior to WWII, some SubSaharan Africans were forced out of the rural areas because of the European demand
for resources. Since rural Africans were not keen to agricultural practices in the
jungle, they turned to non-domesticated meat as their primary source of protein. This
over exposure to bushmeat and malpractice of butchery increased blood-to-blood
contact, which then increased the probability of transmission. A recent serological
survey showed that human infections by SIV are not rare in Central Africa: the
percentage of people showing seroreactivity to antigens evidence of current or past
SIV infection was 2.3% among the general population of Cameroon, 7.8% in villages
where bushmeat is hunted or used, and 17.1% in the most exposed people of these
villages. How the SIV virus would have transformed into HIV after infection of the
hunter or bushmeat handler from the ape/monkey is still a matter of debate,
although natural selection would favor any viruses capable of adjusting so that they
could infect and reproduce in the T cells of a human host. HIV/AIDS has existed in the

USA for more than two decades. The first cases were reported in the U.S. in June of
1981, starting with Patient Zero, a gay flight attendant from Canada who became the
first known AIDS case in USA. He infected numerous gay men in the states, and is also
a reason why people first began to think that HIV only infected gay people. Allegedly,
HIV was first called GRID: Gay-Related-Immunodeficiency, however, we now know that
this is not the case.
Four of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are as follows:
1. A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2. A lymph node sample taken in 1960 from an adult female, also from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo.
3. HIV found in tissue samples from an American teenager who died in St. Louis in
1969.
4. HIV found in tissue samples from a Norwegian sailor who died around 1976.
A 1998 analysis of the plasma sample from 1959 suggested that HIV-1 was introduced
into humans around the 1940s or the early 1950s.
In January 2000, the results of a new study suggested that the first case of HIV-1
infection occurred around 1931 in West Africa. This estimate (which had a 15 year
margin of error) was based on a complex computer model of HIV's evolution.
There are a number of factors that may have contributed to the sudden spread of HIV,
most of which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century.International travel
contributed to the rapid spread of HIV around the world. Both national and
international travel undoubtedly had a major role in the initial spread of HIV. In the
US, international travel by young men making the most of the gay sexual revolution of
the late 70s and early 80s would certainly have played a large part in taking the virus
worldwide. In Africa, the virus would probably have been spread along truck routes
and between towns and cities within the continent itself.
The blood industry,screening blood for HIV is essential for safe blood supplies.
As blood transfusions became a routine part of medical practice, an industry to meet
this increased demand for blood began to develop rapidly. In some countries such as
the USA, donors were paid to give blood, a policy that often attracted those most
desperate for cash; among them intravenous drug users. In the early stages of the
epidemic, doctors were unaware of how easily HIV could be spread and blood
donations remained unscreened. This blood was then sent worldwide, and

unfortunately most people who received infected donations went on to become HIV
positive themselves.
Drug use.The 1970s saw an increase in the availability of heroin following the Vietnam
War and other conflicts in the Middle East, which helped stimulate a growth in
intravenous drug use. As a result of sharing unsterilised needles and syringes, HIV was
passed on among injecting drug users (IDUs). Due to this repeated practice many IDUs
continue to be infected with HIV.

Survey Questions:
1. What does HIV stand for?

2. About How many people are currently infected with HIV worldwide?

3. AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease.

4. If a pregnant woman becomes infected with HIV, her child will also be born with
HIV.

5. HIV can only be transmitted sexually.

6. Can a person get HIV from a mosquito bite?

7. Birth control pills are efficient in preventing HIV transmission.

8. Is blood transfusion a significant source of HIV transmission?

References:

http://bodyandhealth.canada.com/channel_condition_info_details.asp?
disease_id=1&channel_id=1020&relation_id=70907
http://www.avert.org/origin-hiv-aids.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS
http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/where-did-hiv-come
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS
http://www.fpa.org.uk/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis-help/hiv