Waterproofing Chemicals

Where waterproofing is required

Terrace/roofs
Walls
Basements
Bathrooms, kitchens
Water tanks, swimming pools
Decks, balconies
Green roofs
There are few types of the most
commonly use system of waterproofing in
the construction industry. They are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cementitious waterproofing
Liquid waterproofing membrane
Bituminuos coating
Bituminuous membrane
Polyurethane liquid membrane

1. Cementitious waterproofing
Cementitious waterproofing is often used in the internal wet areas such as
toilets. Most of the time the type of cementitious waterproofing is semi-flexible,
some even toward rigid type. It is still good to use because internal toilets are not
exposed to sunlight and weathering and so it do not go through the contraction and
expansion process continuously.
Cementitious Waterproofing other
Applications:
Water Treatment Plants
Sewage Treatment Plants
Bridges
Dams
Railway & Subway Systems
Marine Cargo Ports & Docks
River Locks/Channels & Concrete
Dykes
Parking Structures & Lots
Tunnels

2. Liquid waterproofing membrane

Liquid membrane is a thin coating which consists of usually a primer coat and two
coats of top coats. It offer more flexibility than the cementitious types of
waterproofing. The elongation properties of the coating can reach as high as
280%. But the durability of the waterproofing coating also depend on what type of
polymer the manufacturer use for the making of the liquid waterproofing.

3. Bituminous coating
Bituminuos waterproofing coating is made of bitumen based materials and it is not
suitable for expose to sunlight. It become very brittle and fragile when long exposure
to the sunlight unless it is modified with more flexible material such as polyurethane or
acrylic based polymers. The flexibility of the finished products always depend on the
solid content of the polymer added to the bitumen.

4. Bituminous membrane
Bituminous waterproofing membrane have torch on membrane and self adhesive
membrane. The self adhesive type has low shelf life as bonding properties of the
membrane reduces with time.
Torch on membrane have exposed and covered types. Exposed membrane often has
mineral granular aggregate to withstand the wear and tear of the weathering and the other
types of membrane, contractor need to apply one protective screed to prevent the
puncture of the membrane.

5. Polyurethane liquid membrane

Polyurethane is also use for the flat roof area and exposed to weathering but it is
expensive. It can offer higher flexibility. Polyurethane is very sensitive to moisture
content present, therefore before application, one has to be very careful evaluating the
moisture content of the concrete slab. Otherwise peeling or debonding easily observed
after some time.

TYPES OF
GLASSES
&
GLAZING

GLASS TYPES
Specific descriptions of some of the many glasses that are currently available
These may include:
Float: the most widely used method of molten glass
manufactured. A sheet of glass made by floating
molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin,
although lead and various low melting point alloys were
used in the past

Heat Mirror: one of the latest high performance glass products. This concept includes
a sealed insulating unit of two layers of clear float glass with a soft-coat low e coating
that is applied to one or two thin films suspended between the layers of float glass.
Leaded: a variety of glass that is assembled in usually intricate
curved and straight
Line patterns and connected together with lead. Sunlight
decreases the strength
of lead causing the glass plane to warp and weaken.
Low E: low emissivity glass is another of the high-tech
products with enhanced energy efficiency and includes a
silver or metal oxide coating applied to one surface of
clear float glass.

GLASS TYPES
Mirror: glass with a reflective coating or backing material.
One and two way mirror glass and is also available.

but not
There

Opaque: a term that applies to a variety of opaque glass including,

limited to, etched, tinted, obscure, frosted, painted and stained glass.
are many varieties of opaque or obscure glass.

Sheet glass - manufactured by the flat or vertically drawn process.

A wave or draw distortion runs in one direction through the sheet.
The degree of distortion controls the usefulness of this type of glass.
Plate glass - Plate glass is thicker than ordinary glass. It has a
very smooth surface. It is made by floating a layer of molten
glass over a layer of molten tin. It is used in shop windows and
doors.
Heat & glare reducing glass - Heat-absorbing glass contains controlled quantities of a
ferrous iron admixture that absorbs much of the energy of the sun

GLASS TYPES
Insulating glass- Insulating glass units consist of two or more sheets of glass separated by
air space
Tempered glass- fully tempered glass has three to five times the strength against impact
forces and temperature changes due to inner tension & outside compression, than
untempered glass has.
Laminated glass It can also be called bulletproof glass. Several layers
of safety glass are bound together with a transparent adhesive.
The larger the number of layers used the greater is the strength
of the glass. It is stronger than safety glass. It is used in airplanes
and windshields of cars.
Antique: or restoration glass is either true antique
glass that has been salvaged or it is authentically
reproduced or artificially simulated. Slight
distortions, occasional pits and other imperfections
characterize most antique glass.
Wired glass- is a kind of glass into which a wire mesh
is embedded during production. It is a low cost and
fire resistant glass

GLASS TYPES

Bent: glass that is curved, bent at an angle, spherical or segmented

portions of same.
Beveled: panels of straight line or curved glass with a beveled
perimeter edge. Either machine or hand ground. The beveled angle is
variable and dependent upon the bevel width and the thickness of
glass required. Beveled glass can also be incorporated in sealed
insulating panels and a wide variety of shapes and sizes are available.

Bull's Eye: or Crown Bullion is either authentic antique glass

or simulated reproduction. Wave like distortions in the shape
of concentric circles generally characterize this glass.
Etched & Frosted: glass that is rendered opaque
from chemical wash or sandblasting. Often, intricate
designs are permanently applied to various types of
clear glass.

WHAT IS GLAZING?
"Glazing" refers to the installation of glass in prepared openings of windows, doors,
partitions, and curtain walls. Glass may be held in place with glaziers points, spring
clips, or flexible glazing beads. Glass is kept from contact with the frame with various
types of shims. Putty, sealants, or various types of caulking compounds are applied to
make a weather tight joint between the glass and the frame.
Glazes are used to decorate the ware, to protect against moisture absorption, to give
an easily cleaned sanitary surface, and to hide a poor body color.
Glazes are classified and described by the following characteristics:
surfaceglossy or matte;
optical propertiestransparent or opaque;
method of preparationfritted or raw;
compositionsuch as lead, tin, or boron; maturing temperature; and color.
Opaque glazes contain small crystals embedded in the glass, but special glazes in which
a few crystals grow to recognizable size are called crystalline glazes.

WHY GLAZING IS NECESSARY?

NOISE CONTROL Reduces the noise inside a building to acceptable levels without sacrificing daylight.
SOLAR CONTROL -reduces solar heat gain and offers high levels of natural light to
provide comfortable and pleasant environment to live in
THERMAL INSULATION- improves energy efficiency of domestic or commercial buildings
while enabling the extensive use of glass and the benefit of passive solar gain.
SELF CLEANING- reduces the need for cleaning exterior glazing through a dual action
coating. Uses daylight and rain to breakdown and wash away organic dirt.
DECORATIONS- offers an extensive choice of decorative options to provide style and
privacy with maximum light.

SOLAR ENERGY - glazed glass maximizes solar energy conversion.

GLASS SYSTEMS -provides complete glazing instalations through specialist techniques
FIRE PROTECTION

GLAZING TYPES
GLAZING OPTIONS:
The use of single and multiple layers of various types of glass within any given
sash or door.
Generally, there are three common glazing configurations. They are :
Single glazing type :
includes one layer of
glass
Double glazing type :
includes two layer of
glass
Triple glazing type :
includes three layer of
glass
Until the recent availability of various high performance materials, the greater the
number of glass layers, the greater the insulating value of the window or door.
Now, with the advent of such products as sealed insulating glass, Low E glass, Heat
Mirror and others, insulating values can be enhanced without the use of multiple glass
layers.
Often, combinations of certain Glazing Options, Glass Types, Metalic Films and Chemical
Gas Fillers can provide significant insulating efficiency.

GLAZING TYPES
GLAZING OPTIONS:

SINGLE GLAZED WITH

WOODEN STOPS

SINGLE GLAZED WITH GLAZING COMPOUND

DOUBLE GLAZED WITH

REMOVABLE STORM
PANEL

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH

SEALED INSULATING
GLASS & STORM PANEL

DOUBLE GLAZED WITH

REMOVABLE STORM
INSULATING

TRIPLE GLAZED WITH

HEAT MIRROR

DOUBLE GLAZED
WITH SEALED
STORM SASH
GLASS

DOUBLE GLAZED
WITH EXTERIOR PANEL

TRIPLE GLAZED
WITH
SEALED
INSULATING
GLASS AND
EXTERIOR STORM
SASH

Bitumen Felts

Bitumen felt- sheets of fibers matted into felt and

bonded by saturating with bitumen or bitumen
polymer
Bitumen is obtained as a residual product in petroleum
refineries after higher fractions like gas, petrol, kerosene and
diesel
Indian standards define bitumen as a black or dark
brown non crystalline soil or viscous material having
adhesive properties derived from petroleum
Bitumen felt used in water proofing
to prevent water seepage
Used in expansion joints

Reasons to use a roofing underlayment

It protects the roof deck from rain before the roofing is
installed
It provides an extra weather barrier in case of blowoffs or
water penetration through the roofing or flashings
It protects the roofing from any resins that bleed out of
the sheathing
It prevents unevenness in the roof sheathing from
telegraphing through shingles
Advantages of bitumen felt
Easy to roll
Good dimensional stability
Highly efficient waterproofing
Minimum handling loss
Long life
Durable
Economical
Can stand expansion and contraction

Laying Bitumen felt

Bitumen felt for concrete water proofing
surface cleaned with wire mesh
Apply coat of hot bitumen
Lay bitumen felt over hot bitumen and press
to avoid air gaps
Minimum overlap of 100 mm made at the
ends ad sides
For double layer treatment the two layers
should be staggered
Cement concrete filler should be used in
junction of roof and parapet wall