Chapter 27

America at Midcentury
1952 1963

Elvis learned about various music such as BB King , Junior

Parker and Muddy Waters attracted lessons of black and
white music to his own music

Under Cold
Wars
Shadows

Eisenhower saw America as a corporate commonwealth similar to Herbert Hoovers

Associate State. Eisenhower believed the industrial strife, high inflation and fierce
partisan politics of Truman years could be corrected only through cooperation , selfrestraint and disinterested public service. Eisenhower sought to limit the New Deal
trends that had expanded federal power and he encouraged voluntary, as opposed
to regulatory government- business partnership.

Eisenhower was a person who believed in the middle of the road. I feel prettty
good when IM attracted from both sides. It makes me more certain Im on th
right tract. Intellectual and liberals found it east to satirize Eisenhower for his
blandness.

One of Eisenhower's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that
authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[126] He justified the project through the
Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. It
was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, hence the highways were
designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers.
Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered
during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was
assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army
vehicles coast to coast.[127][128] His subsequent experience with German autobahns during
World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the
improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate
Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but
provide a measure of continued economic growth.[129] The legislation initially stalled in the
Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was
renewed and the law was signed by Ike in June 1956

Charles Wilson who was former GM chief and

eight other businessmen were the ones who were
appointed to the Eisenhower's cabinet. Wilson
stated what is good for GM is good for the
country.

While government spending on military defense

decreased Eisenhower increase agricultural spending
from $1 billion to $ 7 Billion and government storage
facilities bulged with surpluses

The Federal Government passed the Submerged

Lands Act of 1953 whose passage Eisenhower
secured. This passage Eisenhower secured. This
enhanced the presence of state government and
private companies in the oil Business and cost the
Treasury billions in lost revenues.

The New Look in

Foreign Affairs

Eisenhower's new CIA chief was Allen Dulles, John Foster Dulles brother. All over
the world thousands of covert against carried out operation that included making
large secret payments to friendly political parties or to foreign trade unions that
opposed the Communist Party

John Dulles had a

brother who was
a Bishop in the
Roman Catholic
Church

John Dulles call for not just containing communism but for a roll-back.
The key would be greater reliance on Americas nuclear superiority.
As part of a new strategic doctrine Dulles emphasized the capacity of
the Strategic Air Command to inflict devastating destruction with
thermonuclear H-Bombs. This would be massive retaliation at times
and places of our own choosing to deter Soviet aggression. This policy
especially appealed to conservative Republicans, frustrated by the UN
rules of engagement calling only for conventional arms during the
Korean War.

When East Berliners rebelled against Communist cruel in June 1953, Cold War hardliners thought they saw the long awaited moment for rollback. American agent
encouraged rebellion in East berlin with implied promises of America support. The
support never; came. Soviet tanks crushed the uprising.

United States leaders faced the same dilemma in1956 when Hungary revolted
against Communist rule. The United States open its gates to thousands of
Hungarian refugees. But despite desperate appeals on the rebel radio, the
United States refused to to intervene against Soviet Tanks.

Khrushchev bangs shoe in UN

Camp David

Nikita Khrushchev emerged as Stalin's successor in 1955 withdrew Soviet troops from
eastern Austria in a conciliatory gesture. The first real roll back. In 1958 Khrushchev
redirected the Soviets economy toward the production of more consumer goods,
unilaterally suspendered nuclear test. Khrushchev made a 12 day trip to America
visiting an Iowa Farm and touring Hollywood.

Soviet Exhibit 1959 to show

Russia USA conveniences

Soviet Fair 1959

NY: Show the
wealth and
affluence of the
United States
Russian Trade Fair
http://youtu.be/iDwmmcI3Lq
g

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0
The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37 (13:34)

The Cold War was only heating up

Fall out shelters were sold in USA

http://youtu.be/eZughSqP1tY

Khrushchevs
peaceful
coexistence speech
in 1956

Khrushchev called for a Summit meeting in Paris in 1960. This ended when the Soviets shot
down a U-2 spy plan gathering intelligence on nuclear facilities. Secret American
surveillance and probes of Soviet air defenses had been going on for years. Yet a deeply
embarrasses Eisenhower at first denied the existence of U-2 flights but then the Soviets
produced the American pilot who readily confess. The summit collapsed and the United
States had a black eye

Gary Powers American

Spy was shot down by the
Russian which called off
the Berlin Summit.
We had 22 illegal missions
which Russian knew. We
knew about 13 Russian
illegal U2 spy missions of
Russians. We looked
wrong in publics eye.

Gary Powers USA pilot of U-2 surveillance plane shot down

by Soviets. He is testifying in Russian Court.

Sputnik: was launched by the Soviets as the first earth orbiting satellite.
The United States was embarrassed and counters with 1) NASA which is
the research programs to improve the space programs 2) creation of the
National Defense Education Act which funneled more federal aid into
science and foreign language education.. This was a 48 Billion investment
by United States government.

Covert Actions
by United States

In 1953 the CIA produced

a swift, major victory.
The popular Iranian
prime minister,
Mohammed Mossadegh
had nationalized Britains
Anglo-Iranian oil
Company and the State
Department worried that
this might set precedent
throughout the oil-rich
Middle East.

Iran Mohammed Mossadeph learns about America culture. He sees the Liberty Bell

Kermit Roosevelt, the CIA chief in Iran organized and financed opposition to
Mossadeph within the Iranian army and on the streets of Teheran. This CIA
sponsored movement drove Mossadeph from office and put in power the
monarch Shah Riza Pahlavi. The shah proved his loyalty to his American
sponsors by renegotiating oil contracts assuring the American companies 40%
of Irans oil concession. There were Anti-American sentments from Iranians.

In 1948 the Arab countries launched an all-out attack on Israel. Israel repulsed the
attack driving thousands of Palestinians from their homes and seized territory beyond
the lines of the UN partition. While the Arab world boycotted Israel economically and
refueled to recognize the right to exist hundreds of thousand of Palestinian set up
refugee camps. Although Eisenhower believed that Truman had been to hast in
encouraging Israel. He was an ally of Israel. Israel became more of a reliable United
States ally in and stable region. Especially with the Suez Canal incident.

Guatemala saw the most publicized CIA intervention of the Eisenhower years. In Guatemala
there where 2% of the population held 72% of all farmland and the American based United
Fruit Company owned vast banana plantations. A fragile d3emocracy took root in 1944.
President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman aggressively pursued land reform. United Fruit company
demanded far more compensation for this land than Guatemala offered. CIA director Dulles
had sat on United Fruits board of directors.

Fresh elections were held in 1950. Arvalo did not contest, and Jacobo
rbenz won in a landslide, receiving three times as many votes as Miguel
Ydgoras Fuentes, his nearest challenger, in elections that were generally
fair.[9] rbenz continued the social reform policies of his predecessor and
also began an ambitious program of land reform, which attempted to
grant small land-holdings to peasants who had been victims of debtslavery prior to Arvalo. This policy expropriated large tracts of unfarmed private land, and redistributed it to landless laborers. rbenz
himself gave up a large portion of his land-holdings. This policy was
greatly resented by the UFCO, who had benefited until then from Ubico's
largesse. The company lobbied the U.S. government to topple rbenz.[10]
A paramilitary invasion by the CIA overthrew rbenz in 1954, and
installed the military dictator Carlos Castillo Armas.[10]
Following the coup Guatemala was ruled by a series of US-backed
military regimes until 1996. The coup sparked off the Guatemalan civil
war against leftist guerrillas, during which the military committed
massive human rights violations against the civilian population, including
a genocidal campaign against the Mayans

http://youtu.be/RFDOI24RRAE

Dwight Eisenhower and Castillo Armas; Armas was

assassinated initiating a decades long civil war between
military factions and peasant guerrillas.

A newly appointed
Guatemalan leader Carlos
Castillo Armas flew to the
Guatemalan capital in a
United States embassy plane.
In the widespread terror that
followed unions were
outlawed and thousands were
arrested. United fruit
circulated phots of
Guatemalans murder by the
invaders mislabeling them
victims of Communism. In
1957 Castillo Armas was
assassinated initiating a
decades long civil war
between military factions and
peasant guerrillas.

In 1958 while Nixon made a goodwill tour of the

region, angry mobs stoned his limousine in Caracas,
Venezuela. United States actions had in fact triggered
an anti-American backlash.

Guatemala, Iran, Lebanon and Vietnam considered great success for the USA. USA was
more willing to work with reliable leaders of Third World Countries than those that
were democratic.
-Guatemala= 200,000 people perished and three decades of recession
-Iran= replaced Mossadegh with Shah of Iran. Shah agreed to give British and
American oil companies 40% of Irans oil. Shah was a tyrant. Not until 1979 until his
overthrow in a revolution led by the fiercely anti-American radical Islamist Ayatollah
Khomeini.

Vietnam= The American decision to prop up Diems regime laid the groundwork for
what would soon become the most disastrous military involvement in American History.

From 1950 to 1054 the United States poured $2.6 billion in military aid and CIA
assistance into the fight against the nationalist Vietminh movement, led by Ho Chi Minh.
When in March 1954, Vietminh Forces surrounded 25,000 French troops at Dien Bien
Phu, France pleaded for direct American intervention. Secretary of State Dulles and
Vice President among other called for using nuclear weapons. And United States ground
troops to rescue the French. But Eisenhower remembering Korea refused, I can
conceive of no greater tragedy , than for the United States to become engaged in an all
out war in Indochina (Vietnam)

Ngo Dihn Diem emerged as South

Vietnams president was a former
Japanese collaborator and a
Catholic in a 90% Buddhist
country. Supported by
Eisenhower, Diem refused to
permit the promised 1956
elections knowing g the popular
HoChi Minh would easily win.
American economic an military
aid along with covert CIA activity
kept the increasingly isolated
Diem in power. By 1959 Saigon
regime faced a civil war against
the thousands of peasant to drive
out Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem (supporter of USA (Roman Catholic)

made a fatal mistake by punishing the Buddhists (above a
Buddhist kills himself) USA assassinates Diem

A South Vietnamese Monk sets himself on fire showing his

distain for the rule of Diems anti Buddhist position. The
United States will eventually assassinate Diem.

The Affluent
Society

United States birth rates percentage of growth

from, 1909 to 2009

The Neighborhood of Stuyvesant

rebuilt

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-dFueHpRY8
Levittown: Quintessential 1950s Suburbia (3:01)

Real Goss Domestic Product per household

Levittown
http://youtu.be/vx6JSJ3l-qg

A street in Levittown, New York (Long Island) First suburb

Levittown, New York, the first suburb in America

Assembly Line of building houses, Levittown

Pictures taken by Ohio Historical Society

about Parma during the 1950s

Pearl and State intersection 1952 the number of houses build are in green there
are many more being built

1950s Sohio Gas station on Ridge Road

Parmatown Mall Higbees

Parma, Ohio 1950s clearing out land for houses

Higbees Parmatown Mall 1960

The National Interstate Highway Act of 1956. It is significant that the

program was sold to the county. The act originally authorized $32 Billion to
build a national interstate highway system. By 1972 the program had become
the single largest public works programing American history, laying out
41,000 mile of high way at a cost of $76 billion.

Highways were built to create suburbs and quick transportation

National Defense Education Act allocated $280 million in grants tied to

matching grants from the states for state universities to upgrade their
science facilities. The NDEA also created low inters loans for college
students.

The Strip and

Commercial Life

Las Vegas downtown strip

http://youtu.be/nEa-ws-MjB0

New type of city of the 1960s strips. This is Las Vegas Strip

Los Angeles untraditional city. Does not

have a center of city. Clusters of single
communities.

United States rise in GNP

Suburban Life

In the 1950s Betty Friedan a wife mother and journalist began a

systematic survey of her Smith College classmates, She found a
distance discrepancy between the reality of lives as women and the
image to which we were trying to conform. Friedan published the
Feminine Mystique which gave voice to the silent frustrations of
suburban women.

Billy Grahams message was one of benevolence not just one specific
religion. Toleration of other religions was much apart of the 1950
religious experience

I am bringing this to your attention because I believe that someone in

the administration was targeting and attempting to intimidate us,"
Graham concluded in the letter. "This is morally wrong and unethical
indeed some would call it 'un-American.'"
Graham noted that Obama said earlier this week that the IRS
"operating in anything less than a neutral and nonpartisan way" is
"outrageous" and contrary to the country's traditions.
"Mr. President, the IRS has already publicly acknowledged it operated
in a less than neutral and nonpartisan way," Graham wrote. "We also
now know that the target of their improper actions was much wider than
political or Tea Party organizations. Will you take some immediate
action to reassure Americans we are not in a new chapter of America's
history repressive government rule?"
Obama said on Wednesday that he's accepted the resignation of acting
IRS commissioner Steven Miller in the aftermath of the "controversy
surrounding this audit."

California was a trend setter. California led the nation in crating automobile
oriented facilities motels, drive-in moves, drive through fast food eateries and
banks and shopping malls. In Orange county southeast of Los Angeles the
centerless city emerged as the dominant form of community. The experience of on
women was I live in Garden Grove working Irvine and shop in Santa Ana, go to
the dentist in Anaheim and my husband works in Long Beach.

Holiday Inn and the advent of Suburbs took on the principles of a

reversed assembly line. That is, take the principles of the assembly line
with the exception of the worker must go to the production not the
production goes to the worker. People would dig a basement and that is
all they would do. They would dig 20,000 basements. The next phase of
work was then done such as making frames for the house or laying
cement.

McDonalds used the principles of an assembly

line which with milk shakes, French fries and
hamburgers were made quickly at low cost.
The menu was small but efficient.
Up right are the franchises of McDonalds in
the United States. To the right is the first
McDonalds in Chicago. The original
hamburger shop of Ray Kroc was in San
Francisco

McDonalds
an Icon of
the Affluent
Society

Early Mcdonalds commercials in

1960s
http://youtu.be/Y5dpZjWFSyw

Coca-Cola commercials in 1960s

http://youtu.be/uhl8ldsNo9M

Andy Warhols 1962 Green Coca-Color Bottles a symbol of the culture

The Wapshot Chronicle (1957 was a novel set in fictional Remsen Park, a community of four
thousand identical homes. Yet these writers who were largely urban by birth and residence
tended to obscure the real class and ethnic difference among and between the different
suburban communities. Many new suburbs and a distinctively blue collar cast. Example
Milpitas, California grew up around a Ford auto plant fifty miles outside San Jose.

The Wapshot Chronicle is the debut novel by John

Cheever about an eccentric family that lives in a
Massachusetts fishing village. Published in 1957, it
won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in
1958,[1] and was followed by a sequel, The Wapshot
Scandal, published in 1964.
The Wapshot Chronicle is the sometimes-humorous
story of Leander Wapshot, his eccentric Aunt
Honora, and his sons, Moses and Coverly, as they all
deal with life. The story is somewhat
autobiographical, particularly regarding the
character of Coverly, who, like Cheever, experiences
feelings of bisexuality.
The novel was Cheever's first, though he had
previously written short stories. It was also the first
novel selected for the Book of the Month Club to
include the word "fuck" in the narrative.[2]

Milpitas, California grew up around a Ford auto

plant about fifty miles outs ide of San Jose. Its
residents were blue collar assembly line workers and
their families no the stereotyped salaried college
educate white collar employees. Self segregation and
zoning ordinance gave some new suburban
distinctively Italian Jewish or Irish identity.

The Baby Boom

http://youtu.be/
YxO8h2GPC3Y

1959 Cadillac Eldorado Bizrritz Excess of luxury

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wT_A9PFOY18 1950s Homelife Suburban
Sprawl and the Baby Boom (3:41)

http://youtu.be/B2jfVjCsyqc

Modern Woman: The Lost Sex (1947)

MARYNIA F. FARNHAM AND FERDINAND LUNDBERG
It is becoming unquestionably more and more common for the woman to attempt to
combine both home and child care and an outside activity, which is either work or career.
Increasing numbers train for professional careers. When these two spheres are combined it
is inevitable that one or the other will become of secondary concern and, this being the
case, it is certain that the home will take that position. This is true, if only for the practical
reason that no one can find and hold remunerative employment where the job itself doesn't
take precedence over all other concerns. All sorts of agencies and instrumentalities have
therefore been established to make possible the playing of this dual role. These are all in
the direction of substitutes for the attention of the mother in the home and they vary from
ordinary, untrained domestic service through the more highly trained grades of such
service, to the public and private agencies now designed for the care, supervision and
emotional untanglement of the children. The day nursery and its more elegant counterpart,
the nursery school, are outstanding as the major agencies which make it possible for
women to relinquish the care of children still in their infancy.

Famous political cartoonist:

Tom Nast=Santa Claus; Tweed Ring
John Rodgers= Working man
Herbert Block= Politics/economics/American diplomacy

Organized Labor
and the AFLCIO

Whereas only one in

eight nonagricultural
workers were union
members on the eve of
the Great Depression,
twenty-five years later
the figure stood at one
in three. Union
influence in political
life especially within
the Democratic Party
had also increased.
George Meany was the
head of the AFL.

In 1955 the newly combined CIO newly combined AFL-CIO brought 12.5 million union
members under one banner with Meany as president and Reuther as director of the
Industrial Union Department.

Congress passed the Landrum-Griffin act which widened

government control over union affairs and further restricted
union use of picketing and secondary boycotts during strikes.

Lonely
Crowds and
Organization
Men

The dream of the

suburban life is a false
dream of advertising

Galbraith

David Riesman The Lonely Crowd argued that modern America had
given birth to a new kind of character type, the other directed people
self reliant, individualist who from early in life had internalized self
discipline and moral standard. However their was the other directed
person in society.

Americans were other directed conformist who lacked

the inner resources to lead truly independent lives.
Corporate bureaucracies had transformed employees
into organization men incapable of independent
thought.

We live a lie!!

William H. Whytes Organization Man is a study of Chicagos

suburb Park Forest offered a picture of people obsessed with
fitting into their communities and jobs. In place of the old
Protestant ethic of hard work thrift and competitive struggle,
Whyte believed middle class suburbanites strove mainly for a
comfortable niche in the system.

Morgenthau noted that free

enterprise had created new
accumulations of power as
dangerous to the freedom of the
individual as the power of the
government had ever been.

The Expansion
of Higher
Education

Boston College in the 1950s Notice 1) Suit and Ties 2) All Male

Resmont College in 1950s

The number of
students enrolled in
colleges and
universities climbed
from 2.6 million in
1950 to 3.2 million in
1960and then to 7.5
million by 1970. By
the mid 1950 20% of
all college graduates
majored in business
or similar fields.
Universities
themselves became a
business.

Although corporal punishment was used high

standards were the norm. Also, Catholics
welcomed minorities. As long as one followed the
rules all were welcomed in the Catholic School
System.

Anti-Catholic sentiment was not as strong in

the 1950s. A reason was the strong Catholic
School system grade school tuition was free.
High School was minimal.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SDlhORJLKg
youth culture in the 1950s

Health and
Medicine

The AMA which certified Medical Schools did

nothing to increase the flow of new doctors/ The
number of physicians actually declined between
1950 and 1960. The AMA did 1) improve the
standards of medicine 2) lobbied hard to get more
government support for health care. 3) Yet
opposed Medicare and Medicaid because he
government was too involved.

In 1948 at Indiana University,

Alfred Kinsey did clinical studies
on sexuality of the times. Kinsey
whose father would not come to
his graduations or wedding was
aloof with his son. Kinsey a
Bowdoin and PhD Harvard
graduate. Was a scientist of sex.
His conclusions were earth
shaking and was disputed
because of the culture of the
1950s. 1) He stated that 50%
women have sex before marriage
2) 50% of marriages have extra
martial affairs. The data was
controversial.
Kinsey himself maintained a
marriage yet he had extra martial
affairs with men and women.
Both agreed to the contract.

Youth
Market

Hail Hail
Rock and
Roll

Teenage beats at NY Coney Island Age of Rebellion

There was a rapid rise in the production of car radios and

portable transistor ratios as listeners increasingly tuned
them in for diversion from accompaniment to other
activities. By 1956 some 2,700 AM radio stations were on
the air across the United States with about 70% of their
broad cast time devoted to record shows.

Clevelands WJW Alan Freed coined the phrase Rock and Roll

October 20, 1955 Brooklyn High School Elvis Presley with Moondog Friedman put on the
first Rock and Roll concert.

In 1954 the music trade

magazine Billboard noted
a trend among white
teenagers. The present
generation has not know
the rhythmically exciting
dance bands a of the swing
era.
Billboard hot 100 Cashbox
Top 100 and the singles
charts which rank the top
songs of the week during
the 1950s

Almost
Grown

The dollar value of annual record sales nearly tripled between 1954 and 1959 from
$213 million to $603 million . New magazines aimed exclusively at teens flourished in
the post war years. Focusing on the rituals, pleasures and sorrows.

With the baby boom of children of the 1940s and 1950s advertiser wanted to
capture that market. Specialized Market research organizations such as
Eugene Gilbert and Company and Teen-Age Survey Incorporated sprang up
to serve business client eager to attract teen consumers.

American Medical
Association was against
Socialized Medicine

Going steady derived

from the college custom
of fraternity and
sorority pinning,
became commonplace
among high schoolers.
Postwar affluence
multiplied the number
of two car families
making it easier for
sixteen years olds.
Girls began dating
wearing nylon
stockings and cosmetics
twelve or thirteen
rather than fifteen or
sixteen.

Teenage girls
bought many
different cosmetics
at early ages
because they
married earlier.
By the late 1950s
eighteen had
become the most
common age at
which American
females married.

In 1954 for examples

psychiatrist Fredric
Wertham published
Seduction of the
Innocent, arguing that
crime comic books
incited youngers to
criminal acts. Mass
culture he believed could
overwhelm the tradition
al influences of family,
school and religion.

Seduction of the Innocent cited overt or covert depictions of violence, sex, drug use, and other adult fare within
"crime comics" a term Wertham used to describe not only the popular gangster/murder-oriented titles of the
time, but superhero and horror comics as well. The book asserted that reading this material encouraged similar
behavior in children.
Comics, especially the crime/horror titles pioneered by EC, were not lacking in gruesome images; Wertham
reproduced these extensively, pointing out what he saw as recurring morbid themes such as "injury to the eye".[1]
Many of his other conjectures, particularly about hidden sexual themes (e.g. images of female nudity concealed in
drawings or Batman and Robin as gay partners), met with derision within the comics industry. Wertham's claim
that Wonder Woman had a bondage subtext was somewhat better documented, as her creator William Moulton
Marston had admitted as much;[citation needed] however, Wertham also claimed Wonder Woman's strength and
independence made her a lesbian.[2] Wertham also claimed that Superman was both un-American and a fascist.
Wertham critiqued the commercial environment of comic book publishing and retailing, objecting to air rifles and
knives advertised alongside violent stories. Wertham sympathized with retailers who did not want to sell horror
comics, yet were compelled to by their distributors' table d'hte product line policies.
Seduction of the Innocent was illustrated with comic-book panels offered as evidence, each accompanied by a line of
Wertham's sardonic commentary. The first printing contained a bibliography listing the comic book publishers
cited, but fears of lawsuits compelled the publisher to tear the bibliography page from any copies available, so
copies with an intact bibliography are rare. Early complete editions of Seduction of the Innocent often sell for high
figures among book and comic book collectors.[citation needed]
Beginning in 1948, Wertham wrote and spoke widely, arguing about the detrimental effects that comics reading had
on young people. Consequently, Seduction of the Innocent serves as a culminating expression of his sentiments
about comics and presents augmented examples and arguments, rather than wholly new material.[3] In Seduction
of the Innocent, he puts forth several arguable progressive positions that are sometimes lost in his 'boogeyman'-like
depiction, e.g. by Scott McCloud in Reinventing Comics. For example, Wertham expressed a concern for the impact
of impossibly proportioned female characters on girl readers or on the advertisements of violent and harmful toys.
Primarily, Wertham assigned the blame to parents, not the industry or the creators, in his book, and even his
anxiety over Batman's and Robin's perceived homosexual subtexts was aimed at the welfare of a child introduced to
that sort of family unit, not on some a priori immorality or sinfulness to such a lifestyle.[4] Will Brooker also points

Mass Culture
and its
Discontents

Television of
Plenty

Jerry Siegal
one of the
founders of
Superman at
his childhood
home in the
Glenville area
of Cleveland.

Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, then students at Cleveland's Glenville High School, first conceived Superman as a bald
telepathic villain bent on world domination.[5][6] The character first appeared in "The Reign of the Superman", a
short story from Science Fiction: The Advance Guard of Future Civilization #3, a fanzine published by Siegel in 1933.
[6] Siegel re-envisioned the character later that year as a hero bearing no resemblance to his villainous namesake,
with Shuster visually modeling Superman on Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and his bespectacled alter ego, Clark Kent, on a
combination of Harold Lloyd[13][14] and Shuster himself, with the name "Clark Kent" derived from movie stars
Clark Gable and Kent Taylor.[15] Lois Lane was modeled on Joanne Carter, who later became Siegel's wife.[15]
Comic strips such as Li'l Abner and Dick Tracy influenced its original artwork.[citation needed] Siegel and Shuster
then began a six-year quest to find a publisher. Titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated
Book Publishing, who had published a 48-page black-and-white comic book entitled Detective Dan: Secret Operative
No. 48. Although the duo received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Shuster
took this to heart and burned all pages of the story; the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire.
Siegel and Shuster each compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the pair had created for Detective
Comics #1 (March 1937).[16]
Religious characters such as Samson (top) and Hercules (bottom) were inspiration for the character.
Siegel, believing that Superman would not progress with Shuster, contacted artists Tony Strobl, Mel Graff, and
Russell Keaton as potential collaborators on the strip.[17] Artwork produced by Keaton based on Siegel's treatment
shows the concept evolving. Superman is now sent back in time as a baby by the last man on Earth, where he is found
and raised by Sam and Molly Kent.[18] However, Keaton did not pursue the collaboration, and soon Siegel and
Shuster were back working together on the character.[17]
The pair re-envisioned the character, who became more of a hero in the mythic tradition, inspired by such characters
as Samson and Hercules,[19] who would right the wrongs of Siegel and Shuster's times, fighting for social justice and
against tyranny. It was at this stage the costume was introduced, Siegel later recalling that they created a "kind of
costume and let's give him a big S on his chest, and a cape, make him as colorful as we can and as distinctive as we
can."[7] The design was based in part on the costumes worn by characters in outer space settings published in pulp
magazines, as well as comic strips such as Flash Gordon,[20] and also partly suggested by the traditional circus
strong-man outfit, which comprised a pair of shorts worn over a contrasting bodysuit.[7][21] However, the cape has
been noted as being markedly different from the Victorian tradition. Gary Engle described it as without "precedent
in popular culture" in Superman at Fifty: The Persistence of a Legend.[22] The circus performer's shorts-over-tights
outfit was soon established as the basis for many future superhero outfits. This third version of the character was
given extraordinary abilities, although this time of a physical nature as opposed to the mental abilities of the
villainous Superman.[7]

MAKING OF MASS TVS

http://youtu.be/LBTFcjxCEeQ

Cultural
Critics

Beats in a coffee house in San Francisco Poetry and Discuss

Death of a Salesman:
Appearance Popularity
versus relationships and
truth

http://youtu.be/twbuT1V5mFE

Suburbanization : Between
1950 and 1970 about 7 million
white Americans left cities for
the suburbs. 3 Million blacks
moved from the South to the
North. Urban life was for the
minorities.
In 1950 only 12% of employed
blacks held white collar
positions compared with 45%
of whites. Whites fled to the
suburbs poorer blacks and
Latinos remained trapped in
urban ghettos seen by a life of
crime, poverty and welfare

Free
Enterprise
not in text

Freedom of Want:
American Economic
System reaffirmed labors
right to collective
bargaining. Despite talk
of the glories of the free
market government
policies played a crucial
role in the postwar boom.
Especially the GI Bill
with education.

David Lilenthal: Chairman

of the Atomic Energy
Commission must abandon
their fear of concentrated
economic power. Large scale
production was not only
necessary to fighting the
Cold War.

Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for

planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in
194243 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 194445 from
theWestern Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was reared in a large
family in Kansas by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background.
As one of six sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which
instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point and later
married and had two sons. After World War II, Eisenhower served as Army
Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed to be President
at Columbia University.
Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the
non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft and to crusade against
"Communism, Korea

Herbergs book illustrates the

movement of being altruistic
not just a specific religion

The
Coming of
the New
Frontier

Election of
1960

Ikes Warning
The MilitaryIndustrial
Complex

New Frontier
Liberalism

Author,
Peace
Corpse
Space
Race
Alliance for
Progress

NASA eventually
spent $33 billion
before reaching the
objective of getting a
man in space in 1969.
The Apollo Project of
a manned space flight
showed great
nationalism the United
States.

Sputnik made the United States improve

education especially in Science and Math

Kennedy also looked towards the ideas of

financial aid to colleges for constructing
buildings and upgrading libraries

United States Steel rose its price of steel. JFK

pulled many Federal Contracts and gave them to
Bethlehem Steel which made it a viable option.
US Steel proceeded to lower its prices

There achievements of increasing minimum wage to $1.25, Social

Security Benefits and $5 Billion for pubic housing and $435 million to
train the unemployed were accomplishments of the New Frontier.

The Kennedy Years

ennedy and the World

ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWX_pjyIq-g

The Kennedy Years

he Missile Crisis

ennedy and Civil Rights

ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sp6FQvVLUos

The Cuban Revolution

and the Bay of Pigs

The Bay of Pigs Invasion, known in Hispanic

America as La Batalla de Girn, was an
unsuccessful military invasion
of Cuba undertaken by the paramilitary
group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counterrevolutionary military trained and funded by the
United States government's Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed
wing of theDemocratic Revolutionary Front (DRF)
and intended to overthrow therevolutionary leftist
government of President Osvaldo Dortics
Torrado. Launched from Guatemala, the invading
force was defeated by the Cuban armed forces,
under the command of Prime Minister Fidel
Castro, within three days.

Bay of Pigs disaster for USA

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedys Resolve: After the mistakes in which he did

not allow the help of Anti-Castro rebels. He confided into
1) Eisenhower 2) His father Joseph. Both said the same
thing. Accept responsibility and go on. If you get an
immediate victory they will for get the Bay of Pigs. He did
the Cuban Missile Crisis

Assassination of
President Kennedy