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 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on
common property regimes, regulated by
customary laws
Focus on securing community livelihoods
Are subsistence-oriented
Tenure and use of natural resources based on
private and state property regimes, regulated
by written law
Focus on the generation of private, corporate
or state wealth
Is market-oriented

Based on local knowledge and skills,
local experimentation and adaptation
Aim at long-term sustainable livelihoods,
defined in a general sense
Important religious and symbolic value
attached to nature
Integration of conservation and use, focus Separation between conservation and use,
on sustainable use
Based on “objective science” and the
reduction of local decisions and
uncertainties
Aims at relatively short-term, precisely
measurable production results
Nature is matter to be controlled and
dominated
focus on strict conservation and maximum
use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural Tenure and use of natural

resources based on resources based on private
common property and state property
regimes, regulated by regimes, regulated by
customary laws written law
Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth

Subsistence-
Subsistence-oriented Market-
Market-oriented

Based on local knowledge and skills, the recognition of Based on “objective science”
science”, aiming at the reduction of subjective,
indeterminacies, risk-
risk-aversion behaviour and an emphasis on local decisions and uncertainties
experimentation and adaptation

Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated

Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law

Focus on securing Focus on the

community generation of
livelihoods private, corporate or
state wealth
Subsistence-
Subsistence-oriented Market-
Market-oriented

Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and Based on “objective science”
science” and the reduction of local decisions and
adaptation uncertainties

Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated

Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law

Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth

Are subsistence- Is market-oriented

oriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and Based on “objective science”
science” and the reduction of local decisions and
adaptation uncertainties

Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated

Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system
Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law

Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth

Subsistence-
Subsistence-oriented Market-
Market-oriented

Based on local Based on “objective

knowledge and skills, science” and the
local experimentation reduction of local
and adaptation decisions and
uncertainties
Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law

Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth
Are subsistence-
subsistence-oriented Is market-
market-oriented

Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and Based on “objective science”
science” and the reduction of local decisions and
adaptation uncertainties

Aim at long-term Aims at relatively

sustainable short-term, precisely
livelihoods, defined in measurable production
a general sense results
Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated

Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law
Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth

Are subsistence-
subsistence-oriented Is market-
market-oriented

Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and Based on “objective science”
science” and the reduction of local decisions and
adaptation uncertainties

Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious Nature is matter—

and symbolic value to be controlled and
attached to nature dominated
Integration of conservation and use, focus on sustainable use Separation between conservation and use, focus on strict conservation
conservation
and maximum use
 Traditional NRM systems Agro-industrial-market system

Tenure and use of natural resources based on common property Tenure and use of natural resources based on private and state property
property
regimes, regulated by customary laws regimes, regulated by written law

Focus on securing community livelihoods Focus on the generation of private, corporate or state wealth

Are subsistence-
subsistence-oriented Is market-
market-oriented
Based on local knowledge and skills, local experimentation and Based on “objective science”
science” and the reduction of local decisions and
adaptation uncertainties

Aim at long-
long-term sustainable livelihoods, defined in a general sense Aims at relatively short-
short-term, precisely measurable production results

Important religious and symbolic value attached to nature Nature is matter to be controlled and dominated

Integration of Separation between

conservation and use, conservation and use,
focus on sustainable focus on strict
use conservation and
maximum use
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Governance A. Governance by B. Shared Governance C. Private D. Indigenous Peoples &
type Government Governance Community Governance
Federa Local/ Govern Trans-
Trans- Collaborativ Joint Declared …by …by for Indigenous bio-
bio- Community
l or municip ment-
ment- boundar e management and run non-
non- profit cultural areas & Conserved Areas
nation al delegate y managemen (pluralist by profit organisat Territories-
Territories- - declared and
al ministry d manage t (various management individu organisat ions (e.g.
Category ministr or manage ment forms of board) al land-
land- ions (e.g. corporat
declared and run by run by
Indigenous Peoples traditional
(manag.
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agency
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in
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NGOs,
univ.
univ.
e land-
land-
owners ) peoples and local
objective) change an NGO) etc.) communities

I - Strict Nature
Reserve/
Wilderness Area

II – National
Park (ecosystem
protection;
protection of
cultural values)

III – Natural
Monument

IV – Habitat/
Species
Management

V – Protected
Landscape/
Seascape

VI – Managed
Resource
 8
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4 8
(,): 5
Governance A. Governance by B. Shared Governance C. Private D. Indigenous Peoples &
type Government Governance Community Governance
Federa Local/ Govern Trans-
Trans- Collaborativ Joint Declared …by …by for Indigenous bio-
bio- Community
l or municip ment-
ment- boundar e management and run non-
non- profit cultural areas & Conserved Areas
nation al delegate y managemen (pluralist by profit organisat Territories-
Territories- - declared and
al ministry d manage t (various management individu organisat ions (e.g.
Category ministr or manage ment forms of board) al land-
land- ions (e.g. corporat
declared and run by run by
Indigenous Peoples traditional
(manag.
manag. y or
agency
agency
in
ment
(e.g. to
pluralist
influence)
owner NGOs,
NGOs,
univ.
univ.
e land-
land-
owners ) peoples and local
objective) change an NGO) etc.) communities

I - Strict Nature
Reserve/
Wilderness Area

II – National
Park (ecosystem
protection;
protection of
cultural values)

III – Natural
Monument

IV – Habitat/
Species
Management

V – Protected
Landscape/
Seascape

VI – Managed
Resource
 shared governance
(co-management)

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 Sharing power in decision-making about natural
resources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)

Full control by Shared control by Full control by

governmental agency in charge local actors
agency and local actors Type C & D
Type A Type B

enforcing consulting & negotiating sharing authority recognising/

rules & seeking consensus specific & responsibility transferring
repressing (at times via agreements in a formal way authority and
violations benefit sharing) (e.g., via seats in responsibility
a governance
body)

… from the point of view of a governmental agency…

 Sharing power in decision-making about natural
resources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)

Full control by Shared control by Full control by

governmental agency in charge local actors
agency and local actors Type C & D
Type A Type B

Losing all Letting Negotiating agreements Asking for the Conserving or

control on the and contracts to share support of some taking on full
land and government formally or informally the partners management
resources take most management authority (e.g., technical authority &
decisions and responsibility or financial responsibility
support) but and remaining
controlling all its staunchly
conditions independent

… from the point of view of local actors

(e.g., a local community)
 Sharing power in decision-making about natural
resources : a continuum
(authority, responsibility and accountability)

Full control by Shared control by Full control by

governmental agency in charge local actors
agency and local actors Type C & D
Type A Type B

Letting the Supporting the Facilitating the Proposing various Letting the
government government to negotiation of forms of support local actors
deal with communicate specific but letting the deal with that
that alone! with local management local actors chose alone!
actors and agreements among what they need…
achieve their gov. agencies and
support local actors

… from the point of view of a supporting NGO…

Is it shared
governance/ co-
management?

!
Phases of a co-management process
•Start-up Team
•Social communication
•Organising of IPs and
communities
I. Preparing •Agreeing on negotiation
procedures

•Situation analysis
•Patrimonial vision
•Strategy
II. Negotiating •Facilitation, conflict
management
the management agreement towards AGREEMENT (e.g.
and governance bodies management plan + sharing
functions, rights and
responsibilities +
complementary accords +
resources)
•Setting up the
GOVERNANCE BODIES
III. Implementing
and revising the agreement •Implement, enforce, clarify
•Action research
(“learning-by-doing”) •Monitoring and evaluation
•Improving as learning
proceeds
co-management “ " ”

agreement
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