rozeta gujejiani,

roland TofCiSvili,
tariel futkaraZe,
nodar SoSitaSvili,
giorgi WeiSvili

eTnografiuli zeda maWaxeli

2008 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielda saerTaSoriso proeqtis

(gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis
saqmeTa saqarTvelos erovnuli komisia): "mm a W a x l i s x e o b i s
eTnomusikaluri memkvidreobis Seswavla, dacva da
popularizacia
popularizacia" pirveli nawili. proeqtis menejeri osman ozqeTi.
proeqtis monawileebi: r. gujejiani, n. SoSitaSvili, r. TofCiSvili, g.
WeiSvili (eTnologebi), n. valiSvili (eTnomusikologi), t. futkaraZe
(enaTmecnieri)1.
proeqti moicavs mTel maWaxlis xeobas, anu rogorc qveda
(saqarTvelo), aseve zeda (TurqeTi) maWaxels. magram am naSromSi, sakiTxis
aqtualobidan gamomdinare, warmovadgenT mxolod zeda maWaxlis
eTnografiul masalas2. cnobilia, es mxare xangrZlivi drois manZilze
qarTvel mkvlevarTaTvis miuwvdomeli3 iyo, ris gamoc Seuswavlelia
zeda maWaxlis TiTqmis aswlovani tradiciuli yofiTi realiebi (1921
wlidan), arsebobs mxolod toponimebisa, metyvelebis Taviseburebebisa
da folkloruli masalis momcveli naSromebi (S. futkaraZe, 1993; n.
cecxlaZe, 2004).
maWaxlis xeoba istoriul-eTnografiul-lingvisturi kuTxiT
saintereso mikroregionia. es mxare xelsayreli geografiuli pirobebis
gamo ZvelTaganve moicavda imdroindeli msoflios mTavari savaWro
gzis erT monakveTs: uZveles xanaSi aWaris zRvis sanapiro zolze
gadioda gza, romelic modioda samxreTidan, romisa da bizantiis
aRmosavleTi provinciebidan. gza Woroxis SesarTavTan orad iyofoda:
erTi Sto Woroxs miuyveboda zeviT, meore ki _ zRvis sanapiros. anu
1.
proeqtis monawileebi madlobas gamovxatavT baton roin malaymaZisa da misi
ojaxisadmi (qveda CxutuneTi), baton haliT ozqeTisa da misi ojaxisadmi (borCxa),
agreTve, yvela zeda da qveda maWaxlelisadmi, romelTa WeSmaritad qarTulma
stumarTmoyvareobam madlierebiTa da sixaruliT agvavso.
2.
cnobilia, rom qveda maWaxlis istoriul-eTngrafiuli yofis sxvadasxva aspeqti
SesaniSnavad aris gamovlenili qarTvel eTnologTagan (n. kaxiZe, 1974); ix. agreTve,
n. kaxiZe, maWaxlis xeobis sameurneo yofa toponimikis Suqze, macne istoriis...
seria, I, Tb., 1966; n. kaxiZe, cecxlsasroli iaraRebis damzadebis istoriidan
aWaraSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos kultura da yofa, II, Tb., 1974; n. kaxiZe,
xelosnoba maWaxlis xeobaSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yofa da
kultura, III, Tb., 1975; n. kaxiZe, mesaqonleoba maWaxlis xeobaSi, samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi. I, Tb., 1973 da sxva.
3.
1921 wlidan zeda maWaxeli qarTveli mecnierebisaTvis Caiketa da mxolod saqarTvelos
xelaxali gaTavisuflebis Semdeg saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris damyarebuli
keTilmezobluri urTierTobis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli am mxareSi eqspediciis
gamarTva.
maWaxlis xeobiT gadioda savaWro-strategiuli gza, romliTac SavSeTi
Sav zRvas ukavSirdeboda (n. lomouri, 1957; i. sixaruliZe, 1958).
maWaxlis xeoba aqtiur rols TamaSobda saqarTvelos politikur,
sameurneo da kulturul cxovrebaSi.
maWaxeli tbeTis eparqiaSi Sedioda. am xeobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani
informaciaa daculi "tbeTis sulTa matianeSi" ("sulTa matiane miWixianis
xevisa" _ XII-XIII-XIV ss., ase erqva Zvelad maWaxels) (tbeTis sulTa
matiane, 1977). wyaro moixseniebs maWaxlis ramdenime sofels (zedvake,
CiquneTi, CxutuneTi, efrati, ÃerTvisi) da iq mcxovreb sagvareuloebs,
romelTa STamomavlebis did nawils dResac axsovs Tavisi Zveli qarTuli
gvari.
arsebobs XVI saukunis dasawyisis dokumentic _ samcxe-saaTabagos
mRvdelmTavarTa samwysoebis Sesaxeb, sadac xeoba kvlav "miWixianis"
saxeliT ixsenieba (d. baqraZe, 1987).
gvianSuasaukuneebSi maWaxelic osmalTa uRelqveS aRmoCnda. aWaris
mosaxleoba mudam ewinaaRmdegeboda dampyrobels. eTnografiuli masaliT,
maWaxeli, aWarasTan erTad, yvelaze gvian gamahmadianda. maWaxlis xeobis
legenda-gadmocemebs Semonaxuli aqvT mravali gmirisa da mowamis saxeli,
magaliTad, am mxaris aznaurebis _ ZnelaZeebis mowamebrivi cxovrebis
istoria (z. WiWinaZe, 2004, gv. 51-56, 63-67).
1862 wlis antiosmalur gamosvlebs maWaxlis xeobac SeerTebia,
ajanyebis xelmZRvaneli memed xinkilaZe osmalebs ver SeupyriaT da mas
SavSeTisTvis Seufarebia Tavi (a. surgulaZe, 1978).
1878 wlidan am mxareze vrceldeboda ruseTis iurisdiqcia da
carizmis antiqarTuli politikis Sedegad am dros da, agreTve, 1921
wlidan maWaxeli datova mravalma muhajirad wasulma qarTvelma, romelTa
erTi nawili kompaqturad dasaxlda inegolSi.
dReisaTvis zeda maWaxlis mosaxleoba eTnikurad qarTulia4, aq
adgilobrivi, maWaxleli qarTvelebi cxovroben; kerZod, mTxrobelTa
gadmocemiT, sazRvrispira or sofelSi _ akriasa da mindieTSi Warbobs
aWaridan gadmosaxlebuli, cxadia, aseve qarTuli mosaxleoba, xolo
zedvakeSi cxovrobs, ramdenime, aseve qarTveli _ lazi, romlebsac aq
Wanebs eZaxian, gvarad hajioRlebi.
akriasa da mindieTSi da agreTve, administraciul centr ÃerTvisSi
Sesvla amJamadac specialuri nebarTvis gareSe akrZalulia.
akria,
zeda maWaxelSi daaxloebiT 420 ojaxia. aris eqvsi sofeli (akria,
mindieTi, ÃerTvisi,
erTvisi, efrati, quabiTavi, zedvakezedvake), romlebic
ramdenime sakmaod did da erTmaneTisgan daSorebul ubnebad (mehele)
iyofian. soflebis oficialuri saxelwodebebi 1928 wlidan Turqulia,
magram mosaxleoba iyenebs qarTul saxelebsac.
zeda maWaxlis administraciuli centri ÃerTvisia da iqvea meore
safexuris skola, xolo sxva soflebSi dawyebiTi skolebia. skolebSi,
samwuxarod, qarTuls ar aswavlian.
4.
gaqarTvelebulan artaanidan gadmosaxlebulTa STamomavlebic, romlebic adgilobriv
mcxovreblebs SeufarebiaT 200 wlis win: "Cveni papis papa qurTi yofila, ardanoRli,
muSad mosula. axla qarTvelebi varT".
 administraciulad xeoba arTvinis vilaieTSi Sedis.
maWaxlelTa didi nawili cxovrobs da muSaobs arTvinsa da borCxaSi,
agreTve stambolsa da izmiTSi. muhajirobis dros gadasuli maWaxlelebi
ZiriTadad Tavmoyrilni arian inegolSi.
istoriuli saqarTvelos sxva mxareebisgan gansxvavebiT (imerxevis,
devsqelis, murRulis, parxliswylis xeobebis qarTuli soflebi), zeda
maWaxelSi migraciuli procesebi naklebad SeiniSneba. aq sazamTrod
ufro meti (320) ojaxi rCeba, vidre yvela sxva eTnikurad qarTul
mxareSi erTad aRebuli. daaxloebiT 100-mde ojaxi ki Semodgomis
dadgomamde gadadis qalaqebSi sacxovreblad.
zeda maWaxelSi samanqano gza adis mxolod TurqeTis mxridan,
uSualo sazRvari saqarTvelosTan (qveda maWaxeli, xelvaCauris raionis
sofeli zeda CxutuneTi) jerjerobiT Caketilia, magram am or mezobel
saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli megobruli urTierTobidan gamomdinare
es sakiTxi uTuod mogvarebadia.
jerjerobiT, zeda maWaxelSi avdivarT istoriuli saqarTvelos
erT-erTi mxaris _ nigalis//liganis xeobis gavliT. karCxalis ganStoebis
pawamTis gadmolaxvis Semdeg samanqano gza miuyveba fiqalTiqeds, Semdeg
_ urTxliqeds, xidiTavs, navelebs da SevdivarT zedvakeSi (meheleebi:
samari, xorgiani, SavlieTi, qobaTlumi, paraskueTi, goxinavri, kordeni,
hasanieTi, jafareTi, survana).
zedvakis pirdapir, SedarebiT CaRrmavebul adgilas efrati
mdebareobs, romelsac zemodan gadmohyurebs quabiTavi.
yvelaze dabla, zeda CxutuneTis (saqarTvelo) maxloblad
erTvisia,
ÃerTvisia, md. maWaxlis ayolebiT _ mindieTi da akria.
zeda maWaxlis tradiciul yofaSi mravali problematuri sakiTxi
ikveTeba: gansakuTrebiT damZimebuli Cans zeda maWaxlelTa yofa 1921
wlis tragikuli movlenebis Semdeg. or nawilad dayofil _
erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil saxelmwifoTa (ssrk da TurqeTi)
Soris danawilebul maWaxlis xeobaSi moiSala tradiciuli socialuri
da savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.
1921 wlamde zeda maWaxlisTvis barTan, qalaqTan urTierTobis
marSruts qveda maWaxlis gavliT baTumTan kavSiri da,
agreTve, maradidis cnobili bazroba warmoadgendawarmoadgenda. radganac
es gzebi zeda maWaxlisaTvis Caiketa, amitom aqaurebi iZulebulni gaxdnen
sxva gzebi eZebnaT. maT TandaTanobiT gzebi gakvales liganis xeobisaken,
Tumca es gza ufro rTulia da zamTrobiT dResac ki 7-8 TviTaa
Caketili, Tanac im drois arTvini, miT umets, borCxa da xofa, aseve
orientirebuli iyo baTumze da ara adgilobriv warmoebaze an TurqeTis
qalaqebze.
amave dros, Tavi iCina sxva aranakleb mtkivneulma problemam:
faqtiurad gaixliCa ojaxebi, dedmamiSvilebi mowydnen erTmaneTs, naTesavebs
aekrZalaT misvla-mosvla da urTierToba. eqspediciam Cawera aseTi
tragikuli istoriebi. xSiri yofila erTi maWaxlidan meoreSi gadaparvis
SemTxvevebi, ris gamoc mravali maWaxleli xangrZlivad daupatimrebiaT.
sayuradReboa, rom gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT sabWoTa mesazRvreebi
gamoirCeodnen. sabWoTa sistemam ayara da nasoflarebad aqcia maWaxlis
sazRvrispira soflebi: qavTareTi, gorgaZeTi, safutkreTi safutkreTi.
TurqeTis mxares ki msgavsi danaSauli ar Caudenia, magram samwuxaroa,
rom Zveli inerciiT, sazRvrispira akria, mindieTi da ÃerTvisi kvlavac
Caketil zonad rCeba. vimedovnebT, rom es droebiTi movlenaa.
CavwereT masala istoriuli saqarTvelos mxareebis _ zeda maWaxlis,
nigalis//liganis da SavSeTis (dRevandeli TurqeTis respublika) _
tradiciuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebis Sesaxeb; am eTnikurad
qarTuli mxareebis erTmaneTTan gadasasvleli gza-bilikebis marSrutebi
da toponimika, agreTve akriidan da mindieTidan aWaraSi (saqarTvelo)
gadmosasvleli bilikebi.
maWaxlidan SavSeTSi (imerxevSi) karCxlis mTis gadasasvlelebiT
gadadian. "inawmidaidan gadeviarT, lekobanSi CevalT, iqidan baZgireT,
gamiSeT, CavlieT sul axloSia, erT dReSi gaxvidodi"; "karCxal iqiT
SavSeTia: ubea, CiTixevia, baZgireTia, xevwvrilia, ivieTia", ramdenime
bilikia, erTi xevwvrilsa da baZgireTSi Cadis, meore _ iveTSi, romelsac
maWaxelSi ivieTs uwodeben. "akriis mTidan ivieTamde (imerxevi) erTi
kilometris gzaa", "akriadan mereTi gadaivleba imerxevSi, ivieTia,
imfxrevli, wyalsimeri, diobani". aris gadasasvlelebi liganis xeobis
qarTuli soflebis mTebSic: "TeTriwylidan gadaxval Suaxev, devsqel,
iqidan _ borCxas".
akrias mTidan (WuripiraÁ) aWaraSi gadasasvleli bilikia: "axloa,
saqoneli gadaereva erTmaneTsa". "iq zemoT ari ori sofeli, Tefes
ukanidan, aWara ari. nislebi rom gadavlian, aWara Cans. Cvenebs iq
iailebi unaxven, Camosulan, damjdaran", "aWaraSi win-win mindieTidan
iarebodnen. gaTxuebuli iyvnen bevri gogoebi, imaze midiodnen-modiodnen.
Cemi sidedric dumbaZe iyo, aWareli".
zeda maWaxlis soflebidan SedarebiT axlad moSenebuli zedvakea.
mTxrobelTa informaciiT, aqauri mosaxleoba mters amouwyvetia. "150
wlis win aq marto 2 kvamli iyo, memiS bairaxtaroRlis etyodnen, sxvebi
mere mevidnen".
zedvakis toponomebi: jafareTi, xorgiani, ustalianTi, goxinavri,
SavlieTi, qunTeleTi, samani, barajgina, wamalevi, asaneTi, basxureTi,
vardawyaro, mrgvalyana, Txilnara, morcinali qedi, nadiravi, urTxli
qedi, piriTavi, Wurai, gorga tye, daTvi tye, tyemliani, samani, zvariTavi,
kodaveliani, baRaskureTi, gundiRele...
efrati:
quabiTavi: nagomvari, queda quabiTavi, sasaamo qedi, sanaduruli,
vakenTi, zeganTi...
erTvisi: TevTieTi, malaymieTi, yule, yuliqedi, Robaluri,
ÃerTvisi:
malaymieTi, qaTabo, qvabisuli, wiTelkilde...
akria: veli, ukanatye, melasaTibi, jamikari, konkalaTi, nafetuari...
mindieTi: gujareTi, iremeTi, zekaleTi, qavTareTi, kortaneTi,
osaneTi, givieTi, qvabnari, SaraqveSi, cecxleTi, civnareTi, zemtyisi,
zemzvare, veli...
gzad mindieTisken: jorieTi, givieTi, velitye... “mindieTi didi
sofelia, aqedan istanbulSi geifantnen, deifantnen”.
 mdinareebi: maWaxeli, mindieTis Rele, efratis Rele, goxinavris
Rele, fesviwyali, tekuwveri Rele...
zeda maWaxlis dasaxlebis tipi tradiciul-qarTulia, xevispiruli.
vertikalur WrilSia ganTavsebuli soflebi da sacxovreblebi. soflebi
ubnebadaa dayofili.
zeda maWaxluri sacxovrebeli nageboba xisaa, qvis saZirkvlebze da
aWaruli tradiciuli saxlis erT, lokalur nairsaxeobas warmoadgens,
msgavsia qveda maWaxlis saxlebisa, vinaidan es erTi eTnografiuli
mikroregionia. gansxvaveba zogadad aWarul saxlebsa, magaliTad, didaWaris
sacxovreblebsa da maWaxlis saxlebs Soris TvalsaCinoa 2 mimarTulebiT:
1. zomebi. maWaxluri saxli bevrad ufro mcire zomisaa, xSirad
erTsarTulianic. dagegmarebis mxriv ki imeorebs aWaruli saxlis tips.
2. maWaxlis saxli mxolod sacxovrebeli daniSnulebisaa da sameurneo
nagebobebi calkea ganTavsebuli. maWaxeli, iseve rogorc saerTod aWara,
tyiT mdidaria da xis masala advilad mosapovebelia. Zvelad samSeneblo
xeebi nadis daxmarebiT CamohqondaT sofelSi, rasac Tan axlda “helesas”
moZaxili: “helesas xis dasawikeblad vmRerodiT”.
yvelaze adreuli saxli, romlis dafiqsirebac am mokle xanSi
SevZeliT, XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSia aSenebuli. saxli qvis saZirkvelzea
agebuli wablis xisagan, gadaxurulia naZvis xisagan gamoxdili yavriT,
orsarTuliania, pirvel sarTuls sacxovreblad ar iyeneben, iq sxvadasxva
sayofacxovrebo nivTebi da sameurneo iaraRi awyvia. meore sarTulze
aivnidanaa Sesasvleli mTavar oTaxSi (muTvaRi), sadac ojaxis ufrosi
wyvilis saZinebelicaa. am oTaxidan aris gasasvleli derefanSi, romlis
gaswvriv samzareulo, sastumro oTaxi (musafir oda), ori sxva oTaxi
(dasawoli odiebi) da boloSi sakuWnaoa mowyobili. mTavar oTaxSi
Zveleburi seqvebis adgilze ori taxtia. erTi xisaa, Zveleburi seqvis
msgavsi, meore Tanamedrove, rbili taxtia. SeSis Rumelis ukan kedelSi
ori niSia. cnobilia, Zvelad am niSebSi (musandarebi) qveSagebels
inaxavdnen, zogan ki erT-erT maTganSi e. w. abano-hamamic iyo mowyobili.
iq siTboc trialebda da xis jamic idga, romelsac uerTdebda xis Rari,
riTac nabani wyali gareT iRvreboda. mTxrobelis informaciiT, mis
bavSvobaSi (XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi) aseTi abano-hamami yvela
saxlSi iyo (zedvake, mehele goxinavri).
eTnografiuli kuTxiT sayuradReboa axali saxlebis tipebi.
maWaxluri saxli Tuki igi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSia agebuli, ZiriTadad
e. w. beletaJis tipisaa. gzidan saxlSi SevdivarT quCisken mdebare
ramdenime safexuriani kibiT aivanze. kibesTan vtovebT fexsacmels, kibis
TavSi wylis e.w. avazania gakeTebuli, sxvaTaSoris, xiT xuroobis
SesaniSnavi nimuSebi. aivanze kedlis gaswvriv erTi an ori taxti dgas.
aivnidan SevdivarT oTaxebSi, romelTac SuaSi derefani miuyveba. derefnis
orive mxares ki oTaxebia ganTavsebuli. oTaxebSi tradiciuli seqvebis
adgilze amJamadac taxtebia gamarTuli, SedarebiT SeZlebul ojaxebSi,
Rumelis (buxari aq iSviaTobaa) gaswvriv, or mopirdapire kedelTan
taxtebi dgas (fabrikuli nawarmi), xolo naklebad SeZlebul ojaxebSi
adgilobriv damzadebuli xis taxtebia ganlagebuli, romlebzec qveSagebi
awyvia, zemodan ki Sinnaqsovi fardagebia gadafarebuli. Rumeli SeZlebul
ojaxebSi naxSirisa aqvT, sxvagan _ SeSisa. iatakze yvelgan xaliCebi
afenia, aseve, derefnebSic, xaliCebi, ZiriTadad, nayidia, qalaqidan
Camotanili, fardagebi ki adgilzea damzadebuli. derefnis boloSi
sakuWnaoa, sadac bevri eTnografiuli nivTia Tavmoyrili (Zveleburi
Tixis dergebi, xis sadRveblebi, kroWebi, kolofebi, kodebi, xokerebi...),
romelTac ukve TiTqmis aRar iyeneben, magram maTi damzadebis teqnika
jer kidev Semonaxulia. tradiciuli kulturis sicocxlisunarianobis
dasturia axali saxlebi, romlebic kvlav ZiriTadad xisa Sendeba, imeorebs
tradiciul tips, im gansxvavebiT, rom orsarTuliani saxlebis interierSi
aucilebladaa Sida kibe da Tanamedrove wyalgayvanilobisa da gaTbobis
sistemebi, xolo sameurneo nagebobebi kvlavac ucvleli saxiT meordeba.
karmidamoSi ganTavsebulia ramdenime sameurneo nageboba: sabZeli, nalia,
safutkre. zogierT orsarTulian saxlSi pirvel sarTulze sameurneo
iaraRs inaxaven, iqvea saSeSe kuTxec.
Semonaxulia terasuli meurneobis kultura.
meurneobis tradiciuli dargebidan kvlav misdeven
miwaTmoqmedebas (xorblis kultura TiTqmis gamodevnilia simindiT)
da mesaqonleobas (msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, Txa, cxvari).
yvelaze metad mesimindeobas misdeven. simindi ramdenimenairi aqvT:
TeTri alTunaÁ, WrelaÁ, wvitaÁ, wiTelaÁ. xorbals “purs” uwodeben:
“ziraTis purs, qabrijapurs davnayevdiT qvaSi, mere gobze davkazmebdiT,
wevRebdiT wisqvilSi, gaxdeboda puri. 5-10 mosaxles erTi wisqvili5
gvaqvs, yvela Tavisas fqvavs, mewisqvile ar iyven”. Zvelad uTesiaT qeri,
Wvavi, puri...
bostnebSi mohyavT tomaTai (pamidori, kitri, xaxvi, niori, qondaraÁ,
pitna, boloki, makido (oxraxuSi), prasi, qinZi. lobioc ramdenime
saxisaa: Ziravli (dablari), xaSari (maRlari, sars auyveba), TeTri,
Savi... mohyavT kartofili (faTaTei//miwixapai//miwivaSlai), xapi (Savi,
TeTri, tkbili), yarfuzi.
scodniaT nadi: “merme margvlas rom deviwyebdiT, ToxnaSi, nadSi,
vfaWavdiT 20-25 kaci, simReris xma gavardoda, yvela iq mividoda,
deexmareboda”. Toxnas “faWva”-s uwodeben.
TiTqmis yvela ojaxs aqvs baR-bostani. baRebSi ZiriTadad vaSli
(baRvaSlaÁ, murRulaÁ, aWarulaÁ, wvitaÁ, didvanaÁ, TeTri vaSli, yirmizi
vaSli, nabaStaÁ...), msxali (msxalwvenaÁ, msxalTaflaÁ, yaanusxafi, WanuuraÁ,
goniuraÁ, xeWeWuraÁ, wriapaÁ, qvasxalaÁ, didsxalaÁ, baTmanaÁ, fijisxali
_ “fiji duumynelia”, TevrejulaÁ...), leRvi, qliavi da balia. bolo
aTwleulis manZilze daurgavT Txilis buCqebi, rac gansakuTrebiT
Semosavliania. saxlebis win da gzispirebze kaklis da wablis xeebia
gaSenebuli.

5
. zeda maWaxlis wisqvilebis Sesaxeb naSroms amzadebs n. SoSitaSvili.
 mesaqonleoba zeda maWaxelSic isevea meurneobis wamyvani dargi,
rogorc qveda maWaxelSi. zeda maWaxelSic, msgavsad qveda maWaxlisa6,
yovel sofels aqvs Tavisi “Ta Ta
Ta” _ mTa, sadac mierekebian saqonels
zafxulidan Semodgomamde. iailebi//iailumebi gamarTulia karCxlis
mTaze
mTaze. karCxlis mTis toponomebi: lekobani, sairme, Tavkalo, ziareTi,
inewminda (“ineÁwmidaidan Tu kargi amindia, baTumi Cans”), didvake, mereTa,
Wuripira, fafarTi, fiqalTi, wiTlobi (“miwa wiTelia, ubalaxo”), quCukia
Ta (“iq xareb vawvendiT”), golebi, kavtara, blanZa, damwvara, WiSkaraÁ,
nafqeraÁ (“aq aTasi wlis Tovlia, ar gamSrala, iqve naqurTvalia, imaTi
saZvaleebia”), qoxivake, kurkapani, yalivake, nayoravi, civTawyali, gelibude,
gaalvebuli, janjRi, gaTxrilTavi, sabargula, gabenili, ziareTi, didi
iaTaRi, gagrZelebula, qvqkacaÁ, puriyanaÁ (es toponimi Tamar mefesTan
aris dakavSirebuli), SavgoraÁ...
“Ta” ganawilebulia soflebs Soris: aris gorgaZeTis mTa, CiquneTis
mTa, zedvakelebis, ÃerTviselebis da qvabiTavelebis mTa lekobania.
dRemde Semonaxulia qveda maWaxlelTa iailebi//iailumebi.
mTxrobelebi dananebiT gviyvebodnen qveda maWaxlelTa iailebSi mdgomi
nagebobebis gaveranebis Sesaxeb.
iailebs qvemoT yiSlebia, sadac didi mTidan Camoivakeben, ramdenime
kviriT, sanam CamoTovs. yiSlebi: baxmaro, gorgiTa, pawamTa...
mzaddeba rZis nawarmis tradiciuli produqcia: ramdenime saxis
yveli, iaRi, yaimaRi.
dawinaurebulia meurneobis damxmare dargi mefutkreoba.
mefutkreobas bevri ojaxi misdevs da ukve mTel TurqeTsa da aseve,
evropaSic ganTqmulia maWaxlis Tafli. mefutkreobis produqtebs yidian
did qalaqebSi, sadac specialuri maRaziebia gaxsnili. iq ZiriTadad
maWaxlelebi arian dasaqmebuli. skebi ezo-karmidamoSi aqvT ganTavsebuli.
aseve, maxlobel tyeebSi _ xeebze gadgmuli.
Zvelad gareuli “xe-futkaric” yofila. aseT xeebs ar Wridnen,
“codva ariso, ityodnen”. aseTi xis maxloblad “adre 10 carieli ska
rom Segedga Txmelaze, 5-6 ska mainc gacocxldeboda, xe-futkari futkars
gamouSvebda, cariel skaSi Sefrindeboda, da cocxldeboda skebi. mere
weliwadSi erTxel mixvidodi, skebs moixilavdi, TovliviT TeTri Tafli
iyo”. “tyis Tafli TeTri iyo TeTri Sqeris, wablis, wyavis, Txmelas
yvavilebisa”.
skis forma da saxeoba ukve Secvlilia, axlandel skebs “ramkebs”
eZaxian. Zvels erqva “yovani”. arCeven karg da mavne Tafls (“fuWa”).
“mavne Tafli Tibil-Tibili ar iWmis, unda dadga, gawuro, jamze dadga,
mere SeWamo. ZilSi vdgivar, mawyina Taflma”.
nadiroba (“avgahi”) (mgelze, daTvze) akrZalulia (“tyeSi daTvia,
mgeli, tura, kverna, maCvi, Rori, gareuli Txa, dodofalaÁ, TaTarZena,
SaSvia, Cxikvi, yurdReli”).
6
. maWaxlis or nawilad gayofis Semdeg, qveda maWaxlelTa "mTa" TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi
aRmoCnda, ris gamoc qveda maWaxlelebs sabWoTa xelisuflebam saZovrebi gamouyo
zemo aWaraSi.
 xelosnobis tradiciuli dargebidan Semonaxulia mxolod
xiTxurooba da fragmentulad, mWedloba7. cnobilia, maWaxlis zeda
nawilSi ramdenime cnobili samWedlo saxelosno arsebobda. erTi maTgani
iyo ÃerTvisSi, qavTareTis ubanSi. qavTaraZeTa gvarSi es xeloba
memkvidreobiT gadadioda. amJamad ki qavTaraZeebi qarTuli xalxuri
simRerebis codniTa da siyvaruliT gamoirCevian. didi samWedlo
saxelosnoebi ukve aRar arsebobs. “biWi rom deibadeboda, Tofeb
sroulobden, liver-miver, dabanCas, imi gamkeTeblebi, didi xania _
Áoxtur”; “gugumis mokalva icodnen”.
meTuneobas aRar misdeven. Tumca gviCvenes adgilebi, sadac Zvelad
sameTuneo Tixas, romelsac aq Zveli qarTvelebiviT kvlav TiÃas uwodeben,
moipovebdnen dergebis, kecebisa da sawyle WurWlisaTvis. jer kidev
axsovT xokeris damzadebis wesi da erTma Cvenma maspinZelma xokeri
saCuqradac gamogvatana. xokeri wablis da Telisagan keTdeba, tkeCic
wablisa aqvs. Semonaxulia Zveleburi saojaxo da sameurneo sameurneo
inventari (ToÃi, bari, mangali, fiwali, kidobani, godori, gobi, keci,
kroWi, litra, kodi, xokeri, kolofi, xizeki, jilRai, uReli, saxnisi,
tabikebi, sabeli, wirexi, Tokvebi...).
tradiciuli kvebiTi kultura yvelaze sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda
da mcirediT Tua Secvlili (lobiofxala, lobio, fxali, filavi, Cilburi,
yizarTma, Sorvai, mjave, qofTe, haSlama, qebabi, tabusuna, yaurma...).
Semonaxuli aqvT Zveli qarTuli gvarebis xsovna: qavTaraZe,
futkaraZe, ZnelaZe, malaymaZe, kaxiZe, mofrinaZe, kirkitaZe, kortiZe,
qoqolaZe, dumbaZe, gundariZe, jinWaraZe, goraZe, gvianiZe, kiboriZe,
TevTiZe, vasaZe, doloRniSvili, gvariSvili, faSiaSvili, civnariZe, faRava,
qaTamaZe...
dafiqsirda axali wlis aRniSvnis wminda qarTuli wesi. igi axsovT
Suaxnis adamianebs. sagulisxmoa, rom axal wels Cveneburi e. w. Zveli
stiliT, 14 ianvars zeimobdnen. “13 ianvris RamiT TeTr xap SevwvavdiT,
simind movxarSevdiT, RamiT karg dacdil mezobels duuZaxebdiT. imis
ukaniSve aSuraÁ gavakeTebdiT. aSuraÁ 7 Tanea: simindi, qeri, loxoti,
Wendime, puri, lobio, fetvi, CavyridiT, Saqar duumatebdiT, wyal
davasxamT, movxarSavT, vanelias CavyriT, gemriel sun mivcemT. diliT
biWi, umzraxad, duulaparakeblad, axors samjer gars Semouvlida, axorSi
Sevidoda, saqonel, Ãarebs miulocevda. mere TeTr xaps weviRebdiT,
Zroxas guugorebdiT, rome ar gagordes”. “dilas kargi mlocavi kac
moviyvanT, ar daiZaxebda, marjvena fex Semoadgamda, RmerTma lamazad
gamyofaTo _ ityoda. is kai fexis gamogvidgeboda, imaÁ Seqers mivcemdiT,
Tafl, kakals mivarTmevdiT. axors Semouvlida, dalocvida”8.
xandazmul qalebs axuravT leCaqi. axalgazrdebs, romlebsac
maWaxelSi asvla mxolod zafxulobiT uwevT da ZiriTadad qalaqebSi
cxovroben, Tavsaburavebi ar axuravT. zogierT xandazmul mamakacs
axuravs fesi.
7.
cnobilia, maWaxlis xeobaSi uZvelesi droidanve moipovebdnen da amuSavebdnen
rkinas, folads da sxva metalebs. mWedlobas maWaxelSi masobrivi xasiaTi hqonda (n.
kaxiZe, 1974)
8
paralelebisaTvis ix. soso sturuas filmi "saaxalwlo Cveulebani" (baTumis
televizia, 2005 w.), romelSic naCvenebia SavSuri saaxalwlo rituali.
 yvela sofelSi aRmarTulia musulmanuri sakulto nageboba _
jame. zogierTgan jame eklesiis nangrevzea aSenebuli. es adgilebi soflebis
Zvel Suaguls warmoadgens, sadac mosaxleobis TavSeyris adgili (jamikari)
mdebareobda.
CaviwereT eTnomusikaluri memkvidreobis cocxali nimuSebi
(“Taguna”, “aba dela”, “vosrada si varada”, “helesa”, “vosa”, “vos radi
varada”, “dielo”, “mayruli”...). maWaxlis xeobaSi qarTuli xalxuri
musikaluri folklori sakmaod kargadaa Cvenamde moRweuli.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs zeda maWaxlis eTnomusikaluri
folklori. imis garda, rom aRniSnuli regioni erTaderTi adgilia
TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali istoriuli qarTuli miwebidan, sadac
SemorCenilia mravalxmianoba, aq qarTuli folklori zustad im saxiTaa
Cvenamde moRweuli, rogoriTac is Zvelad arsebobda. anu zeda maWaxelSi
xalxuri simRera warmoadgens yofis elements. aq simReras, esTetiuri
siamovnebis miRebis funqciaze metad, wminda praqtikuli da pragmatuli
datvirTva aqvs. mag., naduri (yanuri) simRera warmoadgens Sromis
nayofierebis gazrdis saSualebas da naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
zeda maWaxelSi gavrcelebulia orxmiani, xolo qveda maWaxelSi _
rogorc samxmiani, ise orxmiani simRerebi. ibadeba kiTxva, aris Tu ara
orxmianoba osmaluri kulturis zegavlenis Sedegi? da Tu asea, ratomaa,
nawili simRerebisa orxmiania, nawili ki _ samxmiani? orxmiani simRerebis
arseboba Tu Turquli zegavleniTaa gamowveuli, maSin simRerebis meore
nawilSi ratom ar daikarga samxmianoba? orxmianoba Turquli kulturis
zegavleniT rom iyos gapirobebuli, miviRebdiT ara zeda xmis CamoSorebas,
aramed zeda xmisa da banis dakargvas, risi magaliTebic gvaqvs amJamad
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT moqceuli sxva istoriuli miwebis
eTnikurad qarTuli mosaxleobis musikalur folklorSi. magaliTad
gamogvadgeba lazuri simRera. imis miuxedavad, rom lazebi qarTuli
enis zanur dialeqtze saubroben, aqauri (lazuri) musikaluri folklori
met naTesaobas aWarul-SavSur simRerebTan amJRavnebs. lazuri simRera
erTxmiania, Tumca faqtobrivad warmoadgens qarTuli xalxuri samxmiani
simReris disfunqcionalizebul Sua (meore) xmas, anu droTa ganmavlobaSi
mravalxmianoba daikarga, magram simReris qarTulma melodiurma da
metro-ritmulma wyobam dRemde moaRwia. maWaxelSi gavrcelebul
simRerebSi ki aseT faqts ver vxvdebiT. Cveni dakvirvebis mixedviT
gamodis, rom maWaxlis xeobas saerTod axasiaTebda orxmiani simRerebi.
radganac zeda maWaxeli sakmaod izolirebuli iyo garesamyarosgan
(geografiuli pirobebis gamo) da miT umetes, danarCeni saqarTvelosgan,
simRerebma SeinarCuna arqauli//ZvelqarTuli saxe, xolo qveda maWaxeli
saqarTvelos erTian kulturul sivrceSi ganagrZobda arsebobas. sabWoTa
periodSi folklorma dakarga Tavisi namdvili, pirvandeli funqcia,
mowyda sayofacxovrebo konteqsts da ufro akademiuri saxe SeiZina.
iqmneboda xalxuri simReris koleqtivebi, sadac specialurad xdeboda
sxvadasxva kuTxis simRerebis Seswavla, ramac ganapiroba qveda maWaxelSi
samxmianobis gavrceleba. advilad SesamCnevia, rom samxmiani simRerebi,
romlebic aq sruldeba, gviandelia da araviTari saerTo ara aqvs
mTels maWaxlis xeobaSi gavrcelebul simRerebTan da miT umetes ar
warmoadgens maT gviandel formas. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom ar
gvxvdeba arc erTi iseTi simRera, romelic zeda maWaxelSi orxmiania da
qveda maWaxelSi _ samxmiani. absoluturi umravlesoba simRerebisa,
romlebic saerToa zeda da qveda maWaxlisaTvis, orxmiania. aqedan
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo orxmiani simRera. imis gamo, rom zeda maWaxeli sruliad
izolirebuli iyo, iq orxmianoba SenarCunda. qveda maWaxelSi ki samxmianoba
gavrcelda, Tumca simRerebi, romlebic odiTganve sruldeboda xeobaSi
(rogorebica aris: “mayruli”, “Caguna”, “yanuri” da sxv.), isev or xmaSi
imRereba. vvaraudobT, rom zeda maWaxelSi SemorCenili simRerebi
qarTuli musikaluri folkloris erTerTi yvelaze arqauli
nimuSebia. faqtobrivad XVI saukunis Semdeg (rodesac istoriuli
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis sazRvrebSi moeqca) xeobis
izolaciis gamo aqaur simReras araviTari cvlileba ar ganucdia9.
eqspediciis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan monapovrad warmogvidgeba
Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebuli legenda-gadmocemebis Semonaxuloba am
mxareSi. es gadmocemebi ZiriTadad z. WiWinaZis mier XIX saukunis
miwuruls dafiqsirebuli legendebis variaciebia, magram maTi dRemde
arseboba tradiciuli qarTuli kulturis sicocxlisunarianobis erT-
erTi sayuradRebo gamovlinebaa.
maWaxlelTa Rrma rwmeniT, es midamoebi maWaxlelebs
TviT Tamar mefem uboZa erTguli samsaxurisTvis. sxvadasxva
gadmocemiT, Tamari zafxulobiT xSirad stumrobda maWaxels. igi xan
qveda maWaxlidan (sadac gvaras cixeSi binavdeboda) amobrZandeboda,
xan ki SavSeTidan gadmodioda karCxalis mTis gadmosasvlelebiT,
qalaqi
sadac im dros “qalaqi
qalaqi” yofila gaSenebuli. erTxelac Tamar mefes
koSkidan gadmouxedavs da daunaxavs saswaulebrivi cecxli//sxivi efratis
mTaze. mefes ganulagebia jariskacebi eqvsi saaTis savalze da gauyvania
saidumlo miwisqveSa gza qveda maWaxlis cixidan zeda maWaxlamde da im
RvTisagan miniSnebul adgilze didi eklesia augia, iqve auSenebia cixe-
koSkic. SavSuri da zeda maWaxluri gadmocemebiT ki Tamar mefes
karCxalis mTazec hqonia cixe da sasaxle (“naqalaqevi”) da swored
aqedan daunaxavs saswaulebrivad anTebuli cecxli//mokaSkaSe sxivi efratis
eklesiasTan. mefes efratis eklesia maleve mounaxulebia, Tumca
maincdamainc ar moswonebia da axali eklesiis ageba ubrZanebia mezobel
sofelSi _ ÃerTvisSi. dauwyiaT mSenebloba, magram mSeneblebs samuSao
iaraRebi dilaobiT adgilze aRar xvdebodaT, rac mefisTvis mouxsenebiaT.
mefe dafiqrebula da uTqvams: Tu asea, SewyviteT axali eklesiis Seneba,
isev efratis eklesia darCes am xeobis qarTvelebis deda eklesiad,
Tumca igi Raribad aris naSeni, magram me gavamdidreb, me Sevmosav mas
yovlis samkaulebiTo (z. WiWinaZe, 2004, gv. 22).
9.
maWaxlis eTnomusikaluri memkvidreobis Sesaxeb mzaddeba n. valiSvilisa da g.
WeiSvilis naSromi.
 mentaluri kuTxiT sainteresoa am taZarTan10 dakavSirebuli sxva
legendac: “is sxivi eklesiis aRSenebis Semdegac Cndeboda eklesiis erTs
kedelze, romel kedelic gakeTebul iyo im qvis alagas, sadac pirvelad
Cndeboda uqrobeli lampari. eklesiis dasrulebisa da Semkobis Semdeg...
wyevla-krulva daudviaT, rom es eklesia aramc da aramc aravin daaqcios,
Tu TavisiT daiqces odesme, maSin es kedeli mainc darCes saSviliSvilodo”
(z. WiWinaZe, 2004, gv. 22-23).
legendis siuJetiT, aq Suasaukuneebis mentalobis erT sagulisxmo
momentTan, cnobil miTologiur fabulasTan _ saswaulebrivi cecxlis
TviTCenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac am SemTxvevaSi RvTiuri madlis gardamosvlis
mauwyebelia da erTgvari miniSnebacaa imisa, Tu sad unda agebuliyo
taZari. amgvari pasaJebi qristianul simbolikasTan hpovebs aSkara
paralelebs da CvenTvis, bunebrivia, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aseTi
saerToqarTuli mentaluri maxasiaTeblebis arseboba zeda maWaxlis
tradiciul yofaSi.
adgilobriv qarTvelebSi dRemdea Semonaxuli rwmena Tamaris
saswaulTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb. aseTi mentaluri motivebi universaluria
mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis, maT Soris TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri qarTvelebisTvisac (t. futkaraZe, 2007), radgan Tamar mefe
saistorio da saeklesio tradiciiT, wmindani, Sesabamisad, saswaulTmoqmedi
iyo.
gansakuTrebiT msgavsi maWaxluri da svanuri legendebia: maWaxluri
sanam Tamara
gadmocemiT, “sanam TamaraÁ karCxalis mTaze, naqalaqevSi
cxovrobda, am mxareSi zamTari ar scodnia, Svid weliwads
puri karCxlis mTazec mohyavdaT Cvens did dedeebs,
Tamar mefe rom wasula, zamTari mere dawyebula dawyebula”; asevea
svanuri gadmocemiTac, “Tamar Tamar mefis dros svaneTSi zamTari
ar yofila, aq sul gazafxuli iyo iyo” (r. gujejiani, 2006).
dRevandeli masaliT, Tamar mefis rezidencia “naqalaqevSi” unda yofiliyo.
“naqalaqevi gamigia, vici, iqeT aris mTaze, inewmidisaken, iq TamaraÁ iyo.”
sofeli mxarSi udgas erTmaneTs Wirsa da lxinSi (mogvibodiSes:
“dRes sofelSi mkvdaria, mxiaruleba ar aris”) iseve, rogorc mTel
saqarTveloSi.
zeda maWaxelSi Semonaxulia naeklesiarebi efratSi, quabiTavSi,
inewmidis maxloblad (“SavSeTisken Suagora aris, inawmidaze gadviarT,
savaciaÁ aris, iq naqilisari ari”), ramdenime Zveleburi TaRovani xidisa
da cixis (“iqiT goraze yule iyo, iq win racxa yofila sacavi iSTe”)
nangrevi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi am mxareSi, ramdenadac CvenTvis
cnobilia, jer ar Catarebula.
eTnografiuli kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa goxinavris xis
xidi. nageboba gadaxurulia da erTi mxriT amoSenebuli aqvs kedeli.
msgavsi unikaluri konstruqciis xis xidebi damaxasiaTebelia zemo
aWarisTvisac, magaliTad, aseTia s. xabelaSvilebis xis xidi.
10 maWaxlelTa deda-eklesia _ efratis taZari dRes ukve aRar arsebobs, naeklesiarze
jamea agebuli.
 zeda maWaxeli sainteresoa enobrivadac.
bolo dromde samecniero mimoqcevaSi naklebad iyo zemo maWaxluri
teqstebi, Tumca dRes ukve arsebobs kargi saanalizo masala11. samecniero
literaturaSi maWaxluri metyveleba miCneuli iyo aWaruli kilos
nawilad; masze sagangebod aravis umsjelia prof. SuSana futkaraZemde.
am mkvlevaris argumentirebuli msjelobiT (sadoqtoro disertacia,
1995) maWaxluri calke kilodaa misaCnevi. sxva mosazrebis mixedviT,
maWaxluri da imerxeuli kilokavebia SavSuri dialeqtisa (m. faRava,
2004, gv. 809; g. gogolaSvili, 2007, gv. 105).
aRvniSnavT, rom faqtobrivi masala mxars uWers S. futkaraZis
mosazrebas; garda amisa, ufro safuZvliani iqneba maWaxluris ganxilva
aWarulis nairsaxeobad (kilokavad), vidre imerxeulisa da maWaxluris
erT kilod gamocxadeba: maWaxlursa da imerxeuls Soris didi sxvaobaa,
vidre aWarulsa da maWaxlurs Soris.
maWaxlur dialeqtSi gamoiyofa ori kilokavi: zeda maWaxluri
da qveda maWaxluri (romelsac saziaro formebi aqvs livanurTan
da qvemo aWarulTan).. Tqmis farglebs ar scildeba maWaxlis xeobidan
TurqeTis Sida provinciebSi gadasaxlebul muhajir maWaxlelTa
STamomavlebis metyveleba. maTgan qarTuli ena da tradiciebi yvelaze
ukeT Semonaxuli aqvT bursis vilaieTis, inegolis raionis mcxovreblebs
(S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 23).
ZiriTadi fonetikuri movlenebi. zeda maWaxlurSi daculia
B bgera: BerTvisi, Bevdidi...
paralelurad gamoiyeneba umarcvlo E da u xmovani; xmovanTan
mezoblad ZiriTadia E (iSviaTad, vlindeba kbilbagismieri alofonic):
CEen, TEali, TEeli...
damaxasiaTebelia r bgeris dakargva (xmovanTa mezoblobaSi): Cooba
< Corba “supi”, xooci < xorci, koodi < kordi... lapaiki < lapariki,
rialobs < trialobs... sityvis dasawyisSi: kina < rkina, qa < rqa, bili
< rbili...
xmovanTkompleqsTa cvlilebani aWarulis msgavsia: au>uu: duuyvira
(<dauyvira)... ai>ei: weiyvaneben (<waiyvaneben)... oi>ei: meigonebda
(<moigonebda)... oe>ee: meefereba (<moefereba)... ae<ee: geeWena (<gaeWena)...
ai>ii: gigixardes (<gagixardes), gimicxadda (<gamicxadda)... ee>ie: cincaZiebi
(<cincaZeebi)... oe>ue>Ee: kalEebi/kalvebi < kaluebi < kaloebi, wyarEebi
< wyaruebi < wyaroebi...
saxelTa bruneba. xmovanfuZiani saxelebi saxelobiT brunvaSi
dairTaven ~/i-s.
daculia emfatikuri xmovnebi: kbena TiTis-a, cildeba saxls-a...
-viT Tandebuli warmodgenilia -veT saxiT: borbalsa-veT, jinWvelasa-
veT... -Tvis gvxvdeba -Tvin/-Tin variantebiT: saqmis-Tvin, kacis-Tin...
micemiTi brunvis formas Tandebulis funqciiT daerTvis zmnizeda “ukan”
da aRniSnavs “Semdeg”: erT Tves ukan (=erTi Tvis Semdeg), sadiloba
ukan (=sadilobis Semdeg).

11.
literaturis siaSi ix.: S. futkaraZis, n. cecxlaZis, m. cincaZis, m, faRavas,
m. Sahinisa da sxvaTa naSromebi.
 zmnizedebi aq, iq dairTaven Tandebulebs: aq-Si, ag-ze, iq-Si, ig-
ze...
zmnuri Taviseburebani.. Se, Semo zmniswinebi a gaxmovanebiT
gvxvdeba: Sa, Samo: Samo-dgam, Samo-xedav, Sa-ginaxo... zogan zmniswiniseuli
a>o: woveliT, wovda, dovkarqebodiT (Sdr. ing.).
obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba subieqtis niSnebi
(-en, -an): mogagondebi-an “mogagondebaT”, mihyavd-en “mihyavdaT”...
xSiria Temis niSanTa monacvleoba: gagakeTebiavs (gagakeTebinebs),
cnobilavs (cnobilobs)...
uTemisniSno zmnebi Temis niSniTaa gaformebuli: mokrif-av, wer-
av-da, amoglij-v-en... zogierTi orTemiani zmna uTemisniSnod gvxvdeba:
deinaxda, CamovkiddiT...
prefiqsiani vnebiTebi arqauli formiTaa warmodgenili: iyidv-i-s,
iWm-i-s, iTibv-i-s... asea myofadSic: geixarv-i-s, deirgv-i-s, isamv-i-s...
zeda maWaxlurSi, taouris msgavsad, erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba
-evd/-emd da -vid/-mid tipis warmoeba: vsun-ev-d-i, ker-ev-d-i-T... vasx-m-id-
i-T, vab-m-id-i-T, ic-m-id-a...
zeda maWaxlurSi dasturdeba uwyvetlis xolmeobiTisa da meore
xolmeobiTis formebi: daTvebsa vkl-id-i-T, xariT vxn-id-i-T... xari
Saab-i-s, uReli Saadg-i-s qedze...
wyvetilis I-II pirSi e daboloebas enacvleba -evi: daangri-ev-i,
gavwald-ev-i... II kavSirebiTis e>o: dadgon, davrCoT, wovdoT...
sintagma. TanxmovanfuZiani atributuli msazRvreli sazRvruls
uTanxmdeba fuZis saxiT: Cem nestan-ma, did Zm-iT, lamaz sityv-iT...
substantiuri msazRvreli kargavs brunvis niSnis TanxmovniT nawils:
Tofi xmaze, jilRi tari...
krebiTi saxeliT gadmocemuli qvemdebare Semasmenels iTanxmebs
ricxvSi: xalxma wamovden, xalxi adian SuamTobaze...
gardauvali zmnis II seriis formebTan qvemdebare moTxrobiT
brunvaSi dgas: daTvma gamomesxrika, imanac garigda... iSviaTad, gardamavali
zmnis I seriis formebTan damateba saxelobiTSia: wyali Caasxmidi; makido,
prasa vurTavT saWmelSi...
sintaqsuri kalkebi: badana qnes “SeaTeTres”, "SeRebes” (Turq.
badana - SeTeTreba, SeRebva), RmerTma emri gviyo “dagvikanona”, “gvibrZana"
(arab. emri - brZaneba).
zeda maWaxlurSi Tvlis arqauli sistemis naSTebi gvxvdeba. kerZod,
da kavSiri warmodgenilia rogorc oceulebTan, ise asis Semdegac
(rogorc es Zvel qarTulSia): asdaoci, asdaeqvsi...
zeda maWaxlurSi bevria Turqul-arabuli warmoSobis nawilakebi:
en, fena, daha: en lamazi “ulamazesi”, fena kai “Zalian kargi”, daha civi
“ucivesi”... qi “rom”, ia “an”, meger “Turme”, be “gakvirveba-aRtacebis
Sorisdebuli”... -ja/-Ca “-ul, -ur”12.
12.
maWaxelis xeobisa da maWaxluri metyvelebis Sesaxeb mzaddeba ramdenime naSromi
(r. gujejiani, n. valiSvili, r. TofCiSvili, t. futkaraZe, n. SoSitaSvili, g.
WeiSvili), romlebSic ufro detalurad iqneba warmodgenili saqarTvelos am
istoriuli kuTxis eTnografiuli da lingvisturi Taviseburebebi.
 damowmebuli literatura

d. baqraZe, 1987 - d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa

da aWaraSi (atlasiTurT), baTumi, 1987.
g. gogolaSvili, 2007 - g. gogolaSvili, qarTveluri enebi Tu
dialeqtebi (aratradiciuli polemika tradiciul Temaze): kreb.
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, Tb., 2007.
r. gujejiani, 2006 - r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa mentalobis
istoriidan (Tamar mefis xateba svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi), _ kavkasiur-
axloaRmosavluri krebuli, XII, Tb., 2006.
vaxuSti, 1941 - vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tb., 1941.
r. TofCiSvili, 2002 - r. TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria
da saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi, Tb., 2002.
n. kaxiZe, 1973 - n. kaxiZe, mesaqonleoba maWaxlis xeobaSi, _
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturisa da yofis sakiTxebi.
I, Tb., 1973.
n. kaxiZe, 1974 - n. kaxiZe, maWaxlis xeoba (istoriul-eTnografiuli
narkvevi), baTumi, 1974.
n. kaxiZe 2005 - n. kaxiZe, maWaxlis xeobis istoriuli warsulidan:
Jurn. xerTvisi, 2005, #1.
n. lomouri, 1957 - n. lomouri, Zveli saqarTvelos savaWro
gzebis sakiTxisaTvis, saq. ssr mecn. akad. Sromebi, IV, nakv., I, 1957.
i. sixaruliZe, 1958 - i. sixaruliZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
toponimika, w. I, baTumi, 1958.
a. surgulaZe, 1978 - a. surgulaZe, ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba
aWaraSi XIX saukunis 30-70-ian wlebSi: samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
yofa da kultura, VI, Tb., 1978.
tbeTis sulTa matiane, 1977 - tbeTis sulTa matiane, teqsti
gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo T.enuqiZem,
Tb., 1977.
m. faRava, 1998 - m. faRava, m.cincaZe, samxruli dialeqtebis zogierTi
fonetikuri Tavisebureba V-XVII ss. samwerlobo enasTan mimarTebiT:
qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, VII, Tb., 1998.
m. faRava, 2004 - m. faRava, qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis
fonematuri struqtura, avtoreferati, 2004.
S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi,
1993.
S. futkaraZe, 1995 - S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri
dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri
qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1995.
t. futkaraZe, 2007 - t. futkaraZe, imerÃevis metyveli miwa-wyali,
quTaisi, 2007.
m. Sahini, 2005 - m. Sahini, maWaxluri Tqmani: Jurn. xerTvisi, 2005,
#1.
 m. cincaZe, m. faRava, 1998 - m. cincaZe, m. faRava, samxruli
dialeqtebi da qarTuli samwerlobo ena (V-XVIII ss.), baTumi, 1998.
n. cecxlaZe, 2004 - n. cecxlaZe, Ziebani Woroxis auzis toponimiidan,
baTumi, 2004.
z. WiWinaZe, 2004 - z. WiWinaZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004.

ROZETA GUJEJIANI, ROLAND TOPCHISHVILI,

TARIEL PUTKARADZE, NODAR SHOSHITASHVILI,
GIORGI CHEISHVILI

ETHNOGRAPHY OF ZEDA (UPPER) MATCHAKHELI

International project for the study of the Matchakheli valley population with
the title the study of musical legacy of the Matchakheli Valley, its preservation and
popularization was being implemented during the year 2008. The project encompasses
the entire Matchakheli valley. However, because of the actuality of the issue, and
because of the objective reasons yielded from the fact that the territory is located
within the Turkish borders; the place had not been studied at all. In the present paper
we provide only the part of the investigation of the ethnographic materials of Upper
Matchakheli.
Matchakheli Valley with its stretch of ancient world trading route used to play
a great role in the cultural and economic life of the south-west Georgia.
Annals of the Tbeti souls (Annals of the Mitcikhiani(=Matchakheli) Valley)
provide interesting materials of 12th-13th-14th cc. life of Matchakheli valley. A part of
the names and place names referred to in this manuscript are attested to the present
Matchakheli.
The Matchakheli valley is a sort of exception in the historical territories of
Georgia of the present day Turkey in the sense that as different from the other
Georgian historical territories in Turkey its population is mono-ethnic, being inhabited
only by Georgians and they speak Georgian but because of the underlying reasons
they are left without Georgian literacy.
Within the project framework we have featured the traditional house of the
upper Matchakheli, which presents a local variety of the traditional Acharian abode.
Upper Matchakheli whets interests in that respect that among the historical
Georgian provinces under the jurisdiction of the modern Turkey Georgian folklore
polyphonic musical arts has survived only in here. The people of Matcakheli have
had the ensemble performing ancient Georgian songs. Moreover, the province has
survived two-voice Georgian songs attesting one more times the archaic origin of
these songs.
It is an important and encouraging fact that the varieties of legends about
Queen Tamar, recorded in the 19th c. by Sakaria Chichinadze are alive to the present
and we have recorded them as well.
We are preparing and will soon present several other papers about various
historical, ethnographic and linguistic aspects of the region.