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2)
3)
4)
5)
Most ion channels have little selectivity because the sizes of ions is small relative
to the size of the channel pore.
True/False
6)
7)
2)
3)
Sodium and Potassium pumps hydrolyze ________ to move ions in and out of
the cell
ATP
4)
5)
1)
2)
A new microrganism is isolated from a lake and is placed into a solution of KCl.
The voltage difference across its membrane is measured at 120 mV. How much
energy is required to move a proton from the negative side of the membrane to the
positive side?
Answer:
U = q x E
= 96500 C/mol x 0.12 J/C
= 11580 J/mol
= 11.58 kJ/mol
3)
4)
5)
6)
Consider the Potassium channel: a) Given that the four K+ binding sites are
roughly isoenergetic, why are usually only two occupied at any given time? b) How
does this contribute to the knock on model for conductance? c) What establishes
the directionality of K+ ion flow?
Answer:
a) The binding sites are close enough such that electrostatic repulsion of K+ ions
in adjacent sites is highly unfavourable. In contrast, occupancy of alternating
binding sites (1 and 3, or 2 and 4) is favourable.
b) Alternating binding sites means that when something enters site if sites 2 and
4 are occupied, binding at site 1, will move an ion from 2 to 3, and from 4 into
the vestibule. Alternatively, if sites 1 and 3 are occupied, binding at site 4 will
move an ion from 3 to 2, and from 1 into the extracellular space
c) the directionality is established by the electrochemical gradient. There is no
directionality preference for the channel itself.
7)
8)
A squid is immersed seawater where its neurons are at a resting potential of -76
mV a) What are the potentials for Na and K in seawater? b) Why is the resting
potential not equal to the Na, K or sum of potentials?
K+
Na+
Squid
150
30
Seawater
200
Answer:
a) EK = 0.0257V x ln ([K+]out/[K+]in) = 25.7mV x -3.4 = -87.4 mV
ENa = 0.0257V x ln ([Na+]out/[Na+]in) = 25.7mV x 1.9 = 48.8 mV
b) The resting potential is influenced by the relative conductance of the two ions
across the membrane. Since the membrane is more permeable to K+ than
Na+, the actual potential is weighted more heavily to the K+ potential (see also
equation 11.76)
9)
A scientist grows a tiny synthetic nerve cell with a surface area of 3.1 x 10 -7 cm2.
In its culture medium, the cell has a resting potential of 75 mV. If 6.2 pC of charge
move across the membrane during an action potential that depolarizes the cell to 0
mV. What is the capacitance of the cell per unit area of the cell?
Answer:
q = CxV
C = V/q = 75mV/6.2 pC = 0.075V/6.2 x 10-12 C
= 4.65 10-13 F
C = CA x A
CA = C/A = 4.65 10-13 F/ 3.1 x 10-7 cm2
= 1.5 x 10-6 F/cm = 1.5 uF / cm2
10)
A cell has the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of K+ and Na+ listed
below. If the resting conductance of its K+ Channels is 30 times greater than its
Na+ Channels, what is the resting potential of the cell (assuming no other ions
contribute significantly)?
K+
Na+
Intracellular
200
15
Extracellular
12
360
Answer:
E = (gNa/(gNa+ gK))xENa + (gK/(gNa+ gK))xEK
= (1/(1+30))x 0.0257V x ln (360/12) + (30/(1+30))x 0.0257V x ln (200/15)
= 2.8mV - 64.4 mV
= -61.6 mV
11)
A region of an axon has a time constant of 120 msec. The capacitance of the
membrane is 1 uF/cm2 and there are 25000 potassium channels/cm2. How many ions
does a typical potassium channel conduct per second against a potential of 100mV?
Answer: