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3BIOLOGY-6
nitrogen-containing
aromatic compounds that contain a sixmembered ring
Cytosine found in both RNA and
DNA
Thymine substitutes uracil in DNA
Uracil occurs only in RNA
o Purine nitrogen-containing aromatic
compounds that contain a six-membered
ring fused to a five-membered ring
Adenine
Guanine
Adenine
Sugar
Phosphoric Acid Residue
Nucleoside a purine or pyramidine base bonded
to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose); differs from a
nucleotide by lacking a phosphate group and a base
o Ribonucleoside - a compound formed when
a nucleobase forms a glycosidic bond with Dribose
o Deoxyribonucleoside compound formed
when a nucleobase and B-D-deoxyribose form
glycosidic bond
The glycosidic linkage is from the C-1
carbon of the sugar to the N-1 nitrogen of
pyramidines or to the N-9 nitrogen of
purines.
When phosphoric acid is esterified to one of the
hydroxyl groups of the sugar portion of a
nucleoside, a nucleotide is formed.
A nucleotide is named for the parent nucleoside,
with the suffix monophosphate added.
The position of the phosphate ester is
specified by the number of the carbon atom
at the hydroxyl group to which it is esterified.
Example: adenosine 3-monophosphate
Deoxycytidine 5-monophosphate
that
DENATURATION OF DNA
Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are an
important factor in holding the double helix
together.
The
amount
of
stabilizing
energy
associated with the hydrogen bonds is not
great, but the hydrogen bonds hold the
two polynucleotide chains in the proper
alignment.
PRINCIPAL KINDS OF RNA AND THEIR
STRUCTURES
A sequence of three bases in mRNA directs the
Various kunds of RNA participate in the
incorporation of a particular amino acid into a
synthesis of protens in a series of reactions
growing protein chain.
ultimately directed by the base sequence of the
In prokaryotes, there is no nuclear
cells DNA.
membrane, so mRNA can direct the
Six kinds of RNA:
synthesis of proteins while it is still
being transcribed
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Eukaryotic mRNA, on the other hand,
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
undergoes considerable processing. One
messenger RNA (mRNA)
of the most important parts of the
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
process is splicing out intervening
micro RNA (miRNA)
sequences (introns), so that the parts of
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
the mRNA that will be expressed (exons)
The base sequences of all types of RNA are
are contiguous to each other.
determined by that of DNA.
Small nuclear RNAs are found only in the
The process by which the order of bases is
nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and they are distinct
passed
from
DNA
to
RNA
is
called
from the other RNA types. They are involved in
transcription.
processing of initial mRNA transcription
Ribosomes, in which rRNA is associated with
products to a mature form suitable for export
proteins, are the sites for assembly of the
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for
growing polypeptide chain in protein synthesis.
translation.
Amino acids are brought to the assembly
Micro RNAs and small interfering RNAs are the
site covalently bonded to tRNA as
most recent discoveries.
aminoacyl-tRNAs.
SiRNAs are the main players in RNA
The order of bases in mRNA specifies the
interference (RNAi), a process that was first
order of amino acids in the growing
discovered in plants and later in mammals,
protein; this process is called translation
including humans.
of the genetic message.
RNA interference (RNAi) process where
Translation the process of protein
short
synthesis in which the amino acid
pieces of RNA affect gene expression
sequence of the protein reflects the
sequence of bases in the gene that
codes for that protein
Roles of Different Kinds of RNA
RNA Type
Size
Function
Transfer RNA
Small
Ribosomal RNA
Several kindsvariable in
size
Messenger RNA
Small nuclear RNA
Small
RNA
interfering
Micro RNA
Small
Small
Affects gene
development
expression;
important
in
growth
and