International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 50

Volume 3 Issue 2, February 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Functional Link Adaptive Filters for Nonlinear Echo Cancellations

Vyankatesh Chapke
Indira College Of Engineering And Management
Parandwadi , Pune.
Department of E&TC

ABSTRACT
This paper introduces Adaptive filters which are of a
new class of nonlinear adaptive filters. The structure of
those Filters is based on Hammerstein model [1]. Such
filters derive from the functional link adaptive filter
(FLAF) model, defined by a nonlinear input expansion,
which enhances the representation of the input signal
through a projection in a higher dimensional space, and a
subsequent adaptive filtering. In particular, two robust
FLAF-based architectures are proposed and designed ad
hoc to tackle nonlinearities in acoustic echo cancellation
(AEC) [2].The simplest architecture is the split FLAF,
which separates the adaptation of linear and nonlinear
elements using two different adaptive filters in
parallel.[7].In this way, the architecture can accomplish
distinctly at best the linear and the nonlinear modeling.
Moreover, in order to give robustness against different
degrees of nonlinearity, a collaborative FLAF is
proposed based on the adaptive combination of filters.
Suchnonlinearity degree in the echo path. Experimental
results show the effectiveness of the proposed FLAFbased architectures in nonlinear AEC scenarios, thus
resulting an important solution to the modeling of
nonlinear acoustic channels.

1. INTRODUCTION
The acoustic channel modelling represents an exhaustive
issue in Hands-free speech communications since it
includes the set of problems common to the whole sector
of acoustic scene analysis[1].The estimate of the impulse
Response, the presence of no stationary elements in the
environment, the Presence of unwanted interfering
signals, the presence of nonlinearities Such phenomena
strongly degrades the perceived quality of the speech
signalAnd might be tackled using signal processing
techniques that are pivotal inrestoring the perceived
intelligibility in a speech communication [5].This is why
the proposed research work mainly deals with
applications on Acoustic channel modelling, and in
particular on AEC, in order to developNovel adaptive
filtering techniques, which might also be used in other
distant talking applications. Regarding the research in

(Prof) Harjeet Kaur

Indira College Of Engineering And Management
Parandwadi ,Pune.
Department of E&TC

AEC, significant advances were achieved in the linear

case, in which capabilities of adaptive filters have been
exploited in Order to model AIRs at best. In that sense
significant results have been recently achieved for
applications in hands-free speech communication in
reverberant Environments and in presence of interfering
signals, factors that cannot be neglected in immersive
communications [9].However, similar results have not
been reached yet in the nonlinear case. The nonlinear
case is characterized by the presence of distortions in the
acoustic path that are funneled in the echo signal and
cause a performance decrease and an even worse
decrease of the perceived quality of information.
Nonlinearities very often occur in acoustic applications
since they are generated by loudspeakers or by the
vibrations of audio devices enclosures therefore,
nowadays, it is difficult to disregard echo cancellers that
take into account nonlinearities, also due to a large
spreading of low-cost audio devices, thus having lowquality electronic components and materials which may
introduce even strong distortions [6].

2. PROPOSED METHODS
2.1 THE SPLIT FUNCTIONAL LINK ADAPTIVE
FILTERS.
In the acoustic channel modeling, a first significant
improvement of the FLAF performance can be achieved
by separating the adaptation of linear and nonlinear
elements of the buffer which is expanded. In particular,
it is possible to consider two different adaptive filters in
parallel, one completely linear and the other purely
nonlinear[3]. In literature other parallel structures
involving functional links are proposed, but none of
them decoupled linear and nonlinear elements. In the
SFLAF the linear filter receives the whole input buffer
and aims exclusively at estimating the echo path. On the
other hand, the nonlinear filter receives an expanded
buffer devoid of linear elements, generated by a purely
nonlinear set of functional link [5].

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 51

Volume 3 Issue 2, February 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

collaborative FLAF (CFLAF) is capable of activating or

deactivating automatically the nonlinear filtering path,
thus adaptively biasing the acoustic channel modeling
according to the nonlinearity residual in the echo path.

2.1.1 The Split Functional Link Adaptive Filter

The SFLAF output signal results from the sum of the
output of the linear filter and the output of the nonlinear
FLAF.Linear and nonlinear filters are adapted using the
overall error signal.
2.2 THE COLLABORATIVE FUNCTIONAL LINK
ADAPTIVE FILTER
Changes proposed in the SFLAF gives robustness to an
NAEC, due to the possibility to make the right choice
for the critical parameters of the filter [8]. Some
drawbacks may linger on when the nonlinearity degree
varies in time. In particular, a non-optimal filtering may
occur when the linear-to-nonlinear power ratio (LNLR)
changes over time. NAEC performance may result
inferior than that of a conventional linear AEC when the
desired signal is not affected by any nonlinearity, or
when the nonlinearity level is negligible. In that case, the
nonlinear filter only brings some gradient noise in the
filtering process, thus degrading NAEC performance. In
addition, the LNLR is unknown a priori and it is timevarying for no stationary signals, like speech. Thereby, it
is not possible a priori to know whether an NAEC will
improve or deteriorate the cancellation. This problem,
along with the expensive computational cost of an
NAEC, affects the strategies of many companies that
provide teleconferencing services, which often choose to
drop the use of nonlinear echo cancelers even at the
expense of communication quality. With the aim of
designing an NAEC robust to the changes of LNLR, we
propose a collaborative architecture, based on the
convex combination of adaptive filters [4]. Such

2.1.2 The Collaborative Functional Link Adaptive Filter

3. ALGORITHM
AND
SIMULATION
RESULT.
Till now 30 % of the the total project work has been
added In this paper with the simulation result. The
simulation is done in MATLAB 10.0 Version.In the
simulation Frequency of the Voice signal has been
defined. Which is again added with the voice signal.
After subjected to Adaptive filter the output signal is
calculated.Also we Defined frequency of the voice
signal.Definedfrequency of the Noise signal. Calculated
voice signal. Calculated noise signal Add voice signal
with noise signal. Calculated reference signal.
Calculated reference To noise signal. Find out adaptive
output signal.

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3.1.1 Simulation Result in MATLAB.

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 52

Volume 3 Issue 2, February 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

4. COMPARISON TABLE FOR EXISTING

METHODS AND PROPOSED METHODS.
Existing Methods
Proposed Methods.
Existing system technique is functional link
adaptive filter (FLAF) model. The main idea
which underpins the FLAF approach is that of
enhancing the original input signal right from the
start by representing it in a space of higher
dimension.

New class of nonlinear adaptive algorithms

based on the FLAF model has been
introduced for nonlinear modeling of
acoustic channels. We have proposed two
robust FLAF-based architectures for NAEC
application.

Existing System Drawbacks

The extreme flexibility of the architecture
FLRT is not better for AEC

Proposed system advantages

Flexible architecture.Robust FLAF-based
architectures can be considered as effective
solutions for acoustic channel modeling,
even when the nature of the echo path is not
known a prioriEfficiency.

System Modules.

System Modules.

Functional Link Adaptive Filters, Functional The split functional link adaptive filter,The
Expansion BlockAdaptive FiltersMemory Flaf
collaborative functional link adaptive filter
Memory less FlafFlaf Coefficient Adaptation

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 53

Volume 3 Issue 2, February 2015, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

5. CONCLUSION
Thus In this paper a new class of nonlinear adaptive
algorithms based on the FLAF model has been
introduced for nonlinear modeling of acoustic channels.
Due to its flexible architecture, FLAF-based schemes
represent an effective solution to model nonlinearities
that affect speech signals and it has many advantages
which produce noise free signal. This is the Reason why
we have proposed two robust FLAF-based architectures
for NAEC application.[1] The first Architecture is the
split FLAF, whose strength is based on its separation
between linear and nonlinear elements, thus performing
two different adaptive Filtering: a linear one aiming at
the estimate of the AIR and a nonlinear one whose only
task is to model Nonlinearities. This allows to achieve a
significant improvement in terms of convergence
performance. The second proposed architecture is based
on the adaptive combination of filters and it is robust
against different degrees of nonlinearity. In particular,
such collaborative FLAF allows avoiding any gradient
noise caused by the estimation of the nonlinear part
when the system is nearly linear. In this way, it is
possible to guarantee good modeling performance,
whether nonlinearities are present or not. Therefore,
FLAF-based architectures can be considered[8].

RLS algorithm, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp.

Briefs, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 10561060, Oct. 2008.
[6] R. Parisi, R. Russo, M. Scarpiniti, and A. Uncini,
Performance of acoustic nonlinear echo cancellation in
the presence of reverberation, in Proc. Int. Symp. Front.
Res. Speech Music (FRSM09), Gwalior, India, 2009,
pp. 106111.
[7] D. Hongyun and W.-P. Zhu, Compensation of
loudspeaker nonlinearity in acoustic echo cancellation
using raised-cosine function,IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 11901194, Nov.
2006.
[8] J. Fu and W.-P. Zhu, A nonlinear acoustic echo
canceller using sigmoid Transform in conjunction with
RLS algorithm, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp.
Briefs, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 10561060, Oct. 2008.
[9] R. Parisi, R. Russo, M. Scarpiniti, and A. Uncini,
Performance of acoustic nonlinear echo cancellation in
the presence of reverberation, in Proc. Int. Symp. Front.
Res. Speech Music (FRSM09), Gwalior,India, 2009, pp.
106111.

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