Chapter 17:

Thermal Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How do _________________ to the application of heat?
How do we define and measure...
-- _______________?
-- thermal expansion?
-- _______________?
-- thermal shock resistance?

How do the _______________ of ceramics, metals,

and polymers differ?

Chapter 17 - 1

Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb _________
Quantitatively: The ______ required to produce a unit rise in
_______________ for one mole of a material.
heat capacity
(J/mol-K)

dQ
C=
dT

energy input (J/mol)

temperature change (K)

Two ways to measure heat ____________:

Cp : Heat capacity at constant _____________.
Cv : Heat capacity at constant _____________.
Cp usually > Cv

J
Btu

Heat capacity has units of

mol K lb mol F
Chapter 17 - 2

Dependence of Heat Capacity on

Temperature

Heat capacity...

-- ________________________________
-- for solids it reaches a limiting value of 3R
R = gas constant 3R
= 8.31 J/mol-K

Cv = __________

From atomic perspective:

T (K)

Adapted from Fig. 17.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Debye temperature
(usually less than T room )

-- Energy is stored as ____________________.

-- As temperature increases, the average energy of
atomic vibrations increases.
Chapter 17 - 3

Atomic Vibrations
Atomic vibrations are in the form of ____________________

Adapted from Fig. 17.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Chapter 17 - 4

Specific Heat: Comparison

increasing cp

Material
Polymers
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polystyrene
Teflon

cp (J/kg-K)
at room T
1925
1850
1170
1050

Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Glass

940
775
840

Metals
Aluminum
Steel
Tungsten
Gold

900
486
138
128

cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K)

Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K)

Why is cp significantly
larger for polymers?

Selected values from Table 17.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 17 - 5

Thermal Expansion
Materials change ____ when temperature
is changed
l initial
l final

Tinitial
Tfinal

Tfinal > Tinitial

l final l initial
= l (Tfinal Tinitial )
l initial
_________________ of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/C)

Chapter 17 - 6

Atomic Perspective: Thermal

Expansion

Asymmetric curve:
-- __________ temperature,
-- increase in interatomic
separation
-- thermal expansion

Symmetric curve:
-- increase temperature,
-- no increase in interatomic
separation
-- no ________ expansion

Adapted from Fig. 17.3, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 17 - 7

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion:

Comparison
Material

increasing l

Polymers
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Polystyrene
Teflon
Metals
Aluminum
Steel
Tungsten
Gold
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO)
Alumina (Al2O3)
Soda-lime glass
Silica (cryst. SiO2)

l (10-6/C)
at room T
145-180
106-198
90-150
126-216
23.6
12
4.5
14.2
13.5
7.6
9
0.4

Polymers have larger

l values because of
weak secondary bonds

Q: Why does l
generally decrease
with increasing
bond energy?

Selected values from Table 17.1,

Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 17 - 8

Thermal Expansion: Example

Ex: A copper wire 15 m long is cooled from
______________. How much change in length will it
experience?
Answer: For Cu

l = 16.5 x 106 ( o C)1

rearranging Equation 17.3b

l = l l o T = [16.5 x 10 6 (1/ C)](15 m) ( 40C ( 9C))

Chapter 17 - 9

Thermal Conductivity
The ability of a material to _______________.
Fouriers Law

________
(J/m2-s)

dT
q = k
dx

temperature
gradient

thermal conductivity (J/m-K-s)

T2

T1
x1

heat flux

x2

T2 > T1

Atomic perspective: Atomic vibrations and free electrons in

hotter regions transport energy to cooler regions.

Chapter 17 - 10

increasing k

Thermal Conductivity: Comparison

Material
k (W/m-K)
Metals
Aluminum
247
Steel
52
Tungsten
178
Gold
315
Ceramics
Magnesia (MgO)
38
Alumina (Al2O3)
39
Soda-lime glass
1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO2)
1.4
Polymers
Polypropylene
0.12
Polyethylene
0.46-0.50
Polystyrene
0.13
Teflon
0.25

Energy Transfer
Mechanism
atomic vibrations
and motion of free
electrons

atomic vibrations

vibration/rotation of
chain molecules

Selected values from Table 17.1, Callister & Rethwisch 4e.

Chapter 17 - 11

Thermal Stresses
Occur due to:
-- ________ thermal expansion/contraction
-- temperature gradients that lead to differential
dimensional changes

_______ stress =

Chapter 17 - 12

Example Problem
-- A brass rod is stress-free at ____________________.
-- It is heated up, but _____________ from lengthening.
-- At what temperature does the stress reach -172 MPa?
Solution:
T0

l0
l0

Original conditions

Step 1: Assume _____________ thermal expansion

l
Tf
Step 2: __________ specimen back to original length

l0

Chapter 17 - 13

Example Problem (cont.)

l0

The ______ stress can be directly

calculated as

= E(compress )

Noting that compress = -thermal and ___________ gives

= E(thermal ) = E l (Tf T0 ) = E l (T0 Tf )

Rearranging and solving for Tf gives
______

Tf = T0

Answer: _______ 100 GPa

E l

-172 MPa (since in compression)

20 x 10-6/C
Chapter 17 - 14

Thermal Shock Resistance

Occurs due to: ________________________
Ex: Assume top thin layer is rapidly cooled from T1 to T2
rapid quench

tries to contract during cooling

T2

resists contraction

T1

Temperature difference that

can be produced by cooling:

(T1 T2 ) =

quench rate
k

Tension develops at surface

________________
Critical temperature difference
for fracture (set = f)

(T1 T2 ) fracture =

f
E l

set ________
(quench rate) for

fracture

Large TSR when

= Thermal Shock Resistance (TSR)

f k
E l

is large

____

Chapter 17 - 15

Thermal Protection System

Application:

Re-entry T
Distribution

Space Shuttle Orbiter

Chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 23, Callister 5e

(courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.)

Silica tiles (400-1260C):

-- large scale application

reinf C-C
silica tiles
(1650C) (400-1260C)

nylon felt, silicon rubber

coating (400C)
Fig. 19.2W, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.2W adapted from L.J.
Korb, C.A. Morant, R.M. Calland, and C.S. Thatcher, "The
Shuttle Orbiter Thermal Protection System", Ceramic
Bulletin, No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 1189.)

-- microstructure:
~90% porosity!
Si fibers
bonded to one
another during
heat treatment.
100 m

Fig. 19.3W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 19.3W courtesy the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.)

Fig. 19.4W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 219.4W courtesy

Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics
Chapter 17 - 16
Systems, Sunnyvale, CA.)

Summary
The thermal properties of materials include:
Heat capacity:
-- energy required to increase a mole of material by a unit T
-- energy is stored as atomic vibrations

Coefficient of thermal expansion:

-- the size of a material changes with a change in temperature
-- polymers have the largest values

Thermal conductivity:
-- the ability of a material to transport heat
-- metals have the largest values

Thermal shock resistance:

-- the ability of a material to be rapidly cooled and not fracture
k
-- is proportional to f
E l
Chapter 17 - 17