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(8.4-14)
where
is defined by
(8.4-15)
and
For some non-Newtonian fluids, the shear stress can similarly be written in terms of a nonNewtonian viscosity :
(8.4-16)
In general,
only.
. However,
(8.4-17)
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power law
Carreau model for pseudo-plastics
Cross model
Herschel-Bulkley model for Bingham plastics
Note that the non-Newtonian power law described below is different from the power law
described in Section 8.4.2.
Note: Non-newtonian model for single phase is available for the mixture model and it is
recommended that this should be attached to the primary phase.
Appropriate values for the input parameters for these models can be found in the literature (e.g.,
[ 368]).
(8.4-18)
FLUENT allows you to place upper and lower limits on the power law function, yielding the
following equation:
(8.4-19)
where
, and
of the fluid (the consistency index); is a measure of the deviation of the fluid from Newtonian
(the power-law index), as described below;
is the reference temperature; and
and
are, respectively, the lower and upper limits of the power law. If the viscosity computed from the
power law is less than
, the value of
will be used instead. Similarly, if the computed
viscosity is greater than
viscosity is limited by
, the value of
and
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Newtonian fluid
shear-thickening (dilatant fluids)
shear-thinning (pseudo-plastics)
value of
should be set to zero. If the energy equation is not being solved, FLUENT uses a
default value of
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(8.4-20)
where
(8.4-21)
, and
is the power-law index (as described above for the non-Newtonian power law),
zero by default, while
and
is set to
and
are the
and
at low
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Cross Model
The Cross model for viscosity is
(8.4-22)
where
= zero-shear-rate viscosity
= natural time (i.e., inverse of the shear rate
at which the fluid changes from Newtonian to
power-law behavior)
= power-law index
The Cross model is commonly used when it is necessary to describe the low-shear-rate behavior
of the viscosity.
Inputs for the Cross Model
To use the Cross model, choose cross in the drop-down list to the right of Viscosity. The Cross
Model panel will open, and you can enter the Zero Shear Viscosity
, Time Constant , and
Power-Law Index
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(8.4-23)
where
For
For
The Herschel-Bulkley model combines the effects of Bingham and power-law behavior in a fluid.
For low strain rates (
), the "rigid'' material acts like a very viscous fluid with viscosity
(8.4-24)
where
model.
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