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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 5: Phonetics
Table C5.1: Diversity in the spellingsound relationship
Table C5.2: Problematic Fricatives
Table C5.3: List of Phonetic Signs and Symbols
Table C5.4: Variations in the sounds of Indian, American, and
British English
Chapter 8: Effective Presentation Strategies

Sample 1: Computer-mediated communication
Sample 2: Internet Search Engines: Demystied
Chapter 10: Group Communication

Sample covering letter accompanying a brochure
Sample Conference Evaluation Form
OX
FO
Chapter 11: Reading

Magazine article: More of the Same
Newspaper Article: Energy drinks could be harmful
Magazine article: Connecting to Mankind
Essay: Of Parents and Children
Essay: Job Stress: The Effect on Employees and Employers
Essay: The ever growing use of information technology in our daily
life
Essay: Indian festivals
Essay: Human Cloning
Journal Article Sample 1
A Critical Analysis of The Inheritance of Loss
Chapter 12: Reading Techniques
Sample Passage 1
Sample Passage 2
Sample Passage 3
Sample Passage 4
| Technical Communication
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Sample Passage 5
Sample Passage 6
Sample Passage 7
Sample Passage 8
Sample Passage 9
Sample Passage 10
Sample Passage 11
Sample Passage 12
Identifying Topic Sentence and keywords 13
Ssentence sequence 14
Chapter 16: The Art of Condensation
Precis Writing Sample 1
FO
Chapter 17: Letters, Memos, and Emails

Table C17.1 Various courtesy titles
Clarity and Conciseness: Examples
Courtesy and Consideration: Appropriate Phrases Credit Letters
Exhibit C17.1: Credit request
Exhibit C17.2: Thanks for prompt response to credit enquiry
Exhibit C17.3: Stern collection letter
Exhibit C17.4: Solicited Letter of Enquiry
Reply to Enquiry Letters
Exhibit C17.5: Reply to enquiry letter 1
Tender Letters
Exhibit C17.8: Tender letter 1
Order Placement Letters
Exhibit C17.11: Order placement letter 1
OX
Table of Contents
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Exhibit C17.13: Claim Letter
Adjustment letters
Exhibit C17.14: Adjustment letter
Exhibit C17.15: Instruction Letter
Persuasive Letters
Exhibit C17.16: Inverted pyramid style persuasive letter
Cover Letters
Useful Openers
Exhibit C17.17: Cover letter accompanying a technical
feasibility report
Exhibit C17.18: Cover letter accompanying a resume 1
Exhibit C17.22: Cover letter along with a resume
Exhibit C17.23 Scannable resume
Ofcial letters
Demi-ofcial letters
Exhibit C17.24 Demi-ofcial letter 1
Government Letters
Exhibit C17.26 Government letter 1
Letter to Authorities
Exhibit C17.28 Letter to authority 1
Other Formal Letters
Letters to the Editor
Exhibit C17.30 Letter to editor 1
Permission Letters
Exhibit C17.33 Permission Letter 1
Thank You/Follow-up Letters
Exhibit C17.34 Thank You Letter (Modied Block Layout)
FO
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Exhibit C17.35 Interview Follow-up Letter

Acceptance and Rejection Letters
Exhibit C17.36 Acceptance Letter
Exhibit C17.37 Rejection Letter
Exhibit C17.38 Job acceptance letter
Exhibit C17.39: Rejecting a Job
Resignation Letters
Exhibit C17.40: Resignation letter
MemosStructure and Layout
Exhibit C17.41: Memo template
MemosStyle
Exhibit C17.42: Memo 1
Emails
Email Jargon
Exhibit C17.46: Email window
Exhibit C17.47: Email 1
Chapter 18: Reports

Inductive and Deductive Methods of Opening a Report
Sample Inspection Report
Sample Memo Report
Sample Letter Report
Sources of Information
Library Search
Personal Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires
Web-based Surveys (Internet Surveys)
OX
Table of Contents
Sample Incident Report

Sample Laboratory Report
Sample Project Report
Sample Analytical Report
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Chapter 19: Technical Proposals

Sample Proposal 1
Sample Proposal 2
Sample Proposal 3 (with Covering Letter)
Chapter 20: Research Paper, Dissertation, and Thesis

Journal Article 1
Journal Article 2
OX
FO
Chapter 21: Instructions, Manuals, and Technical Description

Sample Introduction to Instructions
Framing a Set of Instructions
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Technical specication: AT-3813 Automatic Potentiometric
Titrator
Sample User Manual: Luminous UPS SOHO 600 Users
Guide
Object and Process Descriptions
Object Description 1: Dual-Option Burner System
Object Description 2: Lathe
Process Description 1: Metallic Air Pollutants
Process Description 2: Natural Waters
Chapter 22: Referencing and Styling
Sample Footnotes with their Citations
Chapter 24: Vocabulary
Table C24.1 Role of derivational afx in changing grammatical
category of words
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Table C24.2 Change of different parts of speech by derivational

afx
Table C24.3 Prexes
Table C24.4 Sufxes
Examples of Synonyms
Table C24.5 List of Antonyms
Popularly used idioms
Table C24.6 Frequently confused homophones
Table C24.7 Commonly confused pairs of words
Table C24.8 Pairs of Homonyms
Table C24.9 Basic List of Homophones
List of few common phrasal verbs
Table C24.10 Select Technical Vocabulary
Common Errors: Usage
Table C24.11 Words commonly misspelt
Table C24.12 British and American Vocabulary
Words and Phrases from Foreign Languages
FO
Chapter 25: English Grammar

Table C25.1(a) Prepositions after verbs
Table C25.1(b) Additional points regarding use of prepositions
after verbs
Table C25.2(a) Prepositions after adjectives (including participles)
after adjectives
Table C25.3(a) Prepositions with nouns
with nouns
OX
Appendices
Appendix A: Punctuation and Capitalization
Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations
Appendix C: Proofreading Symbol
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CHAPTER 5: PHONETICS
Table C5.1: Diversity in the spellingsound relationship
Table C5.2: Problematic fricatives
Table C5.3: List of phonetic signs and symbols
Table C5.4: Variations in the sounds of Indian, American, and British English
Sounds
/i:/
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TABLE C5.1 Diversity in the spellingsound relationship

Words
reach, beach,
ea
peel, feel,
ee
Piece, believe,
ie
perceive, deceive,
ei
thesis, be,
Hindi, police,
key
people
marriage, carriage
ia
lilies, cities
ie
biscuit, circuit
ui
sunday, Monday
ay
cottage, village
lovely, funny
toffee, coffee
ee
women
busy
set, bet
OX
/e/
//
/:/
ey
eo
sit, fit
FO
//
Letter(s) representing the

sound
spread, pleasure,
ea
ate, any
said
ai
says
ay
Bury
friend
ie
guess, guest
ue
man, can
task, bask
balm, calm
al
car, dark
ar
laugh, launce
au
Phonetics |
Sounds
/ /
/u:/
clerk
plot, god
er
o
was, wash
cough
Because
salt, halt
a
ou
au
a
daughter, haul
swarm, thwart
thaw, law
soar, roar
door, floor
tore, more
bush, full
au
ar
aw
oar
oor
ore
u
book, good
should, would
woman, wolf
soon, boon
wound, soup
do, who
shoe, stoop
glue, true
brew, threw
recruit, fruit
truce, rude
done, ton
oo
ou
o
oo
ou
o
oe
ue
ew
ui
u
o
fun, shun
flood, blood
oo
enough, rough
ou
pearl, heard
ear
curl, hurt
ur
deserve, iceberg
er
OX
//
ear
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/:/
/:/
//

sound
Heart
FO
//
Words
girl, irksome
ir
world, worst
or
sojourn, journal
our
about, ago
collar, beggar
ar
teacher, father
er
10 | Technical Communication
Sounds
Words
colour, neighbour
our
payment, fulfilment
e
o
sponsor, convector
or
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freedom, obscure
culture, vulture
//
/a/
/a/
//
afraid, rain
ai
ray, clay
ay
great, break
ea
eight, freight
ei
prey, grey
ey
no, dope
know, own
ow
coat, goal
oa
foe, toe
oe
kite, trite
/e/
/u/
height, either
ei
guy, buy
uy
fry, my
bye, dye
ye
how, cow
ow
about, shout
ou
toil, ointment
oi
Toy, boy
oy
clear, near
ear
seer, peer
eer
theory, theorem
eo
idea, cornea
ea
inertia, phobia
tier, pierce
gregarious, imperious
fare, rare
their, heir
ia
ier
iou
are
eir
there, compere
airy, pair
ere
air
OX
//
ure
gate, date
FO
/e/

sound
bear, wear
ear
fewer, newer
wer
fluent, affluent
ue
Phonetics |
Sounds
/p/
Words

sound
habitual, mutual
ua
tourism, gourmet
our
poor, moor
oor
pin, cup
p
pp
Shepherd
ph
/b/
but, stable
/t/
tea, stray,
utter, butter
tt
reaped, looked
ed
day, bid
budding, hidden
dd
delayed, stormed
ed
kite, key
cow, could
/d/
/k/
/g/
/t/
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hippopotamus, topple
occur, occasion
cc
chord, cholera
ch
get, tag
egg, aggravate
gg
ghoul, ghost
gh
chest, march
ch
watchman, batch
tch
culture, nature
/d/
jest, jail
FO
fridge, bridge
/n/
//
/l/
dg
geometry, marriage,
adjourn, adjudge
dj
OX
/m/
meek, mellifluous
drummer, summer
mm
tomb, womb
mb
solemn, column
mn
nice, brown
knee, know
kn
resign, benign
gn
sunny, runner
nn
sing, ring
ng
think, link
nk
list, feel
11
Sounds
/v/
fell, all
ll
fifty, fanfare
offshoot, affair
ff
enough, laugh
gh
telephone, phrase
ph
vast, vigour
of
//
//
/s/
/z/
ph
warmth, athlete
th
there, though
th
Bathe, clothe
the
cups, saw
descend, science
sc
boss, essential
ss
city, century
psyche, psychiatry
ps
blaze, craze
balls, cosy
fuzzy, dazzle
zz
dessert, possess
ss
shoot, crash
sh
schedule, schwa
sch
conscience, conscious
sci
machine, chivalry
ch
ensure, sugar
transmission, assure
ss
OX
//
/h/
musician, special
ci
initial, partial
ti
pleasure, usual
seizure, azure
garage, rouge
ge
provision, fusion
si
hot, behaviour
whom, who
/r/
nephew
FO
//

sound
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/f/
Words
h
wh
thrive, thrash
sorrow, tomorrow
rr
rhapsody, rhubarb
rh
wrist, wrong
wr
Phonetics |
Sounds
Words
/w/
/j/

sound
waist, wise
what, which
wh
language, request
yes, young
y
i
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bullion, onion
university,
(pronounced as ju:)
13
unit
due, value
ue
news, sewer
ew
purview, interview
iew
TABLE C5.2 Problematic Fricatives

Word
English usage
Indian usage
/f/
/f/
/v/
/v/
//
//
//
//
/z/
/p/
/p/, /ph/
/b/, /bh/
b/, /bh/
/t/
/t/
/d/
/d/
/z/
//
/d/
/s/
//
/s/
Garage
//
/d/
Leisure
//
/d/, /s/
Chief
Africa
Van
Very
Thin
Nothing
Other
Leather
Zoo
Dozen
FO
Cash
OX
Fashion
/d/
Besides the IPA symbols used to represent the 44 sounds in English language, we have learnt certain
other symbols such as /,/, which are used to represent primary and secondary accents, rising and falling
tones, etc. The following is a complete list of phonetic symbols and signs used in English.
TABLE C5.3 List of phonetic signs and symbols

Phonetic
Sign/Symbol
Description
//
Phonemic transcription
[ ]
Phonetic transcription
/
// //
Pause or End of a tone group boundary

Sentence group boundary
Phonetic
Sign/Symbol
Description
Falling tone
Rising tone
[v]
Falling-rising tone
Zero
[]
Primary accent
[]
Secondary accent
[:]
Full length of preceding segment (e.g., i:, :)
[]
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[`]
[]
Half length of preceding segment (as in sit [st], bt [bt])
i:
Front, close, unrounded vowel (as in see)
Centralized, front unrounded vowel; between close and half-close (as in sit)
Front, half-close, unrounded vowel; sometimes centralized (met)
Front, unrounded vowel; between half open and open (fan)
Front, open, unrounded vowel; sometimes centralized (park)
Back, half open, rounded vowel (as in hot)
Back, half close, rounded vowel, sometimes centralized (tall)
Back, close, rounded vowel (pull)
Central, half-open, unrounded vowel (cut)
Unrounded central vowel (bird)
Unrounded central vowel (ago)
Voiceless bilabial plosive (pen)
Voiced bilabial plosive (book)
Voiceless dental plosive (tea)

Voiced dental plosive (desk)
Voiceless velar plosive (kite)
Voiced velar plosive
(gate)
OX
FO
Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (chill)

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate (jury)
Voiced bilabial nasal (men)
Voiced alveolar nasal (nose)
Voiced velar nasal
(ring)
Voiced alveolar lateral
Voiced post-alveolar fricative (ride)
(late)
Voiceless labio-dental fricative (full)
Voiced labio-dental fricative
Voiceless dental fricative
(tooth)
Voiced dental fricative
(then)
(vine)
Phonetics |
Phonetic
Sign/Symbol
15
Description
Voiceless alveolar fricative (small)
Voiced alveolar fricative
Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (ship)
Voiced palato-alveolar fricative (pleasure)
Voiceless glottal fricative (house)
Voiced labio-velar semi-vowel (wet)
Voiced unrounded palatal semi-vowel (union)
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(daze)
TABLE C5.4 Variations in the Sounds of Indian, American, and British English
British
American
Indian
bsb
bsrb
bsrb
sjum
sum
sjm
tmk
ta:mk
t mk
ta(r)
ta(r)
tar
dt
dt
dt/dt
bd(r)
bd(r)
bd(r)
bm
bm
bm
bkrul
bkrol
bkrol
bd
brd
brd
bskt
bskt
bsket/bsket
bm
bm
bmb
bg(r)
brg(r)
brgr
k(r)
ke(r)
k(r)
ker
kr
ker
kst
kst
Close
klz
kloz
kst
klz
Coffee
kfi
kfi
kfi/kafi
Dairy
deri
deri
deri
Deserve
dzv
dzrv
disrv
Dinner
dn(r)
dinr
dinr
Disaster
dzst(r)
dzst(r)
disstr
Dog
dg
dg
dg
Eager
ig(r)
ig(r)
igr
Absorb
Assume
Atomic
Attire
Audit
Badger
Balm
Bankroll
Barge
Basket
Bomb
Burger
Care
Cast
OX
Car
FO
Word
British
American
Indian
Earn
rn
rn
Education
eduken
eduken
eduken
Endive
endv
endv
endv
Erase
rez
res
res
Fable
febl
febl
febl
fmli(r)
fmli(r)
fmlir
fst
fst
fst
frs
fros
fros
f(r)
fr(r)
frr
go
go
gl
grl
grl
gl
glo
glo
gd
gd
gd
grmes
grms
grmes
hf
hf
hf
hd
hrd
hrd
Familiar
Fast
Ferocious
Further
Gauche
Girl
Glow
God
Grimace
Half
Hard
Hippo
Hone
Honest
Hunt
Icebox
Inform
hp
hpo
hpo
hun
hon
hon
nst
nst
nist
hnt
hnt
hnt
asbks
asbks
aisbks
mpst(r)
mpst(r)
impstr
nfm
nfrm
nform
FO
Imposture
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nhel
nhel
nhel
Interfere
ntf(r)
ntrfr
ntrfr
Jade
ded
ded
ded
Jobber
db(r)
db(r)
dbr
Judo
dud
dudo
dudo
Juggler
dgl(r)
dgl(r)
dgl
Jury
dri
dri
duri
Khaki
kki
kki
kki
Knock
nk
nk
nk
Know
no
no
Krypton
krptn
krptn
krptn
OX
Inhale
Phonetics |
British
American
Indian
Laconic
lknk
lknk
lknk
Large
ld
lrd
lrd
Lasso
lsu
lso
lso
Last
lst
lst
lst
Latitude
lttjud
lttud
lttjud
mkr
mkro
mkr
menten
menten
menten
med(r)
med(r)
medr
mm(r)
mrm(r)
mrmr
mldi
mldi
mldi
nsti
nsti
nsti
net(r)
net(r)
netr
n(r)
nr
nir
njutrl
nutrl
njutrl
nt
not
not
bdkt
bdekt
bdekt
bzv
bzrv
bsrv
dj(r)
rdr
ordr
ksad
ksad
ksad
pent(r)
pent(r)
pentr
prdks
prdks
prdks
pstrl
pstrl
pstrl
Photo
ft
foto
foto
Post
pst
post
post
Power
pa(r)
pa(r)
pur
Quarrel
kwrl
kwrl
kwrl
Query
kwri
kwri
kweri
Quire
kw(r)
kw(r)
kwir
Rather
r(r)
rr
rr
Reassure
ri(r)
rir
riur
Renown
rnan
rnan
rinon
Reporter
rpt(r)
rprt(r)
riportr
Macro
Maintain
Major
Murmur
Mythology
Nasty
Nature
Near
Neutral
Note
Oath
Observe
Ordure
Oxide
Painter
Paradox
OX
Pastoral
FO
Object (n)
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17
Word
British
American
Indian
Restaurant
restrnt
restrnt
restrnt
Salon
sln
sln
slun
sev(r)
sev(r)
sevr
Satire
sta(r)
sta(r)
star
Schedule
edjul
skedul
edjul
skj(r)
stk
skjr
sekjur
stk
stak
tmp(r)
tmpr
te(r)
tmp(r)
ter
Secure
Stock
Tamper
Tear (n)
Technology
Telephone
Theorem
Tone
Ulcer
Unconscious
Undergo
Upon
Usurp
Vacuum
Varied
Vegan
Verdict
Vote
Wager
Walk
OX
Wary
Whoop
tir
teknldi
teknldi
teknldi
telfn
telfon
telifon
irm
irm
irm
tn
ton
ton
ls(r)
ls(r)
lsr
nkns
nkns
nknis
ndg
ndrgo
ndrgo
pn
pn
pn
juzp
juzrp
jusrp
vkjum
vkjum
vkjum
verid
verid
verid
vign
vign
vegn
vdkt
vrdkt
vrdikt
vt
vot
vot
wfl
w:fl
wfl
wed(r)
wed(r)
wedr
wk
wk
wak
weri
weri
weri
FO
Waffle
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Saver
wup
hup
wup
Xerox
zrks
zrks
zera:ks
Christmas
krsms
krsms
kristmas
Yearly
jli
jrli
jirli
Yellow
jel
jelo
jelo
Yolk
jk
jok
jok
Zenith
zen
zen
zeni
Zero
zir
zro
ziro
zn
zon
zon
Zone
Effective Presentations Strategies |
CHAPTER 8: EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS STRATEGIES

Application of MS PowerpointDesign, Layout, and Colour
Sample 2: Internet search engines: Demystied
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APPLICATION OF MS POWERPOINTDESIGN, LAYOUT, AND COLOUR

Body Language (Kinesics)
Writing
Job Winning Resumes
Personal
appearance
Gesture
Eye contact
Facial expression
Personal space
Posture
Slide 1
Slide 22
Slide
The Process of Communication

Feedback
travels to
sender
NOISE
Sender
has
idea
n Not a substitute for verbal communication

n Only supplements/reinforces
Sender
encodes Channel carries message
message
Possible additional
feedback to
receiver
Non-verbal Communication (Facts)
Receiver
decodes
message
Receiver
understands
message
n Efficiency in non-verbal communication
makes up for deficiency in verbal

communication
NOISE
n 7% verbal, 38% vocal, 55% non-verbal
Slide
Slide 33
Slide
Slide 44
OX
FO
INTERVIEW
6/7/2010
Slide
Slide 55
Dancing
DANCING
ANCING
Slide 6
Slide 7
19
OX
FO
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This is a sample outline of a speech on computer-mediated communication (CMC). This is

an extended speaking outline in which the keywords and phrases are longer than they should
be on the real speaking outline.
1. Introduction
1.1. Attention-getter: How many of you can actually remember the days when you had
to communicate via the phone or through letters, when you had to actually write
cheques and present them to people to get cash, or had to go to the library to do
literally all of your research?
1.2. Link to Audience: Most of us cannot imagine life without e-mail, ATM machines,
or the Internet, because we rely on these things every day to make our lives easier.
1.3. Speaker Credibility: Besides being an avid user of each of these technologies, I
have done research on the pros and cons of commuter mediated communication
(CMC).
1.4. Thesis Sentence: Today, I am here to convince you that CMC is just as useful as
face-to-face communication, and in some ways, even better.
1.5. Preview of Speech: First, I want to talk about the ways that CMC can help build
strong inter-personal relationships. Next, I will show how CMC can positively
affect the work place, and nally, I will discuss how CMC can make inter-group
relationships in a large-scale organization better.
Transition: Let us begin by talking about the way in which the most common forms of
CMC can help build strong inter-personal relationships.
2. Main Point #1
2.1. Strong inter-personal relationships: Some people argue that e-mail is not a good
form of inter-personal communication, because we do not see peoples non-verbal
cues, because the feedback is not instant, or because we may be less of an individual
when typing.
2.1.1. We are beginning to nd ways to add expressiveness:
a. punctuation
b. writing non-verbal expressions
2.1.2. We have unlimited interaction over the computer as opposed to limited
interaction when using the phone or in face-to-face communication:
a. we are driven as humans to communicate
b. it may take longer with computers, but we will still learn as much about
others
2.1.3. With the Internet, it is much easier to nd many friends with the same
interests:
a. websites
b. chat rooms
Transition: Besides a great way to meet and visit with people interpersonally, CMC will
bring positive changes in the workplace.
Main Point #2
2.2.1. Workplace:
a. We will be more exible
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2.2.2. We will need less hierarchy:

a. one person can communicate with many
b. communication ow will follow work ow
2.2.3. More contact among ranks
2.2.4. More efcient use of expertise
Transition: CMC will not only positively affect the way we do business, it will help us to
communicate inter-personally with our co-workers.
Main Point #3
2.3. Inter-personal relationships in the workplace:
2.3.1. Informality will increase
2.3.2. More people will be involved in decision-making
Transition: Let us go back over what we have learned today.
3. Conclusion
3.1. Re-state thesis: Today, I have explained to you why CMC will positively affect our
lives.
3.2. Re-state main points: First, we talked about how CMC will help us build strong
relationships, then we talked about how CMC will make the work better, and nally,
we discussed how CMC can make the workplace a better place.
3.3. Call-to-action: I encourage you to learn all that you can about CMC not only
because it is the wave of the future, but also because CMC will soon be an inevitable
part of our lives.
3.4. Clincher: It is time to get on the information highway, before you get run over.
Sample 2: Internet Search Engines: Demystified
FO
Given below is the full text of a sample presentation (of about 20 minutes) given by a student
on the topic Internet Search Engines: Demystied. Certain comments are provided so that
you can appreciate how effectively the speaker uses the theory discussed in this chapter. At
the end of the text the PowerPoint slides which the speaker used for the presentation are also
given.
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Imagine a huge library without a catalogue or a superhighway without a road map.

What would you do? How will you nd out a book that you badly need, or how would you
locate a place that you are looking for? Without a catalogue you might not even dare to enter
the library howsoever well stocked it may be, and without a roadmap you may be in a maze.
(The speaker grabs the attention of the audience by posing some questions.)
Youve heard the Internet referred to as the information superhighway. As you all know,
Internet has fast become the largest source of information. Today it is the most essential as
well as the most happening commodity in our everyday life. It is just impossible to imagine
the present-day world without the World Wide Web. The range of topics the Internet covers
is so wide that when people say anything under the sun, it is no exaggeration. But to be able
to take proper advantage of this, you should be familiar with this wonder world and should
also know how to go about looking into it for what you want. Internet is the biggest library in
the world. When it started, there was no way to navigate around itno signs, no route maps,
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and certainly no stoplights. Thats changed. Today there are lots of maps you can use. Of
course, they are not called maps. They are called search engines.
(Slide 1). These engines help us in nding whatever we want. The only problem is that
sometimes these engines fail to understand what we are looking for. But once we make it
clear to them, the information we are seeking is in front of our eyes in an instant. In order to
use them efciently, we need to know what these search engines are and how they work. (The
speaker relates the topic to the audiences interest by using you and also by emphasizing the
need for understanding the topic.)
So friends, today, I am happy to share with you some information related to the Internet
search engines. Let me try to demystify these mysterious search agents. (Slide number 1.) I
shall begin with dening a search engine and then proceed to tell you how the Internet stores
information, what are the types of search engines, and how they work. In the end I shall also
show you a table containing the names of certain major search engines and their areas of
expertise. (Here, the speaker gives a preview of the topicSlide 2.)
Let me begin by explaining to you what search engines are.
Search engines are Internet companies that collect information about all other websites.
The information is then listed by category and description to expedite the process of nding
available websites in a desired category. Some of the more familiar search engines that you
may have seen or heard about are Alta Vista, Lycos, Hotbot, Excite and Northern Light.
The other type of search engine is like Yahoo!, which is not a search engine by denition;
rather it is a directory of websites.
These engines are useful because the Internet is made up of literally millions of websites
containing various forms of information and products.
The maps of the Internet come in a few different avours: search engines, search directories,
and search agents. They all do basically the same thing: help direct you to information on
the Internet. You tell them to search for something by entering keywords or search words.
They take your words and check them against their catalogue of information. Then they list
for you what they have found.
Often it wont matter to you whether youre using a search engine, search directory, or
search agent. But once you understand the differences, you might nd it easier or better to
use one map to nd one thing, and another map to nd another; you would not use a road
map to hike a trail, and you would not use a trail map to navigate a museum.
It is quite interesting to know that the search engines send out trawlers, crawlers, worms,
spiders, and other creepy things to scan the Internet and retrieve what they nd. The
information is stored in their database. When you come along and ask the engine to nd
whatever it can about Bangalore, it will list everything it has in its database that refers to
Bangalore. When you click on the link in the listing, it will bring you to the address on the
Internet. You can try these search engines:
www.altavista.com
www.hotbot.com
www.northernLight.com
Now, coming to Search Directories (note here how the speaker provides coherence among
the ideas), these offer a similar database, or directory, that can be searched in the same way
as a search engine. But there is one big difference: directories are hand-built, meaning that
people categorize the information on the Internet according to subject, date, or a variety of
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other criteria. For example, if you search for Bangalore in Yahoo!, you will get listings under
the category India > Karnataka > Bangalore Urban District > Bangalore, leading you to
information about the city in India. You will also get listings under Computer Software,
Indian Institute of Management etc. giving information on Software Technology Park and
the Indian Institute of Management etc., located in the city. You can try these directories:
www.yahoo.com
www.excite.com
www.infoseek.com
Having discussed search engines and search directories, lets move onto search agents.
(Note that the phrases having discussed and move on serve as indicators of internal
summary and internal preview.) These dont have their own databases. Instead, they search
other databases. The Web offers a variety of different search agents that perform different
functions. For example, some simultaneously mine several search engines and directories to
give you one list of references. Another agent might search all the online shops for the best
deal. Still others might search all online publications for reference on a particular topic.
(Slide 3) Try these search agents:
www.askjeeves.com
www.copernic.com
www.metacrawler.com
www.dogpile.com
www.virtualoutlet.com
Now, lets see how the information is stored. The Internet stores information in places
called websites. But how do we know where these sites are? Well, each site has a specic
address called Uniform Resource Locator or simply URL. So to access the data, we need
to know the URL of the website. But this is a very difcult job, since there are millions of
websites now. Search engines are the key to nding specic information on the vast expanse
of the World Wide Web. Without the use of sophisticated search engines, it would be virtually
impossible to locate anything on the Web, unless, of course, you know the specic URL you
are looking for.
The World Wide Web (or simply the Web) is a global system of computers. The Web
displays specially formatted documents called Web pages. These documents are coded in
a language known as HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other
documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video les. This means you can jump from one
document to another simply by clicking the links (often underlined text). The result is a
dynamic interface which allows new levels of communication and personal expression. The
web is enormous and evergrowing. Accessing and navigating it is made fairly simple and
intuitive by applications called web browsers. (Slide 4)
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Coming to the third part of my presentation (here the phrase third part serves as a sign
post to show the speaker as well as the audience where they are now in the presentation), that
is, types of search engines, there are basically three types of search engines: those that are
powered by crawlers, or spiders; those that are powered by human submissions; and those
that are a combination of the two. Now, dont let these crawlers and spiders scare you. We
will nail them down in a minute for you!
Crawler-based engines send crawlers, or spiders, out into cyberspace. These crawlers visit
a website, read the information on the actual site, read the sites meta tags and also follow
the links that the site connects to. Meta tags are optional and never seen by your usersonly
robots and spiders look for them. It is thus very crucial to have these meta tags embedded
into your Web page when constructing your home page. You will hear of Web programmers
referring to this as optimizing your website.
For example, if someone conducts a search for lawn and garden companies, the website
with these keywords in the title or descriptive meta tags are seen as more relevant to the
search engine and ranked accordingly. The higher you are ranked, the further up the search
result list you will be. It is that simple!
The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository where the data is
indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that
has changed, and the frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators
of the search engine. If you change your Web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually
nd these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy, and other
elements all play a role.
Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently
indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index. Changing
your Web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing
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with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only
exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free
than a poor site.
In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, you are actually
searching through the index that the search engine has created and not searching the Web.
These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently
searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search engine, such as
Yahoo! or Google returns results that are in fact dead links. Since the search results are
based on the index, and if the index hasnt been updated since a Web page became invalid,
the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will
remain that way until the index is updated.
So why does the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part
of the answer is that not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the
spiders nd or what the humans submitted. But more importantly, not every search engine
uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search
engines use to determine the relevance of the information in the index to what the user is
searching for.
One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location
of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more
relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage
what is known as keyword stufng, or spamdexing.
Another common element that algorithms analyse is the way that pages link to other
pages in the Web. By analysing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine
what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on
the original page) and whether that page is considered important and deserves a boost in
ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword
stufng, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build articial links into their
sites in order to build an articial ranking.
In the Webs early days, a search engine could present either crawler-based results or
human-powered listings. Today, it is very common for both types of results to be presented.
Usually, a hybrid search engine will favour one type of listing over another. For example,
MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it
does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure
queries. (Slide 5)
Now that you have understood what search engines are, how information is stored, and
what are the types of search engines, lets talk about the working of these search engines. (A
good internal summary followed by an internal preview.)
Basically, a search engine has a database that is searched against. Depending on the
search algorithms, the searching program may also search for word variants (such as plurals
or singulars) and proximity searches for multi-word search phrases. There are at least three
elements in search engines that I think are important: information discovery and the database,
the search engine math, and the presentation and ranking of results. (Slide 6)
A search engine nds information for its database by accepting listings sent in by authors
wanting exposure, or by getting the information from their Web crawlers, spiders, or robots,
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programs that roam the Internet, storing links to add information about each page they visit.
Web crawler programs are a subset of software agents, programs with an unusual degree of
autonomy that perform tasks for the user. How do these really work? Do they go across the
net by Internet Protocol (IP) number one by one? Do they store all or most of everything on
the Web?
These agents normally start with a historical list of links, such as server lists and lists of
the most popular or best sites, and follow the links on these pages to nd more links to add to
the database. This makes most engines, without a doubt, biased toward more popular sites.
A Web crawler could send back just the title and URL of each page it visits, or just parse
some HTML tags, or it could send back the entire text of each page. AltaVista is clearly
hell-bent on indexing anything and everything, with over 30 million pages indexed (7/96).
Excite actually claims more pages. OpenText, on the other hand, indexes the full text of less
than a million pages (5/96), but stores many more URLs. Inktomi has implemented HotBot
as a distributed computing solution, which they claim can grow with the Web and index it
in entirety no matter how many users or how many pages are on the Web. It seems unfair,
but developers are not rewarded much by location services for sending in the URLs of their
pages for indexing. The typical time from sending your URL into the database seems to be
68 weeks. Most search engines check their databases to see if URLs still exist and to see
if they are recently updated. If they do not, then the submission of the sites is expired, no
longer appearing in searches. (Slide 7)
What can the users do besides typing a few relevant words into the search form? Can they
specify that words must be in the title of a page? What about specifying that words must be
in an URL, or perhaps in a special HTML tag? Can they use all logical operators between
words like AND, OR, and NOT?
Most engines allow you to type in a few words, and then search for occurrences of these
words in their database. Each one has its own way of deciding what to do about approximate
spellings, plural variations, and truncation. If you just type words into the basic search
interface you get from the search engines main page, you can get different logical expressions
binding the different words together. Excite! actually uses a kind of fuzzy logic, searching
for the AND of multiple words as well as the OR of the words. Most engines have separate
advanced search forms where you can be more specic, and form complex Boolean searches
(every one mentioned in this article except HotBot). Some search tools parse HTML tags,
allowing you to look for things specically as links, or as a title or URL without consideration
of the text on the page.
You may nd it interesting to know the search engine math to get better results.
Be specic. For example, instead of communication you can use visual communication.
Use the plus (+) symbol to add. For example to search some photographs on business
communication, you can key in +business+communication+photos.
Use the minus () symbol to subtract. For example, key in business communication written if you want information only on oral communication.
Use the quotation marks to multiply: business communication photos.
Combine symbols: business communication photosindustry photos.
(Slide 8)
With databases that can keep the entire Web at the ngertips of the search engines, there
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will always be relevant pages, but how do you get rid of the less relevant and emphasize the
more relevant? Most engines nd more sites from a typical search query than you could ever
wade through. Search engines give each document they nd some measures of the quality
of the match to your search query, a relevance score. Relevance scores reect the number
of times a search term appears, if it appears in the title, if it appears at the beginning of the
document, and if all the search terms are near each other; some details are given in engine
help pages. Some engines allow the user to control the relevance score by giving different
weights to each search word. One thing that all engines do, however, is to use alphabetical
order at some point in their display algorithm. If relevance scores are not very different for
various matches, then you end up with this sorry default. Zebs [Whatever] page will never
fare very well in this case, regardless of the quality of its content. Foremost gives a good
summary, which is more useful than a ranking. The summary is usually composed of the
title of a document and some text from the beginning of the document, but can include an
author-specied summary given in a meta tag. Scanning summaries really saves your time if
your search returns more than a few items. (Slide 9)
Before concluding, as promised in the beginning, I would present before you a table
containing the most sought-after search engines and the special elds they can search for us.
(Slide 10)
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Group Communication
CHAPTER 10: GROUP COMMUNICATION

Exhibit C10.1 Sample covering letter accompanying a brochure
Exhibit C10.2 Sample conference evaluation form
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EXHIBIT C10.1 Sample covering letter accompanying a brochure
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
April 21, 2003
___________________
___________________
___________________
Dear Prof./Dr/Mr/Ms________________________
Sub.: International Conference details
We are planning to hold an International Conference on Accessibility and

Rural Development Planningat our Institute during 2526 November 2003. The
International Forum for Rural Transport and Development, UK, supports this
conference.
We are enclosing a brochure containing the details of the Conference.
FO
Your participation would add value to the conference deliberations. Kindly

conrm your participation by sending us the abstract of your paper and the duly
lled in registration forms as per the deadlines given.
Yours truly
OX
Thank you and regards
sd/
sd/
A.K. Sarkar
M.L. Dash
(Convenors)
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EXHIBIT C10.2 Conference evaluation form
Aspects
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Name:
Designation:
Organization:
Please rate the following aspects of the conference on a scale of 1 to 5.
5=Excellent 4=Very Good 3=Good 2=Average 1=Poor
by putting a tick () in the appropriate columns.
Ratings
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Theme
Topics for various sessions
Organization of sessions
Quality of papers presented
Duration of presentations
Comments of session chairs
Projection facilities
Venue
Board and lodging
Transport
Hospitality
Overall impact
Any other remarks which you would like to make on any aspect of the conference
not mentioned before.
FO
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Convener
Reading
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CHAPTER 11: READING
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Magazine article: More of the same

Newspaper article: Energy drinks could be harmful
Magazine article: Connecting to mankind
Essay: Of parents and children
Essay: Job stress: The effect on employees and employers
Essay: The ever growing use of information technology in our daily life
Essay: Indian festivals
Essay: Human cloning
A Critical Analysis of The Inheritance of Loss
MAGAZINE ARTICLE: MORE OF THE SAME
Source: India Today, June 21, 2010, pp. 36-38.
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Made in the shadow of encounter deaths, Manmohan Singhs predictable offer for talks
runs into demands for repeal of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act.
For decades now, prime ministerial visits to Jammu and Kashmir have centred around
announcing liberal economic packages
and attempting to bring the separatist
leadership into the political mainstream.
But there is still an acknowledgement that
declining militancy and gradual economic
development in the state have not entirely
neutralised the separatist sentiment.
Omar, Farooq Abdullah recieving PM
Manmohan Singh
Last week, Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh visited Kashmir for the third time in
six years but it was a visit that offered neither a developmental impetus nor a specic political
agenda to the people.
Manmohans two-day visit was preceded by some signicant developments, chief among
them being that the quiet diplomacy to engage separatists in a dialogue had died an
unceremonious death. The back channel efforts set off late last year by Home Minister P.
Chidambaram were intended to use the extensive security grid as a box for all the political
issues.
Not just Mirwaiz, but Omar Abdullah and Mebooba Mufti also reiterated the demand
for dealing with the Act.
The idea suffered a hard and possibly irreversible blow as separatists suspected the
Governments concealed intent and rejected it. The separatists, particularly moderate
Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, had put in a lot of energy into a campaign for repeal of the Armed
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Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Along with demilitarisation of civilian areas and release
of political prisoners, Mirwaiz has consistently said that revoking the act was a prerequisite
for creating a favourable atmosphere for dialogue.
In separate meetings with Manmohan, Chief Minister Omar Abdullah as well as the
Opposition leader Mehbooba Mufti reiterated the demand for dealing with the AFSPA.
Because it is tailor-made for the armed forces, the act makes the army the judge, jury and
the hangman. There is an absence of transparency and people have lost faith in the system,
Abdullah said.
That such pressure on Delhi over the AFSPA was effective is clear from the fact that
Chidambaram had prepared amendments for the law to be made more transparent. But
these were rejected by the army top brass. It was perhaps for the rst time in Independent
Indias history that the army called the tune over a decision of the executive. This has only
complicated the political fallout of Chidambarams failed move.
The scenario has been further aggravated by fresh evidence of human rights violations
in the Machil killings of three innocent youth by the army. Manmohan was expected to
respond to public sentiment as well as political pressure and chastise, if not condemn, it.
Instead, during his speech at the convocation of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture
Sciences and Technology, he was seen taking the armys side. There are a handful of people
who dont want any political process for empowering people to succeed.
This is the reason that attempts to disturb the lives of people in the Vsalley continue
from across the Line of Control, Our security agencies are forced to act in the wake of such
incidents. Sometimes, innocent civilians have to suffer, he said.
This is being seen as an endorsement of the armys actions and has resulted in a sense
of disbelief. So much so that when Manmohan repeated his offer of conditional talks with
all groups who shun violence and terrorism, the separatists reacted with outrage. There
is some consternation as the separatist groups that have been holding talks with Delhi so
far are political organisations not involved with armed resistance. Further, the absence of
condemnation of the army action over killings for monetary rewards and promotions has
alienated even those who might have been inclined towards a fresh dialogue. Mirwaiz said
the prime minsters statement encouraged and justied human rights violations by the
army in Kashmir and pointed out that he expected Manmohan to talk tough about it while
making it clear that any political package from Delhi should have included this aspect. So,
despite being seen by Delhi as accommodative, Mirwaiz rejected the latest offer after publicly
desiring a political package during the visit. Feeling let down that Manmohan did not make
any effort to reach out to the people, he said, It is good to learn that the prime minister
is sending peace signals to Pakistan, but that would only work if he sent similar signals to
Kashmiris as well.
The army tried to substantiate its status quo on the AFSPA by raising the spectre of a
suicide attack during Manmohans visit and well-placed sources revealed there were even
efforts to have the venue of the convocation shifted to the cantonment area. This, however,
was turned down by the PMO after getting ground reports from the Home Ministry on the
actual situation.
Earlier this year, while amendments to the AFSPA were being readied, the army had
raised concerns of a hot summer in terms of militancy in Kashmir.
Reading
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The ploy seemed to have worked as the amendments have not seen the light of day.
Such developments, if anything, indicate that the decision-making process on Kashmir may
be becoming a function of the armys assessment of the ground situation rather than a
seasoned political reading. The trust decit is not only between Delhi and Islamabad as
acknowledged by Manmohan. It is as much between Srinagar and Delhi, said a political
analyst.
On the economic front, just days ahead of the visit, the Government admitted that only
half of the 67 projects drawn up under the Prime Ministers Reconstruction Plan for Jammu
and Kashmir have been completed. On November 18, 2004, Manmohan announced a
number of plans, including providing basic services, employment generation, relief and
rehabilitation to families of militancy victims, but most of this has not happened.
The prime minister himself said he was aware of the power crisis plaguing Srinagar and
other cities, besides shortages of potable water, roads and ration shops. I am hopeful that
the state Government will look into these complaints. The Centre will extend all possible
help in this regard, he said.
In Kashmir, economic development has always played second ddle to politics. Recently,
when renowned Kashmir-born cardiologist Dr Fayaz Shawl returned from the US to work
on his dream project of setting up a heart research centre in Kashmir, his proposal found
no takers. A day before Manmohans visit, Shawl wound up his project, blaming the state
Government for impediments.
In this backdrop, if the previous prime ministerial visits are remembered for the economic
packages that yielded no political results in Kashmir, this one stands apart for Manmohans
reluctance to try something new.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE: ENERGY DRINKS COULD BE HARMFUL

Source: Jayashree Nandi, TNN, Jul 1, 2010, 03.58am IST
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BANGALORE: Tired, bored? Next time you reach for that can of energy drink, pause.
For, the food safety authority cautions against excessive use.
Energy drinks of various brands that have ooded the market and are available over the
counter in cigarette shops, pubs and even departmental stores are the new manna for
the youth.
Precisely why the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has now proposed
a regulation for the drinks and has invited public opinion on the draft regulation. The draft
advises restricting the use but does not say what is the desired level of consumption.
What has prompted the FSSAI to regulate the drinks is a scientic review of energy drinks
that has thrown up a series of health concerns due to the high levels of caffeine and when
used in conjunction with alcoholic or other substances of dependence could be detrimental
to health.
Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages containing caffeine, guarana, glucuronolactone,
taurine, ginseng, inositol, carnitine, B-vitamins, etc as main ingredients that act as stimulants.
These drinks contain high levels of caffeine, which stimulates the nervous system.
According to the regulation proposal document of FSSAI, available with TOI, the
document cites a study conducted by the Cardiovascular Research Centre at the Royal
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Adelaide Hospital in Australia in August 2008 which found that energy drinks could increase
the risk of strokes and heart attacks.
According to the research, even consuming one can of a popular brand of energy drink
could cause the blood to become sticky, increasing the risk of clotting. A group of 100
scientists and physicians, led by a neuro scientist at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, has
sent a petition to FDA ( Food and Drug Administration) urging the agency to increase energy
drink regulations as the high caffeine drinks could increase the risk of caffeine intoxication
and alcohol-related injuries.
Players, specially in tennis and sports involving physical activity for more than one hour,
used stimulants like caffeine and were caught after they were tested positive. Currently
caffeine as a stimulant in sports is under observation. It used to be banned earlier. Any
player with more than 15 mg of caffeine in one ML of urine was tested positive. It would be
better to have standards for such drinks, said former sports scientist with Sports Authority
of India, Dr C S Jayaprakash.
Ingredients like carnitine and ginseng have not been scientically documented and it is
difcult to say what their impact could be. However, huge quantities of caffeine increases
heart rate and is known for causing irregular heartbeat. It could also cause hyperthermia
(increase in body temperature) and in rare cases could lead to cardiac arrest.
CASE HISTORY
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Generally, we athletes do not use energy drinks because it has very high caffeine content. If
we are dehydrated, we drink electrolyte sports drinks that are widely available in the market.
It gives you that extra sugar required and is very safe. I have tried energy drinks once or twice
but it gives you too much of a kick.
When we are swimming, it will last for the rst 50 metres but the energy has disappeared
in the next 50 metres. I am a little weary of children or even adults drinking energy drinks,
explains ace swimmer and Olympian Nisha Millet.
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Thirty-year-old Sanjay Gupta takes energy drinks regularly in the afternoon or evenings. He
used to drink it every day earlier but when he started putting on weight and realized that he
couldnt do without drinking it atleast once a day, he tried to regulate. It gives you a kick
immediately that lasts for around two to three hours. I used to take it while watching TV
or after work when I was tired. But I realized that it could have side effects like putting on
weight and withdrawal symptoms like sleeplessness, he said.
Read more: http://timesondia.indiatimes.com/india/Energy-drinks-could-be-harmful/
articleshow/6112737.cms#ixzz0xyS0nUmV
MAGAZINE ARTICLE: CONNECTING TO MANKIND

Source: John Stock, The Week, June 20, 2010, Page 100
Two different trips, two very different destinations. First was Kolkata and the northeast,
then it was Washington, DC. I am currently on sabbatical, taking the opportunity to travel
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widely. Part of the plan is to show our children the world, but I have also been researching
locations for my next spy book. After a month in India and then two weeks in Americas
capital, I asked my 12-year old son which place he would like to live in for a year. The answer
was a resounding thumbs-up for India. It was hard to disagree.
Dont get me wrong. We had a wonderful time in Washington, but there was unquestionably
something missing. After walking the streets of Kolkata and trekking in Sikkim, the children
have developed a taste for adventure. Their greatest challenge in America was working out
how many inches of hoagie sandwich they should ordervia a touch screen metal builder
at Wawa, a chain of convenience stores. (Talking to someone was out of the question)
We like the hustle and bustle of India, the excitement of train travel, the maw of humanity.
The foreign traveller faces constant challenges on the subcontinent, but we were encouraged
by an attitude of our guide in Sikkim calledJuggaresomehow we will do it.
Washington is an incredibly grown-up place, by which I mean theres a cultured austerity
that hangs over the city as if its one big enormous library. People sit quietly in cafes, each
person on their own, either reading a book or working on a laptop. Ditto on the buses, where
everyone reads or smiles into the middle distance listening to their iPods (volume turned
down to sociable levels.). Nobody chats.
So far, so good, you might think, but, as our American host said, everyone is lonely in
Washington. We were only there for a short time, but we sensed a feeling of isolation among
the people. As visitors , we were made to feel very welcome. On several occasions, as we
wrestled with our tourist map on the D6 bus, kind commuters leant over and asked if we
needed any help. Waiters were similarly friendly. How are you guys all doing today? they
would ask. We soon learnt to reply: Were doing great, thanks. And you?
But there was a superciality to such exchanges that left you feeling no closer to each
other. You dont expect to bond with the barmaid who brings the drinks, but the tone of her
greetingI sure hope youll all having a great day todaysuggests an intimacy that just
isnt there.
In Kolkata, by contrast, there was no pretending, no faux felicitations. We were made to
feel welcome, but not that welcome, which was just how we liked it. After all, you have to
earn the affection of the host country when you are travelling.
In India, our interactions with others felt more authentic. If you wanted to talk to the
pavement bookseller on Jawaharlal Nehru Road in Kolakata, he would stroke his beard and
chat thoughtfully. The chaiwallah round the corner world serve you sweet tea and exchange
a few words if you asked him a question.
We left India with a sense of profoundness that we never found in America.
A graduate studying for a diploma in tourism stopped us one day and asked what we, as
tourists, most liked about India. My wife and I both said exactly the same thing , without
hesitation: the people. He was amazed. But you feel more alive in India, experience a greater
sense of what it means to be human, to be connected to mankind. In America, everyone is
an island.
ESSAY: OF PARENTS AND CHILDREN

Source: http://www.literaturepage.com/read/francis-bacon-essays-15.html
The joys of parents are secret; and so are their griefs and fears. They cannot utter the
one; nor they will not utter the other. Children sweeten labors; but they make misfortunes
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more bitter. They increase the cares of life; but they mitigate the remembrance of death.
The perpetuity by generation is common to beasts; but memory, merit, and noble works, are
proper to men. And surely a man shall see the noblest works and foundations have proceeded
from childless men; which have sought to express the images of their minds, where those of
their bodies have failed. So the care of posterity is most in them, that have no posterity. They
that are the rst raisers of their houses, are most indulgent towards their children; beholding
them as the continuance, not only of their kind, but of their work; and so both children and
creatures.
The difference in affection, of parents towards their several children, is many times
unequal; and sometimes unworthy; especially in the mothers; as Solomon saith, A wise
son rejoiceth the father, but an ungracious son shames the mother. A man shall see, where
there is a house full of children, one or two of the eldest respected, and the youngest made
wantons; but in the midst, some that are as it were forgotten, who many times, nevertheless,
prove the best. The illiberality of parents, in allowance towards their children, is an harmful
error; makes them base; acquaints them with shifts; makes them sort with mean company;
and makes them surfeit more when they come to plenty. And therefore the proof is best,
when men keep their authority towards the children, but not their purse. Men have a
foolish manner (both parents and schoolmasters and servants) in creating and breeding an
emulation between brothers, during childhood, which many times sorteth to discord when
they are men, and disturbeth families. The Italians make little difference between children,
and nephews or near kinsfolks; but so they be of the lump, they care not though they pass
not through their own body. And, to say truth, in nature it is much a like matter; insomuch
that we see a nephew sometimes resembleth an uncle, or a kinsman, more than his own
parent; as the blood happens. Let parents choose betimes, the vocations and courses they
mean their children should take; for then they are most exible; and let them not too much
apply themselves to the disposition of their children, as thinking they will take best to that,
which they have most mind to. It is true, that if the affection or aptness of the children be
extraordinary, then it is good not to cross it; but generally the precept is good, optimum elige,
suave et facile illud faciet consuetudo. Younger brothers are commonly fortunate, but seldom
or never where the elder are disinherited.
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ESSAY: JOB STRESS:THE EFFECT ON EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYERS

Source: http://www.free-essays-free-essays.com/dbase/8b/tvh102.shtml
Introduction
Job stress poses a signicant threat to employee health and consequently to the health of
an organization. This report will provide information on the causes of stress, the resulting
symptoms, the consequences to employers, and the programs employers can implement to
reduce the adverse effects of stress in the workplace.
It is important for both employees and employers to recognize and understand stress and
its causes. Often, the employers confuse job challenges and job stressors. Most employees view
a job challenge as a motivating factor, which enables them to grow within their positions. This
motivation has the potential to produce positive results for both employees and employers.
However, when challenges become demands, employees often resort to the ght or ight
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response of our primal ancestors. At the sight of a dangerous encounter, the hypothalamus
sends a message to the adrenal glands and within seconds the heart is pumping at two or
three times the normal speed, sending blood to the major muscle groups with soaring blood
pressure. In most cases, the employee does not have the opportunity to ght or ee, and as
a result the increased energy is internalized and over time manifests itself as stress. Stress is
not an illness, however prolonged exposure to stressful conditions can increase the risk of
injury or disease. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), job stress can be dened as the harmful physical and emotional responses that
occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of
the employee. For instance, management style, interpersonal relationships, work roles, career
concerns, work-life issues, socio-cultural atmosphere, and environmental conditions may all
be considered stressors.
The following illustrations represent extreme cases, but a common thread between all
of the examples is lack of communication, lack of resources, and lack of control. Typically,
people are affected by an assortment of these stressors and at a variety of levels.
Many employees suffer from stress caused by managers who expect results without establishing
clear goals. An example would be an ofce head that is responsible for increasing protability
and decreasing overhead, without receiving a budget from the home ofce. At the end of the
year, the ofce heads performance cannot be considered objectively. Consequently, his or
her incentive compensation becomes subjective.
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Interpersonal
Relationships In many organizations, workers have little decision-making power. For example,
a customer service representative is responsible for elding incoming calls. Inevitably, the calls
are primarily from angry customers concerned about a late shipment. The representative
has no control over the shipping department and in fact has virtually no communication
with that department. After listening to the customers complaints over a period of time, the
representative has several suggestions which management could implement in the shipping
department that may improve customer satisfaction. Unfortunately, management is not
interested in the ideas of a customer service representative. And as a result, the representative
is attacked daily by angry customers whose concerns could have been prevented.
Work Roles
Some employees suffer from stress caused by excess responsibility and a shortage of time.
An example of which might be a salesperson who has a broad scope of responsibilities with
little support and a full travel schedule. In many instances, the salesperson is unable to meet
unrealistic reporting deadlines because of excessive travel.
Career Concerns
Other employees may stress about an impending reorganization and its potential
consequences. For example, management hires a consulting rm to evaluate departmental
effectiveness and protability. The employees may feel that management views their work
as substandard and is formulating a reduction in forces plan which could ultimately affect
their jobs.
Work-Life Issues
Often workplace stress is caused by balancing personal and professional responsibilities. For
example, a nurse who also has to care for an aging, dependant parent.
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Sociocultural Atmosphere
Some employees are subjected to an atmosphere of gender bias and/or sexual harassment.
For example, a woman works as a real estate broker, which is a male-dominated eld. She
is constantly subjected to sexual innuendo. She is even made to look incompetent in client
meetings by her male counterparts who ask ridiculous and irrelevant questions.
Environmental Conditions
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Employees are required to perform in adverse working conditions which often cause signs of
stress. For instance, a mill worker is subjected to the constant humming of machines.
Repeated exposure to stressful situations such as those mentioned above often cause
symptoms such as difculty concentrating, sleep disturbances, irritability, and boredom.
Other warning signs may include upset stomach, job dissatisfaction, muscle tension, and
low morale. Studies have shown that stress in the workplace has been linked to some of the
leading causes of death, including heart disease, cancer, lung ailments, workplace accidents,
cirrhosis, and suicide. According to the Encyclopedia of Occupational Safety and Health,
studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs which allow employees little control
over work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. It is also widely believed that
job stress produces an increased risk of back and upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.
Furthermore, several studies suggest that a variety of mental health problems, from burnout to
depression, have been linked to job stress. Although more studies are needed, it has become a
mounting concern that on-the-job injuries are on the rise due to job related stress. According
to the Journal of Occupations and Environmental Medicine, healthcare expenditures are
nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress. Furthermore, the American
Institute of Stress estimates that more than 75% of all doctor visits are for stress-related
complaints or disorders. People also spent nearly $11 billion last year on stress management
programs, products and services.
Organizational consequences
Although stress poses a variety of health concerns to individuals, organizations also suffer
its consequences. According to the National Safety Council, it is estimated that one million
workers are absent on an average workday because of stress related complaints. Furthermore,
to the American Institute of Stress reports that 40 percent of employee turnover is related to
job tension. A study published in the Journal of Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and
Practice, found that when workers are under stress, they tend to lose their group perspective
and focus on their own personal goals to the detriment of their colleagues. In a study of 100
naval personnel, each three-member group was subjected to a decision-making task simulation
under varying stressful conditions. As expected, those operating under the highest level of
stress performed worse than those operating under normal circumstances. Furthermore, the
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study indicated that the higher the stress level, the subject acted from a more individual
perspective, which ultimately deteriorated team performance. In addition, the 1995 Workers
Compensation Yearbook reports: In 1960, a Michigan court upheld a compensation claim
by an automotive assembly-line worker who had difculty keeping up with the pressures of
the production line. To avoid falling behind, he tried to work on several assemblies at the
same time and often got parts mixed up. As a result, he was subjected to repeated criticism
from the foreman. Eventually, he suffered psychological breakdown. By 1995, nearly onehalf of the States allowed worker compensation claims for emotional disorders and disability
due to stress on the job [note, however, that courts are reluctant to uphold claims for what
can be considered ordinary working conditions or just hard work] (NIOSH).
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Given that job stress is estimated to cost the US industry $300 billion annually as assessed by
absenteeism, diminished productivity, employee turnover, and consequently legal fees and
insurance premiums, it is important for employers to implement programs that promote a low
stress atmosphere in the workplace. The American Psychologists Association recommends
the following organizational changes to help prevent job stress:
Ensure that the workload is in line with the workers capabilities and resources.
Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and opportunities for workers to use their
skills.
Clearly dene workers roles and responsibilities.
Give workers opportunities to participate in decisions and actions affecting their jobs.
Improve communications; reduce uncertainty about career development and future
employment prospect.
Provide opportunities for social interaction among workers.
Establish work schedules that are compatible with demands and responsibilities outside
the job.
Other elements of a healthy company include open communication, employee involvement,
health-enhancing work environments, community responsibility, and institutional fairness.
Many companies have taken a variety steps to promote this type of atmosphere. For example,
Harley-Davidson, the Milwaukee-based motorcycle manufacturer, implemented the use of
work groups in its Capital Drive plant in 1995. Since then, there has been a steady decline
in workers compensation claims which resulted in higher prots for the company. According
to John Gillard, president of PACE Local 7-0209, workers feel they have more control over
their jobs because they have a voice in day-to-day operations. Honeywell offers employee
assistance counselors and stress management classes. The Leo Burnett advertising agency
in Chicago, has a on-site massage therapist once a week, while National Semiconductor of
Santa Clara, California provides an on-site tness center that offers yoga and karate among
other things.
Conclusion
While some companies suffer the consequences of stress in the workplace, others like
Massachusetts based WFD, Inc. (WFD), prot from it. WFD offers innovative services that
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assist employers in facilitating the needs of their employees thereby producing measurable
business results such as customer loyalty and satisfaction, revenues and prots and shareholder
value. WFDs services include employee commitment audits, work-life strategy consulting,
community investment and dependent care strategy consulting, and workplace exibility
consulting. The bottom line is that job-related stress is costing both employees and employers
a tremendous amount of money, not to mention health. Word Count: 1602
ESSAY: THE EVER GROWING USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN OUR

DAILY LIFE
Source: Sahni & Arshad 2003, Advanced English Essays, Sahni Brothers, Agra pp. 424428.
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Information Technology has come a long way in a short period of time. Along the way it
has pushed Asia into the limelight time and again. Information Technology or IT used to be
synonymous with ion, computers. Now-a-days with devices big and small incorporating some
sort of computer in them, IT has come to mean a lot more. In South East Asian Region, the
impact of IT Development is more pronounced in countries like Singapore, Malaysia and
Thailand IT has helped to shape these sections economically, socially, and culturally.
As for IT itself, one major change in the perception it has undergone, from being an
infrastructure in itself to being a tool to aid infrastructure development.
Imagine a house that wakes you up in time, gives you a list of appointments for the day
and gives you the directions to get there.
Houses automated to control the environment and tough tasks are called SMART Homes.
Their use is becoming popular.
The Smart Homes store the users prole and act depending on that in any given situation.
For example, if the user prefers to drive and take the public transport, the direction given to
both of them would be totally different and would be in sync with their preferences stored in
their individual proles. Their prole would be automatically updated depending on their
decision in various circumstances.
The smart home could update them with good deals on merchandise of their interest and
of course the shortest way to get to the place to buy it or how to order if it is an online deal.
It would adjust lightning, temperature and could start their car for them. The possibilities
are endless given enough money to implement them. Variations in behaviour of the resident
could be measured and beyond a tolerance level the house could automatically call the
doctor or police.
Currently smart homes do detect movements in a house where the owners are known to
be out. The house then alerts the owner via cell phone. The owner could over the internet,
check the images from the security cameras installed in the room where the movement was
detected and take appropriate action.
Cool TownRecently Hewlett Packard launched its rst cooltown outside the Americas
in Europe and in Singapore. Cooltown is an experimental centre depicting HPs vision of
what the future should look like. The concept is the so-called pervasive computing, where
users can link all manner of computing devices with people and places via internet. People
are mobile, appliances are xed and everything has a web page. All appliances would be
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capable of retrieving information for use of the person. Cooltown showcases HPs vision of
the future using simulation.
Cab PortalsIn Singapore cabs are owned by a number of cab companies. Drivers
rent these cabs, city cab. One such company has now introduced a portal for drivers. This
provides drivers with information like corporate policies and what to do after an incident.
Drivers routinely use the portal view statements on their monthly rental bills. For them it
is less time and money spent going to the Cab company for these administrative tasks and
those cab drivers who are not able to drive on a particular day can look up for approved relief
drivers on the portal.
HotelsRestaurants in some large hotels carry tablets, which enable patrons order to
retransmit directly to the kitchen. The table display multilingual descriptions and phones
of menu items. In the hotel itself, staffs carry PDAs round to access information. They add
information, like the preference of a particular person, into a database instantly.
Security personnel and PDAs are capable of displaying images from particular cameras.
This enables them to move around freely, patrolling instead of having to sit behind a desk
monitoring cameras.
E-SourcingCompanies reluctant or unable to buy computer infrastructure, applications
and printers. Although this concept has been there for sometime in the form of leased
lines and data storage facilitating the extension of the concept to include all forms of IT
infrastructure is spawning a large industry. The consumers are charges on a usage basis. This
suits a lot of SMES (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) since they do not have to bear the
cost of purchase and are not penalised for wasted infrastructure. IT set up thus is spread over
a long period of time.
CRM ANDSCMCustomer Relations Management and Supply Chain Management
are two buzzwords that have emerged as solution to save a turn around the slide in the
economic growth. Is it about the return of the so called good old business values?
Operating SystemMicrosoft window based operating systems are currently the most
popular in the market nut the competition is stiff.
In the PC market, UNIX based operating systems are generating a lot of support or large
servers. Sun Solstice is a popular choice.
To top it all Linux, a free operating system resembling UNIX has caught the imagination
of lot of people despite the fact that it misses the interface of the windows of Mac. One reason
is that Linux is reputed to be very stable operating system, with almost no crashes and can in
most cases be maintained remotely. One other reason is that there are fewer viruses that run
on Linux than on windows based system.
SoftwareThe software development scene is no longer seen as non stop solution and a
quick way to large prots. It is now considered to be an expenditure that should be watched
carefully the scales have shifted; people have started realising the true role of IT in business.
Without information technology solution, business would be left behind. But IT solutions
will not work a miracle and make prot jumps without the acumen from the businessmen.
In this part of the globe, the keen competition between the software giants Microsoft
and Sun, inuence the whole environment. Now software development have also shifted
to biotechnology in a large way. The large number crunching capabilities required to
bring about success in such projects have paved the way for development of new areas in
cooperation with computing called grid computing.
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Digital CameraBefore the emergence of digital cameras, cameras used to be divided

into two types: video cameras capable of taking motion picture and still photo camera
producing printed images. Digital cameras have still same distinction: Digital video cameras
can produce stills and digital still cameras can record motion. Digital still cameras range
from point and shoot to SLRs, Digital cameras are so small; they can be found on many
devices like watches or PDAs. The photos snapped using Digital cameras could then be
unloaded directly to a personal computer or the Internet.
Mobile PhonesHand phones have become smaller but with a lot more features.
Currently hand phones can be used to make purchase at automatic vending machines. In
places like Korea where 60% people own a hand phone, they are used in a variety of ways
from being used as train pass to paying restaurant bills.
SMS (Short Messaging System) is one of the offshoots of the mobile phone technology that
is very widely used. The current offshoot Multimedia Messaging System (MMS) will probably
be used just as much if not more. MMS though already quite established in Japan and Korea
has not yet really made an impact here. This is mainly due to network incompatibilities and
high costs ( around 3 times what it would cost to send on SMS). But using this they can send
pictures, audio clips or even small video clips to their friends relative or business associates.
Currently with less than 5% of revenue for service providers coming from WAP ( almost
dead) and GPRS ( going the WAP way) service providers in Singapore are wondering
whether they should try and meet Singapore government deadline of 2004 to provide Third
generation ( 3G) services.
To the end user, 3G services would mean faster data transfer rates and shorter connectivity
time. This is a packet based service, which means all data to and from the hand phone would
be divided into packets and sent over share hands width ( so many users packets would use
the same band width) minimizing wastage. At present, a dedicated connection is used when
two people talk, so a lot of bandwidth is wasted. The phone would always remain connected
( as long as it is turned on) that is, a person would know which of his contacts is in range and
which of them is out of range at any given time. It would also mean that a person could be
located as long as his 3G hand phone is turned on and he is in range. This translates to a low
level of privacy but high level of accountability.
The 3G services should mean cheaper rates since the charge is only for the data transferred
to a network without wires. They afford some probability and are fast becoming popular.
The greater probability and wider area roaming capabilities make the next generation hand
phones likely to emerge as a more popular device.
IP Telephony ( Internet Protocol Telephony)Initially telephone calls over the Internet
(known as IP Telephony because of the use of the Internet Protocol of the TCP/IP suit
of protocols used for communication over the Internet) was restricted by technology and
legislation. Now with lesser restriction in legislation and improved technology cheap long
distance telephonic conversations over the Internet are becoming popular. Telephone
services provide special dial-in numbers to make these calls. There is currently still a bit of
quality degradation. Since this technology is more efcient way of existing bandwidth and
with the demand in bandwidth bound to rise, IP telephony will be more and more in the
future.
Video ConferencingThough video conferencing began with the promise of bringing
together people in different continents, they are seldom seen being more used than normal
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ESSAY: INDIAN FESTIVALS
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telephone conversations. For example, people in the software industry would rather do not
have meetings and see each other computers that each other face. This does not mean that
video conferencing is a thing of the past. If the trend in other Asian countries is any indicator
with the advent of 3G technologies and mobile phones that can capture pictures. Video
conferencing can turn out to be a huge new market with large number of people using it to
communicate with their family and friends.
Technology keeps opening up new markets and mostly it is just the limit of their imagination
that stops people from nding a new touch. This is still the truth in IT industry.
Source: Sahni & Arshad 2003, Advanced English Essays, Sahni Brothers, Agra pp. 413414.
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A festival is an occasion of enjoyment brings gaiety and mirth thereby strengthening

our bond of relationship and friendship. These festivals also promote social interaction and
harmony. All nations have their religious and colourful festivals. However, Indian festivals
are known to attract the world due to their harmony, variety, colour and excitement. Being
multi lingual and multi racial country Indians celebrates a number of festivals all through
the year.
In India every country has its own festivals. Thus we can divide the festivals into three
major categoriesnational or political, religious and seasonal. Indian festivals have their
origin either in religion or in the myths and legends of popular faith. They are celebrated to
commemorate those days and personalities who inspire people. These are the festivals which
punctuate the seasons of the year.
National festivals like Republic Day, Independence Day, Gandhi Jayanti and others are
celebrated with patriotic fervour. Now-a-days they have been declared National Holidays,
and are celebrated in all parts of the country and in the state capital with a lot of enthusiasm.
The capital, Delhi is the sea of national celebration on all occasions. One of the most
majestic parades is held on Republic Day. School children apart from the Armed Forces, also
participate in the parade. On Independence Day, Indias Prime Minister unfurl tricolour
ag and address the nation from the ramparts of the historic Red Fort.
Religious festivals and ceremonies are as varied as the people their customs beliefs and
faith. The Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians, the Sikhs all have a large number of festivals
in the course of the year. Dussehra, Diwali, Janmashtmi, Id-ul-Fitr, Rakshabandhan,
Christmas are some of the well known Indian festivals.
In Northern India, Dussehra is observed as Vijaya Dashmi celebrating victory of good
over evil, of Rama over Ravana. In Bengal, the occasion is celebrated as Durga Puja. Their
festival is celebrated with gaiety and lasts for ve days. Diwali is the most prominent of the
Hindu festivals. It is the festival of light. The Hindus celebrate this day to commemorate
the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after winning the decisive war against the evil forces
of Ravana. Most businessmen start their new account books this day. On this day, from all
walks of life illuminate their homes with lights and diyas and children burst crackers. It is an
occasion of family get together and exchange of sweets and presents with one another.
The Muslim celebrate Id-ul-Fitr. It is celebrated to mark the end of Ramzan. It was
during the month of Ramzan that Holy Quran was revealed to Prophet Mohammed. The
ESSAY: HUMAN CLONING
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Muslim fast for whole month and break their fast on Id with feasting and irony making.
Christmas is the greatest festival of the Christians. The festival marks the birth of Jesus
Christ, the founder of Christianity on 25th December. On this occasion carols and hymns
are sung in praise of Christ in churches and cathedrals.
Few festivals became an indispensible part of Indian culture. India is the only country
where festivals are celebrated with great devotion to the Almighty and seasonal variation
festivals offer a welcome break from the daily routine. Festivals have a purifying effect on the
mind and bring to the people the value of piety. The main objectives of festivals are to bring
people from different walks of life to welcome each section with open arms and to forget the
narrow differences between one another.
Source: http://mybestessays.com/cloning-essay-research-paper-human-cloning-by/
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I have observed in my nineteen years of living that almost everyone in this society strives
to be the same or like the popular culture. The average person is very materialistic, and
strives for an appealing physical appearance. Articiality is common in the popular culture.
For example, dying of hair color, inserting color contacts, getting liposuction, implants or
removal of aws on the body is prevalent. I strongly oppose human cloning primarily because
I believe that humans already try to replicate themselves enough and having the same genes
is not necessary. Plus, just because there may be two identical beings does not mean that
they will behave the same. In this essay will explain how cloning is achieved, the benets and
dangers of human cloning, address my views on geneti discrimination, policies that I suggest
to prevent abuses of genetic engineering, and why an exact clone an never be carried out.
First, I will discuss how cloning is made possible. After several attempts, Professor Ian
Wilmat and his partners successfully cloned Dolly. Cloning is a very intricate process and
it requires special equipment and modern technology. To begin, a cell is removed from the
organism that is going to be replicated, also known as the donor. The cell is extracted by an
incision in the skin, a sample of blood or even a piece of the actual skin. Next, the second
reproductive cell is taken from the female organism. The entire deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
is removed from the nucleus. (DNA contains all the information of heredity.) A small amount
of DNA is also removed from the donors cell nucleus. At this time, the donors DNA is forced
into the second cells nucleus. This allows the two cells to be synonymous in terms of genes
and DNA. Fusion is used to combine the two cells. At this point the carrier must be found,
if it is not already present. The carrier is the female that wishes or is willing to give birth to
the cloned baby. In some cases however, the animals are given no choice. Genetic engineers
just insert the cells into the female animal and it will later give birth to a baby that was not
naturally conceived. The cells are inserted by needle to the uterus and take on the natural
process of splitting into two cells. The combination of the cells through high tech surgery
and injection mimic the unforced process of creating a baby with the same exact genes of
the donor.
Secondly, I will discuss the pros and cons of human cloning. I have found very few benets
of cloning, are over ridded by the drawbacks and cons. The benecial aspect of cloning is
the concept that an exact replica of the donor will be alive and existing in the same manner,
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45
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physically. If duplicates of animals are conceived than it will largely benet the science world.
Animals will be used in experimentation. Most likely the animal will be subjected to a disease
or a unpleasant state. Cancer, cystic brosis, burns and neurodegeneration would be applied
to the victims and studied. The trial of new therapies and treatments would be given to the
animals, so that it can help out the humans. If animals were cloned, their body parts or
blood could be transplanted into human bodies if needed. In fact, animals could be created
to have highly sustainable organs just for transplants. Another illustration is, it appears to be
great to know that you have a clone. You would have another you, younger, to use for the
replacement of organs and body parts. Suppose you were in a tragic car accident, and you
lost both of your arms, and damaged several vital organs. This would be a misfortune on your
part, and it would be hard to nd a donor or available to supply these parts immediately.
Well, if you had a clone, I would be certain that someone had the exact match of everything!
The same blood, and physical characteristics. What a convenience! Another positive aspect
of human cloning would be the concept that a wonderful person could be replicated! For
example, why wouldnt we want another Robin Williams, (the famous comedian/actor).
Everyone seems to enjoy his screen personality and enlightening remarks. Or Tom Cruise,
he is a great person to remake. He is very handsome and he has a great physique! A person
that is desirable or known for their distinguished talents is excellent to have double of. Next,
human cloning is a breakthrough for couples who desire to have a baby and naturally can
reproduce. A baby can be manufactured, in the lab. Plus the parents have an option of who
the baby will be a twin of. Imagine the pleasure that a couple may get from this baby they
can call their own. Scientists may believe that they can instantly produce a perfect animal.
There is a denite plus to cloning. Saving endangered species. In change, there are many
drawbacks to human cloning. Basically, human cloning costs a lot. It costs a lot of money,
lives, and moral and spiritual decay. The money that it costs to clone humans is outrageously
expensive. Equipment that is necessary in the lab is very high-priced. The amount of money
that is dedicated to research and experimentation is phenomenal. The development of the
perfect laboratory setting is a great investment as well. I would say that the lives that are lost
in the attempts to clone a human being are priceless. Money is not a consideration, when
precious life in threat or destroyed. A life that is lost due to experimentation is a tragedy in
my eyes. Regardless if you are a mouse, if one dies in the result of a science experiment it is
simply horrible. When the cloning is not successful, 95% of the time, mutations and diseases
are present in the product of experimentation. The cost of losing moral beliefs is irreplaceable
as well. It has been proven that morals are disappearing as the twentieth century rushes to
a close. People have lost faith and they do not create personal guidelines and rules as keenly
as they may have in the past. It is not morally right to reproduce a life articially. I believe
that god created us, and put us on the earth. Scientists who plan on out doing god, and
creating such a divine creature are utterly egotistical. They must feel pretty prestigious! It is
disgruntling the amount of decay in morality is at stake in this issue. Nature is superior to all.
Creating an articial copy of a priceless life is not right in any shape or form. All spirituality
is lost in this cruel act of diverging two tangible organisms forcibly. It is uncertain when our
spirit is connected to our bodies but it seems that a spirit may not be as pure and genuine
in a fake representation of a human. Although, there is no passage in the Holy Bible that
mentions whether cloning is ethically right or wrong, it does not need to be written. It is
something that was never intended.
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Thirdly, I believe that there is possibility in our society for genetic discrimination related
to experimentation for harmful genes if cloning was a reality. It seems that every thing that
ever existed or was created is susceptible to discrimination. Once human cloning is made
possible, and genetic engineers can achieve a successful twin, (that is free of mutation etc.)
then they will try so hard to make a perfect person. They will avoid harmful genes like
those that promote a slight threat in longevity or kinks in the life span. Genetic engineers
could denitely nd people with a great record of heredity. It is the quest for the perfect,
healthy being ever. Fourthly, I have suggestions of policies that would prevent abuses of
genetic engineering. Federal money should be not allowed to be spent on the research for
cloning humans. Scotland was the rst country in the world to oppose spending of federal
money on the study of human cloning. Scotland government set an example for the rest of
the world by making such an agreement. They took responsibility in not getting involved
with this outlandish scientic experiment. The second country to ban federal spending for
these purposes was the United States. I believe that these countries should encourage other
nations to join them in the refusal of this sort of education. Limits should be declared on the
frequency of cloning. Laws should be made to regulate cloning or simply make it illegal.
Lastly, an exact copy of a cloned animal can never be obtained. A life is not a toy or a
puzzle that can be put together. Life is not a picture that can be traced or re-copied . Life
is highly complex, and undeniably irreplaceable. A cloned person will not have the right to
think on its own. Those who create the clone will severely brain wash the subject and treat it
much differently than you and I. The clone will be expected to behave similar to the donor
and that is a immense amount of pressure. The clone will virtually have its life lived already,
by the donor. The twin will have an unfair chance at life as anyone as we know it. There
is no possible way that a clone could lead a regular life. Its environment will be extremely
different than the donors. The environment can not be re-created for the replica no matter
how hard one has attempted. The parents would always be acting and not living in reality.
Although, some day a human can be reproduced to look exactly the same as someone else
physically, behavior is uncertain, and they are not programmed to live the same life. Time
is another issue. The events that occur in society are not going to be equivalent from one
generation to another (assuming the clone is born a different day, or year that the donor
was/did). It is virtually impossible to make an exact duplicate of a person. All in all, I oppose
human cloning because it violates moral and ethical codes. I described how cloning is carried
out, the pros and cons with genetic engineering of mammals and humans., the potential
for genetic discrimination, policies I suggest to prevent abuses of human cloning, and why
cloning a human exactly like its donor is impossible.
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JOURNAL ARTICLE 1
An Empirical Investigation of the impact of Industry-Institute-Interaction on Performance of the
Organization: A Case Study
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An Empirical Investigation of the impact of Industry-InstituteInteraction on Performance of the

Narkhede B.E. a* and Mantha S.S. b
Abstract
This paper is based on the doctoral dissertation of the first author and is aimed at empirically
investigating the status of industry-institute-interaction, its impact on the performance of the
organization and identifying the technology development needs of the Precious Metal Alloys Machine
Cast Jewellery Manufacturing organizations in the Indian context. A survey was conducted using a
structured questionnaire in order to know the impact of cooperative research. This research work
utilizes the responses from seventy six Precious metal alloys machine cast jewellery manufacturing
organizations located in different parts of India. The analysis of the survey results indicates that the
performance of these organizations is strongly impacted by the extent to which cooperative research
issues are being addressed by these organizations.
Keywords: Precious Metal Alloy, Cooperative Research, Technology Development

Needs
Introduction
in which a industry shares its infrastructure

and other resources with other industries
as well as technical institutes in the vicinity
for developing creative and innovative
ideas which can benefit all the partners.
Gems & Jewellery sector is one among the

Indias largest export sectors contributing
more than 20% to total exports and more
than three million people are directly or
indirectly dependent on it for their
livelihood. To economically manufacture
the aesthetically designed jewellery is
really a challenging task. The present
situation
of
jewellery
industry
is
characterized by shorter product life
cycles, sharp increase in the cost of raw
materials, increased demand for mass
customization, more specific customer
values, and saturation and increasing
segmentation of markets giving rise to high
level of turbulence, uncertainty, complexity
& competition. Sumanth D.J. (1998)
defines Cooperative research as a method
Manufacturing process of jewellery
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The main products of the precious metal

alloys machine cast jewellery industry are
Ear Rings, Pendants, Belt Clips, Finger
Rings, Bangles, Shirt Buttons, Nose Rings,
Bracelets, Ethnic Jewellery, etc. These
products can be manufactured in plain
precious metal alloys as well as diamondstudded precious metal alloys. They are
manufactured in modern mass production
units by using Investment Casting
Technique [Narkhede (2008)], which
comprises the following major steps:
Assistant Professor, Department of Production & Industrial Engg, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
(VJTI), Mumbai-400 019, India, E-mail: benarkhede@yahoo.com
Pro Vice Chancellor, S.N.D.T. Womens University, Mumbai-400 020, E-mail: vjtirobotics@vsnl.com
* Author for correspondence
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
18
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1.
Design of jewellery.
2.
Making the master model.
3.
Making the rubber mould.

Production of wax patterns.
5.
Diamond assorting. (optional)
6.
Wax setting of diamonds. (optional)
7.
Assembly of the wax patterns on

the wax tree.
8.
Investment making.
9.
Steam
Dewaxing
(optional)
10.
Burnout.
11.
Melting of alloy.
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4.
of
mould.
12.
Vacuum Casting.
13.
Fettling and Separating individual

jewellery castings off the tree.
14.
Finishing of jewellery.
Purpose of study
and creative people in the organization.

Innovation is the engine that drives the
business. Any business that doesnt
innovate with new products, processes,
financing arrangements, new ways of
thinking about customers, new ways to
deliver goods and services to market
probably wont prosper. Cooperative
research may help the industry to obtain
and implement many new ideas for
performance excellence at a lower cost
than if they conduct all the research by
themselves.
Methodology used
Considering the topical nature of the

research
subject,
fragmented
and
conservative
nature
of
industry,
nonprofessional attitude of entrepreneurs
and the limited sources of data available in
the Indian context for a full-fledged survey
based research the following methodology
has been adopted for the research work:
The data and information required for this
study has been collected by reviewing the
literature from diverse sources on the topic
[Balkrishnan., Brown, Dunlap & Pahl
(1995), Parker(1990), Prahalad and Hamel
(1990), Raju(1996), Ramadorai(2001),
Iyer(2003), Naik(2003), Rastogi(1999)]. A
survey of technological development
needs in precious metal alloys machine
cast jewellery manufacturing is conducted
on the basis of published reports
[Corti(1997),Grimwade (1995)], internet
sources, visits to various organizations,
practical experience of the author in
jewellery manufacturing etc. The studies
reported by Agrawal S.I. (2004), Patil R.K.
(2007), Jantre A.D. (2001) has contributed
towards development of questionnaire for
the present study. A questionnaire
comprising the list of various issues related
to
technology
development
needs,
industry-institute interaction etc. was
circulated among the various jewellery
manufacturing units. The responses of the
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The studies reported in literature by Dave

Schneller (1987), Wright and Corti (1998),
Corti (2000), and Narkhede(2001) indicate
that the investment casting process which
is used for jewellery manufacturing is not
scientifically developed and managed in
several organizations in India. Even today,
they are relying on traditional ways of
manufacturing. In short, not much technical
knowledge
is
used
for
jewellery
manufacturing. So, there is tremendous
scope for technical persons in jewellery
design and process development. Being a
fragmented nature of industry and the
conservative approach of peoples towards
manufacturing technology, these industries
are not able to reap the benefits of
advanced technology and management
principles. It is the need of the hour to
practice the principles of cooperative
research in order to develop the
competitive edge that will give returns to
business entities in the form of innovation
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
19
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senior
professionals
from
various
organizations were sought on the Likert
2.Small extent
scale 1-5 (1.Not at all
3.Somewhat 4.Large extent 5.Very large
extent) regarding the extent of importance
of the stated technology development need
for performance improvement of the
organization. Finally, 76 numbers of
professionals
representing
different
organizations have responded to the
questionnaire. In order to study the impact
of industry-institute interaction on the
performance [Total Productivity & Quality
Management (TPQM)] of the organization,
it is necessary to study the characteristics
of organizations which have successfully
implemented Total Productivity & Quality
Management. So, it is essential to further
classify the TPQM Group organizations
into
Successful-TPQM
Group
and
Unsuccessful-TPQM Group. It was done
based on the data collected from
respondent organizations on Targets set
for improvement and Target achieved. In
the present study majority of the
respondents have set target above 30 %
for improvement in performance. Also,
Ligus(1993) reports that, it is possible to
achieve minimum of 30 % of improvement
in the contemporary measures of
performance. So, this has been set as first
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criteria for classifying the respondent

organization in either Successful-TPQM
Group or Unsuccessful-TPQM group. Also,
the
opinions
of
the
respondent
organizations were sought about the extent
to which the results obtained through
TPQM effort were up to their expectations?
(1.Absolutely True; 2.Considerably True;
3.Somewhat True; 4.Scarcely True; 5.Not
True at all.). If the answer to first criterion
(i.e. Target Achieved) is more than 30%
and the answer to second criteria is in the
range of 1-2 (i.e. Absolutely True to
Considerably True), then the organization
has been classified as Successful-TPQM
group else Unsuccessful-TPQM group.
Findings of the study
The comparison of the organizations from

Successful-TPQM
Group
with
Unsuccessful-TPQM Group; on the basis
of status of industry-institute interaction
and technology development needs has
been presented with the help of Charts in
Appendix. The statistical analysis as
presented in Table 1 also supports the
findings of the study; i.e. the performance
of these organizations is strongly impacted
by the extent to which cooperative
research issues are being addressed by
these organizations.
Table 1 Statistical analysis based on status of Industry-Institute interaction.
Sum
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46
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Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups
Count
Column 1
4
Column 2
4
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
SS
Between Groups
144.5
Within Groups
91
Total
235.5
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
df
1
6
Average
20
11.5
Variance
28.66667
1.666667
MS
144.5
15.16667
F
9.527473
P-value
0.021479
F crit
5.987378
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It is observed that a large percentage

(i.e.63.64%)
of
organizations
from
Successful-TPQM Group has
been
practicing Industry-Institute Interaction.
The data for the last two aspects of Status
of Industry Institute Interaction is same,
which indicates that all the organizations
practicing the principle of cooperative
research has benefited from it. This shows
that Industry-Institute Interaction has
played a vital role in quality enhancement
as well as productivity improvement. It is
also encouraging to note that a large
percentage of organizations from both the
groups are interested in starting interaction
with engineering institutes in the vicinity.
Jewellery industry is the upcoming industry
having ample scope for expansion. But the
fact is that, it is totally neglected by Indian
engineering institutes. Jewellery industries
are finding it very difficult to hire an
engineer
having
sound
technical
knowledge of precious metals, metallurgy
and manufacturing technology in order to
solve the existing manufacturing problems.
Particularly,
production &
industrial
engineering
graduates,
mechanical
engineering graduates and metallurgical
engineering
graduates
with
sound
management background have lot of
opportunities in this field. So, it is the need
of the hour that the Indian engineering
institutes should introduce some elective
subjects on jewellery manufacturing
technology. The engineering institutes can
also generate revenues by conducting
certificate courses on design and
manufacturing of jewellery. Presently only
a few training institutes in India are offering
training in jewellery related field which is
not sufficient in order to compete in the
global jewellery market.
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most prominent for the organizations from

both the groups. This indicates that the
need of the hour is to pour more efforts on
new product development, and investment
casting in order to achieve Total
Productivity & Quality Management.
However, the technology development
needs like improved white gold alloys,
recovery & recycling of jewellery scrap &
waste, refining of gold scrap materials (inhouse technology), treatment & recovery of
dusts, waste water etc, karatage control,
joining technology, use of computer aided
design, etc., are very important for the
organizations
from
Successful-TPQM
Group. This fact reveals that the jewellery
manufacturing
organizations
from
Successful-TPQM Group have understood
the importance of the said technology
development
needs
in
achieving
performance excellence. It is expected that
all
successful-TPQM
jewellery
manufacturing organizations adopt and
assimilate new technology, improve and
refine existing technology, and combine
both for commercial success.
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The tomorrows professional in jewellery

industry should be equipped with the
following competency profile: sound
technical knowledge of precious metals
metallurgy,
foundry
technology,
manufacturing
processes,
industrial
engineering principles, production planning
and control etc., analytical ability,
management know-how and business
process skills, software skill, CAD/CAM
knowledge, system thinking and problem
solving skill, project management and
decision making skill, marketing and
financial know-how, interpersonal and
communication skill, leadership ability.
The Engineering institutions in India have
potential to play a vital role in developing
the above mentioned competency profile of
It is observed that the technology

development needs like new product
development, and investment casting are
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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Reading
tomorrows professional in jewellery

industry. This has been reflected through
the implant training and thesis work of
graduate and postgraduate students of
Production Engineering at VJTI Mumbai
under the guidance of the author: [Patil
(2007), Agrawal (2004), Gokhale (2003),
Panigrahi (2003), Shinde (2002), Jantre
(2001)]. The efforts are also appreciated
by the jewellery industry.
1. Agrawal
S.I.
(2004),
Jewellery
Manufacturing: Defects Analysis and
Control, (Unpublished M.E. Thesis),
Dept of Production Engg, VJTI
Mumbai.
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Conclusion
References
2. Balkrishnan A., Brown S., Dunlap D.

and Pahl R. (1995), Interdisciplinary
Industry-University
Collaboration:
Lessons
From
An
Operations
Improvement
Project,
Interfaces,Vol.25(5), pp 12-41.
By practicing the principle of cooperative

research, the Jewellery industry will be
able to obtain and implement many new
ideas for performance excellence at a
lower cost than if they conduct all the
research
by
themselves.
Indian
engineering institutes can offer many
opportunities for cooperative research.
Student interns at Diploma, Graduate,
Post-Graduate levels are a source of fresh
thinking and new ideas that may otherwise
have to be purchased through consultant
services. Teaching faculties in engineering
institutes can conduct valuable research
(fundamental and application oriented) at a
much lower cost than other means. This
principle, if practiced, can serve as a very
effective tool for rapid productivity
improvements. As majority of Jewellery
manufacturing units in India are from small
to medium size, they cannot afford for
separate research facilities. However, few
Jewellery manufacturing units have started
R&D, but they are not getting suitable
manpower. On the other hand, engineering
institutions also cannot afford to set up
separate laboratory for doing research on
jewellery manufacturing. So, Jewellery
industry-Engineering institution interaction
can benefit to both of them. The
Engineering institutes can provide suitable
manpower for these industries.
3. Corti C.W. (1997), Whither R & D?

The Technology Needs Of The Gold
Jewellery Manufacturing Industry,
Proceedings of Santa Fe Symposium
on
Jewellery
Manufacturing
Technology, Washington, New Mexico,
pp 219-243.
4. Corti
C.W.
(2000),
Jewellery
Manufacture Craft or Technology?,
Editors
Comments,
Gold
Technology,Vol.30.
5. Dave Schneller (1987), Preface,
Proceedings of Santa Fe Symposium
on
Jewellery
Manufacturing
Technology, Washington, New Mexico.
6. Gokhale A.A. (2003), Implementing
SAP R/3 Materials Management
Module
in
Jewellery
industry,
(Unpublished M.E. Thesis), Dept of
Production Engg, VJTI Mumbai.
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7. Grimwade Mark (1995), Technology

Needs in the Developing Markets,
Gold Technology, Vol.17, pp 2-9.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
8. Iyer V.R. (2003), Higher Education:

Industry
Academic
Interaction,
Achieve, Vol.31(3), pp 13-15.
9. Jantre A.D. (2001), Analysis of casting
defects of precious investment casting
using lost wax method, (Unpublished
22
BITS, Pilani
51
B.E. Thesis), Dept of Production Engg,

VJTI Mumbai.
16. Patil R.K. (2007), Implementation of

Industrial Engineering Principles in
Jewellery
Industry,
(Unpublished
M.Tech. Thesis), Dept of Production
Engg, VJTI Mumbai.
10. Ligus R.G. (1993), Methods To Help

Reengineer Your Company For
Improved
Agility,
Industrial
Engineering, January, 1993, pp 58-59.
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17. Prahalad C.K. and Hamel G. (1990),

The Core Competence of the
Corporation,
Harvard
Business
Review, May-June 1990, pp 79-91.
11. Naik B.M. (2003), Technological

Innovation in Educational Institutes for
Global Competitiveness, Engineering
Education, Vol.17(1), pp 1-6.
18. Raju V.S. (1996), Higher Technical

EducationLinkages
between
Academia
&
Industry,
Productivity,Vol.37(3), pp 438-443.
12. Narkhede B.E. (2001), Need of

Industry-Institute interaction for Quality
enhancement
and
productivity
improvement of precious metal alloys
machine cast Jewellery manufacturing
units, Proceedings of 6th annual
convention of ISTE, Dr.B.Ambedkar
Technological University, Lonere, pp
159-162.
19. Ramadorai S. (2001), Co-Operating To

Fulfill Indias Potential In IT, Spark,
November 2001, pp 4.
20. Rastogi P.N. (1999), Collaborative
Advantage-The Relational Imperative
for
Competitiveness,
Productivity,
Vol.40(1), pp 58-66.
13. Narkhede B.E. (2008), Studies

on:Factors responsible for Quality
enhancement of Precious metal alloys
Jewelry and Productivity improvement
of machine cast Jewelry manufacturing
units, (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis),
Dept of Mechanical Engg, VJTI
Mumbai.
21. Shinde A.R. (2002), Implementation of

Group layout and Capacity planning in
Jewellery industry, (Unpublished B.E.
Thesis), Dept of Production Engg, VJTI
Mumbai.
22. Sumanth
D.J.
(1998),
Total
Productivity Management, St.Lucie
Press, Boca Raton, Florida(USA), pp
357-358.
14. Panigrahi Pallab (2003), Towards

implementation
of
ISO-9000
in
Jewellery industry, (Unpublished B.E.
Thesis), Dept of Production Engg, VJTI
Mumbai.
23. Wright J.C. and Corti C. (1998),

Engineering Approach To Gold
Jewellery Approach, Proceedings of
5th International Symposium on Gold
Jewellery Technology, April,1998, pp
27-34.
OX
FO
15. Parker E. (1990), Tapping Academia

Through Innovation-The Example Of
Salford University, Industry and Higher
Education, March 1990, pp 38-43.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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Status of Industry-Institute Interaction
The percentage of jew ellery manuf acturing

units believing that Industry-Institute
Interaction w ill help them to improve the
productivity of Jew ellery manufacturing units
is.
The percentage of jew ellery manufacturing

units believing that Industry-Institute
Interaction w ill help them to enhance the
Quality of Jew ellery is.
units interested in starting interaction w ith
engineering institutions is.

units in w hich Industry-Institute Interaction
exists; and benefited f rom the interaction is.

units in w hich Industry-Institute Interaction
exists is.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percentage of Organizations
Successf ul-TPQM group
Unsuccessful-TPQM group
OX
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Chart 1 Comparison on the basis of status of Industry-Institute interaction
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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Im proved Product Marking Methods
Im proved Scratch & Wear Res is tance
Powder Metallurgy
Im proved Yellow Gold Alloys
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Electroform ing Technology
TechnologyTDevelopment
Needs
echnologyDevelopm
ent Needs
Hallow Jewellery Fabrication
Multipurpos e Las er Machine Technology

Mechanical Fabrication
Karatage Control
Joining Technology
Treatm ent & Recovery of Dus ts , Was te

Water etc.
Rapid Prototyping
Refining of Gold Scrap Materials (InHous e Technology)

Recovery & Recycling of Jewellery Scrap
& was te
Us e of CAD
Im proved White Gold Alloys
Inves tm ent Cas ting
New Product Developm ent
Like rt Scale
Successf ul TPQM group
Unsuccessf ul TPQM group
OX
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Chart 2 Comparison on the basis of technology development needs.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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JOURNAL ARTICLE 2
Industry-Institution Interactions:
VISLs Contribution for Enrichment of Knowledge through Mutual Exchange
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VISLs Contribution for Enrichment of Knowledge through
Mutual Exchange
Bhattacharya M.K.*
Abstract
Institutions and industries are two inseparable streams for advancement of knowledge and its
application. As such interaction of the two at various stages is essential for enrichment of knowledge.
The contribution of Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Plant (VISL), founded in 1918 by eminent Engineer
Bharata Ratna Sir M Visvesvaraya, in this direction is immense considering the fact that:
it existed in early 20th century when India was yet to take-off industrially and technicaleducational institutions were not that many.
it was an unique Plant which had all the production facilities, a metallurgist would have liked to
see and was regarded as Mecca for a learning metallurgist
From the beginning, VISL attached great importance for interactions with academic institutions. The
interactions were done in several ways: by deputation of engineers for long-term courses conducted to
acquire additional qualifications, short-time courses to update their knowledge, inviting eminent
professors for lectures on topics relevant to work and interaction, inviting delegates from Institutions
to participate in seminars / workshops, taking-up joint projects on topic of relevance. On the other
hand, institutions interacted with VISL by sending their students for industrial training, project work
etc. VISL has trained innumerable students by providing facilities in an atmosphere conducive for
learning. Apart from Engineering, other areas like Finance, Marketing,Business Management are
covered under such interactions.
Keywords: University industry interaction, collaboration
(a) Brief history
In addition to superior quality pig iron

produced in charcoal blast furnace, the
company produced wood distillation
derivatives as by-products. Since charcoal
had negligible ash, the pig iron had very
low sulphur levels and was exported to
countries like UK and USA.
FO
1. Introduction to VISL
OX
Engineer-Statesman Bharat Ratna Sir M

Visvesvaraya who was Dewan in the
princely state of Mysore and known for his
visionary statement Industrialise or Perish
conceived the idea of putting up an iron
works at Bhadravati, a place having the
resources required for establishment of an
iron and steel industry and started the
construction work. It was a period when
no major industries existed in the region.
The company started producing steel in

1936. Availability of abundant hydroelectric
power resulted in starting of submerged
electric arc furnaces for production of pig
iron and ferro alloys. The company started
production of alloy & special steels in 1964
* Executive Director, Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Plant, a unit of Steel Authority of India Limited,
Bhadravati - 577 301, Karnataka, India
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
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(c) Adoption
and
Technology
with the commissioning of LD Converters

and subsequently Electric Arc Furnaces
and Rolling Mills. Keeping pace with the
advancement in technologies, VISL kept
on modernising and updating the facilities
from time to time. The company which
started under the name of Mysore Wood
Distillation & Iron Works in 1918 under
State government was taken over by Steel
Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in 1989 as
a subsidiary. It was amalgamated with
SAIL in 1998 and is now known as
Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Plant (VISL).
VISL has updated its facilities from time to

time keeping pace with the technology. It
has many firsts to its credit, some of which
are:
VISL is recognised today as a quality steel

producer in the country and caters to the
stringent quality requirements of strategic
sectors like Defence, Nuclear Power,
Aeronautics, Power Generation, Railways,
Automobile, Ball Bearing, Forging and
General Engineering. Currently, VISL is
producing various grades of alloy and
special steels through BF BOF LF
VD/VOD Ingot/CC route. VISL is the first
Plant in the country to produce high alloy
steels like stainless steels, hot work steels,
cold work steels etc. through this route.
Forgings and components made from steel
produced by VISL are getting exported to
countries like USA, UK, Germany, Japan,
China etc.
The present production
facilities, process flow-charts and steel
grades produced are given in the
Annexures II to IV.
Production of high alloy steels like

stainless steels, hot work steels, cold
work steels etc. through BF-BOF-LFVD/VOD-Ingot/CC
route
which
ensures freedom from undesirable
tramp elements
Production of steel through 100%

bottom pouring from the very
inception
Production of soft magnetic iron
Installation of Long Forging Machine
2. Industry-Institution Interactions
at VISL
(a) Iron & Steel Technology in India
FO
The knowledge of producing iron and steel

existed in India from ancient times. Iron
pillars of Delhi and that at Kodachadri,
Karnataka, are excellent examples of the
skill of ancient Indian craftsmen in the field
of ferrous metallurgy. Manufacturing of
steel started in India from 1000 B.C. The
legendary wootz steel was produced
through crucible process in South India
from 500 B.C. The word wootz is derived
from the word ukku in Kannada which
means steel. This high quality steel was
used to make famous Damascus Swords.
No wonder that VISL was set up in the
land of wootz in Mysore state.
OX
The plant has received prestigious ISO/

TS16949-2002 Quality Certification.
(b) Industry-Institution Interactions at

VISL
During the course of its existence, the unit

also produced cast iron pipes, ferro alloys,
steel through open hearth furnaces and
electric furnaces, steel foundry casting,
non-ferrous castings, wire rod and
structurals and cement. These facilities
have now been discontinued.
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(b) Present status
Updation
From the very beginning, interactions

between VISL and educational institutions
were prevalent. It is mainly due to the fact
that:
24
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it existed in early 19th century when

India was yet to take-off industrially
and metallurgical discipline in
engineering was in its nascent stage.
it was a unique industry which had

all the production facilities, a
metallurgist would have liked to see
and was regarded as Mecca for a
learning metallurgist.
it was always on the forefront

technologically and introduced many
new technologies first time in the
country.
(c) Forms
of
Industry-Institution
Interactions: The interactions have
taken place both ways.
deputing / sponsoring engineers
from the company for post
graduate studies at premier
educational institutions like IISc,
BHU, IITs, RECs/NITs, IIMs etc.,
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deputing engineers to premier

educational institutions for short
term courses on topics of
relevance,
inviting experts from educational
institutions for delivering special
lectures on topics of relevance and
interacting with them,
Being one of the early integrated steel

plant to be established in the country, VISL
provided platform to acquire practical
knowledge and skill to both industries and
educational
institutions
established
subsequently. A number of schools and
polytechnics were established in its
township
for
imparting
education.
Engineers working at VISL were deputed
to institutions to acquire additional
knowledge and qualifications not only in
the area of Engineering, but also in other
allied areas like Finance, Marketing,
Statistics, Business Administration etc. On
the other hand, faculty and students from
various educational institutions have
received training and exposure to
application of technology at the Plant.
conducting seminars / symposium/

workshop inviting delegates from
educational
institutions
and
industries
and
sharing
the
knowledge through interactions,
training
of
students
from
engineering colleges, polytechnics
and other institutions at VISL,
imparting vocational training to
students of engineering and other
disciplines,
providing facilities to conduct
project work / dissertation to
engineering students on topics
related to industry
Some of the institutes with which VISL

interacted are Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore; Indian Institutes of Technology;
Indian Institutes of Management; National
Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology,
Ranchi; Institute for Financial Management
& Research; Administrative Staff College
of India, Hyderabad; Regional Engineering
Colleges
/
National
Institutes
of
Technology; Indian Institute of Welding
and Institutes of Technology and
Management System.
OX
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providing samples and assistance

to research scholars pursuing
PhD/ Research
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
An
exclusive
Human
Resources
Department exist in VISL to co-ordinate the
above activities.
Table 1 shows the number of students
trained at VISL during the last three years:
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Table 1 Number of students trained at VISL during the last three years
M.Sc
MBA
MSW
BBM
D Pharma
Others
11
58
26
12
10
95
33
13
90
68
36
10
243
2005
26
11
2006
36
2007
25
15
TOTAL
87
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M.Tech
TOTAL
BE
Diploma
Year
Discipline
Two cases of work done through institution

and at Plant are given in the Annexure-I.
Conversely, the benefits derived by the

institutions are:
(d) Benefits
of
Interaction:
Industry-Institution
exposure to practice help them to

understand practical aspects
Both the industry and institutions are

benefited by the interactions. Institutions
impart theoretical knowledge which is put
to practice in the industry.
interactions help them to get input

material/information for research
interactions help them to implement

the findings of the research into
practice
interactions help them to conduct pilot

plant studies
Some of the benefits derived by the

Industry through the knowledge gained
are:
adopt/implement
technologies
new/developing
solve operational problems
understand and improve the system

improve the efficiency
improve the productivity
OX
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
VISL has nurtured a tradition of industry

and institution interaction over the years.
Through this, both the Plant and
institutions have been benefited.
FO
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Annexure - I
-
1. DISSERTATION FOR POSTGRADUATE THESIS
One employee sponsored for Post

Graduate Degree in Process Metallurgy at
Karnataka Regional Engineering College,
Surathkal undertook project work entitled
Study of Factors Affecting De-oxidation of
Steel at L.D. Practice at VISL.
The
project was taken-up in 1983 under the
joint guidance of Head of R&D, VISL and a
Professor in the Department of Metallurgy,
KREC. The methodology adopted for the
work was:
-
Carry-out trials based on modification

and collect operating data,
Establish advantages of modified
practice,
Make suitable recommendations for
implementation.
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Case Studies
The out-come of the work were:
Collect operating data to study the

practice existing for steel-making,
Study and characterise the process,
Identify the problems through analysis
of data collected,
Identify critical parameters for control,
Suggest
modifications
for
implementation,
Relationship was established between

various operating parameters like
Carbon,
Manganese,
Oxygen,
Temperature and activity of FeO in
slag for turn-down,
Turndown carbon, which could be
determined quickly, was identified as
Critical Control Parameter for effective
control in routine operation,
A new method of De-oxidiser addition
was devised,
Trials were carried-out with modified
method of De-oxidiser addition,
Advantages and benefits of modified
method was established as shown in
the Table 2:
OX
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Table 2 Comparison of Operating Results with Existing and Modified Practice

For
For modified
Parameter
existing
Benefits derived
practice
practice
Quantity of Al
3.10
2.80
10 % reduction in Al consumption
addition, kg/ton
Average Soluble Al,
Effectiveness of Al addition
0.070
0.033
%
increased by >50%
Standard Deviation
Better consistency, Scatter reduced
0.042
0.024
for Soluble Al, %
by >50%
Constant at
Turn-down
Parameter for Al addition made
Basis for Al addition
3 kg/ton
Carbon
available for operator
Al recovery
Rejection of heats
due to inadequate
de-oxidation, %
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
Erratic
Predictable
3.50
NIL
27
Better de-oxidation control

Rejection of Heats due to
inadequate de-oxidation eliminated
fully
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The benefits accrued are represented graphically in Figure 1.
Al Consumption, kg/ton
Std. Dev. for Al, %
Soluble Al, %
Soluble Al, %
Figure 1 Benefits of University Industry Linkages.

by
in the Department of Mechanical

Engineering, JNNCE. The methodology
adopted for the work was:
under-graduate
FO
2. Project work
students
OX
Four students of VIIIth Semester Graduate

Degree in Mechanical Engineering from
Jawaharlal Nehru National College of
Engineering, Shimoga undertook project
work entitled Re-design of Auto Cutter
Carriage of Continuous Casting Machine at
Steel Making Shop of VISL. The project
was taken-up in 2005 under the joint
guidance of Head of Mechanical
Maintenance-SMS, VISL and a Professor
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
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Study of
system,
the
existing
auto-cutter
Identify the drawbacks and problem,
Design improved model,
Implement the improved design,
Establish advantages and benefits of

modified design.
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The existing Auto-Cutter Unit was a

Cantilever support design due to which the
entire auto-cutter carriage assembly was
sagging on the free end side due to its selfweight.
The auto-cutter carriage was
installed with four numbers of vertical
rollers with collar, two each at top and
bottom which were moving on top and
bottom rails respectively.
This design
required
regular
maintenance
and
lubrication for ensuring its proper
functioning in every 8-hour shift and after
every casting, else the whole lubrication
would burnout and the equipment would
fail.
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the cutter moves with no or less problem

as compared with the existing design, the
reason being, firstly, the side support
columns of the structure acts as simply
supported beam and also carries more
proportion of weight of cutter unit with two
vertical rollers with collar landing on rail.
Secondly, with the modification in
assembly of rollers contains eight
horizontal and two vertical rollers. These
rollers help the auto-cutter unit to move
smoothly on the rails to perform the
continuous cutting operation of the moving
bloom/billet.
Advantages and benefits of modified
method was established as shown in the
Table 3.
The structural design of the auto-cutter

was modified from Cantilever support to
Simply Supported structure, due to which
Table 3 Comparison of Operating Results with Existing and Modified Auto-cutter Design
Parameter
No. of shutdowns/month
Maintenance frequency
Lubrication frequency
Damage to Guide
Rollers
Reconditioning
frequency
For existing
practice
For modified
practice
12
Shut-downs reduced by 1/6th
6 times/day
6 times/day
Once a day
Once a day
Maintenance reduced by 1/6th

Lubrication reduced by 1/6th
Frequent
Eliminated
Damage avoided completely
4/month
1/month
Benefits derived
Life has increased 4 times
OX
FO
Benefits accrued are shown graphically in Figure 2
Figure 2 Benefits of University Industry Linkage
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Annexure - III
SAIL / VISL
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Steel Grades Manufactured at VISL

1. CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL FOR MACHINERY
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Carbon Steels including free cutting steels

Case Hardening Steels
Steels for Hardening and Tempering
Spring Steels
High Temperature Steels
Nitriding steels
Bearing Steels
Valve Steels Etc.,
2. BORON AND MICRO ALLOYED STEELS

3. TOOL STEELS
a
b
c
d
e
f
Carbon Tool Steels

Dimensionally Stable Steels
Shock Resisting Steels
Hot Work Steels
Cold Work Steels
Die Blocks Etc.,
4. STAINLESS STEELS - FERRITIC
OX
FO
5. SOFT MAGNETIC IRON - FOR USE IN RAILWAY SIGNALS
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Annexure - IV
Production Facilities
IN - HOUSE
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES
1 No. 530 M
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BLAST FURNACE
DEMAG, GERMANY
2 Nos. 17-25 TONS.
1 GEC, 2 IN-HOUSE
3 Nos. 25 TONS.
STANDARD MESSO,
GERMANY
1 No. 25 TONS.
CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE
ISPL DEMAG, INDIA
1 No. 2 STRANDS
ELECTRO MAGNETIC STIRRER
AEG, ELOTHERM, GERMANY
1 No. COMBI TYPE
PRIMARY MILL
DEMAG, GERMANY
1 No. 220 TONS. PER

DAY
DEMAG, GERMANY
1 No. 120 TONS. PER

DAY
DEMAG-MEER, GERMANY
1 No. 1600 TONS.
GFM, AUSTRIA
1 No. 350 TONS.
NEW STD. ENGG. CO., INDIA
1 No. 1000 kgs.
BHPV, VISHAKAPATNAM
1 No., 30 TONS. PER

DAY
LADLE REFINING FURNACES

VD / VOD UNIT
BAR MILL
HYDRAULIC FORGING PRESS
LONG FORGING MACHINE
POWER HAMMER
OXYGEN PLANT
11 Nos.
BOGIE HEARTH ANNEALING

FURNACES
BOGIE HEARTH HARDENING
FURNACES
ELECTRIC TEMPERING
FURNACES
OFU, GERMANY
2 Nos. 7.5 TONS.
MAKSAAL, HYDERABAD
3 Nos. 6.0 TONS.
MAKSAAL, HYDERABAD
1 No. 8.0 TONS.
OX
FO
ELECTRIC ANNEALING FURNACE
OFU, GERMANY
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JOURNAL ARTICLE 3
Microcontroller Training Modules using PSoC and LabVIEW
Abstract
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Gokulavasan G.a*, Ponraj b, and Jayapandian J.c
The industry of Embedded System Design and Development needs people who possess sound
understanding of concepts as well as development tool techniques. This paper discusses about the
different hardware training modules developed using Mixed Signal Array Programmable System OnChip and LabVIEW. This work was done as a part of the collaborative programme of BITS, Pilani at
Ideal Sensors. Stepper motor control, DC motor control and Keypad Design modules were developed
as a part of the programme. The modules are being put in place for training people who are new to
field of embedded system design or to the development tools of PSoC viz. PSoC Designer. The virtual
instrumentation package LabVIEW has been used widely to give Graphical User Interface to the
training modules and also for the user to appreciate the advantages of the Virtual Instrumentation
package.
Keywords PSoC, PSoC Designer, Training Modules, LabVIEW

Introduction
Instruments, LabVIEW has been used in

the module development to give the user a
graphical interface and also to make the
user understand and appreciate the
advantages of the Virtual Instrumentation
package.
The fast advancements in the field of

electronics require a system designer to be
up to date. This will enable him to address
the new challenges and problems in a
quicker, better and more cost-effective
manner. Programmable System on Chip is
a Mixed Signal Array Microcontroller
introduced by Cypress Semiconductors. It
gives us a true System on Chip experience
by enabling us to include digital and analog
modules on the same silicon chip. In the
collaborative programme conducted at
Ideal Sensors, Chennai training modules
for the people who want to specialize in the
Embedded System Design domain and for
people who want to learn about PSoC
Development tools have been developed.
The work covered the important modules
which are used commonly in the
Embedded System Design Industry. The
Virtual Instrumentation package of National
Training Modules
OX
FO
The training modules were developed

using the PSoC Designer Ver. 4.4 with
CY8C27443 Microcontroller (28-pin, 8-bit)
and LabVIEW Ver 7.1. In the PSoC
Designer software, the global resources
are set depending upon the need and
these settings are common to all the user
modules used in that particular project. But
the user module settings are local to each
module placed in the project. The training
modules are given as follows:
Stepper Motor Control
The aim of this module is to introduce the
basic features of PSoC with minimal user
Student, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, India, E-mail: gokulavasan@gmail.com
Ideal Sensors, Mount Road, Chennai, India
Head, Design Development and Service Section, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India
* Author for correspondence
b
c
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 1
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(c) Adoption
and
Technology
with the commissioning of LD Converters

and subsequently Electric Arc Furnaces
and Rolling Mills. Keeping pace with the
advancement in technologies, VISL kept
on modernising and updating the facilities
from time to time. The company which
started under the name of Mysore Wood
Distillation & Iron Works in 1918 under
State government was taken over by Steel
Authority of India Limited (SAIL) in 1989 as
a subsidiary. It was amalgamated with
SAIL in 1998 and is now known as
Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Plant (VISL).
VISL has updated its facilities from time to

time keeping pace with the technology. It
has many firsts to its credit, some of which
are:
VISL is recognised today as a quality steel

producer in the country and caters to the
stringent quality requirements of strategic
sectors like Defence, Nuclear Power,
Aeronautics, Power Generation, Railways,
Automobile, Ball Bearing, Forging and
General Engineering. Currently, VISL is
producing various grades of alloy and
special steels through BF BOF LF
VD/VOD Ingot/CC route. VISL is the first
Plant in the country to produce high alloy
steels like stainless steels, hot work steels,
cold work steels etc. through this route.
Forgings and components made from steel
produced by VISL are getting exported to
countries like USA, UK, Germany, Japan,
China etc.
The present production
facilities, process flow-charts and steel
grades produced are given in the
Annexures II to IV.
Production of high alloy steels like

stainless steels, hot work steels, cold
work steels etc. through BF-BOF-LFVD/VOD-Ingot/CC
route
which
ensures freedom from undesirable
tramp elements
Production of steel through 100%

bottom pouring from the very
inception
Production of soft magnetic iron
Installation of Long Forging Machine
2. Industry-Institution Interactions
at VISL
(a) Iron & Steel Technology in India
FO
The knowledge of producing iron and steel

existed in India from ancient times. Iron
pillars of Delhi and that at Kodachadri,
Karnataka, are excellent examples of the
skill of ancient Indian craftsmen in the field
of ferrous metallurgy. Manufacturing of
steel started in India from 1000 B.C. The
legendary wootz steel was produced
through crucible process in South India
from 500 B.C. The word wootz is derived
from the word ukku in Kannada which
means steel. This high quality steel was
used to make famous Damascus Swords.
No wonder that VISL was set up in the
land of wootz in Mysore state.
OX
The plant has received prestigious ISO/

TS16949-2002 Quality Certification.
(b) Industry-Institution Interactions at

VISL
During the course of its existence, the unit

also produced cast iron pipes, ferro alloys,
steel through open hearth furnaces and
electric furnaces, steel foundry casting,
non-ferrous castings, wire rod and
structurals and cement. These facilities
have now been discontinued.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 2
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(b) Present status
Updation
From the very beginning, interactions

between VISL and educational institutions
were prevalent. It is mainly due to the fact
that:
24
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etc. The LCD is updated every time the

PSoC gets an instruction from the
LabVIEW user interface. The code for
PSoC was written in C with the help of
ImageCraft C-compiler. The complete
algorithm is given in the Appendix (a).
Instrument, the desired values are set

using the controls and the execute control
button is pressed for the motor control. The
block diagram contains the graphical
programming flow which defines the
execution of the program. LabVIEWs VISA
control VIs are used for opening the COM
port for execution, writing and reading the
data at the particular COM port and also
for closing the COM port. The space was
used as the parameter delimiter to
separate the different data that is being
written to the PSoC. The PSoC uses the
frequency data to change the Timer
Compare value. When the execute button
is button pressed, the mode of operation,
desired frequency of step advancement
and
the
number
of
steps
are
communicated
to
the
PSoC
microcontroller.
OX
FO
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Figure1 shows the front panel of the Virtual

Instrument Design on LabVIEW. The user
can choose the desired mode of operation
(finite or non-stop) using the Boolean
control. The number of steps (only during
the finite operation mode) and frequency of
step advancement of the motor can be set
using the Dial controls displayed on the
front panel of the VI. The values on the
dials are also displayed on the Textbox.
The direction of rotation (clockwise or
counter clockwise) can also be chosen
using a Boolean switch control. After
starting the execution of the Virtual
Figure 2 User Module Placement View
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DC Motor Control Module and ADC
ADC. The algorithm is given in the

Appendix (b).
The aim of this tutorial module is to

demonstrate to the user the most important
feature of PSoC On Chip Analog
Modules and also the control of DC Motor
using a Pulse Width Modulator (PWM). In
this module, the speed of the DC
Keypad Module
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Keypad is often used for standalone

instruments. Different varieties of keypad
functionality exist. In this module, the user
can learn about different keypad issues
like software de-bouncing and also the
programming technique for sticky keys
(where in, the key press is validated
quickly after an initial delay when the key is
held down). 8-bit timer, LCD module and
UART modules (for debugging purpose)
are the chosen user modules. The key
press is checked for n times (when the
Timer Interrupt occurs) for the first time key
validation. This eliminates most of the debouncing problem. After the first validation,
the check is done only for less than n/2
times. This increases the speed at which
the value is incremented. The updated
value is displayed on the LCD unit and
also seen on the HyperTerminal on the
computer. The algorithm is given in the
Appendix (c).
Motor is varied proportional to the voltage

drop across a Potentiometer. Figure 2
shows the User Module Placement View in
the PSoC Designer. Two of the analog
modules of the PSoC microcontroller
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and
Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) were
put to use. The PSoC user module window
consists of ADC, PGA (named as Buffer),
UART, a 8-bit Counter (Baud), LCD
Module and 16-bit PWM (named as LED).
The ADC is used to digitize/read the
voltage drop across the potentiometer
which varies between 0-5 Volts. PGA is
used as an analog buffer (gain is set as
one). UART is used for communication
with LabVIEW through RS232. 8-bit
Counter is used to generate the clock for
UART to function at baud rate of 38400
bps. LCD Module is used for direct LCD
access subroutines. PWM is used for
controlling the speed of DC Motor. The
user interface in LabVIEW consists of only
three textboxes which are displaying the
continuously updated values of voltage
drop across potentiometer and the
percentage of PWM.
Conclusion
FO
PSoC provides an Embedded System

Designer with excellent features and
facilities which can be used to address
many problems. PSoC Designer plays an
important role in the development of a
project using this microcontroller. The
powerful
features
and
graphical
development environment
of PSoC
Designer and LabVIEW reduces the
project development time drastically and at
the same time cutting down on the BOM
(Bill of Materials). Many projects at Ideal
Sensors are now being carried out using
PSoC and LabVIEW.
OX
The baud rate is set at 38400 bps. In the

C-code for PSoC, all the modules are
activated and the ADC value is read. The
values range from -2048 to 2047. The
value is scaled to 0 to 4095 by adding
2048. The PWM compare value is updated
with the scaled ADC value. The LCD unit
also displays the scaled value from the
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7. Keep updating the LCD with the

frequency value and step count.
References
1. Architecture and Programming of
PSoC Microcontrollers, Free Online
Book, http://www.easypsoc.com/book/,
May 2007.
8. Stop the motor after if the step

counts are complete.
(b) Algorithm for DC Motor Control
2. Ashby, Robert (2006), Designers

Guide to the Cypress PSoC, Elsevier,
Delhi, pp 54-56.
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1. Initialize the user modules.
2. Get the start command from

LabVIEW. Wait until the command
arrives.
3. Cypress Microsystems (2006), UART

Datasheet ver. 5.2, PSoC Designer
3. Sample the voltage drop across

the Potentiometer.
4. Instrument
Control in LabVIEW
Tutorial,
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/
3511, May 2007.
4. Modify the PWM compare value

(thereby changing the duty cycle of
the DC Motor).
5. PWM
DC
Motor
Control,
http://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/moto
rcon.asp, July 2007.
5. Send the value of Duty Cycle and

ADC value to LabVIEW for display.
6. Go to step 3.
6. Stepper Motor Control Connection

Diagram,http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ih/do
c/stepper/control2/connect.html,
July
2007.
Appendix
(c) Algorithm for Key press
1. Initialize all the user modules.

2. The Timer Interrupt Service
Routine returns the status of
pushbuttons connected to PSoC.
(a) Algorithm for Stepper motor Control
3. An increment function is called

which keeps track of the time for
which the button has been in ON
position.
1. Initialize the user modules.
2. Wait for the command from

LabVIEW through Serial Port.
3. After the reception of the

command,
acknowledge
by
sending a confirmation character.
4. When the threshold count is

reached the button press is
considered to be valid and
information is conveyed to the user
via the LCD.
4. Depending on whether it is a finite

or infinite step mode get other
parameters like number of steps
and/or frequency of steps and
direction.
FO
5. If the same button is being held

continuously the threshold value
for comparison is reduced to half
its value so that increment
happens faster (sticky keys).
OX
5. Update the Period register of the

Timer module depending upon the
frequency sent by LabVIEW.
6. Go back to step 3.
6. On Timer Interrupt, step through

the full-step sequence of the
Stepper motor.
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JOURNAL ARTICLE 4
RTOS based Machine Controller through Speech using ESTREL
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RTOS based Machine Controller through Speech using

ESTREL
Maheswari.R*
Abstract
Embedded system architecture is developed in a mobile-like handset device for controlling

machineries in Industries through wireless mode of communication. Speech recognition is the ability
of machines to respond to spoken commands. This mechanism is activated in two ways viz. speech and
manually The speech implementation is performed when speech input is given to the device. A
software program is developed for recognizing the commands. It performs according to the conditions
specified in the code and corresponding machinery actions are controlled. The manual
implementation is executed when the user presses on the button, which is designed to control all
necessary actions in the Machine. This method of automating the machines in the Industry serves as a
communication & controlling aid to the differently-able people working in the Industries. This paper
deals with the design of the RTOS based Machine Controller through Speech using ESTREL.
Key words: Speech Recognition, Real Time Micro Controller RTX2000

Scheduling
Introduction
The main aim of designing this handset is

to provide a tool of accessibility to those
individuals who are working in the
Industries with some physical or cognitive
difficulties, impairments, and disabilities.
Deterministic algorithms
Usually some sort of priority
Predictable worst-case task fly
back time.
Resource Management
Low-overhead
Aware of priority inversions
Interrupt Handling
Guaranteed worst-case interrupt
latency
Cyprian F.Ngolah, Yingxu Wang, and
Xinming Tan (2004) proposed a formal
description
about
task
scheduling
algorithms which avoids multiple blocking
and deadlock problems.
OX
FO
A software program is developed for

recognizing the commands. It derives the
input from the user in form of speech then
recognizes it and performs according to
the conditions specified in the code and
corresponding machinery actions are
controlled.
The handset is proposed to design

Speaker Independent Controller for
Industry applications using ESTREL
language to control certain Real Time Task
Andreas Gerslauer, Haobo Yu, Daniel
D.Gajski (2003) proposed implementation
of the high level models in RTOS. Certain
RTOS features have been incorporated to
perform some Real Time Task such as
Process
A typical complete speech recognition
process consists of the following parts: (1)
Sound Converter (2) Fragmentation, and
(3) Recognition.
* Associate Software Analyst, Bally Technology, Chennai, India, Email: maheswari_20@hotmail.com
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Sound Acquisition: The user voice is

captured with the help of mic in a handset.
Comparison and classification

At this stage, comparison is done with the
help of the generated word and the words
on the program. Based on the result the
appropriate function is performed.
Sound Conversion: The digital sound

captured by the sound card through a mic
is converted in to a more manageable
format. The converter translates the
stream of amplitudes that forms the digital
sound wave in to its frequency
components. It is
still a digital
representation, but more akin to what a
human ear really perceives.
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Fragmentation
System Architecture
The proposed architecture for building

speech recognition system, has two modes
of commands such as speech command
and manual command given by the user
and processes it to perform the activation
of the desired appliance.
The next stage is the identification of

phonemes the elementary sound that are
building blocks of words. Each frequency
component of sound is mapped to a
specific phoneme. This process actually
finishes the conversion from sounds to
words.
Recognition
Overview
It is architecture for controlling the home

appliance through the speech command.
The user will give the command to a
handset that contains the speech
recognizing software system. On receiving
the sound signal the software does the
recognizing process as described above.
The final step is to analyze the string. A

Grammar, the list of words known to the
program, lets the engine to associate the
phoneme with particular word.
The architecture of the system is described

as in Figure 1.The input is derived from the
user and when the speech recognition
component is present in the user program
senses the sound it activates the speech
recognition engine to process the input
word and to do the comparison operation.
After the comparison task is completed the
matched word is transferred to the user
program. On receiving the matched word
the program executes signal transmission
function.
Recognition procedure is divided into two

consecutive stages depending on data set
and test set. It consists of two stages:
1. Training (for data set)
2. Comparison and Classification (for test

set)
Training
Working Principle
FO
The words, which have to be recognized,

need to be added in the database provided
in the software. The words can be
dynamically added to the database. Sushi1
Kumar Podder, et al (2003), proposed a
prototype for a large vocabulary and
continuous speech recognition system and
increased performance by Sphinx3. Some
level of training is required to be done for
accurate recognition.
OX
The proposed model consists of three

main units:
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
Remote
Receiving Unit
Appliances
The user needs to select their mode of
control based on their ability to access,
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either speech or by pressing button. The

default mode is Speech Mode where as
the user can switch on to manual mode by
changing the direction of Mode Control
Button (provided in the side of the
handset).
Remote
It consists of:
Dynamic scheduling
Alarm / Timer
User program
Speech recognition engine
Transmitter unit
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FO
Figure 1 Architecture of Machine Controller
Scheduling algorithm in RTOS will resolve

the conflict and activate/deactivate the
machine that has highest priority.
Dynamic Real time Scheduling
OX
Ameet Patil and Neil Audsley (2004)

proposed that a RTOS kernel which is
being worked on a module-based reflective
mechanism that allows applications to
dynamically change the behaviour of
RTOS.
Melissa Vetromille, Luciano et al (2006)

proposed three different RTOS scheduler
implementation
approaches:
(i)
implemented in software running in the
same processor of the application tasks,
(ii) implemented in software running in a
If the remote is going to receive two or

more input at a same time then Aperiodic
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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co-processor, and (iii) implemented in

hardware, while application tasks are
running on a processor.
any mismatch, it is brought to the

knowledge of the user in both the modes.
The circuit is a stand-alone trainable
speech recognition circuit that may be
interfaced to control just about anything
electrical, such as; appliances, robots, test
instruments, VCR's TV's, etc. The circuit is
trained (programmed) to recognize the
words you want it to recognize. The unit
can be trained in any language and even
non-languages such as grunts, birdcalls
and
whistles.
The
entire
speech
recognition circuit is available as a kit (SR07) or may be hardwired together in
accordance with the schematic.
Alarm / Timer
User Program
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In case of emergency such as Machine out

of control, mishandling of machines,
machine jam etc, the ESTREL program for
alarm is activated to produce alarm sound.
Timer program is written to set some time
duration for the machine to work and bring
down the machine when the time elapses.
Depending on user input mode, the user

program gets invoked and it receives the
input signal. If the input is speech, then the
speech recognition component in the
program sends the phrase specified by the
user to the speech recognition engine for
recognition.
The speech recognition circuit (SR-07)

uses a simple keypad and digital display to
communicate with and program the
HM2007 chip as shown in Figure 2.
This chip provides the options of
recognizing either forty .96-second words
or twenty 1.92-second words. A jumper on
the main circuit board selects either the
.96-second word length (40 word
vocabulary) or the 1.92-second word
length (20 word vocabulary). For accuracy
1.92-second option is used.
Speech Recognition Engine
The proposed recognition software is

speaker independent. Yong-Qian Ying
and Peng-Yung Woo (1999) proposed the
speech recognition in digital speech
processing. The models such as Markov
model, dynamic Time Warping are
compared with the newly developed
technology.
This chip provides the options of

recognizing either forty .96-second words
or twenty 1.92-second words. A jumper on
the main circuit board selects either the
.96-second word length (40 word
vocabulary) or the 1.92-second word
length (20 word vocabulary). For accuracy
1.92-second option is used.
FO
The engine splits the received string in to

phonemes and tries to group the
homophones together from vast collection
of words in the database. These grouped
words are then compared with a set of
words, which are already saved in the
database.
OX
The keypad is made up of 12 switches.

123
If there occurs a match, then that word is

returned to the user program. Then the
checking is performed between the
returned string from engine & a set of
options in user program. If the condition
satisfies, the signal containing the data is
transferred to micro controller. If there is
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*0#
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Figure 2 Speech Recognition Circuit
for training the word. When the "#" key is

pressed it signals the chip to listen for a
training word and the red LED turns back
on. Now speak the word you want the
circuit to recognize into the microphone.
The LED should blink off momentarily; this
is a signal that the word has been
accepted.
When the circuit is turned on, the HM2007

checks memory (static RAM) status. If
successful, the board displays "00" on the
digital display and lights the red LED
(READY). In the "Ready" state, the circuit
is listening for a verbal word to recognize
or may be programmed (trained).
Training
Continue training new words using the

procedure outlined above. Press the "2"
key then "#" key to train the second word
and so on.
FO
To train the circuit, press the word number

that need to be trained on the keypad. The
circuit can be trained to recognize either 40
(one-second) words or 20 (two-second)
words. This option is selected by setting a
jumper on the main circuit board. Any
number between 1 and 20 or 40 is used.
For example press the number "1" to train
word number 1. When the number(s) is
pressed on the keypad the red LED will
turn off. The number is displayed on the
digital display. Next the "#" key is pressed
OX
To train the system for speaker

independent recognition (Multi-user):
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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Use four word spaces for each target

word
Arrange the words so that the words

can be recognized by just decoding the
least significant digit (number)
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To accomplish this word, spaces 01, 11,

21 and 31 are allocated to the first target
word. By only decoding the least significant
digit number, in this case 1 of "X" "1"
(where X is any number 0 - 3) we can
recognize the target word.
Transmitter Unit
Signal Processing
According to the data the micro controller
receives, it generates a signal containing
port number to specific appliance and a
value. Colt R.correa, et al proposed a
prototype of hardened version of the 8051
micro controller, able to assure reliable
operation in the presence of bit flips
caused by radiation.
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This will enable the system to recognize

different
voices,
inflections
and
enunciations of the target word. The more
system resources that are allocated for
independent recognition, the more robust
the circuit will become.
The AT89C51 is a low-power, highperformance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and
erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The effective vocabulary drops from forty

words to ten words. The decoding circuit
that recognizes the word number and
performs a function must be designed to
recognize error codes 55, 66 and 77 and
not confuse them with word spaces 5, 6
and 7.
Testing Recognition
The AT89C51 provides the following

standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit
timer/counters, a five vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial
port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
The circuit is continually listening. Repeat

a training word into the microphone. The
number of the word should be displayed on
the digital display. For instance if the word
"directory" was trained as word number 5.
Saying the word "directory" into the
microphone will cause the number 5 to be
displayed on the digital display.
Error Codes
Chao-Lin Wu, Wei-Chen Wang, and LiChen Fu (2004) proposed the method for
reducing
the
network
tramc
and
computation load by delegating the
management function to each control
node.
Then this signal is transferred to the
transmitter.
The chip provides the following error

codes.
55 = word too long
66 = word too short
77 = word no match
Signal Transmission
Clearing the Memory
Hiroyuki et al (2005) proposed an RTOS

oriented methodology for design and
validation of embedded systems.
OX
FO
Transmitter converts the digital signal to

RF signal (whose frequency is less than
1GHz) with a specific frequency & control
transfers to receiving unit.
To erase all the words in the RAM memory

(Training) the key "99" is pressed on the
keypad then the "*" key is pressed. The
display will scroll through the numbers 140 (or 1-20) quickly, clearing out the
memory. To erase a single word space
press the number of the word you want to
clear, then press the "*" key.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
The programming style in ESTEREL, an

imperative synchronous language and the
target processor is RTX2000 a highperformance Real Time Micro-Controller
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The micro controller used is RTX2000. It is

a highperformance chip, based on RISC
architecture. Several of its characteristics
are valuable for real time applications.
Transmitter & Receiver

The TWS-434 and RWS-434 are extremely
small, and are excellent for applications
requiring short-range RF remote controls.
The transmitter module is only 1/3 the size
of a standard postage stamp, and can
easily be placed inside a small plastic
enclosure (Figure 3).
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The approach tries to take advantage of

both synchronous languages and modern
micro controllers.
The following design methods are advised:
1. Start with an imperative synchronous

language (ESTEREL) to program the
application
2. Compile ESTEREL into the machine

language of an efficient micro
controller (RTX 2000)
3. Verify if the implementation meets the
perfect synchronism hypothesis for the
given application.
Figure 3 TWS-434 & RWS-434 Pin

Diagram
An ESTEREL is used to program the

alarm/timer circuit.
Encoder
Manual Mode
The same
carried out
expect the
transfer into
HT12A/HT12E-212 Series of Encoders is

used to the encode the signal in the
transmitter unit.
Receiving Unit
Signal Reception Decoder
Unique Features
Some features are proposed uniquely for

visually challenged people:
The receiver captures the wireless signal

and
HT12D/HT12F-212
Series
of
Decoders is used to decode the signal
received from the transmitting unit. The
decoded signal is transferred to the micro
controller. The micro controller identifies
the corresponding relay with the help of the
frequency value. The micro controller
sends activation / deactivation signal to
relay according to the input.
Power failure notification

Signal Retransmission
Power Failure Notification
OX
FO
Notification is brought to the user in two

modes:
If it is in speech mode, a prerecorded
Voice Message saying, Power
Failure is spoken out.
If it is in manual mode, it displays
Power Failure in display unit.
This Power Failure Notification feature
is essential for visually challenged
people.
Arno Wacker, et al (2004) proposed a

scheme that allows easy addition and
removal of devices/machine.
Whenever the relay gets the signal from
the micro-controller it gets activated and
the voltage is passed on to the machine.
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
sequence of operations is
for the manual mode input
input signal control never
speech recognition engine.
70
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Scheme
for
Wireless
Home
Automation
Networks,
IEEE
Transaction on Consumer Electronics,
pp 47-52.
Signal Retransmission
The signal is retransmitted to the
transmitter unit for acknowledgement in
both the mode. This enhances the
efficiency of this method of automation.
4. Chao-Lin Wu, Wei-Chen Wang, and LiChen Fu (2004). Mobile Agent based
Integrated
Control
Architecturefor
Home Automation System, IEEE
transaction of Intelligent Robots.
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If the input is in button mode the user

presses the button, the signal is send to
the program and the same set of
procedure as on other mode is performed.
Proposed Handset Model would look like
Figure 4.
5. Colt
R.correa,
Dr.Selim
Awad
(2001).Embedded controller software
and Algorithm Development Tool,
IEEE
Instrumentation
and
Measurement.
6. Cyprian F.Ngolah, Yingxu Wang, and
Xinming Tan (2004). Implementing
Task Scheduling and Event Handling
in RTOS, IEEE Transaction on
Computers.
Figure 4 Remote
Conclusion
7. Hiroyuki
Tomiyama
Shin-Ichiro
Chikada Shinya Honda Hiroaki Takada
(2005). An RTOS-Based Approach To
Design And Validation Of Embedded
Systems, IEEE Transactions on
Consumer Eectronics.
The architecture for automating the

machines in industry with the help of
speech recognition and manual mode is
propose which will be helpful for the
visually impaired and for physically
challenged people.
References
8. Melissa Vetromille, Luciano Ost, Csar

A. M. Marcon, Carlos Reif, Fabiano
Hessel
(2006).RTOS
Scheduler
Implementation In Hardware And
Software For Real Time Applications,
Proceedings of the 7th IEEE on Rapid
System Prototyping.
1. Ameet Patil and Neil Audsley.

Implementing Application Specific
RTOS Policies Using Reflection
th
(2004), Proceedings of 11 IEEE
REAL time and Embedded Technology
and Applications Symposium. Sushi1
Kumar Podder, Khaled
OX
FO
9. Sushil Kumar Podder, Khaled Shaban,

Jiping Sun, Fakhri Karray, Otman
Basir, And Mohamed Kame 1 (2003),
Performance
Improvement
of
Automatic
Speech
Recognition
Systems Via Multiple Language
Models Produced By Sentence-Based
Clustering, IEEE Transactions On
Consumer,pp 362-367.
2. Andreas Gerslauer, Haobo Yu, Daniel

D.Gajski (2003). RTOS Modeling for
IEEE
System
Level
Design,
Transaction on Computer Vol:21,No:1.
10. Yong-Qian Ying, Peng-Yung Woo

(1999), Speech Recognition Using
Fuzzy Logic, IEEE Transactions on
Computers.
3. Arno Wacker, Timo Heiber, and Holger

cermann (2004).A Key Distribution
CURIE, 2008, Vol. 1, No. 3
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BITS, Pilani
77
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INHERITANCE OF LOSS

M.V. Harsha Vardhan
(A Fourth Year Student of Computer Science at BITS, Pilani, Goa Campus)
This analysis is part of a project done under the supervision of Prof. Meenakshi Raman.
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Summary of the novel
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The novel is primarily set in Kalimpong at the foothills of the Himalayas in the mid 1980s
during the agitation in Nepal for the establishment of a Gorkha state. However, like many of
its characters, the novel straddles two lands - one of the main storylines is that of Biju who
has emigrated from Kalimpong and is living in NYC. The counter to Bijus story of struggle
as an immigrant in NYC is that of the Judge, the Judges grand-daughter Sai and Bijus
father, Cook all living in an isolated house in Kalimpong.
Sais arrival sets the judge down memory lane and he remembers making his journey
to England as a young lad leaving his hometown of Pilphit in the Western Indian state
of Gujarat. The judges solitary character combined with his extreme shyness is so intense
that he soon evolves into a totally self-centered, cynical person: He envied the English. He
loathed Indians. He worked at being English with the passion of hatred and for what he
would become, he would be despised by absolutely everyone, English and Indians, both,
Desai writes. Nevertheless he strikes up a tentative attachment to his grand-daughter perhaps
because she is a lot like him, a Westernized Indian, an estranged Indian living in India.
The 17-year-old Sai and the slightly older tutor, Gyan, engage in a brief crush. Soon
however, the politics of the moment envelop the relationship. Gyan ends up being transported
by history, and nds himself rallying for the cause of fellow Nepali Indians who seek to have
their own country or at least their own state. In India, during the 1980s, the Gorkha National
Liberation Front (GNLF) led an often very violent movement seeking a Nepali state. Desais
book captures some of this history well.
As unrest breaks out in Kalimpong over the establishment of a Gorkha state, Sai, Judge
and Cook are all forced to face the upending of a hierarchy that has dened their lives, for
better or worse.
Meanwhile, far away from the foothills of the Himalayas, Biju is living in a different kind
of chaos waiting tables and eking out an existence as an illegal alien in NY.The poignancy
of Bijus sense of being alone in NY but realizing that he also does not really t in at home
is powerful. He desperately misses his father but also recognizes that his emigration, this
fulllment of his fathers dream for him, has created a distance between them emotionally
that will likely never be bridged. That loss is palpable.Meanwhile,Kalimpong slips into a
state of total anarchy,with the insurgents ruling the roost.
Mutt,the judges dog is stolen by people from a near by village.This loss breaks the judge.
He thinks of the loss as the retribution for the ill treatment he had meted out to his family
members.Sai,has a altercation with gyan and decides to end the relationship but she still
nurtures hope for his return.
Finally,Biju decides to come back to india and to kalimpong unaware of how bad the
situation in kalimpong has become.On his way home he is humiliated and robbed by
insurgents.But he nally reaches Cho oyu.The book ends with the cook and the Biju meeting
each other.
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Themes in the novel
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Race
The issue of race is vividly described in the case of Biju. During his stay in New York, the
reader meets people from the whole world. Through this shift between India and America,
Desai is able to draw attention to important differences between the East and the West. Biju
is the son of the cook at Cho Oyu, and as a young man he leaves for New York in order to
secure the future for himself and his father. His efforts to get a tourist visa for the United
States have been both challenging and humiliating for him, and he is well aware that his
only possibility is to stay and work illegally. The readers rst meeting with Biju illustrates
how he restlessly moves from one illegal ill-paid job to another. He always fears being caught
and sent back home by the authorities. The humiliation of continually losing a job is always
present: Nothing I can do, the manager said, pink from having to dole out humiliation
to these menJust disappear quietly is my advice. So they disappeared . This quote
illustrates how the system of illegal immigrants works and how they are being treated. The
pink skin colour of the manager suggests the dominance of white people in positions like
this, while the workers in the kitchens are mostly dark skinned and of Third World origin.
Further, the quote emphasizes how it is a necessity for the undocumented immigrants to be
invisible at the surface, and how they become the shadow class of society. In practical terms,
this means that they have no rights in the American society, and that they have to accept the
jobs, the pay and the poor lodgings and facilities which are offered. In order to keep their
jobs, they must never complain or disagree. Financially, the undocumented workers mean
a lot to the owners and managers, as especially workers from the Third World are low-cost
labour. However, as for example at Pinocchios Restaurant, where Biju works for a period,
the owners wife prefers illegal workers from the poorer parts of Europe rather than workers
from other continents. With European workers she feels she has something in common, like
religion and skin-colour. The only problem is that they werent coming in numbers great
enough or they werent coming desperate enough . Thus, the theme of race discrimination
is present among illegal workers in New York.
OX
Ethnicity and discrimination

All nations and ethnic groups of people represented in The Inheritance of Loss are important
as to give a full picture of the issues of race and ethnicity and the challenges of a postcolonial
and multicultural society. Through the characters of the two Indian born Anglophile sisters,
Noni and Lola, Desai illustrates the complexity of this situation, however,this time seen
from a different angle. Lola and Noni represent the few Indians who have been able to
benet from the British inuence. Before she is widowed Lola was married to Joydeep and,
as the name of her husband suggests, they were able to enjoy life fully without worries about
the future. Together they planned their retirement at the rose-covered cottage Mon Ami
in Kalimpong surrounded by beautiful scenery and a nice view of the Himalayas. When
Joydeep dies, Lolas unmarried sister Noni moves in with her, and they live on the pension
of Lolas husband . Even though their economy is somewhat reduced from now on, they
are basically able to maintain their western lifestyle for many years. When the GNLF takes
power in Kalimpong, this situation changes. Usually, when guerrilla groups take control,
everyone suffers - regardless of origin and class.Up until now the few privileged in this area,
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like Lola and Noni, have been able to live a safe life enjoying their wealth - with a distance
to the poor. From now on this situation dramatically changes: people like Lola and Noni
are discriminated against, humiliated and ridiculed in the same way as everyone else. They
lose most of their property to the GNLF movement, who see their estate as free land .
They are refused food, and they are spit on by Nepali children. When Lola visits the head
of the organization for the Kalimpong area to discuss her situation, she is humiliated and
discriminated against because of her ethnicity, class and gender
OX
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Class
In the rst few lines of the novel the reader is introduced to Cho Oyu and the people living
there. On the veranda, in the front, Sai is reading an article in National Geographic, while
the judge is playing chess against himself. The dog Mutt is sleeping peacefully under his
chair. This sophisticated scene illustrates the privileged and enjoyable activities of Sai and
the judge. Even the dog is able to enjoy the pleasures of life. The magazine Sai is reading
suggests an intellectual atmosphere, education and a connection to the West. At the back,
however, away from the light and apart from the others, the cook is trying to light some
damp wood to make tea. It is obvious that the cook is the servant and the judge the master.
By naming these characters by their profession, Desai wants to emphasize the social class
difference between them. Hence, the concept of class is established in the very rst page of
the novel and debated throughout.
The cook is poor. He lives in a mud and bamboo hut on the judges property. He has
only one extra shirt and few other personal belongings. He started to work when he was ten
years old, and was hired by the judge at the age of fourteen. From then, the judge and the
cook have been living together. The judge has been the powerful master, and the cook the
submissive all-around servant - doing his best to full the demanding tasks of the judge with
primitive facilities: only a corner of the kitchen was being used, since it was meant originally
for the slaving minions, not the one leftover servant. The low position of the cook further
mirrors how he sees himself: He was a powerless man, barely enough learning to read and
write, had worked like a donkey all his life, hoped only to avoid trouble, lived on only to see
his son .The communication between the judge and the cook is limited to strictly necessary
information and instructions. When the police arrive to investigate the robbery, the cook
tries to be a part of the conversation. This annoys the judge, and he says: Go sit in the
kitchen. Bar bar karta rehta hai . This statement is clearly condescending and conrms the
difference in rank between them. The fact that the judge gives the order in two languages
emphasizes their differences regarding cultural belonging and identity. The use of English
suggests loyalty to the former colonizers and the West, while the Indian phrase is used in a
patronizing way to maintain the class distinction between them and to make sure that the
cook has understood the message. This is one of the few times in the novel a conversation
between them is rendered. Another example takes place when the cook at one point asks
the judge for a raise since his salary had not been changed in years. The judge refuses; he
sees the cooks salary only as pocket money: All your expenses are paid for-housing,
clothing, food, medicines. This is extra, growled the judge . This example shows how easy
it is for educated people of high rank to manipulate and take advantage of people from lower
classes in society. When Sai arrives at Cho Oyu, the cook is not informed about why she has
arrived or that her parents are dead: Im never told anything . Thus, there are no signs of
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friendliness or understanding in their relationship, only a master giving orders and a servant
obeying his demands.
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Characterization
List of characters
Sai The female lead in the novel. She is the orphaned granddaughter of the Judge. Her
parents who were a part of a space program in Russia die in a accident. She is then sent to
a convent and after that she is sent to Kalimpong to live with her grandfather who initially
accepts her grudgingly, but eventually grows fond of her. Sai is portrayed as a affable, rened,
teenager with esoteric tastes. Her relationship with Gyan, her tutor suggests that she was
perhaps looking for some kind of acceptance and assurance.
Sai is embarrassed by the disparity between Gyan and her lifestyle and this becomes
evident during the quarrel they have near the end.Sai is deeply affected by Gyan,and despite
herself is unable to get rid of thoughts about him. This conict causes her lot of pain and is
the central point of her characterization in the second half of the book.
The Judge An unwanted anachronism in postcolonial India, The judge, Jemubhai Patel,
seems to have had his heart frozen long ago when he studied at Cambridge University and
learned to despise his fellow Indians. The only creature he truly loves now is a purebred dog
named Mutt. Retired from Indian Civil Service he has been living a quiet life in Kalimpong,
pondering about his past, spending his days staring at his chessboard, burning the memory
of his beginnings.
OX
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Cook The character of the cook has been used to depict the class difference, so deeply
entrenched in Indian society. The cook is very servile towards his master, the Judge. He
tolerates the brusqueness of the judge. It is evident from the novel that he loves Biju, and that
Biju is in some sense all that he is living for.
His telling lies about the judge, that is about the Judge being a person who gave value to
family, shows that the cook wanted people to respect him, for working under a nice man.
The cook is often torn between listening to his own call of humanity and listening to the
judges orders, for instance when the women and her father-in-law come to the judge asking
for help, the cook wants to help them, but is forced to follow the orders of the judge to
shoo them away.
Gyan Gyan is a 17 year old teenager,whose lifestyle is entirely opposite to that of Sai.
He tutors Sai,and eventually Sai and he get involved in a relationship.But with the rise
of the gorkha movement Gyan begins to feel ashamed about the relationship.A conict
develops within him.He is unable to chose in between supporting the Gorkha movement
wholeheartedly and in being with sai.So,from this is can be drawn that Gyan is quite tenuous
by nature.
Biju Biju, the son of Jemus cook,goes to America as an illegal immigrant ,after once
being duped by an fraud agency promising to send him abroad.Once he reaches there he
ekes out an existence as an undocumented worker in New York. Stumbling from one lowpaid restaurant job to another, living in seedy squalor with groups of other immigrant men,
Biju imagines what life would be like with a sofa, TV and a bank account. Spurred on by
his father, Biju came to the States thinking he could achieve the American dream, but the
reality is quite different. Its a whole world of basement kitchens, living so intensely with
others only to have them disappear overnight, one giant shadow class of men condemned
to movement, who end up leaving for other jobs, towns, are deported and return home or
change their names.Once in America,Biju feels an intense longing for his home and his
father.The longing is intensied by his own grief and by the growing unrest in Kalimpong.
Bijus characterization instantly draws the sympathy of the reader.
The judges only object of affection
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Mutt
Noni, Lola The two Anglophile ladies who befriend Sai and whose fragments of chat
jump from post-colonial wisdom to condential bigotry.They also tutor Sai,till it becomes
too hard for them to handle.
The characters in The Inheritance of Loss are insecure and unmoored, and are found
frequently struggling to survive in the modern world, unsure of whether they will ever see the
benets and prots of globalization. Desai doesnt present any easy answers to the problems
of those who are left behind by unstoppable economic growth - in fact, her world view is
quite cynical: where one side travels to be a servant, and the other side travels to be treated
like a King.
Desais characters are mired in self-hatred, their Indian heritage often making them feel
unnecessarily inferior, forced to live in a country where the English have arguably done great
harm, the result of the colonial enterprise of sticking your ag on what was not yours.
Desais novel is also a cautionary tale of the effects of globalization on individuals and on
communities while efciently illustrating the indissoluble bonds of love and family. It is
indeed a love story between a boy and a girl, between a father and his son, and a grandfather
and his granddaughter, where empathy and compassion often dene the quality of family
relationships.
OX
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Style of writing The narrative of The Inheritance Of Loss its between New York,
northern India and elsewhere, and also between the here and now, yesteryear and the judges
childhood.The author simultaneously narrates the story of the old judges youth, of his old
age with his granddaughter, and of the cooks son in New York.The narrative is in third
person. The division of the narrative into self-contained fragments gives memories the same
status as present events. As well as the geographic movement between continents, there is the
more frequent, more important movement between present and past. This oscillation, made
visible on the page, explains for us the taciturn gloom of the judge, for whom memories are
a kind of punishment. Dividing up the narrative also licenses the insertion of anecdotes and
fragments of dialogue. The divisions give us passages of description, where the narrative
lingers and idles, especially on the weird colours of each mountain season.
A novel of shifting points of view, The Inheritance of Loss its from one character to
another, from one emotion or sense impression to the next, its narrative form acting out the
sense of dislocation that is its theme.
The novels divisions may take its characters into their most painful recollections, but
they also allow the reader the pleasure of a scene suddenly captured, a place memorably
glimpsed.
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Conclusion
In short, the Inheritance of loss, though recondite and repetitive in some parts, is a very
entertaining read, which touches important issues such as globalization, ethnicity, caste
system, etc.
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Read discussions on The inheritance of loss at the following websites:

http://vectoreditors.wordpress.com/2007/05/14/the-inheritance-of-loss/
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/books/review/12mishra.html
http://www.sawnet.org/books/reviews.php?The+Inheritance+of+Loss
CHAPTER 12: READING TECHNIQUES
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Sample Passage 1
Sample Passage 2
Sample Passage 3
Sample Passage 4
Sample Passage 5
Sample Passage 6
Sample Passage 7
Sample Passage 8
Sample Passage 9
Sample Passage 10
Sample Passage 11
Sample Passage 12
Identifying Topic Sentence and keywords 13
Sentence sequence 14
Given below are eight passages, each followed by certain questions to check your
comprehension of the contents and the authors viewpoint. We have provided the answers
also in these sample passages. After going through these solved pas-sages, you can try the
exercises given at the end of this chapter.
Sample Passage 1
OX
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Do birds know how to come back home after a long ight? Bird scientists, known as
ornithologists, say that birds know exactly where they are and where their nests are. Even the
young ones can y hundreds of nautical miles without losing their way. How do they do it?
God has given them a tremendous sense of direction; possibly they have a compass of sorts in
their brain. Every year, we can see birds from north India y to the south. In India we have
several bird sanctuaries where birds from both parts of the globe come, spend a few months
and return when the climatic conditions in their homeland are more favourable. When it
is winter in the northern hemisphere, it is summer in the southern hemisphere. The birds
which cannot stand the cold climate y to the warmer regions. They are called migratory
birds. They can y non-stop up to twenty hours or so in one stretch and cover a few hundred
miles in one stop. The migratory birds always y in groups.
Questions
1. Who is an ornithologist?
2. Why do we call some birds migratory birds?
3. Are the seasons the same in both hemispheres?
Sample Passage 2
Petroleum products such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and
lubricating oils come from one sourcecrude oil found below the earths surface, as well as
under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000
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feet into the earths interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole into the earth,
but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Either pressure at the source or
pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil wells ow at varying rates, from about ten to thousands of barrels per hour.
Petroleum products are always measured in forty-two-gallon barrels.
Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or
opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon
and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found
in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classied as impurities. Trace elements are
also found, but in such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of
carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of
the various positions and unions of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are rened by heating crude oil and then condensing the
vapours. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate
oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel
oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated rening processes
rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of
which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
How is crude oil brought to the surface?

What are the principal components of all petroleum products?
What is heavy oil?
All of the following are listed as light oils EXCEPT
(a) Distillate oil (b) Gasoline (c) Lubricating oil (d) Kerosene
5. The word upgrade in the last but one line is closest in meaning to
(a) improve (b) counteract (c) charge (d) unite
Crude oil is brought to the surface by pressure and pumping.

The principal components of all petroleum products are hydrogen and carbon.
Heavy oil is the residue remaining after the light oils are distilled.
c
a
OX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FO
Answers
Sample Passage 3
If you are not in the grip of avarice, you will choose a trade or profession that appeals to you
as the means of self-expression and social service, even if you cannot earn much money by
it. Your daily duty is not merely money-making drudgery; it is your contribution to social
progress and the path of personal development. How sad must be the lot of the man or
woman who must do uncongenial work simply for the sake of more money? I know a younger
professor who loved literature passionately and taught it admirably; but his salary was small,
and he became a lawyer in order to secure a larger income. I tell you that man was guilty of
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a crime, and he will not be happy as a lawyer, though he may be a little more comfortable,
a little better fed and dressed and lodged. A musician who is born a violinist can never be
personally happy or socially useful as a prosperous merchant or stock-broker, as he will miss
the violin all the time. Avarice puts round men in square jobs and square men in rounds
jobs. At present many persons in all classes, rich and poor, are unhappy and restless because
their daily work is not interesting. It does not provide an outlet for the creative impulse and
the insistent urge of personality. Therefore, dont ask in youth, How can I earn the biggest
salary? Ask rather, How can I be truly happy and do most good to society? Then you may
have less money, but you will have more of life and joy.
Questions
1. When can a man choose a profession through which he can express himself and serve
others?
2. Why does the author consider the lawyer known to him guilty of a crime?
3. Why are most of the people unhappy at present?
4. When will a violinist be unhappy?
5. Who are the misplaced persons according to the writer?
6. What is the advice of the writer to the youth?
Answers
OX
FO
1. If one has to choose a profession to serve others, or to express his personality as a human
being, he must have no undue attraction towards money even if the profession can
provide it.
2. The lawyer was guilty as he left his real profession of a lecturer in which he had real
interesta passion for teachingsimply to earn a little more for material comforts. He
sold his happiness for a few pieces of gold.
3. One should take up a profession in which he has real involvement, in which he can
create something, where he can express his personality. Most people do not choose such
a profession. They choose one which gives them more money. Thus they are better off
but never happy.
4. The violinist will always be unhappy if he becomes a busy businessman because his real
interest is in violin. His love is for violin. He will miss it. If one loses his love he can never
be happy.
5. The persons who take up a job in which they are not primarily interested are misplaced
persons. They put themselves in such situations to earn more at the cost of their
personality and real interests.
6. Young people should nd ways to earn money, but should also devote themselves to the
cause of society. This will give them real happiness and make them more active too.
Sample Passage 4
The term co-operation loses its meaning when co-operative becomes competitive and just
a rm of retail shopkeepers, entering into rivalry with either similar co-operatives or private
shops. In the issue of licences, permits, supplies, grants, loans, etc. Government follows a
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general policy of preferring co-operatives to private organizations. Since Government itself is

run on party lines, this has led to rival co-operatives, one favoured by the party in power and
the other trying to checkmate it. To remedy this, one way would be to insist on having only
one multi-purpose co-operative in one unit, to eliminate all private dealers in distribution,
and to make membership in the co-operative society compulsory for every householder.
My feeling is that co-operatives, whether in selling, purchasing, or distributing should
be restricted to carry on their operations for and among their members only. They must
not become commission agents or middlemen between non-members on the one hand and
Government or the world on the other. Their purchases must be for the needs of their
members only, and not for sale to the public. Their sales to the public must be conned to
their own productions. Permits, grants, loans, and other help should be given to them for
proper distribution among their members only.
Questions
OX
Answers
FO
1. When does a co-operative lose its proper function?

2. What solution has been suggested by the writer to remove rivalry among cooperatives?
3. Why should membership be made compulsory for all householders?
4. Co-operatives should sell only those things to the public
(a) which they purchase from the market
(b) which are meant for consumers
(c) which they produce themselves
5. The word operation in the passage means
(a) a surgical procedure (b) work
(c) management
6. The co-operatives should purchase things
(a) for the requirements of their own members
(b) to secure more permits from the government
(c) to make supplies to the government
1. A co-operative ceases to function as a co-operative when it starts competing with retail
shopkeepers or with other co-operative societies either in sales or production.
2. According to the writer, rivalry can be removed by having only one co-operative society in
one area performing all those functions which are done by different types of societies.
3. Membership of multipurpose co-operative societies should be compulsory for all
householders to do away with all private dealers.
4. c
5. b
6. a
Sample Passage 5
When I go into a strangers library I wander round the bookshelves to learn what sort of
person the stranger is, and when he comes in I feel that I know the key to his mind and the
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range of his interests. A house without books is a characterless house, no matter how rich
the Persian rugs. These only tell you whether he has a lot of money, but the books tell you
whether he has got a mind as well. It is not a question of money that we do not buy books.
I repeat that the books are the cheapest as well as the best part of the equipment of a few
dollars. Nearly all the best literature in the world is at your command at two dollars a volume.
For 100 dollars you can get a library of fty books. Even if you do not read them yourself,
they are a priceless investment for your children. What delight is there like the revelation of
booksthe sudden impact of a master-spirit, the sense of a window ung wide open to the
universe? It is the adventures of the mind, the joy of which does not pass away, that give the
adventure of life itself beauty and fragrance.
Questions
FO
1. Why does the adventure of mind not pass away?

2. Why does the writer wander round the bookshelves when he goes to a strangers
house?
3. What delight does a good book provide?
4. What can books tell you about a stranger?
(a) That he is a rich man
(b) That he believes in priceless investment
(c) That he has good mental faculties
5. When one reads a good book, one is delighted because
(a) one nds the windows of the library opened
(b) one feels the inuence of a great writer
(c) one knows much about the universe
6. The words master-spirit in the passage mean
(a) a prominent writer
(b) the spiritual effect of a master
(c) one who has a control over the spirit of a man
Answers
OX
1. The adventures of the mind permeate ones own life, lling it with happiness that never
goes away.
2. The writer wanders round the bookshelves to learn about the mind of the owner.
3. A good book delights us as it reveals the mind of a great man.
4. c
5. b
6. b
Sample Passage 6
Our society is built with money for mortar; money is present in every joint of circumstance. It
might be named the social atmosphere, since in society, it is by that alone that men continue
to live, and only through that can they reach or affect one another. Money gives us food,
shelter, and privacy; it permits us to be clean in person, opens for us the doors of the theatre,
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gains us books for study or pleasure, enables us to help the distresses of others, and puts
us above necessity so that we can choose the best of life. If we have scruples, it gives us an
opportunity to be honest; if we have any bright designs, here is what will smooth the way to
their accomplishment. Penury is the worst slavery and will soon lead to death. But money
is only a means, it pre-supposes a man to use it. The rich man can go where he pleases,
but perhaps pleases himself nowhere. He can buy a library or visit the whole world but has
neither patience to read nor intelligence to see. The table may be loaded and the appetite
wanting; the purse may be loaded and the heart empty. He may have gained the world and
lost himself, with all his wealth around him in a great house. Without an appetite, without an
aspiration, void of appreciation, bankrupt of desire and hope, there in his great house, let him
sit and look at his nger. It is perhaps more fortunate to have a taste for collecting shells than
to be born a millionaire. Although neither is to despised, it is always a better policy to learn
an interest than to make a thousand pounds, for the money will soon be spent or perhaps you
may feel no joy in spending it, but interest remains imperishable and ever new.
1. Why does the writer give preference to collecting shells than to be born a very rich
man?
2. What is the source of mutual relations in the world?
3. How does money give us the opportunity to choose the best of life?
4. Why does the writer consider poverty as the worst slavery?
5. Why is it not possible for a rich man to enjoy his riches?
6. Explain the idea of the word appetite in the passage.
7. Do you agree with the statement that money is only a means? What is the end of life
hidden in the passage?
Answers
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1. Collecting shells is a permanent interest. One may have any other such interest. Money
may not remain with us permanently. One may not derive real pleasure through it.
Thus it is better to learn an interest than to be a rich man.
2. Money is the source of mutual relations in the world. We can reach others and create an
effect on them through money.
3. Money frees us from tension about the necessities of life. Freed from this worry, we get
time and opportunity to help others, and to acquire knowledge. So we can choose the
best of life, to follow our dreams, to be honest, and to create conveniences for others.
4. Poverty does not allow a man freedom. A poor man always depends upon others. Thus
it is the worst slavery.
5. A man cannot enjoy the best of food if he has no appetite. Money is only a means to an
end. A rich man cannot enjoy his riches if he is simply interested in accumulating wealth
and has no other desires or interests to pursue.
6. Appetite, in the passage, means desire or interest in enjoying and deriving emotional
pleasure from something.
7. Money is indeed a means of accomplishing the aims of ones life. A man who only
makes money for its own sake could be intellectually and emotionally bankrupt. The
goal of life is to develop all of ones faculties to the fullest and be of service to others.
Sample Passage 7
Questions
FO
Who are beneted by scientic mechanization?

Who is affected by scientic development and how?
What are the advantages reaped by progressive countries?
What is the effect of economic growth in progressive countries?
What is scientic industrialization responsible for in backward countries too?
Who prots by increase in GNP in backward countries?
Why do the prots of scientic development not go to the poor?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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The march of scientic mechanization over industry, throughout the world, is unabated,
so is the misery of the poor. Equally unchecked is the thriving of a few among the upper
rungs of industrial hierarchy and the bureaucratic and political echelons. One feels proud
of the scientic innovations in the manufacturing process where manpower is speedily being
replaced by capital potential. The researches in the eld are so swift that the labour factor is
gradually being eliminated. Automation has withdrawn hazards from man but has offered
him unemployment. In the progressing countries, where there is no check on population,
scientic industrialization has become an eyesore on the job front. It has resulted in long
queues at the employment exchanges.
Scientic industrial development has proved manna for the progressive countries of
Western Europe, Canada, the USA, and Japan. They reap certain advantages over the
backward nations. It has provided a luxurious life even to the common man there. Scientic
researches result in mass production of commodities. Thus the West has a huge surplus of
nished goods to ood the world market and to reap prots. The resultant economic growth
in these countries enables them to proceed with further scientic researches to make the
industries more capital oriented. Thus they always have an advantage over the backward
countries.
Notwithstanding the backwardness or poverty, scientic industrialization is responsible
for an increase in the Gross National Product in progressing countries like India too. But
it creates two-fold problems. The advantages of this increase in Gross National Product
are reaped by the rich, for it is they who have invested money. The growth of capital too is
their prerogative. The prots and interest go to the coffers of the industrialists. The fruits
of progress and mechanization do not go to the poor. It is only a class, a group that benets
from scientic development, not all.
Answers
1. Scientic mechanization has been advantageous to the rich, the bureaucrats, and the
political leaders.
2. Scientic development has affected workers the most. Automation has withdrawn men
from work. Thus it has resulted in large scale unemployment. It has affected people in
backward countries the most, where population is increasing.
3. Scientic research in progressive countries has contributed to greatly improving the
standard of living even among common people. The progressive countries manufacture
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Sample Passage 8
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goods on a large scale, leading to increased incomes and more luxurious lifestyle for their
people. They also have huge surplus goods to sell in the foreign market.
4. Economic growth allows the progressive countries to spend on further research which
backward countries cannot afford. Thus they always have an advantage over developing
countries.
5. Scientic development increases the Gross National Product even in backward countries,
i.e., the total volume of production is increased.
6. As the GNP increases through more investment by the rich on mechanized production,
they reap the prots. The benets of scientic development in industry has resulted in
greater mechanization. Since the poor do not own industries, these benets do not reach
them. On the contrary increased automation means fewer jobs; so the poor lose out on
employment too.
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It has always been clear that a properly designed media programme uses press, posters,
printed leaets, and so on in proportions suitable to the nature of the product itself. In
such a programme, television occupies a relatively important place if the product is sold in
small quantities at a low price to the vast mass of the people. It is regarded as a quick-acting
medium, peculiarly suited to promoting impulse purchases.
Larger items, such as cars and refrigerators, may be more protably advertised in the
press or other media which are examined in greater detail and more at leisure than television
commercials can possibly be. Nevertheless, in most mass advertising campaigns, the media
are used in combination with each other, in proportions which tend to be more and more
carefully, and even scientically, determined.
It is signicant, in this connection, that the poster medium, and outdoor advertising
generally are now staging something of a recovery, after sustaining what at rst looked like
a severe blow at the time of introduction of commercial television into the United Kingdom
in 1955.
Media planning is only one of the branches of the British advertising business, where more
exact methods of measurement and the close study of statistical data have made considerable
headway in recent years. The marketing and research departments of advertisers themselves,
and of the agents who act as middlemen between advertisers and media owners in the case
of more than 50 per cent of British advertising business, are constantly expanding. These
departments have for some time included a number of university graduates, usually with
particular qualications in statistics, and the movement of university-trained men into the
advertising business is growing, as is the study of advertising problems in the universities
themselves, particularly in the departments of economics, psychology, and sociology.
Questions
1. A properly designed media programme uses
(a) television if the commodity is produced on a large scale
(b) different sources of media according to the type of the product
(c) a media which depends on the impulse
2. The producers advertise larger items
Answers
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(a) on television commercials to appeal to the people

(b) in the press so that the customer may see details leisurely
(c) to make prot through poster advertisement
3. The poster medium and outdoor advertisement
(a) started in the United Kingdom in 1955
(b) are again becoming popular these days
(c) nowadays depend upon commercial television
4. British advertising business
(a) is one of the branches of media planning
(b) has a close study of roads and ways in recent years
(c) closely studies methods of advertisement
5. The marketing and research departments of advertisers
(a) have employed a number of university graduates
(b) have appointed 50 percent middlemen
(c) have started departments of economics, psychology, and sociology
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. c 5. a
Skills Check 1
Directions: Quickly (3045 seconds) run through the passage and the questions given below.
You may use the guidelines given in the preceding discussion. After predicting the content,
encircle the most appropriate answer for each question.
Sample Passage 9
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There can be nothing simpler than an elementary particleit is an indivisible shard of

matter, without internal structure and without detectable shape or size. One might expect
commensurate simplicity in the theories that describe such particles and the forces through
which they interact; at the least, one might expect the structure of the world to be explained
with a minimum number of articles and forces. Judged by this criterion of parsimony, a
description of nature that has evolved in the past several years can be accounted a reasonable
success. Matter is built out of just two classes of elementary particlesthe leptons, such as
the electron, and the quarks, which are the constituents of the proton, the neutron, and
many related particles. Four basic forces act between the elementary particles. Gravitation
and electromagnetism have long been familiar in the macroscopic world; the weak force
and the strong force are observed only in sub-nuclear events. In principle, this complement
of particles and forces could account for the entire observed hierarchy of material structure,
from the nuclei of atoms to stars and galaxies. An understanding of nature at this level of
detail is a remarkable achievement; nevertheless, it is possible to imagine what a still simpler
theory might be like. The existence of two disparate classes of elementary particles is not
fully satisfying; ideally one class would sufce. Similarly, the existence of four forces seems a
needless complication; one force might explain all the interactions of elementary particles.
An ambitious new theory now promises at least a partial unication along these lines. The
theory does not embrace gravitation, which is by far the feeblest of the forces and may be
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fundamentally different from the others. If gravitation is excluded, however, the theory unies
all elementary particles and forces. The rst step in the construction of the unied theory
was the demonstration that the weak, the strong, and the electromagnetic forces could all be
described by theories of the same general kind. The three forces remained distinct, but they
could be seen to operate through the same mechanism. In the course of this development,
a deep connection was discovered between the weak force and electromagnetism, a
connection that hinted at a will grander synthesis. The new theory is the leading candidate
for accomplishing the synthesis. It incorporates the leptons and the quarks into a single
family and provides a means of transforming one kind of particle into the other. At the same
time, the weak, the strong, and the electromagnetic forces are understood as aspects of a
single underlying force. With only one class of particles and one force (plus gravitation), the
unied theory is a model of frugality.
(Source: Kaplan GRE, 2000, New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 221222)
Questions
1. Which of the following is not a difference between the two theories described by the
author?
(a) The second theory is simpler than the rst.
(b) The rst theory encompasses gravitation while the second does not.
(c) The second theory includes only one class of elementary particles.
(d) The rst theory accounts for only a part of the hierarchy of material structure.
(e) The second theory unies the forces that the rst theory regards as distinct.
2. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) correct a misconception in a currently accepted theory of the nature of matter.
(b) describe efforts to arrive at a simplied theory of elementary particles and forces.
(c) predict the success of a new effort to unify gravitation with other basic forces.
(d) explain why scientists prefer simpler explanations over more complex ones.
(e) summarize what is known about the basic components of matter.
OX
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Analysis
Through a quick survey of the passage, you might have understood that simplicity is the
criterion that the author sets up. The passage deals with the aim of science to derive a theory
that describes particles and their forces as simply as possible. So, you might have predicted
that the author would discuss the simpler theories. With this prediction, you may be able to
arrive at the answers for the two questions given above.
Answers
1. (d), 2. (b)
Sample Passage10
The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made
enormous steps in making food more t to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foodstuffs
unt to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty per cent of all human illnesses are
related to diet and forty per cent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of
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the colon. People of different cultures are more prone to contact certain illnesses because of
the characteristic foods they consume.
That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers
realized that nitrates and nitrites (commonly used to preserve colour in meats) as well as
other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and
it becomes more difcult all the time to know which ingredients on the packaging labels of
processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives that we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cattle
and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows.
Sometimes, similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for
nancial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a
higher price on the market. In spite of the Food and Drug Administration, the practices
continue.
A healthy diet is directly related to good health. Often, we are unaware of detrimental
substances we ingest. Sometimes, well-meaning farmers or others who do not realize the
consequences add these substances to food without our knowledge.
Questions
FO
1. What is the best title for this passage?

(i) Harmful and Harmless Substances in Food
(ii) Improving Health Through a Natural Diet
(iii) The Food You Eat Can Affect Your Health
(iv) Avoiding Injurious Substances in Food
2. Which one of the following statements is true?
(i) Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons.
(ii) Some of the additives in your food are added to the food itself and some are given
to the living animals.
(iii) Researchers have known about the potential hazards of food additives for more
than forty-ve years.
(iv) Food may cause 40 per cent of the cancer in the world.
OX
Analysis
By skimming the given passage, you might have identied that the overall purpose and the
central idea are contained in the rst paragraph. While the overall purpose is to elaborate on
the food we eat has profound effects on our health, the central idea of the passage is certain
illnesses are contracted by people because of the characteristic food they eat. The author
intends to illustrate the main idea of the passage by providing examples.
Answers
1. (iii), 2. (i)
Sample Passage 11
Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any other fungi and are necessary for many
plants to thrive but they have escaped widespread investigation until recently for two
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reasons. First, the symbiotic association is so well balanced that the roots of host plants show
no damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi cannot as yet be cultivated in
the absence of a living root. Despite these difculties, there has been important new work
that suggests that this symbiotic association can be harnessed to achieve more economical
use of costly super phosphate fertilizer and to permit better exploitation of cheaper, less
soluble rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal benets are not limited to improved phosphate uptake
in host plants. In legumes, Mycorrhizal inculcation has increased nitrogen fertilizer alone.
Certain symbiotic associations also increase the host plants resistance to harmful root fungi.
Whether this resistance results from exclusion of harmful fungi through competition for
sites, from metabolic change involving antibiotic production or from increased vigour is
undetermined.
(Source: GRE Big Book, p. 210, ETS, NJ)
Questions
Which of the following most accurately describes the passage?
(i) A description of a replicable experiment
(ii) A summary report of new ndings
(iii) A recommendation for abandoning a difcult area of research
(iv) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis
(v) A conrmation of earlier research
OX
Answer
(ii)
FO
Analysis
As the passage does not have any title and it contains only one paragraph, you might have
grasped the main idea by concentrating on the beginning and the ending of the passage to
identify the topic sentence. The main idea is Mycorrhizal fungi have expressed widespread
investigation and the passage proceeds to talk about the new research. You need to be
careful in identifying the main idea as at times you may be beguiled by the repetition of some
words as in this case Micorrhizal fungi. Though the passage is about these fungi, it mainly
focuses on the new research in this area.
Directions: Scan the passage given below in about 45 seconds in order to answer the following question:
Question: How many times does the word colour in its various forms (coloured, colours,
etc.) appear in the passage?
Sample Passage 12
About ten men in every hundred suffer from colour blindness in some way; women are
luckieronly about one in two hundred is affected in this matter.
There are different forms of colour blindness. In some cases, a man may not be able to
see deep red. He may see red, orange, and yellow as shades of green. Sometimes, a person
cannot tell the difference between blue and green. In rare cases, an unlucky man may see
every thing in shades of greena strange world indeed!
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In certain occupations, colour blindness can be dangerous, and candidates are tested
most carefully. For example, when ghting in a jungle at night, soldiers use coloured lights
and ares to signal each other. A green light may mean advance and a red light may mean
danger, keep back. You can see what will happen if somebody thinks that red is green.
Colour blindness in human beings is a strange thing to explain. In a single eye, there are
millions of very small things called cones. These help us to see things in bright light and tell
the difference between colours. There are also millions of rods and they are used for seeing
when it is nearly dark. They show us shapes but not colours.
Birds and animals that hunt at night have eyes containing few or no cones at all; so, they
cannot see colours. As far as we know, bats and adult owls cannot see colours at allonly
light and dark shapes. Similarly, cats and dogs cannot see colours as well as we can. On the
other hand, lizards have no rods in their eyes but they can see colours very well.
The eyes of some insects are very strange. They have neither cones nor rods but consist
of thousands of little eyes all joined together. Insects can see ultraviolet rays, which are
invisible to us, and some of them can see X-rays. The wings of an ordinary moth may seem
grey and dull to us, but to insects, they may appear beautiful, showing colours that we cannot
see. Indeed, scientists know that there are other colours around us that insects can see but
we cannot.
One scientist experimented with some ants, which normally keep their eggs in the dark.
When he put their eggs in the sunlight, the ants quickly dragged them into a dark place.
The eggs were then put in different coloured rays of light. When the scientist shone an
ultraviolet ray on the eggs, the ants quickly dragged them into a red light, thinking that it
was darkness.
Answer
It is important to remember the key words while scanning the passage and look for them in
the passage. In the given passage, the word colour appears 14 times in the forms such as
colour, colours, and coloured.
FO
Identifying Topic sentence and Keywords
OX
In the following paragraphs, identify the topic sentence and the key words in the topic sentence that the other
sentences support.
Paragraph 1
When assigning tasks to various team members, the team must consider not only the quantity
of work to be undertaken by an individual but also the nature of the work. For example,
editing a document is rarely as interesting as drafting it. If someone is consistently assigned
the task of editing, they are liable to become bored (and thus ineffective). Where feasible,
team members should rotate through both the less challenging and more interesting tasks.
But overburdening one individual will quickly lead to resentment and conict. Hence, in
order to minimize conicts and increase efciency, work must be divided equitably among
team members.
Paragraph 2
In order to minimize conicts and increase efciency, work must be divided equitably among
team members. Overburdening one individual will quickly lead to resentment and conict.
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In addition, when assigning tasks to various team members, the team must consider not
only the quantity of the work to be undertaken by an individual but also the nature of the
work. For example, editing a document is rarely as interesting as drafting it. If someone is
consistently assigned the task of editing, they are liable to become bored (and thus ineffective).
Where feasible, team members should rotate through both the less challenging and more
interesting tasks.
1. You would have observed that paragraph 1 has been developed with the help of an
extended example, which ends with a general statement represented by the last sentence
of the paragraph. Hence, the last sentence is the topic sentence.
Keywords conict, minimize, team, work, divided
2. As you would have guessed, this is a reversal of paragraph 1 and, hence, the paragraph
starts with the topic sentence or a general statement, which is then supported by an
extended example.
Sentence Sequence
OX
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Rearrange the following sentences in a logical and sequential way so as to make a coherent
paragraph:
(i) The dual purpose bicycle has a permanent attachment and modied broad stand cum
carrier.
(ii) There are two types of pedal power devices in existence today.
(iii) This modied bicycle is called a dual-purpose bicycle.
(iv) It can also be used to power a drill, a woodworking lathe, and a circular saw.
(v) The second type of pedal power device is a modied bicycle, which can be used both as
a vehicle for transportation as well as power production.
(vi) Some examples are paddy threshers, winnowers, groundnut shell removers, small waterpumps, and grinders.
(vii) This rotary motion can be used to operate machines such as threshers, winnowers,
pumps, woodworking lathes, and metal lathes.
(viii) The rst type is a stationary one, in which bicycle parts such as the frame, crank, chain,
and free wheel are used to produce a rotating notion.
Answer
The correct order of sentences is: (ii), (viii), (vii), (vi), (iv), (v), (iii), (i). See below:
There are two types of pedal power devices in existence today. The rst type is a
stationary one, in which bicycle parts such as the frame, crank, chain, and free wheel are
used to produce a rotating notion. This rotary motion can be used to operate machines such
as threshers, winnowers, pumps, woodworking lathes, and metal lathes. Some examples are
paddy threshers, winnowers, groundnut shell removers, small water-pumps, and grinders.
It can also be used to power a drill, a woodworking lathe, and a circular saw. The second
type of pedal power device is a modied bicycle, which can be used both as a vehicle for
transportation as well as power production. This modied bicycle is called a dual-purpose
bicycle. The dual-purpose bicycle has a permanent attachment and modied broad stand
cum carrier.
CHAPTER 16:THE ART OF CONDENSATION

PRCIS WRITING SAMPLE 1
Original text
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Effective rational propaganda becomes possible only when there is a clear understanding,
on the part of all concerned, of the nature of symbols and of their relations to the things and
events symbolized. Irrational propaganda depends for its effectiveness on a general failure
to understand the nature of symbols. Simple-minded people tend to equate the symbol with
what it stands for, to attribute to things and events some of the qualities expressed by the
words in terms which the propagandist has chosen for his own purposes, and to talk about
them. Consider a simple example. Most cosmetics are made of lanolin, which is a mixture of
puried wool-fat and water beaten up into an emulsion. This emulsion has many valuable
properties: it penetrates the skin, it does not become rancid, it is mildly antiseptic, and so forth.
But the commercial propagandists do not speak about the genuine virtues of the emulsion.
They give it a voluptuous name, talk ecstatically and misleadingly about feminine beauty,
and show pictures of gorgeous blondes nourishing their tissues with skin food. The cosmetics
manufacturers, one of their number has written, are not selling lanolin, they are selling
hope. For this hope, this fraudulent implication of a promise that they will be transgured,
women will pay ten or twenty times the value of the emulsion which the propagandists have
so skillfully related, by means of misleading symbols, to a deep-seated and almost universal
feminine wishthe wish to be more attractive to members of the opposite sex. The principles
underlying this kind of propaganda are extremely simple. Find some common desire, some
widespread, unconscious fear or anxiety; think out some way to relate this wish or fear to the
product you have to sell; then build a bridge of verbal or pictorial symbols over which your
customer can pass from fact to compensatory dream, and from the dream to the illusion
that your product, when purchased, will make the dream come true. We no longer buy
oranges, we buy vitality. We do not buy just a car, we buy prestige. And so with all the rest.
In toothpaste, for example, we buy not a mere cleanser and antiseptic, but a release from
the fear of being sexually repulsive. In vodka and whisky we are not buying a poison which,
in small doses, may depress the nervous system in a psychologically valuable way; we are
buying friendliness and good fellowship and brilliant, witty conversation. With our laxatives
we buy the health of a Greek God, the radiance of one of Dianas nymphs. With the monthly
bestseller we acquire culture, the envy of our less literate neighbours, and the respect of the
sophisticated. In every case the motivation analyst has found some deep-seated wish or fear
whose energy can be used to move the consumer to part with his money and so, indirectly,
to turn the wheels of industry. Stored in the minds and bodies of countless individuals, this
potential energy is released by, and transmitted along, a line of symbols carefully laid out so
as to bypass rationality and obscure the real issue.
Sometimes the symbols take effect by being disproportionately impressive, haunting,
and fascinating in their own right. Of this kind are the rites and pomp of religion. These
beauties of holiness strengthen faith where it already exists, and where there is no faith,
lead to conversion. Appealing as they are only to the aesthetic sense, they do not guarantee
the ethical value of the doctrines with which they have been, quite arbitrarily, associated. As
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a matter of plain historical fact, however, the beauties of holiness have often been matched
and indeed surpassed by the beauties of unholiness. Under Hitler, for example, the yearly
Nuremberg rallies of the Nazi party were masterpieces of ritual and theatrical arts. I had
spent six years in St. Petersburg before the war in the best days of the old Russian ballet,
writes Sir Neville Henderson, the British ambassador to Hitlers Germany, but for grandiose
beauty I have never seen any ballet to compare with the Nuremberg rally. One thinks of
Keatsbeauty is truth, truth is beauty. Alas, the identity exists only on some ultimate,
supra-mundane level. On the levels of politics and theology, beauty is perfectly compatible
with nonsense and tyranny.
In commercial propaganda, the principle of the disproportionately fascinating symbol is
clearly understood. Every propagandist has his Art Department, and attempts are constantly
being made to beautify the boards with striking posters, the advertising pages of magazines
with lively drawings and photographs. Those are no masterpieces, for a masterpiece appeals
only to a limited audience, and the commercial propagandist is out to captivate the majority.
For him the ideal is a moderate excellence. Those who like this not-too-good, but sufciently
striking, art may be expected to like the products with which it has been associated and for
which it symbolically stands.
Children, as might be expected, are highly susceptible to propaganda. They are ignorant
of the world and its ways, and are therefore completely unsuspecting. Their critical faculties
are undeveloped. In Europe, during and after the World Wars, soldiers used to be referred
to as cannon fodder. Their little brothers and sisters have now become radio fodder and
television fodder. In my childhood we were taught to sing nursery rhymes and, in pious
households, hymns. Today the little ones warble the singing commercials.
I dont say that children should be forced to harass their parents into buying products
theyve seen advertised on television, but at the same time I cannot close my eyes to the fact
that its being done every day. So the star of one of the many programmes beamed to a
juvenile audience. Children, he adds, are living, talking records of what we tell them every
day. And in due course, these living, talking records of television commercials will grow up,
earn money, and buy the products of industry. Think, writes Mr Clyde Miller ecstatically,
think of what it can mean to your rm in prots if you can condition a million or ten million
children who will grow into adults trained to buy your products, as soldiers are trained in
advance to respond when they hear the words Forward March! (1040 words)
Vocabulary: attributeto ascribe; lanolinextract obtained from sheeps wool used in
ointments; emulsionmilky liquid; rancidhaving a bad smell; ecstaticallydelightfully;
transguredto change the outward form; nympha semi-divine being, a lovely young
girl; supramundaneabove the worldly; compatibleimpressible; captivateattract;
susceptibleimpressionable; warbleto sing; juvenileyouthful, childish.
Points
1. Symbols play a very prominent role in propaganda. If the symbols are rightly advertised
and rightly understood, it helps the rational propaganda, but if they are wrongly
understood, it helps the irrational propaganda.
2. Simple-minded people are incapable of equating the symbol with the things it represents
and propagandists take full advantage of the lack of understanding of the people.
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3. Most of the cosmetics which are nothing but wool-fat and water beaten up into emulsion
are sold at many times their cost price.
4. The manufacturers take advantage of the publics weaknesses. They actually do not sell
their products but sell hope and prestige.
5. People are prepared to pay heavy prices to overcome their fears, full their hopes, and
transform their dreams into reality.
6. Rites and pomp of religion also fall into the kind of symbols that appear disproportionately
impressive and captivating. They are responsible for creating faith where there is none
and strengthening religious faith where it is present.
7. The beauties of unholiness many a time surpass the beauties of holiness; the yearly
Nuremberg rallies of the Nazi party are an example.
8. Keats ideas of truth and beauty do not have any place in politics and theology, where
beauty is attached with nonsense.
9. In commercial propaganda, the principle of disproportionately captivating symbol is
practised. Drawings and photographs are taken for this purpose as these appeal to the
masses, whose capture is the only aim of commercial advertisers.
10. Children are easy prey to these advertisers, as their critical faculties are undeveloped.
They are the most sought-after target of manufactures, as they can be trained into
becoming adult purchasers of these products.
PrecisCommercial Value of Symbols
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Symbols have great propaganda value and play an important role in advertising. If the
symbols are rightly advertised and rightly understood, they help the rational propaganda,
but if they are wrongly understood, then irrational propaganda stands to gain. Simple folks
are incapable of equating the symbol with the things it represents, and propagandists take
full advantage of this lack of understanding. Most cosmetics which are nothing but wool-fat
and water beaten up into emulsion are sold at exorbitant rates with the help of commercial
propagandists, who, instead of talking of the natural virtues of emulsion, give it a fancy name
and present the product being used by attractive females, in fascinating pictures, and as
such, mislead the common man. The manufacturers actually take advantage of the natural
and universal wish of looking beautiful and attractive to the other sex, and of the fear of
being sexually repulsive. By assuring the people of the fullment of hopes and promising
release from their fears, they sell their products. So in reality, the manufactures sell hope,
prestige, good fellowship, brilliant and witty conversation, and culture. People of course are
misled and pay heavy amounts to overcome their fears, full their hopes, and transform their
dreams into reality.
The rites and pomp of religion also fall into this category of symbols. They are
disproportionately impressive and captivating and are responsible for creating and
strengthening faith. The beauties of unholiness are also not less impressive and the yearly
Nuremberg rallies of Nazis were of this type. Keats ideas of truth and beauty have no place
in political and theological propaganda, where beauty is attached with nonsense.
In commercial propaganda, the help of captivating symbols such as beautiful drawings
and photographs is taken as these appeal to the masses, capturing whose attention is the
only aim of manufacturers. Children, being ignorant and unfamiliar with the ways of the
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world, fall into their trap easily. It is easy and extremely protable to catch them young as
their critical faculties are undeveloped and they can be conditioned to buy the products of
industry when they grow up. (349 words)
PRECIS WRITING SAMPLE 2
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Original Text
A blind reverence for the past is bad and so also is a contempt for it, for no future can be
founded on either of these. The present and the future inevitably grow out of the past and
bear its stamp, and to forget this is to build without foundations and to cut off the roots
of national growth. It is to ignore one of the most powerful forces that inuence people.
Nationalism is essentially the memory of past achievements, traditions, and experiences; and
nationalism is stronger today than it has ever been. Many people thought that nationalism
had its day and must inevitably give place to ever-growing international tendencies of the
modern world. Trade and commerce, easy communications and rapid transport, the radio
and cinema, all helped to create an international atmosphere and to produce the delusion
that nationalism was doomed. Yet whenever a crisis has arisen, nationalism has emerged
again and dominated the scene, and people have sought comfort and strength in their old
traditions. (169)
Vocabulary: reverencegreat respect; contempthate; inevitablydecidedly; bear
stampbe inuenced; had its daylost its importance; delusiona false belief; emerge
come out.
FO
Points
1. The past should be neither blindly revered nor ignored.
2. The present and the future grow out of the past.
3. Nationalism is based upon past achievements and traditions.
4. It is the most powerful force to inuence the people.
5. Some people thought it will be replaced by internationalism.
6. Nationalism emerges during a national crisis.
7. People seek comfort and strength in old traditions.
OX
PreciseNationalism versus Internationalism

The past should neither be blindly gloried nor be neglected. The present and the future
grow out of it, forming the basis of nationalism, which symbolizes the culture, experiences,
achievements, and traditions of a nation. As people seek comfort and strength in old
traditions during a crisis, nationalism has not been replaced by the much-talked modern
internationalism. (57 words)
Original Text
The process of leading mens thought and imagination away from the use of force will be
greatly accelerated by the abolition of the capitalist system, provided it is not succeeded by a
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form of state socialism in which ofcials have enormous power. At present, the capitalist has
more control over the lives of others than any man ought to have; his friends have authority
in the state; his economic power is the pattern for political power. In a world where all
men and women enjoy economic freedom, there will not be the same habit of command,
nor, consequently, the same love of despotism; a gentler type of character than that now
prevalent will gradually grow up. Their circumstances, not born ready-made, form men.
The bad effect of the present economic system on character and the immensely better effect
to be expected from communal ownership are among the strongest reasons for advocating
the change.
In the world as we have been imagining it, most economic fear and economic hope alike
will be removed out of life. No one will be haunted by the dread of poverty or driven into
ruthlessness by the hope of wealth. There will not be the distinction of social classes which
now plays such an immense part in life. The unsuccessful professional man will not live in
terror lest his children should sink in the scale; the aspiring employee will not be looking
forward to the day when he can become a sweater in his turn. Ambitious young men will
have to dream other daydreams than that of business success and wealth wrung out of the
ruin of competitors and the degradation of labour. (281 words)
Vocabulary: acceleratedincreased; patternsample; consequentlyultimately;
despotismabsolute power; immenselygreatly; advocatingsupporting; haunted
followed like a ghost; dreadfear; ruthlessnesscruelty; terror fear; sink in the scalecome
to a lower level; wrung outtaken out by force; degradationlowering the status.
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Points
1. Abolition of the capitalist system will lead intelligent people away from the use of force.
2. It should not be replaced by state socialism in which ofcials have enormous power.
3. Capitalists control people and politics through economic power.
4. Universal economic freedom will end despotism and generate a gentler character.
5. Capitalism has a corrupting inuence while communal ownership gives better
expectations of changing the character of people.
6. It will eliminate poverty, wealth-generated cruelty, and class distinction.
7. Competition for wealth and fear of lowered status will be replaced by constructive
dreams.
PrecisAbolition of Capitalism
In a capitalist system, people and politics are controlled by economic power leading to
despotism and competition for wealth. But state socialism, in which ofcials have enormous
power, is not a better alternative. Communal ownership would be the best substitute. The
result would be universal economic freedom. Communal ownership generates gentler
character in men and eliminates both poverty and the tyranny of wealth which cause class
distinctions. It allows young people to have more constructive dreams than amassing wealth
through the ruin of competitors and the degradation of labour. (89 words)
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Original Text
As material civilization advances and the supply of available goods and services increases,
mens needs correspondingly multiply. Advertising plays a key role in this never-ending
process by stimulating the publics desire for certain products, and by promoting the sales
thereof, until it has, in effect, created new needs, real or supposed, where there were none
before. A familiar example is the motor caronce a rare and costly novelty, now a ubiquitous
and relatively inexpensive necessity. More recently, the television set has undergone the
same transformation. While some people would deny that television is a necessity, the fact
that sets are found in a majority of western homes shows that it answers, to a greater or lesser
degree, the need felt by millions of people for entertainment and information.
A product, service, or commodity that the public needs, and knows it needs, tends, of
course, to sell itself. We might therefore assume that, in such cases, advertising would be of
minor importance. To some extent this is true. Meat-packers, vegetable and fruit growers,
and dairy operators spend less on advertising, for instance, than manufacturers of cigarettes,
liquors, cosmetics, and other items of this type. On the other hand, the competition that exists
between rival brands means that the suppliers of such basic necessities as food, clothing, and
housing must advertise their wares to stay in business. Signicantly, the industry that spends
most on advertising turns out to be a product which almost everyone considers a necessity:
soap. (247 words)
Vocabulary: stimulatingexciting; promotingincreasing, advancing; transformation
change; assumeto take for granted, to think; waresproducts, articles for sale.
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Points
1. With the advancement of material civilization, human needs have multiplied.
2. Advertising acts as a stimulus to demand.
3. Many items have changed from luxuries to necessities because of advertising.
4. People dealing in luxury goods normally have to spend more on advertising.
5. However, to outpace the competition, manufacturers of daily necessities also have to
spend on advertising.
PrecisAdvertising and Material Civilization

With the advancement of material civilization the human needs have multiplied. Advertising
plays a prominent role in this. It changes the very nature of items from luxuries to necessities.
Luxury items need more advertising to boost sales. Far less advertising is needed for the sale
of essential commodities. But it has been noticed that business houses dealing in necessities
have to advertise as well to stay in business because of erce competition. (72 words)

Original Text
Most of all I should need a set of professors. I would only need a dozen of them, but they
would have to be real ones: disinterested men of learning, who did not even know they were
disinterested. And, mind you, these professors of mine would not sit in ofces dictating
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letters on cases to stenographers, and only leaving their ofces to go to committees,

and conferences. There would be no ofces in my college and no committees, and my
professors would have no time for conferences, because the job they were on would need all
eternity and would never be nished.
My professors would never be traceable at any xed place except when they are actually
giving lectures. Men of thought have no business in an ofce. Learning runs away from
committees. There would be no check up on the time of the professors; there would be
no hire and re or judge by results or standards or norms of work for them, nor any xed
number of hours.
But on the other hand, they would, if I got the ones I want, be well worth their apparent
irresponsibility; and when they lectured, each one would be, though he would not know it,
a magicianwith such an interest and absorption that those who listened would catch the
infection of it, and hurry from the lecture to the library, still warm with thought.
It must be understood that the work of professors is peculiar. Few professors, real ones,
ever complete their work: what they give to the world are fragments. The rest remains. Their
contribution must be added up, not measured singly. Every professor has his life work,
sometimes he manages to nish it, and sometimes he dies before nishing it. (284 words)
Vocabulary: eternitypermanence; hireappoint; redismiss; norms principles;
apparentvisible; catch the infectionimpressed; fragmentspieces.
FO
Points
1. The writer needs a few disinterested professors.
2. They will have no ofce work nor will they attend committees and conferences.
3. They will be available only when giving lectures.
4. Learning runs away from conferences.
5. They will not be judged by results and will have no xed working hours.
6. They may look irresponsible but actually will be magicians inspiring students for
learning.
7. A real professors life work may never be completed.
OX
PrecisReal College Professors

The writer needs a dozen seless devoted professors for his college. They will have no
administrative work and will not attend conferences, as such activities detract them from
their main occupation. They will be available only when giving lectures. Their worth will not
be judged by results and so the question of dismissal does not arise. There will be no xed
hours for them. Such a professor may look irresponsible but will lecture like a magician,
inspiring students to learn more. Real professors never complete their work. They give only
fragments to the world. The rest remains. (97 words)

Original Text
Denudation of forests is an old story in this country. Notwithstanding the loss of natural
wealth and ecological disturbances, it has continued for more than a century. Some of the
Introduction to Communication
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rare species of animals have also been lost. Of late mountain slopes and hilly tracts have been
the target of so many agencies. The problem, of course, is similar to that of urbanization.
While urbanization has a single plateautransfer of people from the villages to cities,
creating unmanageable urban concentrationstripping the mountains of trees for different
purposes poses many problemsecological and otherwise.
The mountains have been a source of inspiration since time immemorial. They have been
the abodes of gods and saints. Mountain lakes are like eyes on Mother Earth. The trickling
water from beneath the rocks changing into brooks creates a happy sensation in the heart.
Such brooks criss-cross the verdurous hillsides like children playing in the magic land. The
assault on the mountains deprives the hills of their natural beauty. The absence of ora and
fauna makes them as dull and drab as the urban settlements. The emotional appeal is lost.
Little do the people in the plains think of the loss they will have to sustain if they deprive
the hills of their greenery. It is the rains that sustain lifethe extra rains of the mountain
owing down to the people in the valley and beyond. They just think in terms of money and
change the hillside into a hill resorta tourist centre. Agriculture and forestry have been
relegated to the background and the only thriving industry is tourism. The money craze is
so intense that many of the hillsides have been laid bare and hotels have come up. Private
buildings too have been constructed in large numbers. (301 words)
Vocabulary: denudationdestruction of all plants; ecologicalrelationship between
living objects and environment; tractsareas; urbanizationconcentration in cities;
plateausurface without much change; posescreates; oraplants; criss-crossmove
across; assaultattack; verdurousfull of greenery; faunaanimals of a region; sustain
suffer, endure; deprivetake away forcibly; relegatedremoved to inferior position;
thrivingsuccessful; crazeexaggerated enthusiasm.
OX
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Points
1. Despite ecological disturbances and loss of natural wealth, cutting of trees in the
mountains has continued for a century.
2. Some rare animal species are lost.
3. Mountain ora, brooks, and greenery have emotional appeal. Their absence makes
mountains dull and drab.
4. Urban people do not realise the loss cutting of trees has created.
5. Mountain rains sustain life in cities too.
6. Due to money craze, people have ignored agriculture and forestry by changing hillsides
into tourist centres, constructing hotels and buildings after cutting trees.
PrecisDenudation of Mountains
Cutting trees in the forests has caused ecological disturbances and loss of natural wealth and
extinction of rare animal species. The damage has continued for a long time. Denudation has
created many problems. Mountain ora, brooks, and greenery have an emotional appeal.
Their absence makes mountains dull and drab. But urban people have continued the assault
on mountains little realizing that mountain rains sustain life in cities too. In their craze for
money, they have ignored agriculture and forestry by changing hillsides into tourist centres
by constructing hotels and other buildings after cutting trees. (94 words).
CHAPTER 17: LETTERS, MEMOS, AND EMAILS
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Table C17.1 Various courtesy titles

Clarity and Conciseness: Examples
Courtesy and Consideration: Appropriate Phrases
Credit Letters
Exhibit C17.1: Credit request
Exhibit C17.2: Thanks for prompt response to credit enquiry
Exhibit C17.3: Stern collection letter
Exhibit C17.4: Solicited Letter of Enquiry
Reply to Enquiry Letters
Tender Letters
Order Placement Letters
Exhibit C17.13: Claim Letter
Adjustment letters
Exhibit C17.14: Adjustment letter
Exhibit C17.15: Instruction Letter
Persuasive Letters
Exhibit C17.16: Inverted pyramid style persuasive letter
Cover Letters
Useful Openers
Exhibit C17.17: Cover letter accompanying a technical
feasibility report
Exhibit C17.22: Cover letter along with a resume
Exhibit C17.23 Scannable resume
Ofcial letters
Demi-ofcial letters
Government Letters
Letter to Authorities
Letters, Memos, and Emails
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Other Formal Letters
Permission Letters
Exhibit C17.33 Permission Letter 1
Exhibit C17.34 Thank You Letter (Modied Block Layout)
Exhibit C17.35 Interview Follow-up Letter
Exhibit C17.36 Acceptance Letter
Exhibit C17.37 Rejection Letter
Exhibit C17.38 Job acceptance letter
Exhibit C17.39: Rejecting a Job
Resignation Letters
Exhibit C17.40: Resignation letter
MemosStructure and Layout
Exhibit C17.41: Memo template
MemosStyle
Emails
Email Jargon
Exhibit C17.46: Email window
107
TABLE C17.1 Various courtesy titles

Audience
Courtesy title
Men
All
Professional
Sir
Mr
Professor, Dr, Captain, Father, Reverend, Justice, Brigadier, etc.
(as the case may be)
Madam
Ms
Mrs or Ms (as per the individuals preference)
Professor, Dr, Captain, Reverend, Justice, Brigadier, etc., (as
the case may be)
Messers (Messers Ram and Company)
His/Her Excellency, His/Her Highness, His/Her Holiness (as
the case may be)
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Women
(Unmarried or marital status is
unknown)
Married
Professional
Firm
Dignitaries (President, Prime Minister,
Governor, Chancellor, Religious Heads,
Royalty)
Limited Company
Firms with name element (Sardar
Balwant Singh and Brothers)
Designation of the officer concerned (The General Manager,

Bharat Petroleum Limited)
No title
CLARITY AND CONCISENESS: EXAMPLES
Examples on how to avoid:

Long, involved sentences
Sentences revealing over-enthusiasm
Verbosity or wordiness
Redundancy or use of low information content (LIC) words
Original
Revised
As mentioned by our Managing Director in his recent

letter, we need to give priority to the companys request
for measuring equipment.
OX
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1. It is evident that the companys request

for measuring equipment to be kept in the
laboratory has become rather important
inasmuch as this demand is prioritized in
our Managing directors most recent letter.
(Involved sentence)
2. Regardless of their seniority or union
affiliation, all employees who are expecting
that they would be promoted are expected
to continue their education either by
enrolling in the special courses to be offered
by the company, which are scheduled to be
given after working hours beginning next
week, or by taking approved online courses
chosen from the list which are kept in the
training division. (Involved sentence)
Regardless of their seniority or union status, all employees

anticipating a promotion are expected to continue their
education in either of the two following ways:
They may enrol in special courses to be offered by the
company.
They may refer to the list in the training division, select
and take approved online courses.
109
Mr Rams employment record shows that he may be able

to handle any difficult situation.
All of you will be glad to know that the Governmental

agencies have recognized our sincere efforts.
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3. I strongly believe that Mr Rams

employment record seems to show that
he may be absolutely capable of handling
even
extremely
difficult
situations.
(Overemphasis)
4. I am very sure that each one of you
will be unquestionably happy to hear
the extraordinarily good news that our
truly sincere efforts have been duly
recognized by the Governmental agencies.
(Overemphasis)
5. Our Chairman is of the opinion that
only the Personnel Manager can handle this
situation. (Wordiness)
6. In spite of the fact that the bill remains
unpaid, they placed another order.
(Wordiness)
7. It will be noted that the records of the
earlier years show a steady increase in
special appropriations. (Redundancy)
8. By acting now, we can finish sooner than if
we wait until a later date. (Redundancy)
Our Chairman believes that only our Personnel Manager

can handle the situation.
Although the bill remains unpaid, they placed another
order.
The records for the earlier years show a steady increase in
special appropriations.
By acting now, we can finish sooner.
The italicized phrases in Examples 7 and 8 are redundant. They serve no purpose and
contain little information. Removing such phrases from ofcial or technical writing will make
communication more effective.
COURTESY AND CONSIDERATION: APPROPRIATE PHRASES
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Here are certain phrases which may help you in expressing courtesy and consideration:
Many thanks for your letter dated
Kindly respond to our request for
Please refer to our order dated
You are correct Ms Varma in saying that
You will be pleased to know that
Please do not forget to send us the original as .
We appreciate your prompt response to our
We are sorry that we may not be able to grant you
But remember to avoid articial and angry expressions like the ones given below:
Please permit me to say that
Please be advised that
It has come to my attention that
We beg to state that
Never has there been, nor there will be, a customer as good as you
We have no intention of allowing this state of affairs to continue.
I simply cannot understand your negligence.
CREDIT LETTERS
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EXHIBIT C17.1 Letter requesting for enhancing credit period
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EXHIBIT C17.2 Thanks for prompt response to credit enquiry
Oracle Global Finance Ltd
10 November 2010
Manager HRD
Alfred Industries Ltd
30/2nd Cross, Adyar Road
Chennai 600050
Sir
SUB: LOAN APPLICATION OF LOKESH JAIN
Thank you very much for your prompt reply. This will really help us to process further the loan
application of Mr Jain.
We appreciate your cooperation in this regard.
Cordially,
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Manager, Retail Credit
345, Indraprastha Enclave, Pandu Nagar, New Delhi 110023

Phone: 43609500
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EXHIBIT C17.3 Stern collection letter
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EXHIBIT C17.4 Solicited letter of enquiry
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REPLY TO ENQUIRY LETTERS
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EXHIBIT C17.5 Reply to enquiry letter 1
EXHIBIT C17.6
Reply to enquiry letter 2
JAAGO
24 March 2008
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Empowering the common man
Kartik Gupta
Shastri Nagar Co-operative Society
Shastri Nagar
Ajmer 332301
Dear Mr Gupta:
This is in reference to your letter to Mr Rakesh Tavatia dated 15 February

2008 regarding the maintenance contract for your colony. Mr Tavatia had
forwarded your letter to us. Our NGO specializes in spreading awareness
about the Right to Information Act. It can be used as a potent weapon
against any government, non-government, public, or private organization.
As you have mentioned in your letter that your new maintenance contractor
is not heeding any complaints made by the colony residents, you can file an
RTI application against the contractor. This will force him to divulge the
details about the contract and his responsibilities, and will assist you in
holding him accountable under the terms agreed upon. It will also help you
to locate the root cause of the problems you are facing.
OX
Yours truly,
FO
The RTI application form is available at our office free of cost and we will be
glad to assist you in the process.
(Akshay Khanna)
Chief RTI division
249 Ashoka Bhawan, Kendriya Nagar,

Ajmer 333031 (Rajasthan)
Phone: 0145-43508686
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EXHIBIT C17.7
Reply to enquiry letter 3 (semi-block form)
LOKESH TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS
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20 September 2008
Mr Anil Nath
249 Ashok Bhawan
BITS, Pilani 333031
Dear Anil:
Thank you for your interest in a career with Generation Next Technology.
To submit an online application and CV or resum, please follow the simple steps
given below. The LOKESH TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS online application process is
our sole method of ensuring a prompt and professional review of your background and
qualifications.
1. Log on to http://www.lts.com/careers/.
2. Select How do I get a job at LTS?
3. Select Apply for a position.
You can apply for the following positions.
Field engineers
Field engineers work on land and sea, in arctic cold, and in desert heat to deliver
services to our customers. While challenging, it is one of the most rewarding and
respected jobs in the industry. Required: bachelor's or master's degree in engineering
or applied science.
Research & Development Scientists and Engineers
Research & Development scientists and engineers create, design, and develop
Schlumberger's industry-leading equipment, technology, and software worldwide.
Required: master's or doctorate degree in engineering or applied science.
FO
Manufacturing, Supply Chain and Logistics Professionals and Engineers

These professionals and engineers specialize in the manufacture and deployment of
our industry-leading equipment and technology around the world. Required: bachelor's
or master's degree in engineering, manufacturing, or supply chain and logistics.
A local recruiter will review your application and contact you as soon as possible to
inform you about any suitable positions currently available within LTS.
OX
Where innovation meets vision
Where innovation meets vision
Best regards,
(Rajesh Gupta)
The LTS Recruiting Team
12 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi

Phone: 011-23327584, www.lts.com
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TENDER LETTERS
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Tender letters are also known as quotation letters or offer letters. A tender letter is written by
a prospective seller to the prospective buyer stating various terms and condition for the sale
of the product manufactured or dealt with by the seller. The terms and conditions should
have all the details regarding quality, quantity, price, delivery time, etc. It may include mode
of transportation details, packing and forwarding charges, discount rates, etc. It should
include
Name and product specication
Price
Quantity
Delivery time
Other terms and condition
Exhibits C17.8C17.10 are examples of tender letters.
EXHIBIT C17.8
Tender letter 1
3 June 2010
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Excel Technovation Pvt Ltd
ETPL/2010-11/BITS/36
Professor N.V. M. Rao

Dean
Educational Hardware Division
BITS, Pilani
Rajasthan
Subject: Quotation of 1KVA UPS
Reference: EHD/BITS/MS/ESD/10-11/262 Dated 20.05.2010

Dear Sir:
This has reference to your letter No.-EHD/BITS/MS/ESD/10-11/262 dated 20.05.2010 and above
mention subject please find our proposal for 1 KVA ups as per given below.
01.
Part Description
APC UPS off line 1KVA (Model No. BR 1000IN)
Qty
01
Total
Rate
6500/6500/-
FO
Terms and Conditions:

1. Taxes: Vat Extra 5%
2. Payment: After Installation.
3. Delivery: After confirm purchase order 3-4 days.
4. Validity: 05 days.
5. Warranty: Two year on UPS and one year on Battery
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Please feel free to contact the undersigned in case of any technical or commercial Clarification.
Thanks and Regards,
(Rajesh Singh)
Director
Excel Technovation Pvt Ltd
123 Ashok Bhawan, Delhi 110063, Ph: 25219020
EXHIBIT C17.9
Tender letter 2
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Fortune Infonet
May 20, 2010
Ref # FI / JPR / QUO / 0635
REF: MA/32
SUB: Quotation for Purchase of HP Laser Printer

Respected Sir:
With reference to your enquiry regarding purchase of HP Laser Printer, please find our
price list for the required product.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
1.
2.
3.
HP LASERJET P 2055DN PRINTER

HP COLOR L ASERJET CP 2025DN PRINTER
HP COLOR LASERJET CP 2025N PRINTER
UNIT PRICE
Rs. 30,100.00
Rs. 43,600.00
Rs. 39,400.00
Please Note : Price of HP Color Laserjet CP 1518ni is not available.
Terms and Conditions:

1. Delivery: Within two weeks from the date of receipt of Purchase Order.
2. Payment Terms: Within Seven days from the date of Delivery.
3. Price is Inclusive of all Taxes & Onsite delivery.
4. Quotation is valid till further price revision by HP
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M/s Fortune Infonet
Dean
Educational Hardware Division
Birla Institute of Technology & Science
Pilani
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Thank you
Regards,
(Rajeev Choudhary)
Sr Sales Manager (Corporate Business)
452, Lane No 3, Near Panchwati Circle Raja Park, Jaipur 302004

Mobile: 9982957503
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Tender letter 3
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EXHIBIT C17.10
ORDER PLACEMENT LETTERS

Order placement letter 1
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EXHIBIT C17.11
121
EXHIBIT C17.12
Order placement letter 2
VICTORY
10 July 2008
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TRAINING INSTITUTE
Your Ref: SCP/QU503 dated 05/06/03

Our Ref: VTI/OR322
Mr Manohar Lal
Sales Manager
Sleek Computers Pvt Ltd
51, Gandhi Park Road
New Delhi 110051
Dear Mr Manohar Lal:
Thank you for your letter with reference cited quoting the prices for colour printers and the
USB hard drive and enclosing a copy of your latest catalogue along with the price list.
As your prices and the terms of payment are agreeable to us, we would like to place an order
for three colour printers and one USB hard drive through Order No. 1450 enclosed with this
letter.
As already mentioned in our letter VTI/Q201 dated 16 May 2003, we need these items
urgently and hence would request you to arrange for immediate despatch. As per your terms,
we would make the payment within 2 months of the date of delivery.
Thank you very much for your prompt response and we anticipate a similar response to our
order as well.
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Sincerely yours,
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(Vikram Mehta)
Purchase Manager
PATEL MARG, SITAPURA

NEW DELHI 110031
Telephone: 011-55667788
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CLAIM LETTERS
EXHIBIT C17.13
Claim letter
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You are dissatised with the garments consignment you have received from a supplier. Write
a claim letter for the same and mention the details regarding the problem. Write the letter
in a format of your choice and mention the format you have used. The following claim letter
has been written in semi-block format.
Fashion Flash
Clothes and Accessories
12 October 2008
Mr Dasgupta
Head, Purchase & Sales
Arvind Mills, Ahmedabad
Sub: Low quality fabric
Dear Sir:
We have been dealing with your company for the last five years. Your firm has been
supplying us with the bulk of our raw material.
However, the last consignment (Order no. 345), which we received last week, contained very
poor quality fabric. Our customers were very dissatisfied with our products, as the quality did
not meet their expectations. Since this is the festive season, the customers do not want to
compromise on quality.
We would like you to look into this matter with utmost priority. We would also request a
compensation for the loss of goodwill and our customers' trust and confidence.
Awating an early reply.
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Yours truly,
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(Lokesh Jain)
MD, Fashion Flash
12 Connaught Circus, New Delhi 100006

Telephone: 23524210, 23524214
ADJUSTMENT LETTERS
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Adjustment letters are letters written in reply to claim letters. An adjustment letter has the
following twin objectives to achieve:
to satisfy your customer
to safeguard the reputation of your organization
A satised customer brings additional benets to a rm while angry or dissatised
customers lead to the opposite effect. Indeed, the latter complain to anyone who will listen to
them, thus creating a poor public impression of the company.
It is worth remembering that when entering a business, claim letters should always be
treated as golden opportunities to build customer loyalty and strengthen our relationship
with them. Always have faith in the customer and assume that they would not take the
trouble of requesting an adjustment unless they actually have a problem. Of course, we
need to be cautious with those customers who repeatedly submit dubious claims or when the
amount involved is very large.
When a complaint is received, the problem has to be investigated rst to determine what
went wrong and why. Also determine who is at fault: the company, the customer, or a third
party. There may be various reasons for the fault that has dissatised your customers:
Transport delay
Poor packaging
Lack of expertise
Inadequate stock
Nationwide shortage
However, when the company is at fault and our response to a claim is positive, we must
protect the companys image and try to gain the customers goodwill by referring to the
companys errors carefully. Never blame an individual or a specic department. Avoid lame
excuses such as mistakes do happen or nobody is perfect. Also do not promise the customer
that such mistakes would never happen in future. It is preferable to say that we will do our
best to ensure that such mistakes do not recur.
On the other hand when it is found that the customer is at fault, we can either refuse the
claim or simply agree to it. If we wish to establish a good relationship with the customer, we
should weigh the cost of making the adjustment against that of losing future business from
not only that particular customer but also some more customers by word of mouth.
Sometimes, a party other than the company or the customer may be at fault. For example,
the goods may have reached late because of a transporters strike or the goods might have
been damaged in transit. In such instances, simply honour the claim, but along with an
explanation that the company was not at fault; the claimant may also be referred to the third
party at fault, although this option may not be a good choice.
Once we have investigated all the possibilities for the error and checked the details of the
claim, we can write the adjustment letter (Exhibit C17.14) with the help of the following
guidelines:
1. Thank the customer for bringing the mistake to your notice. In other words begin with
a positive statement providing necessary reference.
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2. Apologize for the problem occurred, but remember not to use an overly dramatic tone.
3. Whether you agree/disagree completely or partially, tell the customer how the problem
will be resolved.
4. Explain how the mistake would have occurred.
5. Admit the rms fault carefully. Be tactful when explaining the claimants role if any in
creating the problem.
6. Explain what action would be taken to avoid such occurrences in future.
7. Remind the customer how their claim is being honoured.
8. Encourage the reader to look favourably upon the company or the product in question
in the future.
9. Clarify any actions that the customer must take.
A company can also create a form letter to respond to customers who claim they have not
received exactly what was ordered for. It can then be customized through word processing
and individually signed.
EXHIBIT C17.14 Adjustment letter (modified block layout)
11 May 2010
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APEX MATTRESSES LTD
Our Reference: MA/32

Your reference: TT/472
Sales Manager
Steelco Furnitures
50, Lenin Sarani
Kolkata 700031
Dear Madam:
Thank you for your letter no. TT/472 dated 7 May 2010 wherein you have brought to our
notice the flawed consignment. We are very sorry to learn about the inconvenience it has
caused you.
In keeping with our tradition of complete customer satisfaction, we accept your claim. We
also agree to bear the transportation charges incurred by you for returning the soiled
mattresses to us.
As soon as we received your complaint, we investigated the matter and found out that some of
the mattresses delivered to you last week did not have proper and adequate packaging.
Consequently, they have suffered these damages during the incessant rains when the
consignment was in transit.
We have dispatched 65 new properly packaged mattresses to you today.
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We are once again extremely sorry for the inconvenience caused to you by the delivery of
soiled mattresses, but assure you of our best services in future. Please do send in your
suggestions, if any, with regard to further improvement in our mattresses, upon receiving
customer feedback in your area.
Yours Sincerely,
(S. Khurana)
Sales Manager
Daryagunj,Vijay Nagar, New Delhi 110005, Telephone: 011-2345678
INSTRUCTION LETTERS
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EXHIBIT C17.15 Instruction letter
127
PERSUASIVE LETTERS
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Persuasive letters or letters urging action are written when a favourable response has to be
elicited from the recipient. Application, sales, complaint, and proposal letters fall in this
category. Writing these letters is not an easy job, as it requires tact to motivate the other
person. The writer uses a strategy to amaze the reader and raise their curiosity by citing
some astonishing facts and gures, interesting stories, or anecdotes. The letter indicates the
benets derived if the suggested action is taken. The main purpose of these letters is to induce
action by selling the idea. That is why they are called persuasive letters. The sales letter given
in the textbook is an example of a persuasive letter.
The purposes of persuasive letters are threefold. First, the letter should prompt the reader
to act. Therefore, we must provide enough information so that readers know exactly what to
do, and we must anticipate and overcome any possible objections. Second, the letter should
build a good image of the writers organization and the writer. Finally, the letter should
create or cement a good relationship between the reader and the writer. In order to meet
these purposes and to write a good persuasive letter, one must be aware of four things: the
details of what is being requested, facts about the reader, the specic action desired from the
reader, and any possible objections the reader might have.
The organization of a persuasive letter is like an inverted pyramid. Begin broadly by
capturing the readers interest and stating common ground. Try to involve the reader in the
problem or situation. Then, specically detail the shared problem and its solution. If one
feels that the reader might sense negative elements (and this is the norm), outline the benets
of acting. Subsequently, narrow the focus by telling what exactly is expected from the reader.
See Exhibit C17.16.
A very special type of persuasive letter is a direct mail. More commonly known as junk
mail, direct mails are common to sales and fund raising and usually ask readers to part with
their money. We get scores of this type of mail every yearand usually toss them out. Yet,
organizations continue to send themfor one good reason. They work. Direct mails usually
contain an emotional and convincing appeal. The mailing lists are carefully compiled and
monitored.
Business mailers can be customized these days according to personal preferences or
choices. For example, a person interested in jeep racks or SUV accessories should not receive
mailers on gold jewellery. How is this achieved? Using Web 3.0, a new paradigm, marketing
organizations can get exact information about each individuals search patterns and internet
behaviour. If somebody continuously searches for home appliances, marketers customize their mailers to send
them promotional material about home appliances and related accessories. This is an emerging trend and
is gradually catching up. Further, the writing is thoughtfully crafted. Next time you receive
direct mail, read it closely and try to identify the writers intention.
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EXHIBIT C17.16 Inverted pyramid style persuasive letter
129
COVER LETTERS
Useful Openers
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1. I understand from Prof. Varma, one of your faculty, that there is an opening in your
institution for the post of
2. Your advertisement in for the post of interested me as I possess the
3. At the end of this scal year, I would have completed my 8 years service as Financial
Analyst at . I am now looking for a change of employment which would widen my
experience and at the same time improve my prospects. When I saw your advertisement
in of it occurred to me that I might be able to offer my services to a reputed
organization such as yours.
4. I wish to apply for the post of advertised in the on
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Exhibit C17.17 shows a cover letter accompanying a technical feasibility report. Exhibits
C17.18C17.21 show cover letters accompanying resumes. Exhibit C17.22 shows a cover
letter as well as the accompanying resume. Exhibit C17.23 shows a scannable resume.
131
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EXHIBIT C17.17 Cover letter accompanying a technical feasibility report
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EXHIBIT C17.18 Cover letter accompanying a resume 1
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EXHIBIT C17.22 Cover letter along with a resume
(Contd)
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EXHIBIT C17.23 Scannable resume
139
OFFICIAL LETTERS
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Letters written by individuals, private organizations, and government agencies to government

organizations such as ministries, banks, government-run institutions, and industries within
or outside the country are generally known as ofcial letters. For instance, a letter from an
ofcer in the Union Ministry of Agriculture to an ofcer in the Department of Agriculture
of a state government can be called an ofcial letter. Similarly, a letter from a resident of
Kanpur to the District Collector can be classied in this category. Similarly, a letter written
by the chairman of an industry to the Minister of Commerce and Industry or a letter from
the Minister of External Affairs in India to his counterpart in Japan is an ofcial letter. Such
letters are strictly formal in nature and therefore should always follow the seven Cs of letter
writing, namely, clarity, conciseness, correctness, courtesy, conversational style, conviction,
and completeness. They should be drafted to the point and be presented in a formal style.
Ofcial letters are written for various purposes:
provide/report information
make requests
congratulate/appreciate
lodge a complaint
express support
Although all these purposes are served in business letters as well, the degree of formality
is more in ofcial or government letters. Of course, business letters also follow a specied
format and are formal to a certain degree. However, more and more businesses, especially
private companies, are resorting to communication via e-mail and hence do not strictly follow
the format. Even the print form of business letters use personal pronouns, such as I, me, you,
your, we, and our in order to personalize and make it informal. In fact, even though business
letters are written for a number of purposes, the underlying main objective is to create and
sustain the business relationship. On the other hand, ofcial or government letters are mostly
written to achieve an immediate objective. In some contexts, even the vocabulary used in
business letters and in government letters is different. For instance, the vocabulary used in
a business letter from the President of a large conglomerate to the Managing Director of
a multinational corporation will be different from that used in an ofcial letter from the
Minister of Law to the Defence Minister.
The following forms of ofcial letters are discussed in this section:
demi-ofcial letters
government letters
letters to authorities
Demi-official letters
A demi-ofcial (DO) letter is partly ofcial and partly personal. However, it is to be noted
that the word personal is different from private. Private letters are written to people who are
close to you in your family or friend circles. DO letters mainly ow between ofcers of the
same level or between ofcers who differ in ranks by one or two levels, to seek or provide
additional information or to discuss some matter personally before proceeding further and
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arriving at a decision on some issue. DO letters can also ow between an individual and
an ofcer/a businessperson or managers of two business organizations. Demi-ofcial are
different from formal government letters. The following are some characteristics of DO
letters:
Addressed to a particular ofcer by name and should directly reach him. It should be
ensured that nobody en-route open the letter.
Addressee details are given at the end of the letter
Always ends with the complimentary close Yours sincerely
A personal note can be included at the end if the writer so desires
Should not be quoted in ofcial letters unless they are included in the records
Used in urgent situations to draw the attention of a senior ofcer or to obtain some
information from a subordinate
When written by an individual to an ofcer who he is not familiar with, it should be
more formal and should not reveal any personal element
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Exhibits C17.24 and C17.25 are two sample DO letters.
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EXHIBIT C17.24 Demi-official letter 1
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EXHIBIT C17.25 Demi-official letter 2
143
Government Letters
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Letters that ow between two government departments or two government organizations

are called government letters. They are formal in structure, style, and layout. These letters
can be written for purposes such as requesting for nancial assistance, sending approval for
a project, informing about a change in policy, etc. These letters always use their printed
letterhead. Personal pronouns such as I, me, my, you, your, we, our, and ours are generally
absent in government letters. Either passive voice or a combination of active and passive
voice is used. Reference number and date are mandatory in these letters. Usually, they are
presented in the semi-modied block format. Paragraphs in the main text are indented. If
copies have to be sent to any other persons, the names along with their addresses are marked
at the end. Exhibits C17.26 and C17.27 will facilitate your understanding of government
letters.
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EXHIBIT C17.26 Government letter 1
145
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EXHIBIT C17.27 Government letter 2
147
Letters to Authorities
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As the name indicates, these are letters written to authorities or ofcers in government or
private-sector organizations. For instance, the President of a Residents Welfare Association
of a colony may write a letter of appreciation on a newly constructed modern bus stand or
a letter of complaint about the inefcient sewage system in the locality to the chairperson of
his municipality. Similarly, the CEO of a business house may write a letter to the manager of
a bank for enabling the company to use electronic money transfer for its employees. These
letters adopt a formal style and structure. Exhibits C17.28 and C17.29 will enable you to
understand the strategy of writing such letters.
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EXHIBIT C17.28 Letter to authority 1
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EXHIBIT C17.29 Letter to authority 2
149
OTHER FORMAL LETTERS

Apart from the letters we have studied so far, there are several other categories of formal
letters. We will discuss some important types in this section.
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A letter to the editor is a letter sent by readers of a publication, such as a newspaper, to the
publication, mainly covering issues perceived important by the reader. Some of the important
points one must keep in mind while writing it are mentioned below:
Be specicWhen commenting about an article in the newspaper, mention the day and
page number of that article. Also restate any stated political quotes in the article. For
Example: I agree with Mr Vir Sanghvis stance on the rise of moral policing in India
(Pa12, 9/30/09).
Compare and contrastFor instance when you are giving your views on the candidature
or two contestants in an election, reason why one candidate is better than the other in a
particular area.
OriginalityMake your own statement. Be different.
PolitenessEven if you do not subscribe to the views of the articles, you should be polite
in writing about why you disagree.
Read instructionsMost publications provide guidelines for writing a letter to editor;
strictly adhere to those norms.
Be concisewrite your letter in brief, clever statements. Dont make superuous
statements.
Personal detailsEditors often require this information for verifying your identity.
Grammatically correctBe sure whether your statements are grammatically correct or
not.
Facts and guresQuote the logistics specic to the article of your choice.
A letter to the editor can be used to
change behaviour/correct a statement
deliver a message
generate coverage of issue
impact policy
See Exhibits C17.30C17.32.
EXHIBIT C17.30 Letter to editor 1
Dear Editor,
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In your March 1 issue of NTR, you have stated that our organization has been losing money ever since
we launched our new product line, Mixus, and we were on the brink of bankruptcy. The truth of the
matter is we have shown a profit in six out of the past eight quarters. In no way has the Mixus line been
our downfall, as you imply. Our revenue for this product has been just slightly under our projections
during this period of product introduction to our customers.
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Yours truly,
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As you are aware, such implications of impending bankruptcy directly affect our relationships with
suppliers and distributors. We insist you immediately print a statement that corrects this misinformation.
151
EXHIBIT C17.31
Letter to editor 2
Dear Editor,
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The undertreatment of pain in this country is a well-documented public health disaster, which is driven
by the fear generated by this sort of media hysteria. Your reporting of this story is not responsible,
because it entirely overlooks the larger and more compelling issue. It is a fact that thousands of patients
die each year from the effects of undertreated pain, which causes more preventable disability than heart
disease and cancer combined.
The way you are reporting this story is irresponsible and harmful, because you are unwittingly (I hope)
playing into the Drug War propaganda machine, which is desperately trying to prop up its disastrously
failed War on Drugs, at the expense of pain sufferers everywhere. This will result in more suffering.
What doctor do you think will be foolish enough to try to treat suffering patients, in the environment of
regulatory oppression this sort of story promotes?
Regards,
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(Rajendra B. Prasad, MD)
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EXHIBIT C17.32 Letter to editor 3
153
Permission Letters
Not only students but also professionals often have to seek permission from seniors or higher
ofcials. Permission letters require the skill of writing a persuasive and convincing letter,
which may help derive the desired results. Read the following letter:
Respected Sir,
Thank you.
Sincerely,
Manish Sharma
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I am very happy to tell you that my cousin is getting married on the 24th of this month.
However, I was shocked to find out that you have announced an assignment for SPM on the
same day. But sir, my cousin and I share a very good relation from childhood and he has said
that I must attend his wedding. So I guess you understand how important it is for me to be
there? So, is it possible to arrange the test after 28th?
Respected Sir,
FO
What do you think will be the reaction of the professor upon reading the above permission
letter? One must take care of certain important points while writing a letter to seek permission
for anything:
Do not waste the time of the authority by unnecessarily forming a prologue; directly
approach the point.
Explain clearly the purpose of seeking permission, if asking for a leave or a rescheduling
of an exam; mention very clearly the reasons for your absence.
Attach the necessary documents for a proof of the reasons/purpose and mention it in
the letter.
Withdraw after thanking and obligation pleasantries.
Using these guidelines, the earlier letter given can be rewritten as follows:
OX
As I need to attend the wedding of my cousin I will be out of the campus from 22nd to 25th
February. So, I will not be able to appear for the internal lab assignment (course no, ES
C242: Structure and Properties of Materials) scheduled for the 24th.
I, therefore, request you to kindly consider my case and arrange to conduct the lab assignment
on any day after 27th. I have attached a copy of the marriage invitation card and a fax from my
father for your ready reference, and I will meet you immediately upon my return.
I once again request you to consider my case.
Regards,
Manish Sharma
We may have to ask permission for carrying out a project, undertaking a survey, starting a
research, introducing a new plan in the organization, etc. All these letters require the use of
persuasive language to convince the reader of the writers genuineness. It is always better to
be direct and to the point. Exhibit C17.33 is an example of a permission letter for in-plant
training.
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EXHIBIT C17.33 Permission letter 1
The Dean
The Training Division
BITS Pilani
Rajasthan 333031
Respected Sir,
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24 September 2010
SUBJECT : PERMISSION FOR AN INTERNSHIP
I am John Mather, a 3rd year student pursuing my B.E. in Civil Engineering of our Institute. I had
applied for an internship at the TIFR (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) Mumbai during this
summer and I am glad to inform you that I have been offered this internship.
Hence I request you to kindly permit me to take up this internship and issue a letter in this regard. Please
find enclosed the offer letter from TIFR.
Regards,
(John Mather)
(ID: 2005A2PS001)
OX
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Enclosure: Offer Letter
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Thank you letters are critical to succeed in a job search, and interviews are not the only
occasions to send thank-you and follow-up letters. A thank you letter can also be written
when a contact has been helpful on a telephonic conversation or e-mail, when someone
provides necessary information, when someone helps at a career fair, when visiting a contact
at their work site, and any other reason for which we want to express gratitude and to
develop a good relationship. See Exhibit C17.34.
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EXHIBIT C17.34 Thank you letter (modified block layout)
157
Review the interview follow-up letter in Exhibit C17.35. Notice how the letter is personalized
and mentions what happened at the meeting. The letter follows proper etiquette and
appropriate manners. It shows how a letter can create a positive impression, and that Elaine
has exceptional follow-up skills and consideration for the interviewers time. This note creates
yet another opportunity for Elaine to sell her skills.
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EXHIBIT C17.35 Interview follow-up letter (block layout)
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Accepting and Declining Invitations

Invitations are an important part of the modern worlds day-to-day functioning. Invitations
are inevitable, whether personal or professional, and one has to be at either end of them
(sender or receiver) quite often. Since they are such an essential part of life, one must exercise
utmost care and sensitivity when dealing with invitations. Whether accepting an invitation or
declining one, use of a proper tone and language is very important.
Accepting an invitation is often easier than a rejection. However, while accepting, some
guidelines must be followed:
Express gratitude and pleasure at accepting the invitation.
Conrm your presence in a clear statement without using any ambiguous terms such as
may be or probably.
Specify the time, place, and other details and ask to clear any doubt in a concise
manner.
Ask for any facility, if required, in an explicit manner to avoid any discomfort later.
Express enthusiasm for the event and what you hope to gain from it.
Finally, wish the sender success of the event (a way to be humble).
An acceptance letter on the above lines is given in Exhibit C17.36.
EXHIBIT C17.36 Acceptance letter
Dear Mr Raj
Sincerely,
OX
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Prof. D. Kumar
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Thank you for your kind letter inviting me to speak at the conference on 22 February on the topic 'the
present education system in India'.
I am really pleased in accepting your invitation, and confirm that I shall require overnight
accommodation on 22 February.
I will indeed be most happy to attend your conference and give a talk on the topic suggested by you.
Participating in such a conference will give me an opportunity not only to talk about the subject of my
interest, but also to interact with other people from the same area.
I look forward to meeting you and other members of your society at the conference and wish you
every success.
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Many a time, due to some previous engagements or unforeseen circumstances, we may

not be able to accept an invitation. One must not avoid replying, be it afrmative or negative,
within the given time. Not replying to an invitation is considered very rude.
The key point while rejecting an invitation is to be polite. Not even the slightest of
disinterest should be hinted in the reply. Some of the points to be cared for while writing a
letter of rejection are as follows.
As in the former case, express sincere gratitude and pleasure at receiving the invitation.
Mention pleasantries such as it would have been an honour to attend the event.
Expressing deep regret, state clearly that you would not be able to attend the event due
to a prior engagement. Offering a specic explanation or reason will add genuineness
and sincerity to the letter.
Wish success for the event.
Also mention that you would love to be a part of a similar endeavour in future.
OX
FO
A sample rejection letter is shown in Exhibit C17.37.
EXHIBIT C17.37 Rejection Letter
Dear Mr Raj
Sincerely,
OX
FO
Prof. D. Kumar
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Thank you for your kind letter inviting me to speak at the conference on 22 February on the topic 'the
present education system in India'.
It would indeed have been a great pleasure for me to speak at your conference and meet my friends
and honourable guests. But I am extremely sorry to inform you that I would not be able to attend the
event due to my prior commitment to my institute for the felicitation ceremony.
I wish you and your institute the very best of luck and success for the event.
163
These are the few points to be borne in mind while responding to invitation letters. The
format may vary depending on the situation, but the basic guidelines remain the same.
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Accepting or rejecting job offers

If one is offered a job, it is appropriate to formally notify the employer of their decision. In the
acceptance letter, one should specify the job being accepted and the name of the supervisor.
One should also review the starting salary, basic job responsibilities, and the date on which
one will commence work. In a rejection letter, one should tactfully state the reasons for not
accepting the job. It is benecial to convey appreciation for the interview and the employers
time because we may want to work for the same employer in the future. Exhibits C17.38 and
C17.39 provide sample letters of acceptance and rejection.
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EXHIBIT C17.38 Job acceptance letter
EXHIBIT C17.39 Rejecting a Job
30 April 2005
Mr Adam English
Manager/Owner
Artmosphere
516 La Peninsula Blvd.
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33167
Dear Mr English:
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Hamilton College
198, College Hill Road
NY 13223
Thank you for offering me the position of Spanish teacher at the Windsor School. The offer is very
appealing and I appreciate your giving me extra time to make a decision.
After much consideration, I have decided to decline your offer. The decision was very difficult, but I
have accepted a teaching position at the Hotchkiss School. The opportunity to work with a mentor
teacher with a reduced teaching load seems to be the most appropriate course of action for me as I begin
my career in independent school teaching. Perhaps our paths will cross again in the future.
Thank you again for your interest. Your consideration has been greatly appreciated.
Sincerely,
OX
FO
Theresa O'Leary
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Resignation Letters
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Many job seekers do not understand the importance of a carefully worded resignation
letter. When an individual resigns, it is imperative that they do not burn the bridges to
the organization. The sample resignation letter provided (Exhibit C17.40) is very carefully
worded. The person concerned (Randy) actually disliked his supervisors attitude and
demeanour and had very little respect for him. The letter, however, does not convey Randys
actual opinion.
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EXHIBIT C17.40 Resignation letter
167
MEMOSSTRUCTURE AND LAYOUT
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EXHIBIT C17.41 Memo template
MEMOSSTYLE
EXHIBIT C17.42 Memo 1
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Feathertouch Foam Industries Ltd

12, Gandhi Marg, Ahmedabad
Date: 20 August 2009

To: Public Relations Manager
From: Labour Welfare Officer
Subject: STAFF WELFARE FUND
You may recall that when I talked to you over phone yesterday, you agreed to my suggestions to create a
Staff Welfare Fund to extend financial assistance to our employees and their families in times of
prolonged illness or premature death.
I have discussed the matter with the Finance Manager. Though in principle he endorsed the idea, he has
suggested that detailed guidelines should be prepared for the operation of this fund. Hence I suggest that
we may constitute a three-member committee consisting of the following officers to work out the details:
Human Resource Manager (Convener)
Labour Welfare officer
Budget Officer
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P.K. Singh
FO
I am awaiting your approval to proceed further.
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RK Home Furnishers Limited

Hyder Chowk
Hyderabad
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Date: 31 July 2009

To : Personnel Manager
From: Vice President, Marketing
Subject: DETAILS FOR SALES MEETING
As we discussed in my office today, please get the necessary details pertaining to the expenses for
holding our annual sales meeting at the Ashoka Hotel, Mumbai. As we are planning to begin the meeting
on the morning of Monday, 4th September, we should reach the venue on 3rd September. We will leave
after a short morning session on 6th September.
Send me the following information:
l. Travel costs for 25 participants, including air travel to Mumbai and travel between the airport and
our lodge. I have enclosed the list containing the names and addresses of all the participants.
2. Room and board costs for the three-day period including cost with and without dinner. As you
know, we may allow participants to have their dinner outside.
3. Costs for recreational facilities at the hotel.
4. Costs for meeting room spacious enough to accommodate 25 participants, and necessary
equipment such as projectors, lecterns, computers, etc.
I would like to have the information by 10th August. You can contact me at x841 or raju@hotmail.com
in case you need any further information.
Rajesh
OX
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Enclosure: List of participants
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Best Institute of Management
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Gemini Circle
Chennai
Date: 31July 2009
To: All Wardens
Cc: Dean, Students Welfare Division
From: Chief Warden
Subject: WATER CONSERVATION
To help us save water in student hostels, the following conservation measures are to be enforced with
immediate effect:
l. Washing more than four clothes per student will be prohibited.
2. All taps will be checked for leakage.
3. Float valves will be checked to avoid overflowing of water.
4. Wardens will have a meeting with all students to create awareness about conserving water.
OX
Ganesh
FO
I am confident that these measures will reduce the wastage of water and I will greatly appreciate your
efforts in enforcing them in your respective hostels.
173
EMAILS
Email Jargon
Spam Unsolicited email sent to many people simultaneously, usually commercial, but
occasionally political.
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Bounce A message that was returned to the sender, either because the email address was
incorrect, the receivers mailbox was full, or because there was a con guration problem
on the receivers end. Can also be a verb: I tried sending email to my Aunt Mary, but it
bounced. I guess she doesnt work there anymore.
Distribution list A single email address that resends to many others, allowing a discussion
to continue easily among a quasi-stable group of participants. Also called emailing lists or
listservs (from LIST SERVers).
Bot A piece of software that acts on behalf of and in place of a remote human (from
roBOT).
Mailbot
A piece of software that automatically replies to email.
Listbot A piece of software that manages distribution lists. Also called a listserver or
majordomo (after the name of a common list server)
Post Send to a distribution list or Usenet newsgroup, i.e., to a quasi-stable group of
people.
Flame
An electronic message that is particularly hostile. Can also be a verb.
Lurk To read messages anonymously (in either a mailing list or Usenet newsgroup) without
posting.
OX
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Ping Test to see if the other person is there/awake/available. (This comes from a Unix
test to see if a machine, or its net connection, was active or not.) Lunch tomorrow? I may be
busy with a client. Ping me at eleven thirty or so.
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EXHIBIT C17.46 Email window
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EXHIBIT C17.47 Email 1

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Reports
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CHAPTER 18: REPORTS
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Inductive and Deductive Methods of Opening a Report

Sample Inspection Report
Sample Memo Report
Sample Letter Report
Sources of Information
Library Search
Interviews
Questionnaires
Exhibit C18.1: Covering letter
Exhibit C18.2: Questionnaire on attitude towards smoking
Web-based Surveys (Internet Surveys)
Sample Incident Report
Sample Laboratory Report
Sample Project Report
Sample Analytical Report
INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS OF OPENING A REPORT

Inductive approach
OX
FO
The automobile sector in India seems to have

made tremendous headway in the last ten years.
Company X has produced three models of cars.
However, with the entry of new players in the
market the company is facing stiff competition.
There is also a slump in the market with excessive
production and insufficient demand. The current
study analyses the growth prospects of Company
X vis--vis its competitors.
The study focusses attention on the following
three questions:
1. Who are the competitors?
2. Will Company X be able to face stiff
competition from other companies?
3. What are the prospects of growth?
The report attempts to analyse . . .
Deductive approach
The automobile sector in India seems to have

made tremendous headway in the last ten years.
Company X has produced three models of cars.
However, with the entry of new players in the
market, Company X is facing stiff competition.
There is also a slump in the market with excessive
production and insufficient demand. The current
study analyses the growth prospects of Company X
vis--vis its competitors. It can easily be concluded
that:
1. Company X is facing severe competition
from companies Y and Z.
2. Unless and until Company X brings down
its price to match that of the competitors,
it will not be able to corner a substantial
market share.
It is recommended that an additional feature such
as power steering be introduced as an extra facility
or a reasonable reduction in price be carried out.
Further, it is recommended that Company X target
students pursuing professional courses, with a
lowered price and basic strip down model, so that
it appeals to their taste and fits their budget.
The conclusions arrived at and recommendations
made are based on the following study. Five sample
automobile companies were taken . . .
SAMPLE INSPECTION REPORT
Call Registration Number:

Customer:
Location:
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EXCEL Technovation Pvt. Ltd

Ph. No. 377919 Fax: 0141-37978
CUSTOMER CALL FEEDBACK REPORT
Date :
Sys. Model:
Sl.No.:
Service Type
Warranty/AMC/IRB/
Chargeable/Others
Call Type
Ins/CM/PM/Proj/Upj/Upg/Siteinsp/Others
Problem Reported:
Event
Date
Call Reported
Time
Peripheral/Add-on Model:
Sl. No.:
Product
Home PC/Desktop/Server/
Sun/IBM/Datacomm/
SW/Peripheral/Others
Call Category
Event
Date
HW/SW
Time
Start of Service
Call Assigned
End of Service
Travel Time
Engineer Hands on Time
Action Taken:
______________________________________________________________________________________
Call Status:
Closed
Pending for Others
Pending for Spares
Pending for Customers
Part Replaced:
Yes
No
Under observation
Part Number
Part Replaced
Quantity
Part Serial No.
FO
Part Removed
Part Description
OX
For Customers Use: Please rate this call by ticking an option:

Extremely Dissatised
Dissatised
Satised
Extremely Satised
Neither Satised nor Dissatised
Customers Feedback:
User Name
Email ID/Tel.No
Signature
Date
:
:
:
:
Engineer Name
Signature
Date
:
:
Reports
SAMPLE MEMO REPORT
MODERN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)
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INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM
To: Dean, Students Welfare Division
From: Chief Warden
Date: 15 October 2003
Subject: Negative effects of Internet facilities
Please refer to your letter No. SWD/IM/2003 in which you have asked me to study the negative effects of
Internet facilities provided by the Institute. I would like to present my findings and recommendations.
Findings
The data for the report was collected by interviews with wardens, Mess Managers and the Chief of Information
Processing Centre. Also, the medical records of the students were collected from the office of the Chief
Medical Officer.
Physical Problems
A preliminary look into the medical records shows that about 75% of the students owning a computer and
regular users of the IPC have complained about some physical problem or the other during the past one year.
Dr R.K. Sen, Chief Medical Officer, told me that these were the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS),
a deadly disease that affects many computer users all over the globe. He also explained that these were due
to excessive time spent in front of the computer, improper sitting posture, and the lack of physical exercise
amongst the students. Also lack of proper sleep is a cause of this fast growing disease.
Academic Performance
Another disturbing trend has been the decline in academic standards of the student. Most of the wardens and
teachers have complained about the declining academic output of the students since the facility was provided
to the students. From the talks with Dr T. Bansal, Chief, IPC, I have concluded that most of the students make
improper use of the Internet facility. The most common use is for chatting and watching movies over the Web.
Though listening to music is also attributed as a problem, one may say that music is good for the students as
it has a soothing effect. This abuse of the facility hampers the mental development of the student. Many have
got so hooked to it that they live in a virtual world and the only friends they have are chat friends. This is an
alarming fact and the trend must be stopped from growing.
Food Habits
Recommendations
FO
The food habits of the students have also been a cause of concern lately. Most Mess Managers agree that the
attendance for meals has gone down considerably since the last year, after the introduction of the computer
centre. Also, the growing use of junk food by the students is a cause of concern, according to Dr Sen.
OX
Given below are a few suggestions which may help in tackling the problem in question:
The amount of time spent by a student in the computer lab should be fixed to no more than 4 hours. This
can be easily implemented according to the IPC Chief.
Undesirable sites should be blocked.
Awareness should be raised among students about CTS and also how to prevent it.
Considering Dr Sens advice, chairs in the computer centre should be changed to specially designed ones
for more comfort.
Student participation in sports and cultural activities must be encouraged to shift their attention from
computers.
The computer lab must be shut down between 12 PM and 9 AM to give students proper rest.
I hope that this report will give you an insight into the nature of the problem and also its possible
solutions. I would be glad to provide any clarification or additional information required in this
regard.
Amit Goyal
Chief Warden
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SAMPLE LETTER REPORT
SINLEY DISTRIBUTING COMPANY

3204 Jawaharlal Marg, New Delhi
Dear Mr Moondra:
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September 27, 2003
Mr S.S. Moondra
Akshay Supermarket
Vidya Vihar
Pilani, Rajasthan
Subject: Advantages of Fully Stocked Shelves
As inquiries are increasing from several supermarket executives concerning grocery and drug shelf stocking, I have
undertaken an investigation to determine the effect of fully stocked shelves on sales. This survey has been made considering
representative grocery and drug products, with attention given to percentage increases through mass stocking.
Effect of Diversi cation
Seven supermarkets were surveyed, with several brands of products checked for a two-week period under normal shelfstocking conditions, and then for two more weeks under fully stocked shelf conditions. Enclosed is the complete result of
the survey: below is a simple breakdown:
Table 1:
Sales in Relation to Number of Items Stocked
Number of items checked

2 weeks unit sales under normal conditions
2 weeks unit sales when shelves were kept fully stocked
Change in percentage
On Total Grocery
Product Sales
On Total
Drug Sales
128
8,404
10,287
+22.4%
69
607
902
+48.5%
On All
Products
197
9,011
11,189
+24.2%
If you notice the change in the percentage of sales resulting from fully stocking the shelves, it is obvious that this procedure
is of tremendous value:
Grocery product sales . 22.4 per cent increase
Drug product sales ..... 48.5 per cent increase
All products sales ....... 24.2 per cent increase
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Margin and Turnover

We all know that it is the desire of every supermarket to offer goods at the lowest possible prices. This can be accomplished
only by reducing markup and increasing stock turnover. Now, if you can increase sales on all products by 24.2 per cent merely
by fully stocking your shelves, it is apparent that you will be able to reduce markups and offer merchandise at lower prices.
By your giving maximum exposure to different commodities, the consumer has the opportunity to see more and as a result
is motivated to purchase something that would never have entered his mind if certain brands had not caught his eye.
The rise in the general standard of living has caused a proportional increase in the demand for service. By our very
nature, we cannot offer personalized service; therefore, we must do the next best thinggive intensive exposure to a
large variety of brands. That is, substitute displays and printed selling appeals of various manufacturers for personal
selling. The consumer is still our livelihood, and the more he sees, the more he will buy.
Recommendations
I suggest that you keep your shelves fully stocked at all times to increase sales of merchandise. It has always been our
policy to sell through our retailers, which has been brought to light by the survey.
Yours sincerely
M.K. Hingle
President
Reports
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Library Search
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In reports on subjects of a general nature, library research may be useful. This includes
reference to standard reference books and past as well as current issues of newspapers, trade
publications, research journals, and magazines.
Examples: Report on the analysis of online marketing strategies
Report on recent trends in software industry
Nowadays, many online library catalogues may assist one in identifying the appropriate
books, journals, or periodicals quickly and easily.
When reading to secure information for a report, you may nd the following suggestions
helpful:
Visualize the facts. Connect words to the facts to which they refer.
Understand the dictionary meanings and connotations of the words.
Examine factual statements and gures for their accuracy and logic.
Distinguish between vague and denite statements, between hasty generalizations and
careful judgements, between opinion and fact.
Scan the material for important points found in topic sentences.
To evaluate and nalize your sources, ask yourself the following questions:
Does the source have a reputation for honesty and reliability?
Is the source potentially biased?
What is the purpose of the material?
Is the author credible?
Where did the source get its information?
Can you verify the material independently?
Is the material current?
Is the material complete?
Do the claims of the source stand up to scrutiny?
Internal Records
Most of the relevant information is already contained in the old les of the institution.
Sometimes there are precedents, and old ndings and recommendations may be of
considerable help. Hence, it is very important to go through the old les of the organization.
Declining sales or rising cost of production are recurring phenomena. And their causes are
also usually similar. In these cases, old les may provide some valuable information.
Examples: Report on the history and growth of XYZ Institute
Report on the admission pattern adopted by ABC University
Database Search
One can collect data for a report by surng various databases, the addresses of which are
obtained through Internet search. But ineffective and inefcient searching may result in
information overload or wastage of time. The following guidelines will enable one to carry
out a quick and purposeful database search:
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Choose appropriate databases: One may want a good technical/business/academic

database. However, journals on the topic may be in a database that also includes journals
on other subjects.
Use multiple search engines: One should not depend on a single search engine, especially
when looking for a less popular topic. The research can be tried on several engines by
using metacrawlers, special engines that search several search engines at once.
Use keywords and phrases: For instance, if you want to write a report on Importance of
articial intelligence in decision making, you would select the keywords or phrases such
as articial intelligence, decision making, management, and corporations. Use synonyms
or word equivalents whenever possible, and use quotation marks around phrases to look
for the entire phrase instead of separate words.
Use appropriate order: Search engines look for the words exactly as they are keyed in. If
the words occur, but not in the same order, the relevant hints may be missed.
Avoid stopwords: Stopwords are those words the computer disregards and will not search
for. Common ones are: a, an, the, of, by, with, for, and to.
Use variations of the terms: Use abbreviations (MD, CEO), synonyms (primary,
major), related terms (group, team, collaboration), different spellings (ber, bre),
singular and plural forms (analysis, analyses), and nouns and adjectives (environment,
environmental).
Use appropriate search operators: Narrow or broaden your search by including AND,
OR, AND NOT, WITHIN, NEAR, or ADJ. They can help you create complex, precise
search strategies. (Examples: poverty AND crime AND gender; radiation NOT nuclear;
endangered ADJ species; phylogeny NEAR ontogeny; orchids AND growing OR
planning.)
Rene the search if necessary: If more than 60 or 100 results appear to sort through, the
search should be rened. Entering inadequate or too few words may also give somewhat
irrelevant results. Also, attention needs to be paid while searching in the title, subject, or
document of the database. Each will yield different results.
OX
Observation is seeing with a purpose. Personal observation is used as a method of data

collection for securing rst-hand information for a report. It is based on our sensory perception
and memory and often combined with other methods of data collection.
While observing personally, we not only observe but also form a mental impression of
what we had perceived. In other words, our observation appeals to our senses. For example,
when you conduct an experiment in a laboratory, you use this method to collect data for your
lab report.
Examples: All laboratory reports
Report on re incidents
The two kinds of observation are (i) controlled observation and (ii) uncontrolled observation.
The former is generally used in scientic research where scientists carry on an experiment
and record ndings. Scientists, for example, may conduct a particular experiment under
specic conditions of temperature and pressure. They set the stage and then observe. On the
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other hand, in uncontrolled observation, the observer views things as they are. For instance,
you would resort to uncontrolled observation when you collect data for writing a report on
the working conditions prevalent in a particular factory.
Given below are some tips for successful personal observation:
Be focussed on what to observe.
Be objective and unbiased in your observation.
Do not rely entirely on your memory.
Carry paper and a pen to make notes.
Note down all observations on the spot.
Make a clear distinction between what you have seen and what you have felt.
Check the accuracy of facts.
Interviews
FO
An interview is an interaction or conversation with a purpose. It is an effective method for

collecting primary information directly from an expert. It allows for a direct exchange of
information, and the interviewees voice, facial expression, gestures, and general behaviour
all contribute to this exchange of information. The answers we receive are inuenced by the
types of questions we ask, by the way we ask them, and by our subjects cultural and linguistic
background.
Interviews conducted with the purpose of collecting data for a report are called data
collection interviews. They can be either face-to-face/in-person or telephonic.
In general, data collection interviews are conducted for the following specic purposes:
to gather facts or subjective data such as attitudes, preferences, opinions, tastes, or
emotional reactions
to determine facts known to a single individual or group of people
to substantiate the data collected through other sources
A successful interview requires careful planning and organization to ensure that one gets
the desired information.
OX
Preparing Questions
By going prepared with a set of questions will make us condent and will save both our and
the respondents time, thus creating a better impression of us on the respondent. There are
four basic types of interview questions:
Open-ended questions invite the interviewee to offer an opinion, not just a yes, no, or
other one-word answer, help us learn the reasons behind a decision rather than just the
facts, and diminish our control of the interview.
Example: What do you think are the major reasons for the employees unrest?
Guidelines for planning and conducting a face-to-face interview and also for preparing
questions for the same
Planning
Get an appointment
Prepare a list of questions (open-end)
Be clear about the purpose
Visualize opening and last question
Carry pen, note pad, and recording accessories
Dress appropriately
Get an appointment
Prepare a list of questions. (open end)
Be clear about your purpose
Visualize opening and last question.
Get prior permission for recording
Reach on time
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Be ready with a strategy to bring the respondents

to focus, if they deviate
Conducting the interviews

Briefly explain the purpose
Be flexible
Exhibit active listening
Do not get unnerved
Be accurate in recording
Finish in time
Dont enter into an argument
Assure confidentiality
Assume a subordinate position
Avoid embarrassing questions.
Avoid too many interruptions
Thank the respondent
L Be tactful
Keep the lines of communication open
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Direct open-ended questions give the interviewee some freedom but give the interviewer
more control.
Example: What is your role in bringing back normalcy among the employees?
Close-ended questions require yes/no, short answers, produce specic information, save
time, require less effort from the interviewee, and eliminate bias and prejudice in answers.
They limit the respondent initiative and are not very useful for extracting information.
Example: Do you feel the unrest among the employees will continue for a week?
Restatement questions mirror a respondents previous answer and invite the respondent
to expand on that answer.
Example: You said that the union leader would be meeting the employees this evening. Is
that information correct?
While preparing the personal interview sheet containing the list of questions to be posed
during the interview, remember the following guidelines:
Prepare about twenty questions if your interview time is 30 minutes.
Prepare questions with adequate focus on the topic.
Think about sequence.
Ask intelligent, smart questions.
Use a mix of question types.
Edit your questions.
The face-to-face data collection interview has both advantages and limitations.
Advantages
Provides qualitative data as we can seek further clarication, if necessary, on any
answers
Enables us to observe the reactions of the respondent
Can be effective and efcient if we go ready with a set of questions
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Limitations:
It is expensive and time-consuming if we have to meet people located at various places.
We cannot contact a large number of people and hence the data may not be
representative.
As the answers are detailed and not in tabular form, we may nd the analysis difcult.
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Telephone Interview
Sometimes interviews are conducted over the telephone. Such interviews are useful for
opinion polls, when a limited number of questions are to be asked, and are usually more
expensive than a personal interview. The telephone interview permits wide coverage of either
particular or general groups, and uses a representative or random sample. The following lists
summarize the merits and limitations of telephone interviews:
Merits:
The telephone interview is the quickest of the survey techniques.
The refusal rate is usually low among people who are reached by phone.
The cost per completed interview is low for the sample covered.
For studies of middle- and high-income groups the telephone interview may be
satisfactory because most of the interviewees will have phones.
Interviews may be scattered over a wide area within a city without adding to the cost.
As compared with a mail questionnaire, the telephone survey is preferable because it
usually costs less per return. Returns are higher on rst solicitation, and they can be
more effectively controlled from the point of neighbourhood distribution.
Limitations:
Detailed data cannot be gathered by this method because the informants soon become
annoyed or impatient. If the schedule is too lengthy, the informant may either hang up
or give unreliable answers.
As it is not possible to observe the body language of the informant, the interviewer may
not be able to modify the strategies during the interview.
It is difcult to secure privacy on party lines.
Misinformation is hard to detect and check in short inquiries.
A disturbed line may make it difcult to hear properly and record the answers
accurately.
Questionnaires
One of the best methods of collecting primary information is to ask people with relevant
experience and opinions (known as survey). When prepared and conducted properly, surveys
can tell us what a cross-section of people think about a given topic. A survey is reliable if it
produces identical results when repeated. A survey is valid if it measures what it is intended
to measure. Surveys are generally conducted for the following purposes:
to collect data from a large number of people scattered over a wide geographical area
to secure information on behaviour characteristics
to gather opinions on attitudes
to obtain facts
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One of the most crucial elements of a survey is the questionnaire. We may begin with a
list of points we need to determine. Then we can break these points into specic questions,
choosing an appropriate type of question for each point. The following guidelines will help
you produce results that are both valid and reliable.
Ask only those questions relevant to your study.
Provide clear instructions on how to ll out the questionnaire.
Keep the questionnaire short and easy to answer.
Formulate questions that provide easily tabulated or analysed answers.
Avoid leading questions.
Ask only one thing at a time (avoid double-barrelled questions).
Pre-test the questionnaire.
Let us now discuss certain important aspects of questionnaire preparation, e.g., the types
of questions we may include, how to prepare them, how to sequence them, and also the types
of sampling available.
Question Types
Open-ended questions elicit descriptive answers. To enable the respondent to write his/her
answer, provide adequate space.
Example: What is your opinion on establishing a gymnasium in our campus?
Close-ended questions require a denite answer such as yes/no, adequate/inadequate,
satisfactory/unsatisfactory, sufcient/insufcient, etc., as framed in the question.
Example: What do you feel about the availability of space for establishing a gymnasium in
our campus? adequate/inadequate
Multiple Choice type questions require the respondents to choose an option from the given choices.
OX
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Example: Which of the following time slots do you feel would be appropriate for the
new gymnasium? (choose any two)
(a) 5.30 a.m. to 6.30 a.m.
(b) 6.00 a.m. to 7.00 a.m.
(c) 5.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m.
(d) 6.30 p.m. to 7.30 p.m.
Ranking type questions require the respondents to rank the items given from 1 to 5.
Example: Rank the following timings in the order of your preferences, from 1 (most
preferred) to 5 (least preferred):
(a) 5.30 to 6.30 a.m.
(b) 6.00 to 7.00 a.m.
(c) 7.00 to 8.00 a.m.
(d) 5.00 to 6.00 p.m.
(e) 6.30 to 7.30 p.m.
Short answer type questions require answers of a few words or phrases. The answers are
shorter than those for the open-ended questions.
Example: How often would you like to use the gymnasium per week?
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Preparing Questions
Whatever may be the type of questions, you need to follow these guidelines:
Provide clear instructions.
Explain how to ll out the questionnaire: whether to check the box, write something,
rank, etc.
Keep the questionnaire short and easy to answer.
Ask only such questions that are specic to your report topic; limit short answer
questions.
Formulate questions that provide easily tabulated and analysed answers.
Respondents will nd it easy to mention numbers and facts than to summarize their
opinions.
Avoid leading questions.
If you ask Do you feel that hydrochloric acid is good for clogged drains?, it is a leading
question as you give the readers a clue. They may answer yes even without applying their
mind. Instead, if you ask Which acid, in your opinion, is good for clogged drains? and give
options, they are forced to choose one of the options.
Ask about only one aspect at a time.
Do you feel this experiment can be done under low-pressure and high-temperature
conditions?this is a double-barrelled question. You have to separate the issues of
pressure and temperature and ask two questions.
Pre-test the questionnaire.
You can get better results if you select a group of ten people and ask them to ll out the
questionnaire before you send it to your actual respondents.
If you are mailing rather than administering it in person, include a return postage-paid
envelope along with a persuasive cover letter that explains why you are conducting the
survey. It should convince your readers that responding is important.
You will get a maximum of 1020% response even in the best circumstances.
OX
Sequencing
To enable a continuous ow of thought, questions should be sequenced appropriately. Either
a logical or a psychological order can be followed. A logical sequence gives full consideration
to the subject matter of questions, which must be covered thoroughly, and the chain of
thought moves continuously from one question to the next. The psychological order, on
the other hand, gives full consideration to the psychology of the respondent. The rst few
questions may be easy and then the reader may proceed to more difcult ones. To sustain the
readers interest, some transitions are used between questions. Personal questions are buried
in the middle of the questionnaire. Similarly, questions that may reect the respondents
intelligence and those that are likely to be of little interest to him/her also nd a place in the
middle.
Sampling
When we want to contact a large number of people, mailing the questionnaires to everybody
may not be possible.
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We can choose a part of the group for sampling on the assumption that a representative
number of responses indicate the whole. Two major aspects need to be considered in
planning:
Type
Size
Types of Sampling: Depending on the method of selection, sampling may be categorized
as random, stratied, or proportionate. For instance, if you go for an employee survey, you
can get the payroll list containing names of all employees and can select individual names at
equally spaced intervals, such as every fth or tenth name. That would be random sampling.
For the same survey, if you divide the employees into categories and select names from
each group, that will fall under stratied sampling. The last method, namely proportionate
sampling, is used only when a specic class will affect the responses or conclusions. Here, you
control the selection in such a way that characteristics of the whole group are represented
proportionately.
Size: The purpose of the survey determines the size of the samplewhether it is large or
small. But an adequate sample is one that is large enough for generalization about certain
characteristics.
The normal percentage of returns on most mail questionnaires is from 10 to 15 per cent.
With a carefully selected mailing list and a questionnaire of general interest, returns often
will reach 75 per cent or more. When they reach approximately 80 per cent, the ndings are
reliable without further testing because answers from those not responding would have little
effect on the total responses.
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Covering Letter
Generally all mail questionnaires are accompanied by a covering letter (Exhibit 18.1), which
should be short and tactful. Its contents are:
Purpose of the study
Brief description of the questionnaire
General instructions pertaining to the questions
Request to ll in and return the form
Assurance of condentiality and follow-up
Sources for Mailing List
Telephone directories
List of voters
List of customers
Schools and colleges
Professional directories
Censuses
Automobile registration
Advantages and Disadvantages
Like other means of data collection, a questionnaire also has its own advantages and
disadvantages.
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Advantages
Less expensive than the other methods.
Specic segments of population can be reached.
More reliable than interviews because people generally take care in lling out written
information.
Questions can be answered at the convenience of the respondent.
All respondents will receive the same questionnaire and hence the bias of the interviewer
is eliminated.
The respondent need not be identied.
The respondent has a chance to deliberate and look up information.
Analysis is easier.
Disadvantages
There may be difculty in securing replies.
The data obtained may not be representative if a large number of people do not reply.
Often questions may be inadequately answered or left unanswered.
It is difcult to get complex or condential information through a questionnaire.
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Exhibit C18.1 shows a sample covering letter. Exhibit C18.2 shows a sample questionnaire.
EXHIBIT C18.1 Sample covering letter
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October 10, 2009

Ravi Kumar
Best Institute of Technology
Agra
Dear friend
SUBJECT: Data for survey on smoking
I am conducting a survey on smoking habits prevalent among the students

of Best Institute of Technology. This survey is a part of my project work
under the guidance of Prof. Raman.
I would like to collect data that can be worked out into a report. As a
student member of the project team I have offered to assist in collecting
information from my friends. In this connection, I have prepared a
questionnaire containing twenty-one questions pertaining to the smoking
habits of students.
You will be helping my project team, and me, if you answer the questions
that appear on the enclosed questionnaire. I have also enclosed a stamped,
addressed envelope for your convenience in answering, and a courtesy
copy of the questionnaire that you may keep.
FO
Your answers are important for me in analysing the subject of the project
we have taken up. Answering the questions will take but a few minutes of
your time and will be of real value to me in completing this survey.
OX
I assure you that the information you provide through your answers will
be kept confidential and will be used for research purposes only.
Please send the filled out questionnaire before October 30, 2009.
I appreciate the time and effort you are sparing for me and I thank you
for the same.
Yours sincerely,
Ravi Kumar
Enclosed: One questionnaire
Reports
EXHIBIT C18.2 Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Smoking
Questionnaire
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Age:
Sex: M/F
1. Do you smoke?
Yes
No
2. If your answer to Q1 is Yes,
You started smoking when you were _________________ years.
3. How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?
Only occasionally (Not everyday)
Less than 5 per day
Between 5 and 10 per day

More than 10 per day
Not applicable.
4. Do you know that the major cause of lung cancer is smoking?
Strongly agree
Agree
Not agree
Strongly disagree
7.
8.
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6.
OX
5.
Not sure
Even though I smoke, and I am aware that smoking and lung cancer are
related, I personally feel that it is not going to happen to me.
Yes
No
Not Applicable
Does anyone in your family smoke?
Father
Mother
Brother
Sister
Others
No one
Do you think that people pay attention to the Statutory Warning on
cigarette packs that Cigarette smoking is injurious to health?
Yes
No
If you smoke, which of the following apply to you?
I have already quit smoking successfully.
I tried to quit but was unsuccessful.
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I will quit sometime later.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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10.
I will continue to smoke, as I dont worry about the ill effects of

smoking.
Do you feel smoking has serious effects on non-smokers?
Yes
No
If you are not a smoker, it is because
Your parents will never like it.
You never felt any need to experiment with smoking.
You strongly believe that smoking is dangerous to ones own health.
Other, specify __________________________ .
Do you think nicotine in cigarettes is addictive?
Yes
No
Do you strongly feel that girls should not smoke?
Yes
No
Passive Smoking is related to respiratory problems among non-smokers.
(Passive smokers are people who do not smoke themselves but inhale the
smoke in the environment because of other smoker/s.)
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
According to you, My friend started smoking _______________
To experiment
Because friends smoke
To relieve himself/herself from anxieties
To look smart
Describe in your own words. _______________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
OX
9.
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I will continue to smoke as I enjoy it.
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15. Do you strongly feel that smoking affects men more?

Yes
No
16. I have heard of many people who smoked heavily but lived to a ripe
old age, so smoking is not all that bad. Do you agree to this notion?
Yes
No
17. Do you strongly feel that smoking affects women more?
Yes
No
18. Do you strongly feel that men give up smoking easily when compared
to women?
Yes
No
19. Do you strongly feel that women give up smoking easily when
compared to men?
Yes
No
20. Do you feel that most lung cancer is caused by air pollution,
automobile fumes, etc. ... not smoking?
Yes
No
21. With reference to smoking and public health, which of the following
measures do you support:
Smoking should be banned in public places.
Cigarette advertisements in mass media should be banned.
Sponsoring of sport events by cigarette manufacturers should be
banned.
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Awareness campaigns on health hazards of smoking in colleges

should be carried out.
Others, specify
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Web-based surveys (Internet surveys)
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Several surveys/opinion polls are conducted every day by popular newspaper websites.
Internet is a medium through which we can contact thousands and thousands of people
simultaneously and conduct surveys. These surveys have several advantages as listed below:
Most modern means of surveying
Cheaper to conduct
Reach a large number of people instantly, economically
Can improve survey response rates
Can be made more attractive by using graphics and animation
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SAMPLE INCIDENT REPORT
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An Incident Report
on
AYODHYA VERDICT
By
Simran Kaur
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The much-awaited Ayodhya verdict was announced at 1400 hours on 30th

September, 2010.
The Ayodhya debate is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India
on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya, Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh. The
main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace
of the Hindu God Rama, the history and location of the Babri Mosque at the
site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modied to create
the mosque. The Babri Mosque was destroyed by hardline Hindu activists during
a political rally which turned into a riot on December 6, 1992. A subsequent
land title case was lodged in the Allahabad High Court, the verdict of which was
pronounced on September 30, 2010. In the landmark hearing, the three judges of
The Allahabad High Court ruled that the 2.77 acres of Ayodhya land be divided
into 3 parts, with 1/3 going to construction of the Ram temple, 1/3 going to the
Islamic Sunni Waqf Board and the remaining 1/3 going to the Hindu religious
denomination Nirmohi Akhara. It is clearly said in the court verdict that the
disputed structure was constructed on the site of old structure after demolition of
the same. The Archaeological Survey of India has proved that the structure was a
massive Hindu religious structure.
Reacting to the verdict, all the three parties, including the Uttar Pradesh Sunni
Wakf board announced that they will appeal against the division of disputed land
among three parties in the Supreme Court of India. All the three parties, however,
conceded that this judgment was an important step forward, towards resolution of
a long pending dispute.
A day after the Ayodhya court verdict was pronounced; the nation remained
calm today with no untoward incident reported from any part, as tens of thousands
of security personnel kept a hawks vigil.
Security drills in sensitive areas across the country will continue for a few more
days to thwart any law and order problem with authorities saying it will not be
relaxed for now. Thousands of potential trouble makers and anti-social elements
were also rounded up as a preventive measure in several parts of the country.
Since security was tight, there was no report of any celebration or protests from
any part of the country.
199
SAMPLE LABORATORY REPORT
Objectives
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Cross-Circulation Drying
1. To study the drying characteristics of porous & non-porous solid under forced draft condition with
cross ow of air.
2. To determine the critical moisture content.
3. To calculate the total drying time.
Theory
Drying of solid generally means removal of small amounts of liquid from solid material to reduce liquid
content to acceptably low value. There are several distinct periods in the drying curve as moisture content
of the solid is reduced from high initial value to its nal value.
Period O. An initial period during which drying rate may increase or decrease rapidly from an initial
value.
Period I. An early stage of drying during which drying rate remains at constant value.
Period II. During this period, the drying rate decreases more or less linearly with continued decrease
of water content.
Period III. The drying rate in this zone decreases further, but generally in a non-linear fashion with
moisture content.
The total time of drying tT is determined from following equation:
tT =
[(xExC)] + XcIn
ms = mass of bone dry solid

A = area of drying
Rc = rate at rst critical point
X = free moisture content X = XT X*
X = total free moisture content
X* = eql free moist. content
Xc = free moisture content at rst critical point
X1 = initial free-moisture content
X2 = nal free moisture content
FO
Requirements
Procedure
OX
Dryer assembly, blower, beaker, water, brick particles (porous), glass beads (non-porous), heater,
physical balance, digital anemometer, thermometers.
1. Empty pan of dryer was weighed.

2. The pan was taken out of dryer and after lling it with brick particles, it was placed back in the drying
chamber. The weight of pan was noted.
3. The water cups for wet bulb temperature (WBT) thermometer were taken out from dryer.
4. Heater and blower were switched on. The value on inlet line was adjusted to give air velocity of
4 ms. It was measured with digital anemometer.
5. Air was blown for 30 min. for the system to reach steady state. The dry bulb temperature and weight of
pan at this state was noted.
6. The brick particles were soaked in water for about 10 min. in beaker. Then wet particles were spread
over pan uniformly.
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Observations
Weight of bricks = 250 gms.
For Brick Particles:

Time
Weight of Pan,
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7. One cup with water in cup holder and one WBT thermometer each were put at the inlet
and outlet ports of the dryer.
8. The pan was placed back in the drying chamber.
9. Dry bulb & wet bulb temp. at inlet & outlet and the weight of the pan were recorded.
These are reading at time t=0.
10. Readings initially at intervals of about 2 min. and later at intervals of 5 min. were
taken.
11. The process was continued until there was a signi cant change in the weight of the
pan.
Tin dry = 60 C
Tout dry = 62 C
V= 4 m/s
Inlet Temperature
and Wet Solid, W Dry Bulb (C)

0
2
4
6
8
13
18
23
28
33
328 gm
318
314
310
307
298
291
283
278
272
Wet Bulb (C)
61
63
63
64
65
66
66.5
66.5
66
65
Sample Calculations:
46
53
54
54
54.5
55
55
52.5
51.5
50
Outlet perature
Dry Bulb (C)

61
61
61
60
61
62
62
62
62
62
(i) tT = ms/Arc [ (X1Xc) + Xc ln Xc/X2]
X* = 0.006
= 250/(0.0245X0.008) [ (0.0306-0.24) + ln 0.24/0.008]
Xc = 0.306
Wet Bulb C)
4446
47
48
54
54
56
56
57
57
57
Result
X2 = 0.0008
OX
XT2=0.068 0.006
= 30.4 min.
FO
XT = 0.312
For Brick Particles:

Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
Weight of Wet Solid, W3 (gms.)
328
318
314
310
XT
0.312
0.272
0.256
0.24
Page 2
T (min.)
Slope
0
2
4
6
0.02
0.008
0.008
0.006
201
Weight of Wet Solid, W3 (gms.)
5
6
7
8
9
10
307
298
291
283
278
272
For Glass Beads:
Time
Weight of Wet
(min.)
Solid, W3 (gms.)
0
2
4
6
8
13
18
118
114
112
111
109
106
104
Result
For Glass Beads:
Slope
0.228
0.192
0.164
0.132
0.112
0.068
8
13
18
23
28
33
0.0072
0.0056
0.0064
0.004
0.0088
Inlet Temperature
Outlet Temperture
Dry Bulb (C)
Wet Bulb (C)
Dry Bulb (C)
Wet Bulb (C)
62
65
66
66
66
66
67
40
49
51
53
54
54
55
60
61
62
62
63
63
63
37
41
42
44
47
53
52
118
114
112
111
109
106
104
XT
0.1568
0.1176
0.098
0.0882
0.0686
0.0392
0.0196
Time (min.)
0
2
4
6
8
13
18
OX
X* = 0.015
XT = 0.1568
X1 = 0.15680.015
X1 = 0.1418
X2 = 0.01960.015
FO
Weight of Wet
Solid, W3 (gms.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T (min.)
Wt of empty pan = 204 gms.

Wt of glass beads = 102 gms.
Tin dry = 64.5 C
Tout dry = 60 C.
V = 4 m/s
Sl.No.
XT
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Sl.No.
X2 = 0.0046
Sample Calculation:
(i) tT
=
=
=
ms/Arc [ (X1-Xc) + Xc ln (Xc/X2)]

0.102/(0.0245x0.0049) [(0.1418-0.0882)+0.0.882 ln(0.0882/0.0046)]
4.19 min.
Page 3
0.0196
0.0098
0.0049
0.0098
0.00588
0.00392
Reports
Result
Humidity Chart for Brick Particles
Humidity (Inlet) (Kg)
0
2
4
6
8
13
18
23
28
33
For Glass Beads:

Time (min.)
Humidity (Outlet) (Kg)
0.062
0.061
0.094
0.095
0.096
0.095
0.095
0.091
0.09
0.087
0.062
0.096
0.098
0.097
0.097
0.095
0.096
0.097
0.097
0.097
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Time (min.)
Humidity (Inlet) (Kg)
0
2
4
6
8
13
18
Humidity (Outlet) (Kg)
0.038
0.076
0.085
0.094
0.094
0.094
0.093
0.032
0.045
0.046
0.055
0.065
0.096
0.095
Discussions and Conclusions
The practical value of equilibrium moisture content of glass beads should be zero. In our experiment we got
the value as 0.015, which can be assumed approximately equal to zero.
The total time of drying of brick particles from calculation is 30.5 min. which is comparable to observed time
of 33 min., but for glass beads the calculated time was found to be 4.19 min. while the observed time was 18
min. The reason may be the amount of glass beads taken, which was less than necessary. Nevertheless, the
whole surface area of pan was considered, though these beads did not cover the whole surface area.
The humidity was found to be constant with time for brick particles but not for glass beads.
Name: G Amudhu
1.
V = 4 m/s
Group 2
Wt of empty pan
= 202 gms. Tin dry = 60 C
Bricks
= 250 gms. Tout dry=62 C
Title: Cross-circulation Drying

Date: 16-9-2001
ID.No. 1999A1PS444
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Expt. No. 3
Section 3
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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP LABORATORY
DATA SHEET
t
Weight
Tin, dry
Tin, wet
0 min.
328 gm.
61 C
46 C
2
318
63
53
4
314
63
54
6
310
64
54
8
307
65
54.5
13
298
66
55
18
291
56.5
55
23
283
66.5
52.5
28
278
66
51.5
33
272
65
50
2. V = 4 m/s
Wt of empty pan
= 204 gms. Tin dry = 64.5 C
Glass beads
= 102 gms. Tout dry= 60 C
Page 4
Tout, dry
61 C
61
61
60
61
62
62
62
62
62
Tout, wet
46 C
47
48
54
54
55
56
57
57
57
203
SAMPLE PROJECT REPORT
A REPORT
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ON
Low Cost Concrete using locally available

materials (Marble Slurry)
BY
Name of the student
ID.No
PIYUSH GUPTA
PRANKUR GUPTA
2005A2PS344
2005A2PS379
Under the supervision of:
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Dr. Anshuman
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Group
BITS-Pilani
BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

(1st semester, 2007-08)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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We sincerely express our profound gratitude and indebtedness to our guide

Dr. Anshuman, Assistant Professor, Civil engineering Group, BITS Pilani,
Rajasthan for his precious guidance and co-operation in completing the
project work.
We are extremely grateful to Professor Rajiv Gupta, Dean, Engineering
Services Division, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani for
providing us with the required amount of materials and the help.
We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. S.B. Singh , Group leader, Civil
engineering Group, BITS Pilani, Rajasthan for providing all the necessary
lab facilities which helped us in completing the project work.
We express our special thanks to Dr. A. Vasan, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering department, BITS PILANI, who encouraged us to take this
project and for being our well-wisher and sparing his valuable time even
during odd hours without any hesitation.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Sandeep, Mr. Suresh, Mr. Shivpal
, Mr. Ratan Sharma and all the division members of civil engineering group
for their invaluable support.
We also express our deepest thanks to all the faculty members of BITS
Pilani and our friends for their support and belief in us during the project
work.
205
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter name
Page no.
Introduction
2.
Literature Review
3.
Mix Design
4.
Characteristics of Concrete
5.
Tests on concrete and their procedure
6.
Test Results
7.
Analysis of Results
10
8.
References
11
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1.
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1. INTRODUCTION
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Concrete is a construction material that consists of cement (commonly Portland cement),

aggregate (generally gravel and sand), water and admixtures. Concrete is used more than any
other manmade material on earth. As of 2005, about six billion cubic meters of concrete are
made every year, which equals one cubic meter for every person on the planet.
With construction going on our country in full swing, one of the main challenges confronting
the concrete industry is to meet the challenges posed by this enormous infrastructure need. The
major portion of the cost of concrete goes for purchasing cement. Moreover, if we keep the cost
factor aside, with the shrinkage of natural resources to produce ordinary Portland cement, more
and more use of suitable industrial waste materials that can replace cement clinker is one of
the ways to meet this challenge.

One of the main challenges now confronting the concrete industry in India is to meet
the challenges posed by enormous infrastructure needs, such as power plants, roads
and ports, due to rapid industrialization. With the dwindling of natural resources to
produce Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), more and more use of suitable industrial
waste materials with cementitious characteristics that can replace cement clinker is
being proposed as one of the ways to meet the challenge. Marble slurry is one such
waste produced during nishing of marble and is currently disposed of in landlls. It is
essential that the utilization of Marble slurry in useful applications increase dramatically,
to reduce the use of land for waste disposal. The positive effects of using marble slurry
in concrete are related to the following,
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Better quality of concrete;

- Better rheology,
- Higher strength,
- Enhanced durability.
Eco-friendly;
- Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the manufacturing of
OPC,
- Environment friendly disposal of millions of tones of marble slurry.
Preservation of resources;
- Saving in energy requirements in the production of OPC,
- Preservation of limestone and coal reserve.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Based on the excellent results of in-house trial tests, positive inputs received from the
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), experience of other global organizations in the
use of y ash concrete for NPP construction and limited use of micro silica in concrete for
the construction Reactor Building inner containment structures by NPCIL in its earlier
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power plants has provided the adequate condence to NPCIL for inducting y ash as a
part cement-replacing ingredient of concrete for construction of NPP structures.
As the use of y ash in concrete is a relatively new trend in Indian construction
industry in general and NPP construction in particular, therefore not much data
was available on it till very recently. After the successful use of y ash in concrete in
the ongoing power projects of NPCIL, enough data is now available to evaluate its
performance vis--vis its use in construction of NPP structures.
Fly ash has now been used extensively for production of both traditionally placed
and self-compacting concrete at RAPP-5&6 and KAIGA-3&4, for production of selfcompacting concrete in limited quantity at TAPP-3&4 and for making concrete blocks
at KKNP. Besides this, AERB has also executed its R & D activities through ACC and
Jadavpur University regarding performance of y ash concrete.
2.2 Details of R & D Work

AERB sponsored the following two projects on high performance concrete (HPC),
scope of which include the work on y ash concrete,
1) ACC Project
2) Jadavpur University project
Based on the results obtained from these projects, further work was carried out on
the life assessment of concrete mixes with mineral admixtures especially with y ash
concrete. Some of the outcomes of the R&D work carried out by AERB are presented
in subsequent sections covering the following areas,
Performance of y ash vis--vis other pozollans
Fly ash based concrete mixes, and
Life assessment of y ash concrete mixes.
2.3 Utilization for Construction of NPPs
2.3.1 Background
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Use of y ash concrete started in NPCIL in December 2002 at RAPP 5 & 6 with its
maiden use for bedding concrete under foundations. Subsequently, y ash concrete
has been used at RAPP 5 &6, KAIGA, TAPP 3&4 and KKNPP its structural concrete
and also making masonry blocks. Approximately 42000 cu.m. of y-ash concrete has
been used in all the on going NPPs till now.
The use of y ash in concrete has contributed signicantly in terms of enhancement
of its properties in both fresh and hardened states.
Following improvements in the concrete properties have been observed with the
addition of y ash.
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2.3.2
2.3.2.1
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Use of y-ash concrete has beneted in the following ways.

Increased durability on account of signicant reduction in permeability, even
against penetration of chloride ions.
Lower generation of heat of hydration due to low cement content, resulting
in feasibility of construction of large concrete pours with minimum number of
construction joints.
Low permeability and improved resistance to sulfates and chlorides enabling
concrete suitable for severe exposure conditions. Also improving the waterproong
characteristics of the structural elements, such as basements and roofs.
High segregation resistance due to excellent cohesive properties, enabling concrete
pouring in larger lifts/heights.
Improved pump-ability enabling pumping of concrete to distant locations from a
common feeding station.
Excellent owability characteristics enabling ow of concrete in to the remotest
zones and most congested reinforcement areas, thus eliminating possibility of
presence of cavities or honey combs inside the structure.
Excellent surface nish resulting into reduced requirements of nishing work and
surface preparation for taking up painting work.
Prolonged initial setting time and longer workability retention thus gives more
open time for concrete and improving the ease of concrete pumping.
Economical on account of reduction in cement content and also reduction in
quantity of water, further resulting into reducing of admixture.
Project-Wise Details of Fly-Ash Concrete Utilization

RAPP 5&6
2.3.2.2
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At RAPP 5&6 about 26000 cu.m. of structural concrete at 10,000 cu.m. of plain
cement concrete has been used in various Nuclear buildings (except reactor building
containment structure) and conventional buildings. The various grades of y-ash
concrete used in projects are M10, M25, M50 and M 35.
TAPP 5&6
At TAPP 3&4, y-ash concrete used up till now is about 400 cu.m., as structural
concrete in CCW pump house, screed concrete in SFSB and concrete for sealing of
SW system lines. Various grades of concrete used for the above works are M40, M25
and M15 respectively.
2.3.2.3
KAIGA 3&4
At KAIGA 3&4 a total of about 4000 cu.m. of concrete has been used for the construction
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209
of main plant structures/buildings other than reactor building and IDCT structures.
Concrete grades of M30 & M45 have been used for the above said buildings.
KKNP
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2.3.2.4
At KKNP, a total of about 2000 cu.m of concrete has been used for making of solid
concrete blocks of grade M10 has been used.
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
Observations & Precautions

Observations
It has been observed at all the NPP project sites that y-ash concrete has consistently
met the requirements of specications in fresh and hardened states. The permeability
of concrete as determined from rapid chloride penetration test has been observed to be
reduced signicantly as compared to normal concrete without addition of y ash. The
surface nish of formed surfaces has also been found to be improved considerably.
2.3.3.2
Precautions
The site has observed that following precautions are necessary during the production
and post placement stages of y-ash concrete.
During Production Stage
The mixing time of concrete has to be increased marginally as compared to normal

concrete.
During Post Placement Stage
Protection of green concrete from sun and winds immediately after nish.
Prolonged wet curing
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3. MIX DESIGN
Mix design is the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining
their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain minimum
strength and durability as economically as possible.
Strength of concrete is limited by the strength of the paste, since the mineral
aggregate are far stronger.
Four variable factors in mix design are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water-cement ratio.
Cement content or cement-aggregate ratio.
Gradation of the aggregate.
Consistency.
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4.1
Workability
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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE
This section deals with the properties concrete should have after hardening and in fresh
state. During hydration and hardening, concrete needs to develop certain physical
and chemical properties. Among other qualities, mechanical strength, low moisture
permeability, and chemical and volumetric stability are necessary.
Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to ll the form/mold properly
with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concretes quality. Workability
depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content
and age (level of hydration), and can be modied by adding chemical admixtures.
Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water) and/or segregation
of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting
concrete having reduced quality.
4.2
Curing
Because the cement requires time to fully hydrate before it acquires strength and
hardness, concrete must be cured once it has been placed and achieved initial setting.
Curing is the process of keeping concrete under a specic environmental condition until
hydration is relatively complete. Good curing is typically considered to provide a moist
environment and control temperature. The effects of curing are primarily a function
of geometry (the relation between exposed surface area and volume), the permeability
of the concrete, curing time, and curing history. Improper curing can lead to several
serviceability problems including cracking, increased scaling, and reduced abrasion
resistance.
4.3
Strength
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Concrete has relatively high compressive strength, but signicantly lower tensile strength
(about 10 per cent of the compressive strength). As a result, concrete almost always fails
from tensile stresses even when loaded in compression. The practical implication of this
is that concrete elements subjected to tensile stresses must be reinforced with materials
that are strong in tension. Concrete is most often constructed with the addition of steel
or bre reinforcement.
4.4
Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of the modulus of elasticity of the

aggregates and the cement matrix and their relative proportions. The modulus of
elasticity of concrete is relatively linear at low stress levels but becomes increasingly nonlinear as matrix cracking develops. The elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in
the order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates about 45 to 85 GPa. The concrete composite is
then in the range of 30 to 50 GPa.
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5.1
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5. TESTS ON CONCRETE AND THEIR PROCEDURE

Due to availability of testing instruments in the laboratory and time constraints the
major tests done are:1. Compressive strength
2. Density
3. Slump
4. ph measurement
Compressive strength
Shape of specimen:
Cube
Size of specimen:
150 x 150 x 150 mm
Age at Test:
3, 7, 28, 56, 356 days
Specication: IS: 516-1959: Method of tests for strength of concrete
5.2
Density
Shape of specimen:
Cube
Size of specimen:
150x150x150 mm
Age at Test:
3, 7, 28, 56, 356 days
Specication: IS: 1199-1959: Method of sampling & analysis of concrete
5.3
Slump
Specication: IS: 1199-1959: Method of sampling & analysis of concrete.
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5.3.1 Apparatus
The apparatus shall be in accordance with EN 12350-2 except as detailed below:
i. Base plate, made from a at plate with a plane area of at least 900 mm x 900 mm on
which concrete can be placed. The plate shall have a at, smooth and non-absorbent
surface with a minimum thickness of 2 mm. The surface shall not be readily attacked
by cement paste or be liable to rusting. The construction of the plate shall be such
as to prevent distortion. The deviation from atness shall not exceed 3 mm at any
point when a straight edge is placed between the centers of opposing sides.
ii. The centre of the plate shall be scribed with a cross, the lines of which run parallel
to the edges of the plate and with circles of 200 mm diameter and 500 mm diameter
having their centers coincident with the centre point of the plate. See Figure 1.
iii. Rule, graduated from 0 mm to 1000 mm at intervals of 1 mm.
iv. A stopwatch measuring to 0.1 s.
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Figure 1
5.3.2 Procedure
Base Plate for Slump Flow
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The sample shall be obtained in accordance with EN 12350-1.

Prepare the cone and base plate as described in EN 12350-2.
Fit the collar to the cone if being used. Place the cone coincident with the 200
mm circle on the base plate and hold in position by standing on the foot pieces (or
use the weighted collar), ensuring that no concrete leaks from under the cone.
Fill the cone without any agitation or rodding, and strike off surplus concrete
from the top of the cone. Allow the lled cone to stand for not more than 30s;
during this time remove any spilled concrete from the base plate and ensure that
the base plate is damp all over but without any surplus water.
Lift the cone vertically in one movement without interfering with the ow of
concrete.
Without disturbing the base plate or concrete, measure the largest diameter of the
ow spread and record as dm to the nearest 10 mm. Then measure the diameter
of the ow spread at right angles to dm to the nearest 10 mm and record as dr to
the nearest 10 mm.
Check the concrete spread for segregation. The cement paste/mortar may
segregate from the coarse aggregate to give a ring of paste/mortar extending
several millimeters beyond the coarse aggregate. Segregated coarse aggregate
may also be observed in the central area. Report that segregation has occurred
and that the test was therefore unsatisfactory.
5.4 ph measurement
Specication: IS: 3025- Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical & Chemical) for
Water & Waste water (part II).
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5.4.1
Reference
5.4.2
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i. Progress Report for Laboratory Testing of Concrete Properties at Elevated

Temperatures, Civilian Radioactive Waste Management System Management
& Operating Contractor, February 9, 1999, U.S. Department of Energy
ii. IS:3025 Method of sampling & test for water and waste water part: II
Procedure
i. A 100 gms (minimum) sample of hardened concrete shall be taken from the
remnants of a concrete cylinder previously tested in unconned compression.
ii. These remnants (concrete fragments from near the middle of the cylinder) shall
then be crushed to a size ner than a No. 10 sieve (2 mm).
iii. This crushed and pulverized material shall then be mixed with an equal part by
weight of de-ionized water. Eight ounce glass jars shall be used for the mixing
and subsequent ph measurements. The mixing shall be accomplished by a plastic
stirring rod which shall be inserted through a hole in the plastic lid of the glass jar
the plastic stirring rod shall be attached to an electric drill for the 30 minutes of
continuous stirring. The mixture shall then be allowed to stand for 10 minutes.
iv. The ph of the supernatant liquid above the settled solids shall then be measured
using IS 3025: Method of sampling and test for water and waste-water (Part
II).
v. The ph measurements shall be determined using a commercially available ph
meter.
6. TEST RESULTS
Casting of the cubes was done in the rst two weeks of November and the difference
in days of casting was tried to keep as minimum in order to avoid effects of climate
and temperature changes.
Marble slurry specications
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6.1
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Marble slurry was ordered from a mining site in Banswara in order to get the
proper results and use them for construction purposes other than laboratory
results. The important measures taken in order to use marble slurry are:
1. The slurry was oven dried for 2 days to remove the water absorbed by it.
2. It was then sieved from IS Sieve of diameter 150 micrometer.
3. Material which is passed through 150 micrometer sieve was used.
6.2 Test results
The test results are tabulated as given below:
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6.1 Results of concrete with 10% cement replacement level of

marble slurry
Mix
designation
Density(kg/m3)
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

at age in days
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Trial Mix No.
28
56
365
28
56
TM 001
S 10
2510
2520
2510
2520
12.55
17.88
21.44
23.11
TM 002
S 10
2530
2520
2520
2520
12.22
17.88
21.88
22.22
TM 003
S 10
2540
2490
2510
2510
13.11
18.54
22.22
24.11
Results of concrete with only cement as binder
TM 001
TM 002
TM 003
C 10
C 10
C 10
Mix
designation
3
2450
2440
2450
7
2460
2440
2450
Density(kg/m3)
28
2466
2456
2438
56
2466
2466
2460
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Trial Mix No.
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6.2
365
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365
3
10.88
11.44
11.22
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

at age in days
7
15.55
16.77
16.88
28
24.88
24.66
25.22
56
27.11
27.44
26.23
365
215
7. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
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The results for the 56-day strength are coming out to be satisfactory. For checking
durability analysis of strength of concrete after one year is required.
Going by the current results of 28-days strength concrete with 25% cement
replacement by marble slurry is coming out to be the optimum proportion of
replacement. With 25% replacement the reduction in cost of concrete comes out to
be 17.691 %.
The amount of material used is
Total number of cubes casted: 15* 2 * 6= 180
Total amount of Fine Aggregate used: 13.85 * 30 = 415.5 kg
Total amount of Coarse Aggregate used: 30.15 * 30= 904.5 kg
Total amount of Cement Aggregate used: 9.75 * 15 + 9.75 *2.5 *(.9 + .8 + .75+
.7 + .65 + .60) = 253.25 kg
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REFERENCES
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1. Srinivasan P., Tiwari A.K., Banchhor A., Suitability of HVFAC Concrete

Pavements, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 78, No. 11, pp. 5861.
2. Desai J. Construction of HVFA Concrete Pavements in India: Four case
studies, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 78, No. 11, pp. 6771.
3. , Indian Standard: Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice,
IS 456, 4th revision, September 2000.
4. Shetty M.S., Seetharamaiah R.V., Reddy S.A., Pai B.V.B., and Kaushik S.K.,
High strength Cement State of the Art report, International Symposium
on Innovative World of Concrete, Bangalore, India, 1993.
5. , Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic
Cement Mortar and Concrete, ASTM C 157/C157M-199.
6. AITCIN, P.C., High Performance Concrete, 1st edition, 1998, E & FN Spon.
7. Basu, Prabir C., High Performance Concrete: Mechanism and Application,
ICI Journal, AprilJune 2001, Vol. 2, No. 1, Indian Concrete Institutes, pp.
1526.
8. IS 12269.
9. Road Note No4, Road Research Laboratory (RRL), UK.
10. IS 10262.
11. Basu Prabir C., NPP Containment Structures: Indian Experience
in Silica Fume Based HPC, The Indian Concrete Journal, Special Issue
on use of silica fume in concrete, Vol.75, October 2001, No. 10,
pp. 65664.
12. , Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Aggregates, ASTM
C12502.
Page 11
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SAMPLE ANALYTICAL REPORT
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Cover page
A REPORT
ON
ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF RURAL AREAS
OX
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BY
ANOOP KADYAN
SECRETARY
THE RAJASTHAN STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)
15 NOVEMBER 1996
Reports
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Title Page Version 1
A REPORT
ON
ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

RURAL AREAS
PREPARED FOR
THE CHAIRMAN
RCST, JAIPUR
BY
ANOOP KADYAN
SECRETARY
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THE RAJASTHAN STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)
15 NOVEMBER 1996
219
Title Page Version 2
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THE RAJASTHAN STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

JAIPUR (RAJASTHAN)
ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF RURAL AREAS
A REPORT
PREPARED
BY
ANOOP KADYAN
SECRETARY
FOR
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THE CHAIRMAN
RCST, JAIPUR
Approved by
Maneesh K
Vice Chairman
RCST, Jaipur
15 NOVEMBER 1996
Reports
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Ranjan Sankha
The Chairman
RCST
Jaipur 314 004
Dear Sir
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The Rajasthan State Council for Science and Technology

Jaipur (Rajasthan)
November 15, 1996
I have great pleasure in submitting the report on Role of Science and Technology in the Development of
Rural Areas.
I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues for their constant support and encouragement. They have
been very generous in extending their cooperation and help and this has enabled me to carry out this study
properly.
Unprecedented growth of science and technology has brought about many radical changes in society.
Science and technology have become so enmeshed with every activity of our society today that they can be
regarded as a major input variable in todays society. The impact of science and technology is reflected in
transportation, communication, health conditions, energy, automation, quality of life, environment, and so on.
Since the major population of India resides in rural areas, to promote the use of Science and Technology in
this area will be greatly beneficial. It is needless to say that you can make right decisions and policies if you
develop a perspective of science, technology, and society dynamics in rural areas. The chairman of RCST
has initiated me as the Secretary to write an interpretative report on The Role of Science and Technology in
the Development of Rural Areas. The study is based on the information received from the department on the
percentage distribution of expenditure for five years, i.e., from 1990-91 to 1994-95.
Rajasthans rich culture and heritage attract a large number of tourists to this state. The lack of infrastructure
and development is a negative mark of the state; therefore, the need for development in the state was felt in
early 90s. For proper development, RCST allocated a large amount of funds through the use of science and
technology.
FO
The present study gives an overview of the distribution of expenditure over the last five years, i.e., 1990
to1995, in the areas of undertaking major projects in the development of potable water: devices, fuel-efficient
devices, initiating programmes for development of bio-mass gasifier, fly-ash based building projects, funds
allocated on Secretarial and Travel Building and equipment.
Science and technology certainly play a pivotal role in the development of society as these are closely knit
with all activities. The present study will certainly help you to take further decisions on the allocation of more
funds.
With regards
Yours faithfully
Anoop Kadyan
Secretary, RCST
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I hope the study will prove useful for making proper recommendations.
221
REPORT
Letter Of Transmittal
Certi cate
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CONTENTS
(ii)
(iii)
Acknowledgements
Abstract
(iv)
(v)
1. Introduction
2. Overview of Expenditure Pattern
3. Major Projects
4. Programmes
6. Building and Equipment
7. Overall Pattern
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8. Conclusions
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5. Secretariat and Travel
Reports
1.
Introduction
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There is a growing need for promotion of science and technology all over India, especially in the rural
areas. A rich and resourceful state like Rajasthan has always been known for its culture and tradition.
Every year Rajasthan sees a large number of tourists coming from all over the world to experience the
flavour of India and its culture. While tourism is becoming one of Rajasthans biggest revenue earners,
the infrastructure and the development in the state is not world-class. It is not such that it can provide an
even greater boost to tourism. The need for development in this area was felt in the early 1990s and this
was planned through the promotion of use of science and technology in the state. Hence, annually, large
amounts of funds were allocated for this purpose.
The present report attempts to give an overview of the distribution of expenditure over the last five years,
i.e., from 1990 to 1995, in the areas of undertaking major projects in development of water and fuel-efficient
devices, starting programmes for development of bio-mass gasifier, fly-ash-based building projects, building &
equipment, and secretariat and travel. The data for this report was collected from the records of the Councils
Financial Division. It is hoped that the analysis and conclusions drawn would help bring about more fund
diversion for promoting science and technology in the state. Since the report analyses the expenditure only
for five years, it cannot give any recommendation. Moreover, in the everchanging world of technology, it is
difficult to foresee the developments required even two or three years hence.
Besides the Introduction, the report contains seven sections. Section 2 gives an overview of the expenditure
pattern, the next four analyse the trends in different fields of development, while the last two sum up the
discussion and show results of study.
2. Overview of Expenditure Pattern
During the last five years there have been variations in the percentage of distribution of expenditure in
different fields, as shown in Table I.
TABLE I Percentage distribution of expenditure during 19901995

1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1.
Major Projects (development

of portable water devices, fuel
efficient devices)
44.87
36.7
32.43
40.55
44.43
2.
Programmes (development of
28.56
36.41
56.62
50.35
48.39
19.62
23.13
14.74
8.63
6.50
6.95
3.76
0.21
0.47
0.68
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
FO
Particulars/Years
OX
biomass gasifier, fly-ash-based

building projects).
3.
Secretariat & travel
4.
Building & equipment

Total
The variations as indicated by the data presented above are correlatable to the instability in the state and central
government, and also (external) foreign reasons, such as the US Stock Exchange crash and the Gulf War
during this period of five years. In the discussion that follows, the expenditure pattern has been analysed.
Page 1
223
3. Major Projects (Development of Water & Fuel-ef cient Devices)
M
A
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P
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%
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There has been a decline in the expenditure in this field in the first three years, i.e., up to 1993, which again
increased in 1993-94 & 1994-95 (see Figure 1 below). Initially when water-and fuel-efficient devices were proposed,
the idea was not welcomed, and hence less emphasis was given to it. But with the occurrence of Gulf War in
1992-93, and the resultant shortage of fuel and inflation of fuel prices, the need for developing non-conventional
energy devices was realized. Hence expenditure increased in this field.
44
40
38
36
34
32
1990
Figure 1
91
92
93
94
95
Expenditure on major projects
4. Programmes (development of biomass gasi er, y-ash-based building projects)
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As Figure 2 indicates, there has been a rise in expenditure till 1993, after which the expenditure in this field started
declining. Upon talking to the officials in the Department of Science & Technology, it was found out that this was
because these developmental programmes required a heavy one-time initial investment. Once the infrastructure
was set-up, the expenditure was incurred only for its maintenance and operation. Hence, for the projects in this
field, almost the whole infrastructure was set up by 1993. However, after 1993, the expenditure declined in this
field due to only operational and maintenance cost incurred in this field.
Figure 2
Expenditure on developmental programmes
Page 2
Reports
5. Secretariat and Travel
25
20
15
10
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There is a lot of random variation in this segment. This can be attributed to the large-scale planning and huge
infrastructural development going on in the state during 19901992. See the line graph shown in Figure 3.
The personnel from the secretariat had to spend a large sum on travel for holding discussions, conducting
meetings, survey of the site, and project survey. Hence expenditure was high during this period. But gradually,
after 1992, with the infrastructure almost complete, travel-related expenses dipped year after year. Now, travel
is required only for inspection and is no longer frequent.
19901991
Figure 3
19911992
19921993
19931994 19941995
Expenditure on Secretariat and Travel
6. Building and Equipment
8
7
6.95
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In this field the expenditure was initially high but reduced later and again started increasing nominally (see Figure
4 below). This is attributed to the fact that the initial investment in building, construction, and infrastructure was
high as the projects were in their nascent stage and they needed a strong infrastructure to support them (such
as lab, corporate office, equipment, etc.). Once these were set up, gradually the infrastructure cost started
declining as lesser amount was now spent on building and equipment (one-time investment). Hence, in 1993,
this cost was almost reduced to null, i.e., a nominal 0.21%. However after 1993, the building & equipment
now demanded maintenance for their efficient operation; hence, the expenditure again began to increase,
though nominally (0.68% in 1995).
5
4
3.76
3
2
1
0
19901991
Figure 4
19911992
0.21
0.47
19921993
19931994
0.68
19941995
Expenditure on Building and Equipment
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7.
Overall Pattern
60
50
Major Project
Programmes
40
Secretariat & Travel
Building & Equipment
30
20
10
0
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The overall pattern that emerges from the above discussion is presented in the bar graph given in Figure
5. The year-wise pattern of expenditure in different areas comes out clearly.
19901991 19911992 19921993 19931994 19941995
Figure 5
Distribution of expenditure by rcst during 19901995
When we compare the distribution of expenditure in the four headings, namely major projects, developmental
programmes, secretariat and travel, and building & equipment, we find that except for the expenditure pattern
on the last heading, the other three do not show a continuous decrease. Specially, the first two items show
a lot of variations in the expenditure trend, that is to say, there is no uniform trend of increase or decrease.
Particularly, the amount spent on development programmes during 19921993 is the highest among all
expenses during the total period of 19901995 under debate. Similarly, the expenditure on building &
equipment in the same year, 19901991, is the least of all.
8. Conclusions
FO
The last section, namely Conclusions, tabulates the inferences drawn from the analysis. These inferences
may lead to some fruitful decisions in future.
OX
This report has clearly analysed the expenditure done by the council on the promotion of use of science and
technology for development in the state. The preceding discussion highlights the following facts:
1. The general pattern has been that the expenditure incurred was high up to 1992-93, as the developmental
process was in its nascent stage and huge amounts had to be invested for its set-up.
2. Initially, devices based on non-conventional sources of energy were given less importance. But after the
Gulf War, they were also given high importance.
3. The initial costs were high and increasing largely, but after the initial set-up, the expenditure was only for
operation and maintenance or inception of any new technology.
4. A further study and detailed review can throw more light on the factors affecting this pattern and can
subsequently help in future analysis.
Page 4
Technical Proposals
CHAPTER 19:TECHNICAL PROPOSALS

Sample Proposal 1
Sample Proposal 2
Sample Proposal 3 (with Covering Letter)
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SAMPLE PROPOSAL 1
A Project Proposal on
Controlled Curing for Quality Concrete
Submitted by
Dr. Rajiv Gupta
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering
and
Mr. M.K. Bhatt

Assistant Lecturer, Civil Engineering
Submitted to
Secretary
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Ministry of Transport and Rural development

Government of Rajasthan

BITS, Pilani (Raj.) 333 031
October 2010
227
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DRAFT CONTRACT
Project Title:
CONTROLLED CURING FOR QUALITY CONCRETE
Broad Subject:
Civil Engineering
Sub Area:
Concrete Technology
Duration:
2 yr.
Total Cost:
Rs. 2,53,200
Principal Inv.:
Dr. R.Gupta
Designation:
Assoc. Professor
Department:
Civil Engineering
Inst. Name:
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (Rajasthan)
Address:
031
Group Leader, Civil Engg. Group, BITS, Pilani (Raj.) 333

email: rajiv@bits-pilani.ac.in
Date of Birth:
31.05.1963
Telephone:
Off. 01596-45073*277 Res. 01596-42252/45030
Sex:
Co-Investigator: Mr M.K. Bhatt
Asst. Lecturer
Department:
Civil Engineering
Inst. Name:
(Rajasthan)
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani,
OX
Address:
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Designation:
Civil Engg Group, BITS, Pilani (Raj) 333 031

email: bhatt@bits-pilani.ac.in
Sex:
Date of Birth:
23.04.1969
Telephone:
Off. 01596-45073*254
Page 2
Introduction to Communication
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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A large number of sealing compounds have been developed in recent years. The idea is to
obtain continuous seal over the concrete surface by means of rm impervious lm to prevent
moisture in concrete from escaping by evaporation. These lms have been produced or used
at the interface of the ground and concrete to prevent the absorption of water by the ground
from the concrete. Materials like bituminous compounds, polythene, waterproong paper,
and rubber compounds can be used. Bituminous compounds, being black in colour, absorb
heat when applied to the top surface of the concrete, resulting in increase in temperature of
the body of concrete, which is undesirable. For this reason, the experimental procedure uses
polythene compounds like coloured plastics so as to reduce the above effect.
For the proposed project, different light, impervious coloured polythene lms will be
used for the concrete curing in different, extreme, environmental conditions. The coloured
polythene lms will reect/refract/absorb a particular fraction of light rays. This different
light fraction will have different energy. The objective of the proposed project is to obtain the
coloured lms which are best suited in different existing conditions. The initial tests will be
conducted for the number of permutations and combinations (like, red, green, blue, violet,
and their combinations). From the initial observations, some combinations will be chosen for
detailed experimental studies.
The outcome of the project is envisaged in terms of the reduction of quantity of water used
in curing and re-use of polythene lms/bags for the production of quality concrete.
Keywords (Max-six): Quality, Concrete, Curing, Polythene lms, Reuse.
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BODY OF THE PROPOSAL
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a. Origin of the proposal

Curing means creation of an environment which is favourable to the setting and
hardening of the concrete. The desirable conditions are: a suitable temperature as
it governs the rate of chemical reaction or action involving setting and hardening, a
provision of sufcient moisture or the prevention of loss of moisture, and the avoidance
of premature stressing or disturbance. Curing has pronounced effect upon the strength
of concrete.
The methods of curing normally used nowadays are:
1. Water curing
a. Immersion
b. Ponding
c. Spraying
d. Wet covering
2. Membrane curing
3. Application of heat
a. Steam curing at ordinary pressure
b. Steam curing at high pressure
c. Curing by infra-red radiation
d. Electrical curing
4. Chemical curing (calcium chloride)
In the normal curing methods like water curing, a large amount of water is
required, and wastage of water is unavoidable. In Rajasthan, where the temperature
varies to both extremes, and where there is scarcity of water in most places, we need
a method of curing that can be used during both the extreme climatic seasons without
using much of water and wasting much of heat energy. So we would like to nd a medium
other than water which can be used as a curing material and give the concrete the same
properties like reducing shrinkage, accelerating strength gain, minimizing creep, and
improving properties like abrasion resistance, impermeability, etc. We know that the
quantity of water normally mixed for making concrete is more than sufcient to hydrate
the cement, provided this water is not allowed to go out from the body of concrete. For
this reason, concrete could be covered with a membrane which will effectively seal off
the concrete. For a membrane we can provide polythene or coloured polythene as it does
a good job for the above purpose and is also reusable.
b. Statement of the Problem
Curing can be described as keeping the concrete moist and warm enough so that
hydration of cement can continue. More elaborately, it can be described as the process
of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and a favourable temperature in concrete
during the period immediately following placement, so that hydration of cement
may continue until the desired properties are developed to a sufcient degree to meet the
requirement of service.
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Technical Proposals
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In hot places or extreme climates as in Rajasthan, the quick surface drying of concrete
results in the movement of moisture from the interior to the surface. This steep moisture
gradient causes high internal stresses which are responsible for internal microcracks in
the semi-plastic concrete.
Concrete, while hydrating, releases high heat of hydration. This heat is harmful from the
point of view of volume stability. If the heat generated is removed by some means, the
adverse effect due to the generation of heat can be reduced. This can also be done by
membrane curing.
Sometimes, concrete is placed in some inaccessible, difcult, or far-off place. The
curing of concrete placed over cannot be properly supervised. The curing is entirely
left to workers, who do not quite understand the importance of regular un-interrupted
curing. In such cases, it is much safer to adopt membrane curing rather than to leave the
responsibility of curing to workers.
Compounds used for membrane curing:
1. bituminous compounds
2. polythene or polyester lm
3. waterproof paper
4. rubber compounds
5. wax
6. combination of wax and resin
We would like to specically go into the polythene or polyester lming of the concrete
surface by taking into account heat, radiation, humidity, and all other atmospheric and
natural factors that could affect curing of the specimen. Over the years, researchers have
used white pigment or colourless paper (polythene) as a curing medium but we would
like to introduce coloured polythene/paper, such as red, green, and blue, as a curing
compound.
c. Objectives
Comparison of the strength of concrete adopting curing by normal methods
Reduction in quantity of water for curing
Reuse of polythene lms/bags
Production of quality concrete in prevailing environmental conditions
d. Work-plan
Initially a literature survey will be carried out. Simultaneously, the required material will
be procured. Cubes, beams, and cylinders will be cast during the year at different climatic
conditions. The different curing conditions will be imposed. After a specic period of
time, destructive and non-destructive testing of cubes, beams, and cylinders will be
conducted. Based on observations and analysis, results and conclusions will be
drawn.
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e. Methodology
We would like to cast concrete cubes and beams for all different grades of concrete (M20,
M25, M30) and for beams taking mild steel and tor steel and curing by all methods
presently used today and also by the present method of study, after which we would like
to test the beams and cubes for exure and compression.
Tests on the specimen
Curing procedures
1. Compression testing
1. Ponding
2. Flexure testing
2. Water spraying
3. Non-destructive testing
3. Wet hessian curing
4. Resonance method
4. Covering with colourless polythene sheets
5. Pulse Technique method
5. Covering with coloured polythene
sheets (red, blue, green, violet,
red + violet, etc.)
f. Time schedule
A. Literature survey
60 days
B. Procurement of material
30 days
C. Casting of cubes (800 in no.)
365 days
D. Casting of beams (400 in no.)
365 days
E. Casting of cylinders (400 in no.)
365 days
F. Testing of cubes and beams
500 days
G. Observation, results, and analysis
60 days
H. Preparation of reports
90 days
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Total duration
2 years
g. Suggested plan of action for utilization of research outcome
The outcome of the project is envisaged in terms of the reduction of quantity of water for
curing purpose and reuse of polythene lms/bags for the production of quality concrete.
Seminars at national level will be conducted for practising professionals to impart the
knowledge. The outcome of the project will also be brought out in printed form.
Page 6
Technical Proposals
TOTAL BUDGET ESTIMATES: SUMMARY
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(In Rupees)
Items
Recurring
1. Salaries/Wages
2. Consumables*
3. Travel
4. Other costs
Total
* Please refer to Appendix C
1st Yr.
Budget
2nd Yr.
Total
54,000
40,000
15,000
20,000
1,29,000
54,000
25,000
25,000
20,000
1,24,000
1,08,000
65,000
40,000
40,000
2,53,000
BUDGET FOR SALARIES/WAGES
(in Rupees)
Designation
(number of persons)
JRF (1) Full-time
(1)Semi-skilled, full-time
(1)Unskilled, full-time
Total
Monthly
Emoluments
2000/2100
1500
1000
4,500
1st Yr.
24,000
18,000
12,000
54,000
Budget
2nd Yr.
24,000
18,000
12,000
54,000
Total
48,000
36,000
24,000
1,08,000
The wages will be revised as per the norms of Rajasthan Govt.

1. JRF: The person will supervise all the laboratory tests.
2. Semi-skilled: The person will be fabricating cubes, cylinders, and beams and helping in
testing.
3. Unskilled: The person will be helping in transporting materials and in fabricating cubes,
cylinders, and beams.
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Budget For Consumable Materials/Equipment
Head
1. Material*
Total
(in Rupees)
1st Yr.
Q
B 40,000
40,000
* Please refer to Appendix C

QQuantity/number
BBudget
Page 7
Budget
2nd Yr.
Total
25,000
25,000
65,000
65,000
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Budget For Travel
15,000
25,000
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1st Yr.
5,000
10,000
(in Rupees)
Budget
2nd Yr.
Total
5,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
Item
1. Collection of literature
2.
Attending
conferences,
seminars,
symposium, workshop, etc.
Total
40,000
The Institute has adequate library facilities. Most recent journals and books are also available.
However, to update the knowledge/information, some recent literature is needed.
For updating the knowledge, gathering the latest information, presenting papers to impart the
knowledge, and sharing the views with other experts in the eld, authors will attend various
seminars and conferences.
Budget For Other Costs
(in Rupees)
Item
a. Contingencies
b. others (typing reports, papers,
etc.)
Total
1st Yr.
10,000
10,000
Budget
2nd Yr.
10,000
10,000
Total
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
40,000
In such work, ination of material cost, labour cost, and other contingency have to be taken into
account.
FO
Reports and other printed material are needed for others to refer to the work in future.
OX
Time Schedule Activities Bar Diagram

A. Literature survey
B. Procurement of material
C. Casting of cubes (800 in no.)
D. Casting of beams (400 in no.)
E. Casting of cylinders (400 in nos.)
F. Testing of cubes and beams
G. Observation, results and analysis
H. Preparation of reports
Total duration
60 days
30 days
365 days
365 days
365 days
500 days
60 days
90 days
2 years
Page 8
Technical Proposals
List of facilities that will be extended to the investigator(s) by the implementing institution for the
project
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Infrastructure Facilities (Tick The Appropriate Box)
Yes
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Item
a.
Workshop facilities
b.
Water & electricity
c.
Standby power
d.
Laboratory space & furniture
e.
Air-conditioned room for equipment
f.
Telecommunication
g.
Transportation
h.
Administrative & secretarial support
i.
Library facilities
j.
Computational facilities
k.
Animal
l.
Any other
NR: Not required
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No.
NR
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Available Equipment And Accessories To Be Utilized For The Project

Sr. No.
Name of equipment
and accessories
Testing equipment
(compression, flexural,
etc.,
non-destructive testing
m/c,
vibrators, moulds, mixer,
etc.)
N.A.
Model &
make
Aimil
Library
Workshop facilities
Local conveyance
Computing facilities
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Availability
Remarks
a. Available within
investigation
group
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2
b. Available in the
investigators
dept.
3
c. Available
elsewhere
in the Institution
or
in the region
4
5
6
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Technical Proposals
APPENDIX A
Principal Investigator
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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Biodata Of Investigator(S)
Name
Rajiv Gupta
Date of Birth
31.05.1963
Institution
Whether belongs to SC/ST
No
Academic (MSc or BE onwards and professional career degree)
Sr.
No
1.
Degree
B.E. (Hons)
2.
M.E
3.
Ph.D.
University/Institute
Year
(passed)
Birla Institute of Technology 1983
& Science, Pilani
& Science, Pilani
& Science, Pilani
Specialisation
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering
Fluid-Structure
Interaction
(vi) Publications (Number only)Books, research papers, reports, general articles, patents,
others: around 30
The investigator has guided around 100 students at graduate and undergraduate level for
different projects.
(vii) List of Publications: Refer to Appendix B
Co-investigator
FO
Name
M.K. Bhatt
Date of Birth
23.04.1969
Institution
Whether belongs to SC/ST
No
Academic (MSc or BE onwards and professional career degree)
OX
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Sr. No.
Degree
University/Institute
Year
(passed)
Specialisation
1.
B.Tech.
Pantnagar University, UP
1991
Civil Engineering
2.
M.E.
University of Roorkee,
Roorkee
1996
Concrete
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Technology
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(vi) Publication (Number only)Books, research papers, reports, general articles patents,
others: one
The investigator has guided 2 students at graduate and undergraduate level for different
projects.
(vii) List of Publications: Refer to Appendix B
RESEARCH PROJECT(S) (INCLUDING DST PROJECTS)
WITH THE INVESTIGATORS (use separate sheet for each project):
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Any Other Relevant Matter Not Discussed Elsewhere: Nil
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Nil
Technical Proposals
APPENDIX B
1.
2.
3.
Construction,Planning
and Technology
Detrimental Effects
of Admixtures
Structural Evaluation
of Concrete Masonry
Composite Columns
4.
Construction Quality
Management through
Systems Approach
5.
A Laboratory Manual
for Civil Engineering
6.
Building Materials
Technology
Human Settlement
Studies & Habitat
Direct shear and
Ultrasonic testing
of Pilani soil
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Name & Vol. of Journal & year
System Approach for

Passive Solar
Architecture Design
Extended Use of Linear
Graph Theory for Pipe
Network Analysis
Determination of
Optimal Loss Rate
Parameters and
Unit Hydrograph
Design of a Water
Distribution Network
with Rider of a Single
Diameter Pipe in a Line
Extended Linear
Graph Theory in
Structural Engg.
Gupta, R.
CBS Publishers, 1994
Gupta, R., &

Murlikrishna, R
Bhandari, N.M.,
Kumar,V., and
Bhatt, M.K.
Civil Engineering &

Construction Review May, 1997
Proceedings of the workshop
on recent advances in Masonry
Construction, Institution
of Engineers, Roorkee, 1998
Third National Conference on
ConstructionGlobalization
Challenges for the INDIAN
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY, 1011
Feb. 2000 (Accepted)
CBS Publishers,
New Delhi, 1992
Gupta, R., &

Debas
Moondra, H.S.,
Gupta, R.
P.N. Rao,
Gupta, R.
Gupta, R.
Page No.
181198
DLPD notes
DLPD notes
Ravi Prakash,
S. Ghoshal,
Kamlesh Kumar,
T.D. Prasad,
Gupta, R.,
S.P. Agarwal
Indian Geotechnical
Journal (Submitted and
under review)
Gupta, R.
Passive Solar Architecture.
One day workshop at BITS,
Pilani, 23.2.1999.
Journal of Hydraulics Division,
ASCE. (Accepted for
publication)
Published as technical
note in Journal of Hydrologic
Engineering Division, ASCE.
T. Devi Prasad,
Gupta, R.
J. of Institution of Engineers,
Calcutta,Vol. 80, Aug., 1999
Murlikrishna R.,
Gupta, R.
Journal of Institution of
Engineers,Calcutta, 1994
Gupta, R.,
Mukerjee, A.
Rajiv Gupta,
T. Devi Prasad
FO
8.
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7.
Author(s)
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Sr. No. Title of paper/book
Page 13
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1215
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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Fuzzy Linear
Programming Based
Optimization of Water
Distribution System
Study of Hydrodynamic
Coeffs for Rough
Inclined Cylinder
Introduction to System
R.K. Singh,
Gupta, R.,
Shiv Prasad
Was accepted for 18th Intl. conf.

on S&T, Alena chemicals,
Canada, 1995
Gupta, R.
ISTAM,Vishakapatnam,
Dec. 1994
I.J. Nagrath,
Gupta, R.
Total Quality Control

of Instruction Through
Computer Aided
Instruction
End Effects on Hydrodynamic Coeffs for
Rough and Inclined
Cylinders
Charateristics of North
Eastern Rajasthan Soil
V.K. Deshpande
& Gupta, R.
DLPD & EDD notes

(Text material for
on-campus course)
Total Quality Mgt in Tech. Edu.,
Varnanagar
Ghoshal, S.
IRSC, Pune
Ghoshal, S.,
Moondra, H.S.,
Gupta, R.,
S. Apurva
K.E. Raman
et al.
Ghoshal, S.,
Gurunarayana,
S., Gupta, R.
Gupta, R.
JNTU, Hyderabad
Measurement
Techniques II
Applications of
Micro-processor
in Civil Engg.
Linear Theory
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14.
Waste Water Treatment Gupta, R., &

and Disposal
Singh, A.P.
24.
GIS and its Application
Gupta, R., &

Gupta, C.P.
25.
Computing Aspects
of GIS
Gupta, R., &

Rohil, M.K.
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23.
EDD notes (Text material

for on-campus course)
Conference at BITS, Pilani
UGC sponsored Seminar at

BITS, Pilani
National Seminar and Intensive
Course on Environmental
Pollution and its Control,
March, 99, BITS, Pilani

National Seminar and Intensive
Course on
Environmental
Pollution and its Control,
March, 99, BITS, Pilani
EDD Notes (Text material
for on-campus course)
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358378
Technical Proposals
APPENDIX C
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Parameters:
Concrete MixM20, M25, M30
Environmental Conditionextreme summer, extreme winter
Types of Curingponding, water spray, wet hessian, colourless polythelene sheets, covering
with coloured polythelene sheets (red, blue, green, violet, red+violet, etc.)
Strength1, 3, 7, 28, 60, 90, 180 days
TestingDestructive & Non-destructive
Total Quantities of Materials required:
Sr. No.
Element
Cubes
Cylinders
Beams
Dimensions (mm ) Total number

(m3)
Quantity of
concrete
150*150*150
800
2.7
f 150 *300
400
2.12
150*150*700
400
6.3
Total quantity of concrete = 11.12 m3

Taking 10% wastage, total quantity of concrete = 12.23 m3
Total quantity of steel = 0.02*6.3*7850 = 900 Kgs
Polythelene sheets (coloured) = {0.15*0.15*6*685} + {3.14*.15*.3*350}
+{.6*.7*350) =288.95 m2
= Rs. 33021
= Rs. 17100
= Rs. 2889.5
= Rs. 10,000
Total
= Rs. 63,010
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Concrete cost = 2700*12.23

Steel cost = 19* 900
Polythene sheet = 10*288.95
Transportation charges
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APPENDIX D
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Names and addresses of experts/institutions who may be interested in the subject/outcome

of the project
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1. Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee

2. HUDCO, New Delhi
3. Structural Engineering Research Institute, Ghaziabad
4. Structural Engineering Research Institute, Chennai
5. BARC, Bombay
Exhibit 15.3 shows a short project proposal submitted by students to a government
organization:
Page 16
Technical Proposals
SAMPLE PROPOSAL 2
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Project Proposal
On
DEVELOPING MULTIMEDIA STRATEGIES

FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Submitted to
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Rajasthan
By
T. Krantikiran
1997B4A3920
V. Ravindra
1998A6C6489
Bina Shetty
1998A2PS401
C. Srividya
1998A2PS822
Under the guidance of
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Dr. MEENAKSHI RAMAN

Languages Group

Pilani
August, 2001
243
Developing Multimedia Strategies for Effective

Communication
2. Name of the students:
Name
ID No.
(i) T. Krantikiran
1997B4A3920
(ii) V. Ravindra
1998A6C6489
(iii) Bina Shetty
1998A2PS401
(iv) C. Srividya
1998A2PS822
3. Class/Year of the students:
(i) 4th year.
(ii), (iii), (iv) 3rd year.
4. a. Name of the Project Guide
Dr. Meenaskhi Raman, Assistant Professor
b. Experience of the Guide:
Teaching at various levels for the past 14 years;
taken up projects in multimedia courseware
development
c. Address of the Guide:
Dr. Meenakshi Raman
Languages Group
Faculty Division I
BITS, Pilani-333031
Telephone:
Ofce: 45073-Extn. 307
Residence: 42238/44736
d. Broad Area/Field of the Guide: Communication.
5. a. Name of the institution:
Birla Institute of Technology and Science
b. Address of the institution:
BITS, Pilani
Rajasthan - 333031
Ph. 45073 - 307
6. a. Project Summary
This project aims at developing through multimedia certain strategies for effective
communication, which is vital for the growth of an individual as well as the society.
Effective communication strategies, if developed through multimedia, can be easily
grasped even by the lower strata of the society. Moreover, these strategies may prove to
be indispensable for education institutions and professional organizations of any kind.
This multimedia package would incorporate strategies for both verbal and nonverbal communication. The main focus would be on the signicant aspects of oral
communication such as body language, voice modulation and audience awareness, and
the illustrative aspect of written communication namely, graphic aids.
The package would not only be user-friendly but also be informative, thus enabling the
users to develop better communication skills.
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1. Title of the project:
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STUDENT PROJECT PROGRAMME
Page 2
Technical Proposals
Software Requirements
Multimedia development kit

Adobe Photoshop
Hardware Requirements
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b. Technical details of the project

Since effective communication is indispensable for the progress of any society, the project will focus on
developing strategies for the same. Though the Internet and other audio-visual aids like audio and video
cassettes, etc. throw some light on techniques for developing language skills, they do not deal in detail
with the various aspects of communication.
Even though there are many aspects of communication, the project would limit itself only to certain
aspects of oral and written communication. The project would require the following:
A personal computer with Pentium II processor

Multimedia kit (speakers, sound care, oppy, CD-ROM drive)
32 MB RAM
Internet connection (preferable for research and analysis of the existing products and to download
latest software to compress audio and video les, e.g. MP3 format)
Recent publications (literature) on multimedia
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7. Introduction of the project

a & b. Denition and origin of the proposal
The development of any society largely depends on the interaction among its people. This interaction
is essential for the ideas, facts, feelings, and courses of action to be transmitted and interchanged. But
without adequate communication skills, it would be difcult for the people to interact effectively.
In a country like ours where illiteracy is still prevalent among the lower strata of many societies, oral
and visual communication can greatly help the ow of interaction in a society. To achieve effectiveness
in communication, people need to follow certain strategies. There is no doubt that these strategies can
be developed in various ways.
We feel that multimedia is the most effective of all and hence designing effective communication
strategies through this medium would be of great help to the students, professionals, and laymen. For
example, strategies for effectively using the various means of body language such as posture, gesture,
eye contact, etc. would certainly prove to be of immense help for all these categories of people. They
can use each of these means of non-verbal communication according to the situation in which they
communicate. For instance, people working in an organization may have to deliver many short or long
presentations or participate in meetings, etc. during their professional career; students may have to
give several presentations such as seminars and talks, or participate in group discussions and interviews
during their academic career; laymen need to communicate their ideas, decisions, etc. to others. Hence
developing effective communication strategies is vital for the overall progress of any society.
c. Objective
This project aims at developing multimedia strategies for effective communication (both verbal and nonverbal). It would mainly focus on:
1. All aspects of body language, voice modulation, and audience awareness pertaining to non-verbal
communication
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2. Graphic aids, which are vital for both oral and written communication
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d. Work plan
For effective scheduling of time among students and for convenience, the project will be split into two
broad phases of four months each. In the rst phase, the package development will focus on the written
form of verbal communication, and certain aspects of non-verbal communication such as personal
appearance and posture, gestures. The various patterns of communication within an organization will
also be dealt with.
In the second phase, the oral aspect of verbal communication, facial expression, eye contact, and
space distancing of non-verbal communication will be developed. Management of information within
the organization, audio-visual aids on business correspondence, reports, group discussion, meetings,
seminars, and conferences will also be dealt with.
1. Consumables
2. Report writing
OX
9. Budget Estimate:
I. Minor Equipment
FO
e. Methodology
Literature survey
Collection of materials
Scripting
Developing strategies
Designing strategies through multimedia
f. & g. Organization of work element and time schedule
Phase I
4 months (approximately)
Phase II
4 months (approximately)
as per work plan
8. Details of facilities to be provided by the institution
Library
Computer hardware
Software for the use of multimedia
Recording
Internet access
3. Contingency & other costs
Rs. 8,000.00
Rs. 1,000.00
Rs. 1,000.00
Total
Rs. 10,000.00
10. Utilization of the outcome of the project
The multimedia package developed in this project will be informative as well as user-friendly. It will not
only create an awareness among the public about the various aspects of effective communication, but
also enable them to modify and develop their communication strategies. This in turn will prove to be
benecial for the progress of the society at large.
Page 4
Technical Proposals
SAMPLE PROPOSAL 3 (WITH COVERING LETTER)
Multi-modal Gymnasium
March 14, 2002
Mr Anuj Sharma
Chairman
Diesel Locomotive Works
Varanasi-221004
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Varanasi-221004
Re: Project proposal for setting up of a multi-modal gymnasium in DLW

Dear sir
The attached document, Proposal for Setting Up of a Multi-modal Gymnasium in DLW Institute,
outlines our project for a modern gym. Reduced man-days and associated costs due to medical
problems of the DLW staff and officers has been a long-standing issue. Our proposal aims to suggest
a remedy for these problems. The project is also expected to satisfy the long-pending demand of
DLW staff for setting up of a gymnasium with multifarious facilities.
This proposal provides you with an overview of the proposed plan, an outline of the work plan
along with the cost estimate, and the suggested plan of action for utilization.
This proposal also explores the alternative facilities provided and the utility of each.
OX
Yours truly
FO
The authenticity of the proposal is supported by the fact that many leading organizations in the
world including Intel, IBM, GE,TATA, and others have implemented this concept successfully. If you
have any questions or concern about our proposal, please feel free to contact me over my mobile
9830038796 or by e-mail at anirudh@vsnl.com.
Anirudh Gautam
Dy Chief Personnel Officer
DLW
Enclosure: proposal for multi-modal gymnasium
247
PROJECT PROPOSAL
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ON
SETTING UP OF A MULTI-MODAL GYMNASIUM IN DLW
SUBMITTED TO
CHAIRMAN
DLW
BY
FO
ANIRUDH GAUTAM
DY CHIEF PERSONNEL OFFICER/G
OX
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS

VARANASI 221004 (UP)
March 2002
Technical Proposals
STAFF WELFARE PROGRAM
Project Title
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Draft Contract
SETTING UP OF A MULTIMODAL GYMNASIUM IN

DLW INSTITUTE
Name & designation of

proposer Officer
Anirudh Gautam, Dy Chief

Personnel
Postal address of the

proposer
DLW, Manuadih,Varanasi
North DLW Institute
Time required for

commencement of the
project on receipt of
approval
6 months
Duration of the project
6 months
Amount of money required
One-time Cost: Rs 9 million

approximately
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Name of the institute in

which the gymnasium is
proposed to be set up
Recurring Expenses: Rs 2.2

million
Expected Annual Income: Rs

2.0 million
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This proposal is about setting up of a multi-modal gymnasium in DLW. Last year
DLW Hospital registered about 150 heart ailment cases. This year, the gure has
risen to 200. Similarly, there has been phenomenal increase in the high blood
pressure, depression, and anxiety cases. In addition, other stress-related medical
problems have shown a rising trend, notably that of the cardio-vascular systems,
digestive, and the nervous systems. Total cost incurred by DLW due to lost working
days and also due to the cost of medical treatment was calculated to be Rs 57 lakh
for last year alone. This year, the gure is expected to be at least double that of the
previous year.
In order to arrest these alarming trends through preventive means, it is proposed
to set up a multi-modal gymnasium at DLW for use by staff and ofcers, and their
families. Contrary to popular belief, a multi-modal gymnasium offers varied health
and tness programmes, ranging from iron-pumping machines to Yoga therapy and
Chinese acupuncture. This technical proposal enumerates the suggested outline
of the proposed gymnasium, conventional and non-conventional programmes
proposed to be offered, and the consequent benets due to the same. The proposal
also brings out the estimated time schedules for completion and the cost likely to
be incurred.
The outcome of this project is envisaged in terms of reduction in lost working
days and associated costs due to medical problems of DLW staff and ofcers. Also,
the project is expected to full a long-pending demand of DLW staff for setting up
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of a multifarious gymnasium in DLW.
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Technical Proposals
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
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A conventional gymnasium conjures images of weight benches, trestles, parallel bars,

balance beams, tread mills, and weight machines. This was true about gymnasiums
about 20 years ago. The modern gymnasium offers a wide range of tness regimens,
ranging from the conventional ones to alternative therapies based on traditional
health-care systems. Golds Gym, a world leader in health and tness facilities, offers
a wide variety of programmes, including injury prevention and care, nutrition and
supplementation, weight loss and gain, and anti-aging and senior health, amongst
others. The traditional dhyan yoga, acupuncture, pranayam, reiki, and other
programmes are all offered under one roof.
The current proposal for setting up a multi-modal gymnasium in DLW visualizes
provision of a wide variety of health and tness programmes as mentioned above. It is
proposed to set up modern cardio-vascular tness machines such as treadmills, stairclimbers, elliptical gliders, upright and recumbent bicycles, and rowing machines.
Concurrently, setting up of an ambient Yoga Centre with the help of local expertise
is also proposed. Upgrading the existing badminton, squash, tennis, and swimming
facilities are also planned.
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BACKGROUND
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In the year 1962, when DLW was set up with American collaboration, the stadium,
the golf course, the indoor badminton courts, the squash courts, the tennis courts,
and the basketball courts were constructed with the aim of making the tness facilities
available to the DLW employees. It can be said with some pride that DLW employees
and their children have excelled in a number of sports and some of them have even
found place in the national teams. Availability of adequate and wide variety of
sporting facilities has been primarily responsible for a healthy atmosphere in DLW
as the number of lost working days due to sickness have been low compared to other
production units of Indian Railways and also IR as a whole.
The recent years have, however, seen a rise in the working pressures as DLW has
strived to compete with the global market. There have been demands on DLW system
to bring out new designs of locomotives in less cycle times and at reduced costs. The
competition from Chinese and other Asian suppliers have had a telling inuence on
DLWs operating ratios. Amidst the rumours of possible privatization and a reducing
budget from the Railway Board, DLW has not only been able to survive but has
made a place for itself in the Mid-east, South East, and African markets. Exports to
countries like Bangladesh, Tanzania, Jordan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and Malaysia have
been successfully executed.
Uncertainty and diversity of production have had a detrimental effect on the
mental and physical health of its employees. The number of cases of cardiovascular
diseases has almost doubled in the last three years. The number of lost working days
due to sickness has also signicantly increased in the past few years. There has also
been a general increase in grievance levels of the employees with regard to their
future, especially when they compare themselves with other government departments,
which are still insulated from the market economies. The Staff Welfare Committee
during its last meeting with the Chairman, DLW, had recommended certain steps to
alleviate the troubles of employees. Setting up of a multifarious gymnasium gured
as one of the recommendations. On this basis the Chairman had asked the Personnel
Department to put up a proposal for setting up of a multifarious gymnasium in
DLW.
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Technical Proposals
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
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Figure 1 shows a year-wise break-up of sickness cases registered by DLW hospital.
Figure 1 Year-wise break-up of registered sick cases in DLW hospital
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As can be seen, there has been a gradual increase in the number of registered cases
over the past ten years. Year 2000 shows a slight reversal in the number of cases, mainly
because of a large number of retirements during that year. The above gure only refers
to the in-patients department cases. If the out-patients reporting is also added, then the
problem assumes larger proportions. The trend, however, remains the same.
Given in Figure 2 is the break-up of the cases in 1991. The corresponding position
in year 2001 is given in Figure 3.
Figure 2 Break-up of registered cases in Year 1991

Figure 3: Break-up of registered cases in the Year 2001.
Figure 4 shows the working days lost in the last year due to medical problems
and the associated total costs. This is compared with the projections for the year
2002.
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Figure 4
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Working days lost and total cost incurred due to medical problems
As can be seen, the associated total costs on account of sickness are projected
to double in the current year. The actual expenditure due to lost working days
and due to medical treatment is expected to touch Rs 120 million in the current
year. The share of cardiovascular diseases has increased signicantly. More
signicantly, this has had an adverse effect on the morale of the employees.
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Objectives
The main objective of setting up the gymnasium is to ensure tness for the
employees through sports, exercises, healthy food habits, relaxed life style,
and meditation. A multi-modal gymnasium will act as a counselling centre for
employees with tailor-made tness programmes.
It is also proposed to maintain a health database of the employees in association
with the DLW central hospital. The bottom line is to have more satised and
healthy employees with consequent reduction in lost working days and medical
expenditure.
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WORK PLAN
Phases
For scheduling purposes it is proposed to split up the project into three phases. In
the rst phase, it is envisaged to set up the cardio-tness centre. The second phase
is aimed at establishing the Cybex circuit weight-training area. In the nal phase,
the meditation hall and upgrading of the tennis courts and the swimming pool are
planned.
Coordinator
As a rst step, a full-time coordinator needs to be selected. The minimum
qualications and the work experience of the Gymnasium Coordinator have to
be determined and the emoluments which can be offered have to be decided.
The coordinator shall be responsible for looking after the management of assets
worth Rs 10 million and shall also be responsible for effective management of
the gymnasium. Therefore, selection criteria are required to be approved by the
Chairman.
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Location
It is proposed to locate the cardio-centre and the weight centre of the gymnasium
in the North Institute of DLW. The Yoga and meditation centre is intended to be
put up at the Ofcers Club. The location of the courts and the swimming pool
remains the same but the skirting area around these is planned to be concreted
and tiled.
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Area
The cardio-centre and the weight-training centre require an area of about 20,000
square feet. The area has already been surveyed and the vacant stretch in front of
the basketball court in the North Institute premises can be used for construction
of the building. For the Yoga centre, the space near the Ofcers Club is proposed
for building the main hall and the annexe. The area in front of the swimming pool
is planned to be utilized for construction of wash rooms.
Types of Equipment
The cardio-centre is envisaged with the following equipment:
a. Treadmills
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255
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b. Stair Climbers
c. Elliptical gliders
d. Upright & recumbent bicycles
e. Rowing machines
The weight-training centre is proposed to be equipped with the following
equipment:
a. Weight benches
b. Wall bars
c. Parallel bars
d. Incline boards
e. Balance beams
f. Trestles
g. Weight machine centre
The Yoga centre needs no specic equipment, but requires a hall with proper
ventilation. There are plans to have a tie-up with the Art of Living Foundation
for meditation courses.
Human Resource
It is estimated that a skeletal staff of about ve shall be required for proper
administration. For this purpose no additional staff is planned to be recruited,
rather volunteers from the existing class C and D categories shall be
screened.
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Charges
For DLW staff and ofcers, the charges shall be deducted from the salary at a at
rate of Rs 500/- per month. For external members the fee shall be Rs 2000/- per
month.
Timings
On Saturday and Sunday the gymnasium is proposed to remain open from 7:30
hrs to 17:30 hrs. On working days the timings need to be decided in consultation
with the staff council and the ofcers association. However a timing of 6:30 to 8:30
in the morning and 16:00 to 19:00 in the evening appears to be convenient.
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Technical Proposals
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Methodology
For civil construction works, it is rst proposed to draw up the detailed layouts in
association with DLWs civil engineering wing. The specications of the buildings
also need to be rmed up. Thereafter, potential supplier assessment of reputed
civil contractors will be done after oating limited tenders. Electrical works shall
be clubbed with the civil works.
For purchase of the equipment, it is intended to buy these on single tender basis
from Golds Gym who are the leading manufacturers of gymnasium equipment.
Organization of work elements and time schedule
Given below in Table 1 is the list of activities and the expected durations for each.
The detailed Gantt chart shall be worked out after the approval of the proposal.
The expected completion time after paralleling of activities has been worked out
to be about six months from the date of commencement of work.
TABLE 1: List of Activities and Expected Durations
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ACTIVITY
Getting approval for the technical proposal
Discussion with staff council & officers association
Nomination of core group
ACTIVITY
Briefing of the core group
Budget approval
Forming of specification for civil work
Forming of specification for equipment
Freezing criteria for co-ordinator selection
Civil contractor survey
Discussions with Golds Gym regarding equipment
Calling of volunteers from staff
Tender for civil works
Single tender for equipment
Selection of coordinator
Selection of other staff
Completion of civil works
Installation of equipment
Tie-ups for Yoga centre
Suggested plan of action for utilization
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DURATION
10 days
5 days
3 days
DURATION
5 days
15 days
10 days
10 days
5 days
15 days
10 days
10 days
30 days
25 days
30 days
25 days
90 days
90 days
30 days
257
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There is a requirement to increase tness and health awareness amongst DLWs

employees. DLWs internal cable TV shall be used to promote the gymnasium.
Schools and colleges shall be given sets of iers for distribution. It is proposed to
organize weight-lifting and body building competitions for children as well as for
adults to attract interest of DLWs employees.
In association with the DLW hospital, dedicational and physical therapies shall
be worked out for some volunteers. This shall give an impetus to popularizing the
concept of tness. It is expected that the full capacity of the gymnasium will be
on the lines similar to that of the DLW golf course.
It is proposed to have separate timings for family members. This shall ensure
active participation by ladies and children. This experiment has already been
successfully tried out with the swimming pool.
It is expected that a few success stories in terms of improved tness levels
among the staff shall impart momentum to the whole concept of gymnasium.
Budget Estimate
Given below in Table 2 is an estimate of cost likely to be incurred in setting up
the gym facilities. The recurring costs shall be additional to this estimate and have
been worked out separately. Also indicated are the expected earnings/support
annually.
TABLE 2: Expected Expenditure and Earnings for the Gymnasium
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
Category of Expenditure Cost in

million
One-time cost
9.0
Civil Construction
2.5
Electrical Works
0.5
Equipment
3.0
Selection process
0.5
Core team expenses
0.5
Travel expenses
0.5
Misc expenses
1.5
Recurring Expenses/Year 2.2
Salaries and wages
0.5
Maintenance
0.7
Contingencies
1.0
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S no.
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Rs
Research Paper, Dissertation, and Thesis
Expected Income/Year
DLW members
Non-DLW members
2.0
0.5
1.5
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1
2
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It is anticipated that with the setting up of systematic tness facilities such as

a gymnasium, the overall health levels of the employees and their families shall
improve. This is supported by the fact that many leading organizations in the
world including Intel, IBM, GE, TATA, and others have successfully tried and
implemented this concept.
The Chairman is therefore requested to accord approval to the setting up of
a multifarious gymnasium at DLW.
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259
RESEARCH PAPER, DISSERTATION, AND THESIS
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CHAPTER 20
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The following article is reprinted from Jassal, Simerjot K., Kritz-Silverstein, Donna, an
Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth, A Prospective Study of Albuminuria and Cognitive Functio
in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol
171, no. 3, 2010, pp. 277286, by permission of Oxford University Press.
Original Contribution
Vol. 171, No. 3

DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp426
Advance Access publication:
January 8, 2010
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American Journal of Epidemiology

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2010.
A Prospective Study of Albuminuria and Cognitive Function in Older Adults

The Rancho Bernardo Study
Simerjot K. Jassal*, Donna Kritz-Silverstein, and Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
* Correspondence to Dr. Simerjot K. Jassal, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, Division of GIM/G, MC
111N, San Diego, CA 92161 (e-mail: sjassal@ucsd.edu).
Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Albuminuria is an early manifestation of chronic
kidney disease and a marker of endothelial dysfunction and vascular risk. Results of prior studies of albuminuria
and cognitive function are contradictory. The authors studied 1,345 community-dwelling women and men in
southern California (mean age, 75 years) at a 19921996 research clinic visit, when urine albumin/creatinine ratio
(ACR) was measured in spot morning urine and cognitive function was evaluated by using the Mini-Mental State
Examination Trail-Making Test B, and category uency test. An ACR of 30 mg/g was found in 17% of women and
15% of men in 19921996. Analysis of covariance was used to compare cognitive function score by categorical
ACR. Between 1999 and 2002, 759 participants returned for repeat cognitive function testing. For men, but not
women, baseline albuminuria, but not estimated glomerular ltration rate, was associated with reduced cognitive
function at follow-up on all tests (P s < 0.05). An ACR of 30 mg/g was associated with greater annual decline in
Mini-Mental State Examination and category uency scores. Albuminuria may be an easily measured marker
predicting future cognitive function decline. Results imply a common underlying mechanism affecting the renal
and cerebral microvasculature.
aged; albuminuria; cognition; dementia
OX
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Abbreviations: ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular ltration rate; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; MMSE, MiniMental State Examination; Trails B, Trail-Making Test B.
Editors note: An invited commentary on this article appears on page 287, and the authors response is published
on page 290.
chronic kidney disease (12, 13), usually in diabetes; it is

a marker of endothelial dysfunction and vascular risk (14)
and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (15), but its
association with cognitive function remains uncertain. Although several studies of the association between cognitive
function and estimated glomerular ltration rate (eGFR)
exist (1621), few have examined albuminuria as an exposure (2226); only one was prospective (24).
A study investigating the association of this modiable
stage of chronic kidney disease with cognitive decline is
timely and important. The purpose of the present study
was to examine the longitudinal association of urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) with cognitive function change
in a population-based sample of older, community-dwelling
adults.
The association between chronic kidney disease and

cardiovascular disease is well established (1). Both share
common risk factors (diabetes and hypertension) (2, 3)
and pathophysiology (inammation and endothelial dysfunction) (4, 5). End-stage renal disease patients experience increased cerebrovascular accidents, subclinical
ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline
(610).
The prevalence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease is
increasing (11). Albuminuria is an early manifestation of
277
Am J Epidemiol 2010;171:277286
Downloaded from aje.oxfordjournals.org at OUP on October 4, 2010
Initially submitted May 12, 2009; accepted for publication October 1, 2009.
261
n = 1,429
19921996
n = 1,418
n = 1,406
Without Urine
Samples
n = 11
tion (8% (252/3,004) were deceased; 9% (265/3,304) had

moved away; and 20% (588/3,004) were unable to return
for other reasons, such as poor health or caregiving responsibilities), leaving 38% (1,141/3,004) who were seen in the
follow-up clinic.
This study was approved by the Human Subjects Protection Program of the University of California, San Diego. All
participants were ambulatory and gave written informed
consent.
Age <50 Years

n = 12
Procedures
With Stroke
n = 61
n = 1,345
Follow-up Visit
n = 759
19992002
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Participants
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Figure 1. Selection of participants for a study of albuminuria and

cognitive function in older adults, Rancho Bernardo, California. In
19921996, 1,429 participants attended a research clinic visit and
completed 3 cognitive function tests. After exclusion of 11 individuals
without urine samples, 12 who were younger than age 50 years, and
61 with a history of stroke, 821 women and 524 men remained who
had urine samples for albuminuria testing and tests of cognitive function in 19921996. Of these participants, 461 women and 298 men
returned for a follow-up visit and had repeat cognitive function testing
in 19992002.
OX
Participants were community-dwelling women and men

aged 5198 years from the Rancho Bernardo Study. In
19721974, 82% of all adults aged 30 years or older living
in this southern California community enrolled in a study of
heart disease risk factors. Participants were Caucasian, well
educated, and middle class. In 19921996, 1,781 participated in a research clinic visit, when albuminuria was measured; 1,429 (80%) completed 3 cognitive function tests.
After exclusion of 11 individuals without urine samples,
12 younger than 50 years of age, and 61 who had a history
of stroke, there remained 821 women and 524 men who had
albuminuria and tests of cognitive function in 19921996.
Of these, 461 women and 298 men had repeat cognitive
function testing at a follow-up visit in 19992002, a mean
of 6.6 (range, 4.59.5) years later (Figure 1). Of the 3,004
participants invited to the 19992002 visit, 25% (758/3,004)
did not respond and 37% (1,105/3,004) refused the invita-
At the 19921996 clinic visit, standard self-administered

questionnaires were used to dene age, education, health
habits (smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise), medical history, and current medications. Height and weight were
measured by using a regularly calibrated stadiometer and
balance-beam scale with participants wearing light clothing
and no shoes. Body mass index was calculated as weight in
kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Systolic and
diastolic blood pressures were measured twice in seated participants after a 5-minute rest by a trained nurse using the
Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program protocol
(27). Ankle brachial index was measured by a trained nurse
taking the highest systolic blood pressure in each leg (posterior tibial artery) and dividing by the highest systolic blood
pressure in each arm (brachial artery). If the lowest of these 2
ankle brachial indices was 0.90, participants were classied as having peripheral arterial disease.
A blood sample was obtained by venipuncture after a requested overnight fast (1216 hours). A single, clean-catch,
untimed morning urine sample (usually the second void)
was collected. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by
the glucose oxidase method and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)
by high performance liquid chromatography; fasting plasma
cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein and
low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured
in a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention certied
lipid research clinic laboratory. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured by enzymatic techniques using
an ABA-200 biochromatic analyzer (Abbott Laboratories,
Abbott Park, Illinois). High density lipoprotein cholesterol
was measured according to the standardized procedures of
the lipid research clinics manual (28); low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated by using the Friedewald formula (29). Serum creatinine was measured by SmithKline
Beecham Clinical Laboratories (King of Prussia, Pennsylvania). Urine samples were shipped to the National Institutes
of Health laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona. Urine albumin was
measured by using the Behring Nephelometer BNA (Dade
Behring GmbH, Marburg, Germany). The lower limit of
detection of the assay was 6.8 mg/dL; values <6.8 mg/dL
were assigned a value of 6.7 mg/dL. The interassay coefcient of variance was 4.5%. Urine creatinine was measured
by the kinetic alkaline picrate method using the CibaCorning Express (Corning, Medeld, Massachusetts). Diabetes was dened according to the 1999 World Health
Organization criteria (30)fasting plasma glucose 126
mg/dL (7 mmol/L), a physician diagnosis of diabetes, or
use of diabetes-specic medication (oral or insulin).
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Baseline Visit
Statistical analysis
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Three analytic strategies were used to assess the crosssectional and longitudinal association between kidney function and cognitive function: 1) multiple linear regression
to assess the association between logACR at baseline and
scores on the MMSE, Trails B, and category uency tests
and annual change in scores; 2) logistic regression to assess
the association between logACR and categorical poor performance on cognitive function tests; and 3) analysis of
covariance to compare cognitive function scores by categorical ACR (<30 mg/g vs. 30 mg/g). Analyses were repeated by using eGFR as a continuous or categorical (60
mL/minute/1.73 m2 vs. <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2) variable.
Covariates signicantly associated with both predictor
and outcome variables by correlation coefcients were used
to create parsimonious multivariate models. Multivariable
models were adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure,
HbA1C, education (some college or more vs. no college),
strenuous exercise 3 or more times per week (yes/no), consumption of alcoholic beverages 3 or more times per week
(yes/no), and current estrogen use (yes/no) by women, and
additionally for eGFR, Beck Depression Inventory, and use
of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications. Inclusion of body mass index, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking (yes/no), and peripheral arterial
disease (yes/no) did not materially change the results; these
variables were therefore not included in the nal model.
Longitudinal analyses of cognitive function score on the
MMSE, Trails B, or category uency test at the 1999
2002 visit were adjusted for score on the same test at the
19921996 visit.
All P values are 2 sided. SPSS software (SPSS Base 15.0
for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) was used for all
analyses.
RESULTS
At baseline in 19921996, the mean age of women and

men was similar74.9 (standard deviation, 9.1) years and
74.5 (standard deviation, 8.6) years (P 0.44), respectively.
There were signicant corresponding sex differences (P <
0.01 for all) in mean eGFR (64.9 mL/minute/1.73 m2 vs.
68.7 mL/minute/1.73 m2), median ACR (13.4 mg/g vs.
9.7 mg/g), and scores on the MMSE (28.1 vs. 27.8), Trails
B (135.7 vs. 126.4), and category uency (17.0 vs. 18.1)
tests; women performed better than men on the MMSE
but worse on Trails B and category uency. Systolic blood
pressure, HbA1C, body mass index, low density lipoprotein
cholesterol, Beck Depression Inventory, education, exercise,
and alcohol consumption also differed signicantly by sex
(Table 1).
In 19921996, 17% of women and 15% of men had albuminuria (ACR 30 mg/g); 42% of women and 27% of
men had moderately to severely impaired kidney function
by eGFR (<60 mL/minute/1.73 m2). A majority (56%;
n 754) had preserved kidney function by both measures,
and only 8% (n 108) had impaired kidney function by
both measures. However, 28% (n 375) had an eGFR
of <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 but an ACR of <30mg/g, and
8% (n 105) had an eGFR of 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 but
At both the 19921996 and 19992002 clinic visits, 3

standardized tests, chosen to assess diverse domains of cognitive function with demonstrated reliability and validity
(31), were administered by a trained interviewer: the
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail-Making
Test B (Trails B), and a category uency test. The MMSE
is a global test of orientation, registration, attention, calculation, language, and recall (32, 33). It is used to screen for
incipient dementia, has limited sensitivity for change in
cognitive function (34), and is inuenced by education, with
lower sensitivity for detecting cognitive dysfunction in those
with a college education or higher (33). It is scored on a scale
of 0 to 30, with dementia suspected for scores <24. Trails B
(from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery) is a test of visuomotor tracking and attention (35) in
which participants identify alternating patterns of letters
and numbers in sequence over 300 seconds. It is scored by
the time required to complete the test. Lastly, the Animals
Naming Category Fluency test is a test of cognitive exibility and executive function in which participants are asked to
name as many animals as possible in 1 minute (36). The
score is the number of correctly named animals; repetitions,
variations, and intrusions (words other than names of animals, e.g., apple) are not counted. For the MMSE and
category uency test, higher scores indicate better performance; for Trails B, a lower score indicates better performance. Recommended cutoff values indicative of poor
performance obtained from the Alzheimers Disease Research Center of the University of California, San Diego,
were as follows: MMSE <24, Trails B 132, and category
uency <12.
Depressed mood was assessed by using the Beck Depression Inventory, a self-administered questionnaire asking
participants to choose statements that best describe their
feelings. Higher score indicates greater depressed mood,
and a score 12 suggests clinical depression (37).
ACR was calculated as follows: ACR (mg/g) Urine
albumin (mg/dL)/Urine creatinine (g/dL). It was categorized
as 30 mg/g (albuminuria) or <30 mg/g (normal) (38).
eGFR was calculated by using the abbreviated Modication of Diet in Renal Disease study equation (39, 40):
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2) 186 3 (serum creatinine
(mg/dL))1.154 3 (age)0.203 3 (0.742 if female) 3
(1.210 if black). It was categorized as 60 mL/minute/
1.73 m2 (normal to mildly decreased) or <60 mL/minute/
1.73 m2 (moderately to severely decreased).
Annual change in cognitive function was calculated as
follows: Annual change in score (Score at follow-up
Score at baseline)/Years between visits.
Analyses were stratied by sex because of known differences in kidney and cognitive function between women and
men. All measures were normally distributed except ACR,
which required log transformation. A univariate general linear model (analysis of covariance) was used to compare
mean values for continuous variables by sex or by ACR or
eGFR category; the chi-square statistic was used to compare
differences in prevalence for categorical variables. Medians
for ACR were calculated.
263
Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants in a Prospective Study of Albuminuria and

Cognitive Function, Rancho Bernardo, California, 19921996a
Women (n 5 821)
Men (n 5 524)
P Value
Age, years
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Mean (standard deviation)

74.9 (9.1)
74.5 (8.6)
0.44
Body mass index, kg/m2
24.7 (4.1)
26.2 (3.6)
<0.001
Systolic blood pressure,

mm Hg
140.3 (22.4)
137.5 (20.2)
0.02
HbA1C, %
Low density lipoprotein

cholesterol, mg/dL
4.3 (0.6)
4.3 (0.7)
128.0 (34.4)
123.5 (30.4)
0.9 (0.2)
1.2 (0.25)
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2
Serum creatinine, mg/dL
64.9 (15.7)
68.7 (16.7)
ACR, mg/gb
13.4 (8.422.1)
<0.001
9.7 (6.419.4)
<0.01
5.9 (4.6)
4.8 (4.0)
<0.001
27.8 (2.3)
<0.01
135.7 (61.1)
126.4 (56.4)
<0.01
17.0 (4.7)
18.1 (5.0)
<0.001
Some college or more
63.9
81.5
<0.001
Exercise 33/week
69.2
77.7
<0.01
Alcohol consumption
33/week
39.8
55.9
<0.001
7.2
5.3
Current smoking
n/a
0.18
Current estrogen use
40.7
n/a
Current lipid-lowering
medication use
10.5
9.2
0.41
Current antihypertensives
use
34.1
38.1
0.22
Diabetes
13.6
18.1
0.03
FO
Abbreviations: ACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular ltration rate;
HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; n/a, not applicable; Trails B,
Trail-Making Test B.
a
Except for ACR, P values were obtained from analysis of variance for normally distributed
values and the chi-square statistic for categorical variables.
b
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range). P values were obtained from the
Wilcoxon rank sum test for this skewed variable.
OX
an ACR of 30 mg/g (Figure 2), suggesting these measures

assess different spectrums of kidney disease.
The predictors, outcomes, and most covariates all differed
signicantly by sex. Testing revealed a signicant ACR-bysex interaction (P 0.01). Therefore, all analyses were sex
specic. As shown in Table 2, men and women with an ACR
of 30 mg/g versus <30 mg/g were older, had a higher
systolic blood pressure and HbA1C, were less likely to drink
alcohol regularly, and were more likely to use antihypertensives. Women with an ACR of 30 mg/g versus <30 mg/g
were also less likely to report regular exercise, were more
likely to have diabetes or depressed mood, and had worse
scores on the MMSE, Trails B, and category uency tests.
At follow-up, more men and women had poor cognitive
function according to the MMSE and category uency
tests than at baseline, but fewer scored poorly on Trails B
(Figure 3). Mean differences in cognitive function test
scores from the 19921996 to the follow-up visit for women

and men, respectively, were as follows: MMSE 1.0 (standard deviation, 2.1) and 0.9 (standard deviation, 1.9);
Trails B 15.7 (standard deviation, 55.1) and 8.4 (standard deviation, 46.0) (unexpectedly improved); and category uency 1.8 (standard deviation, 4.3) and 1.6
(standard deviation, 4.5). Cross-sectional analyses using
multiple linear regression, logistic regression, or analysis
of covariance adjusted for age and other known covariates
indicated that albuminuria was not associated with any of
the 3 measures of cognitive function at baseline in either
sex.
In contrast, prospective analyses using analysis of covariance showed that albuminuria (ACR 30 mg/g vs. <30 mg/
g) in 19921996 was associated with worse cognitive function on all tests (MMSE, Trails B, and category uency) in
19992002 (Table 3) and with greater annual decline in
Trails B score
Category uency score
<0.001
28.1 (2.0)
Beck Depression Inventory

score
MMSE score
0.04
<0.01
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Figure 2. Prevalence (%) of impaired kidney function by estimated

glomerular ltration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin/creatinine ratio
(ACR) at the baseline research clinic visit in 19921996, Rancho
Bernardo, California.
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MMSE and category uency in men but not women, even

after adjusting for all covariates (Ps 0.05 for all)
(Table 4). However, there was an unexpected trend toward
improvement in Trails B score (a decrease) among men with
an ACR of 30 mg/g versus <30 mg/g (P 0.06) (Table 4).
Prospective multivariable analyses using multiple linear regression or logistic regression showed similar trends but no
signicant association.
To determine whether these ndings were the result of
the established association between diabetes and cognitive
function, analyses were repeated by excluding 208 participants with diabetes (30); doing so did not materially change
the results. To ensure that results were not driven by macroalbuminuria, analyses were repeated by excluding 21 participants who had an ACR of 300 mg/g, which also did not
materially change the results. To further understand sex differences, prospective analyses were repeated by using sexspecic cutoffs for albuminuria (women: normal <25 mg/g
(n 649; 79%), albuminuria 25 mg/g (n 173; 21%);
men: normal <17 mg/g (n 374; 71%), albuminuria 17
mg/g (n 150; 29%) (41) but did not materially change the
results for either men or women. To determine whether sex
differences in cognitive function might vary by baseline
estrogen use, analyses were repeated by stratifying women
by baseline estrogen status; no association remained between albuminuria and cognitive decline in women who
were or were not current estrogen users at baseline. Analyses were repeated after additionally adjusting for body
mass index, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and current
smoking or by peripheral arterial disease, without a material
change in results. We also attempted to stratify by median
age (<75 or 75 years) and by peripheral arterial disease to
determine whether results were modied by age or peripheral arterial disease; however, sample sizes were too small
for results to be interpretable.
Similar prospective analyses were performed by using
eGFR as the exposure variable instead of ACR. There were
DISCUSSION
In this study of older, community-dwelling adults, categorically dened albuminuria was not associated with cognitive function at baseline. However, for men only, it was
associated with worse cognitive function 6.6 years later.
Signicant differences were observed when ACR was
used as a categorical but not a continuous predictor, suggesting that the 30 mg/g cutpoint based on American Diabetes
Association (30) and National Kidney Foundation/Kidney
Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (41) guidelines may
carry prognostic value. This level of albuminuria has been
associated with other microvascular complications of diabetes including diabetic retinopathy (42) and suggests that
cognitive decline may result from microvascular disease in
the brain.
In this study, a signicant association between albuminuria and cognitive function was found in longitudinal but not
cross-sectional analyses. This nding is consistent with 2
prior studies in this cohort, which reported a longitudinal,
but not cross-sectional, association between glucose tolerance status or HbA1C and cognitive function over a 4-year
follow-up (3, 43). One possible explanation for this disparity
is that, since albuminuria is an early predictor of kidney
disease (usually preceding a decline in eGFR) and an early
marker of endothelial dysfunction, it may signal the early
stage of a process resulting in vascular disease and cognitive
decline over the 6.6-year follow-up period.
To our knowledge, the observed sex differences in the
association between albuminuria and cognitive function
have not been reported previously, and the reasons for them
are unknown. They were not explained by sex differences in
age, baseline test performance, or exogenous hormone use
and are unlikely to be due to endogenous sex hormones,
because higher endogenous estrogen levels have been associated with greater decline in category uency in this cohort
(44). Known sex differences in cognitive function include
no signicant differences by baseline eGFR category in

mean score on any cognitive function test at follow-up, or
in mean annual change in any score, for either sex.
To determine whether the absent cross-sectional ACR
association and the strong, positive, prospective association
were explained by survival or nonresponse bias, we compared differences in baseline characteristics between those
who attended only the baseline visit and those who attended
both visits. Compared with those who attended only the
baseline visit, at baseline, those who attended both visits
were healthier as evidenced by statistically signicant differences (P < 0.05) in nearly every baseline measure shown
in Table 1: they were younger; had a lower systolic blood
pressure, HbA1C, and ACR and a higher eGFR; were more
likely to report regular exercise; and performed better on all
baseline measures of cognitive function than those who attended the baseline visit only, documenting selective loss of
older, less healthy, and more cognitively impaired participants. This truncation would be expected to reduce any true
increased risk. Nonresponse did not differ signicantly by
sex, making it unlikely to explain the sex differences.
265
Table 2. Comparison of Baseline Characteristics of Study Subjects by Urine ACR Category, Rancho Bernardo,
California, 19921996a
Women (n 5 821)
Age, years
Body mass index, kg/m2
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

HbA1C, %
Low density lipoprotein
cholesterol, mg/dL
Serum creatinine, mg/dL
eGFR, mL/minute/1.73 m2
ACR, mg/gb
Beck Depression Inventory
score
Category uency
%
Some college or more
Exercise 33/week
P Value
74.1
78.7
<0.001
74.1
77.2
24.9
24.2
0.06
26.2
26.4
0.67
138.6
147.8
<0.001
135.7
147.9
<0.001
Current estrogen use

Current lipid-lowering
medication use
Current antihypertensives use
Diabetes
ACR 30
(n 5 78)
P Value
<0.01
4.2
4.4
<0.01
4.3
4.6
128.5
126.0
0.44
123.6
123.4
0.9
1.0
<0.01
1.1
1.3
65.5
62.3
0.03
70.1
60.9
<0.001
11.4
44.7
<0.001
8.4
60.6
<0.001
<0.05
4.68
5.73
6.63
5.60
<0.01
0.96
<0.001
0.06
28.2
27.9
<0.05
27.9
27.6
0.33
131.4
155.5
<0.001
124.7
136.0
0.10
17.3
15.7
<0.001
18.2
17.4
0.21
63.6
65.8
0.75
82.4
75.8
0.22
71.1
59.3
<0.01
78.0
75.6
0.66
41.7
28.9
<0.01
58.3
47.3
0.01
1.00
Alcohol consumption 33/week

Current smoking
ACR <30
(n 5 446)
7.3
7.4
1.00
5.4
5.1
41.3
37.0
0.39
n/a
n/a
n/a
10.9
8.1
0.44
10.1
3.8
0.09
36.7
57.0
<0.001
39.7
67.9
<0.001
12.1
21.5
<0.01
17.3
23.1
0.26
FO
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular ltration rate; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C;
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Trails B, Trail-Making Test B.
a
Except for ACR, P values were obtained from analysis of variance for normally distributed values and the chisquare statistic for categorical variables.
b
Values are expressed as median. P values were obtained from the Wilcoxon rank sum test for this skewed
variable.
OX
better performance by women on tests of visuospatial, visuoconceptional, and mental control function and better performance on verbal tasks (45); women also have a lower
modied MMSE score than men do in populations with
disparities in educational resources (46). Rancho Bernardo
women were less likely than men to have attended college
(63.9% vs. 81.5%, P < 0.001) and had lower baseline
scores on Trails B and category uency; consequently, they
may have been functioning at a lower level than men,
thereby blunting the ability to observe potential differences
by albuminuria.
Of note, a lower proportion of both men and women in
our study had poorer Trails B test scores at the 19992002
visit than the 19921996 visit, and average score on this test
improved among those who completed the test at both visits.
This nding likely reects a practice effect, with improvement on repeat testing, as reported previously in this (47)
and other (48, 49) cohorts. Alternatively, the selective loss

of those with the poorest cognitive function excluded those
with the poorest Trails B test performance at baseline.
To our knowledge, 5 prior papers have investigated the
association between albuminuria and cognitive function
(2226); only 1 was prospective (24), and none reported
sex-specic data. Two papers from the National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey cohort reported the crosssectional association between microalbuminuria and a single
measure of cognitive function in more than 2,000 participants (22, 23). In multiply adjusted analyses, participants
with microalbuminuria had signicantly lower Weschler
digit symbol substitution scores compared with those without microalbuminuria; after additional adjustment for cardiovascular disease and risk factors, this association was
no longer signicant except in the subset with peripheral
arterial disease (22, 23). Another cross-sectional study
MMSE score
Trails B score
ACR 30
(n 5 135)
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Mean
Men (n 5 524)
ACR <30
(n 5 686)
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Figure 3. Prevalence (%) of poor cognitive functionMini-Mental

State Examination (MMSE) score <24, Trail-Making Test B (Trails
B) score 132, and category uency test score <12in 19921996
and 19992002, Rancho Bernardo, California.
assessed dementia and albuminuria in 2,316 Cardiovascular

Health Cognition Study participants (25). Albuminuria was
associated with increased odds of dementia (1.6, 95% condence interval: 1.2, 2.3) independent of heart disease, risk
factors, and eGFR. A cross-sectional study by Weiner et al.
(26) evaluated 335 participants from the Nutrition, Aging,
and Memory in Elders Study; those with albuminuria had
poorer performance on several cognitive tests but no differ-
Table 3. Adjusted Longitudinal Comparisons of Mean Cognitive Function Scores at Study

Follow-up in 19992002 by Baseline Urine ACR Category in 19921996,a Rancho Bernardo,
California
Women (n 5 461)
ACR <30
(n 5 406)
Unadjusted
Age adjusted
All adjustedb
Trails B
ACR <30
(n 5 263)
ACR 30
(n 5 35)
P Value
27.6
27.8
0.54
27.7
26.4
<0.01
28.0
0.18
27.6
26.8
<0.05
27.7
28.0
0.36
27.7
26.6
0.02
<0.01
150.6
0.03
114.8
152.5
Age adjusted
130.8
129.5
141.7
0.21
117.1
133.5
0.12
All adjustedb
129.1
133.4
0.62
112.5
132.9
<0.05
Unadjusted
16.1
16.5
0.62
17.8
16.0
<0.05
Age adjusted
16.1
16.8
0.24
17.7
16.8
0.31
All adjustedb
16.2
16.6
0.57
18.0
15.6
0.01
OX
Unadjusted
Men (n 5 298)
P Value
27.6
FO
MMSE
ACR 30
(n 5 55)
Category uency
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Trails B,

a
Results of analysis of covariance.
b
Adjusted for baseline age, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, education (some college), strenuous exercise 3 or more times per week, alcoholic beverage consumption 3 or more
times per week, baseline score on cognitive function test, current estrogen use (women only),
estimated glomerular ltration rate, Beck Depression Inventory score, antihypertensive medication use, and lipid-lowering medication use.
ence in MMSE scores or memory. Albuminuria was also

associated with increased white matter hyperintensity volume on magnetic resonance imaging (26).
To our knowledge, the only published prospective study
of the association between albuminuria and cognitive function was by Abbatecola et al. (24), who studied 140 elderly
(mean age, 86 years) nondemented participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Baseline 24-hour urine albumin
excretion rate was measured 3 times, and cognitive function
was assessed by the MMSE, Verbal Fluency, Digit Span
forward and backward, and Trail-Making Tests A and B at
baseline and 12 months. Baseline albuminuria predicted increased risk of poor cognition after adjustment for baseline
MMSE score, age, education, body mass index, smoking,
depression, drug intake, postprandial glucose, and systolic
blood pressure (relative risk 1.8, 95% condence interval:
1.1, 2.1). Our prospective study differs in its larger size, use
of spot ACR, 6.6-year follow-up, and sex-specic analyses.
Abbatecola et al.s use of three 24-hour urine samples would
be expected to better classify albuminuria, but their small,
shorter (1 year) study was probably not powered to reveal
sex differences.
ACR may be a marker of systemic vascular endothelial
dysfunction common to the kidney and brain, resulting from
advanced glycated end products or inammation. This possibility is supported by studies showing an association of
albuminuria with carotid intimal medial thickness (50) and
pulse wave velocity (51) and the association of markers of
inammation and hemostasis (52) with both albuminuria
(53) and cognitive decline (54). Furthermore, the study by
267
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Table 4. Adjusted Longitudinal Comparisons of Mean Annual Change in Cognitive Function

Scores Between Baseline in 19921996 and Follow-up in 19992002 by Baseline Urine ACR
Category in 19921996,a Rancho Bernardo, California
Women (n 5 461)
ACR <30
(n 5 406)
MMSE
ACR 30
(n 5 55)
Men (n 5 298)
P Value
ACR <30
(n 5 263)
ACR 30
(n 5 35)
P Value
Unadjusted
0.16
0.12
0.42
0.12
0.27
0.01
Age adjusted
0.16
0.10
0.15
0.13
0.23
0.09
All adjustedb
0.15
0.10
0.38
0.11
0.28
0.01
Trails B
Unadjusted
2.20
4.21
0.11
0.99
3.98
<0.05
Age adjusted
2.38
3.62
0.28
1.11
2.91
0.19
All adjustedb
2.45
3.16
0.59
0.87
3.99
0.06
Category uency
0.28
0.28
0.96
0.23
0.47
0.07
0.28
0.27
0.94
0.24
0.40
0.24
All adjustedb
0.29
0.27
0.82
0.22
0.55
0.04
Abbreviations: ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Trails B,

a
Results of analysis of covariance.
b
Adjusted for baseline age, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1C, education (some college), strenuous exercise 3 or more times per week, alcoholic beverage consumption 3 or more
times per week, baseline score on cognitive function test, current estrogen use (women only),
estimated glomerular ltration rate, Beck Depression Inventory score, antihypertensive medication use, and lipid-lowering medication use.
OX
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Abbatecola et al. (24) showed that, while the longitudinal

association between baseline albuminuria and poor cognition 1 year later persisted in multivariable analyses adjusted
for intimal medial thickness, it did not persist after pulse
wave velocity was added (relative risk 1.1, 95% condence interval: 1.0, 1.2), and the authors concluded that
the association might be mediated by the effects of vascular
stiffness and endothelial dysfunction on cerebral blood
ow.
Several limitations and strengths of this study should be
noted. ACR was measured with a single, untimed spot urine
sample, but this method has been shown to correlate well
with 24-hour urine albumin excretion rates (55), and any
misclassication would be expected to bias results toward
the null, reducing the observed association. Only 3 cognitive
function tests were performed at both visits; thus, cognitive
assessment may be limited. Another limitation was our inability to stratify analyses by age group or peripheral arterial
disease because of the lack of power resulting from small
sample sizes in some groups. Because the Rancho Bernardo
cohort is mostly white, well educated, and afuent, ndings
may not be generalizable to other ethnic groups or to those
of different socioeconomic or educational backgrounds. Selection bias and loss to follow-up, as in any study of the
elderly, are additional limitations. The strengths of this
study are its large size, prospective design, long followup, assessment of several domains of cognitive function,
and use of sex-specic analyses in a cohort very well characterized for directly measured covariates.
In conclusion, men with albuminuria had worse cognitive

function and greater cognitive decline as assessed by 2 of 3
cognitive tests over a 6.6-year interval. This association was
not explained by eGFR or diabetes. Progression of albuminuria may be slowed and cardiovascular outcomes delayed
with interventions that control blood pressure, especially
with blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (56). Clinical
trials are necessary to determine whether interventions targeting albuminuria can prevent cognitive decline among
older men with this early marker of kidney disease.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Author afliations: Division of General Internal Medicine

and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of
California, San Diego, California (Simerjot K. Jassal); VA
San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California (Simerjot
K. Jassal); and Division of Epidemiology, Department of
Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California (Donna Kritz-Silverstein,
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor).
This work was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (grant DK31801),
the National Institute on Aging (grant AG07181), and the
National Institutes of Health and the National Institute on
Aging (grant R01AG028507).
This work was presented at the American Heart Associations 49th Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and
Unadjusted
Age adjusted
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The following article is reprinted with permission from S. Tanaka, The Journal of
Chemical Physics, Vol. 133, Page 095103, (2010). Copyright 2010, American Institute of
Physics.
271
THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 133, 095103 2010
Slow molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces during crystallization of

a protein lysozyme studied by uorescence correlation spectroscopy
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S. Tanakaa
Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama,
Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
Received 24 February 2010; accepted 20 July 2010; published online 7 September 2010
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy FCS was applied to the crystallization processes of

egg-white lysozyme. Utilizing FCSs high spatial resolution of about the laser wavelength used, the
molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces was investigated for both tetragonal single crystals and
needlelike spherulites. When the FCS measurement was done at the point closer than 1 m to the
surface of a tetragonal single crystal, the relaxation time became several times longer than that in
bulk solution, but the uorescence intensity thus concentration was similar to that observed in bulk
solution. On the other hand, the peculiar slow dynamics a few orders of magnitude slower than that
in bulk solution of concentrated liquid states of the lysozyme molecules was observed in needlelike
spherulites. We suggested that these observations could be explained by the formation of softly
connected aggregates accumulating around the needlelike crystals, which could cause the instability
of the crystal growth and thus the formation of spherulites. These aggregates gradually disappeared
as the crystallization further proceeded. After the disappearance of the aggregates, the spherulites
started to mature. 2010 American Institute of Physics. doi:10.1063/1.3478224
I. INTRODUCTION
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Protein crystallization is an essential process to determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins with the
x-ray crystallography. However, it is often a bottle neck of
the process of structure determination because of the complex phase behaviors of protein solutions along with crystallization, which include liquid-liquid phase separation,15 random aggregation,6,7 and gel or glass formation.8 A
characteristic feature of the protein solutions is that these
phase behaviors are often observed as metastable and
nonequilibrium.6,9 When the solutions are brought into a supersaturated state, phase transitions take place toward the
most stable state, which is usually realized as an equilibrium
state between a single crystal and a dilute solution. However,
the supersaturated solutions are sometimes trapped in metastable states, which prevents further phase transformation. It
is not a rare case in protein solutions that they cannot escape
from these metastable states and the crystallization never occurs. Therefore, understanding the properties of these metastable or nonequilibrium states is important for the control of
the phases in protein solutions.
Among these nonequilibrium states seen in protein solutions, probably one of the most troublesome states is the
polycrystallization. Although large and awless single crystals are needed for the x-ray crystallography, proteins often
crystallize in the form of clusters of thin plates, rods, or
needles.10 When these clusters become spherical, they are
called spherulites.4,5,11 Since the surface area of the spherulites is much larger than that of single crystals, the spherulites are a form of nonequilibrium states, where protein molecules fail to relax into the more stable single-crystal state.
a
Electronic mail: shinpei@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
0021-9606/2010/1339/095103/9/$30.00
To create single crystals while avoiding polycrystallization, a

ne tuning of the crystallization condition, often with trialand-error approach, is usually necessary and takes time,
which makes the crystallization a bottle neck of the whole
process of the structure determination.
We have been interested in the formation of spherulites
in protein lysozyme solutions.4,9 They tend to appear after
the liquid-liquid phase separation, and the interplay between
spherulite formation and liquid-liquid phase separation
makes complex patterns in solutions.9 Recent study showed
that the liquid-liquid phase separation was not a prerequisite,
and a dilute solution was enough to create spherulites.5 The
liquid-liquid phase separation, which creates a solution of
dilute protein with dense salt, seems to be advantageous for
spherulite formation. This suggests that the diffusion of molecules plays an important role in the spherulite formation.
Similar tendency of the spherulite formation has been observed in a variety of systems.12
The branching of a crystal, which is a premise for the
spherulite formation, has been studied intensively.13 One of
the most successful theoretical explanations is Mullins
Sekerka instability.14 For this instability, there needs to be a
eld with a gradient where crystals can grow faster if they
reach deeper into the gradient. Such a eld can destabilize
the at surface and a uctuation of the surface above a certain wavelength is enhanced, which eventually promotes the
branching. So far, it is unclear whether this kind of instability
plays a role in the protein spherulite formation.
In this study, therefore, we measured the molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces to investigate the mechanism
of the spherulite formation using uorescence correlation
spectroscopy FCS. The FCS has several advantages over
more commonly used dynamic light scattering DLS, which
133, 095103-1
2010 American Institute of Physics
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B. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
FCS is a method to detect a number uctuation of molecules in a laser focus, from which information of the molecular dynamics at the point is obtained.16 The laser beam is
focused into a point whose size can be as small as about the
wavelength used 0.5 m. Though molecules in a solution cannot be directly observed optically, their dynamics can
be detected by FCS. Then the structure of the solution can be
considered using the information of molecular dynamics.
One of the advantages of FCS over DLS is that it can measure dynamics with the spatial resolution of the wavelength
used. Thus, we can get information at a specic point, for
example, on a surface of a crystal.
FCS measurement was done by a confocal microscope
Eclipse TE2000-E Nikon, Tokyo equipped with a photon
counting module Hamamatsu Photonics, Shizuoka. An objective lens of oil-immersion type 100, numerical aperture
NA 1.25 was used. The size of confocal aperture was set
to be 100 m. The light source was a 20 mW solid-state
laser Melles Griot, Tokyo of the wavelength of 488 nm.
The theoretical optical xy- resolution of the system is calculated as 0.61 / NA= 238 nm. Experimentally, the size of
the beam waist s was measured using uorescent molecules
with known diffusion coefcient and assuming16
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include a spatial resolution as high as the optical limit about

the wavelength of light used. Moreover, the uorescence
intensity directly provides information about the local concentration in the position measured. Using FCS, we measured the molecular dynamics in the vicinity of single crystals and in spherulites. The dynamics measured for the two
types of crystals was then compared to elucidate what determined the crystal morphology. To our knowledge, this is the
rst attempt to use FCS for the study of protein crystallization mechanism.
We used lysozyme as a model protein. Many studies
have shown that the crystallization behaviors seen in a lot of
other proteins can be recognized in lysozyme
crystallization.10,15 For example, liquid-liquid phase separation in lysozyme solutions, which has been thoroughly studied so far,1,35 is considered to be a phenomenon which
should occur commonly in other protein solutions. Spherulitic crystallization is also observed in a lot of protein
solutions.11 Thus, lysozyme is a good model system for at
least the study of the phase behaviors during crystallization,
and the properties found there can be considered to be a
representative of those of many other protein solutions.
s2 = 4D ,
II. EXPERIMENTS
A. Materials
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Six-times crystallized hen egg-white lysozyme was purchased from Seikagaku Corp., Tokyo, and used without further purication. A proper amount of lysozyme solution and
that of sodium chloride were mixed to prepare solutions of
the appropriate concentration. All solutions contained
50 mM sodium acetate buffer, and pH was adjusted at 4.5.
When the concentrations of lysozyme and sodium chloride
were high so that the solution exhibited the liquid-liquid
phase separation, it was centrifuged with the speed of 6000
rpm for 2 min. Then the supernatant was used for the further
measurements.
A 2 l sample solution was transferred onto a square
cover slip 35 mm and sandwiched with a round cover slip
15 mm in diameter. The rim of the upper cover slip was
sealed with parafn oil. The thickness of the sample thus
prepared was about 3 m.
Fluorescently labeled lysozyme was made using a dye
Alexa-Fluor 488 5-SDP ester Molecular Probes, USA. The
dye was dissolved in dimethylformamide and added to a
lysozyme solution. The solution was mixed gently at 4 C
for the reaction. Unreacted dye molecules were then removed by thorough dialysis against water and using a desalting column PD-10 GE Healthcare, Tokyo with the molecular weight cutoff of 5000. The degree of labeling was
determined by measuring the absorbance of the solution at
280 and 494 nm. The number of dye per protein molecule
was about 0.1, which assured the labeled lysozyme molecules have only one dye molecule attached to their surface.
The concentration of labeled lysozyme in a sample was xed
at 1 nM.
where D is the diffusion coefcient and is the relaxation

time obtained from FCS measurements as described below.
Rhodamin 6G D = 400 m2 / s Ref. 17 was used for calibration in this study. The value of s thus measured was 240
nm. The z-resolution is determined by the size of a confocal
aperture, although it is larger than the cell thickness in this
study.
The signal was collected via a digital counting board
National Instruments, Tokyo and the autocorrelation functions were calculated using LABVIEW National Instruments.
The sampling rate was xed at 0.1 MHz.
During the measurement, the temperature was controlled
by an air conditioner of the room at 20 1 C. This crude
way to control the temperature was adopted since the immersion oil connecting the objective lens and the sample cover
slip made the sample temperature coincide with that of the
microscope.
C. Data analysis
If uorescent particles in solution are monodispersed,

the autocorrelation function measured by FCS is often approximated as16
gt = 1 + a0 1 +
1+
1/2
where a0 is the correlation intensity, is the diffusion time of

the particles in the direction perpendicular to the laser beam,
and is the one parallel to the beam. In our setting, however, the sample thickness about 3 m was close to the
height of the laser focus thus the particle diffusion parallel to
the laser beam was not important. Then we can assume that
only two-dimensional diffusion is detected and gt becomes,
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[g(t)-1]/[g(0.01)-1]
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.1
i/
0.001
10
0.1
t/
10
0.01
FIG. 1. An articially made, logarithmically broad distribution P of relaxation time a and the autocorrelation function gt circles b constructed from P according to Eq. 4 for the test of the tting function Eq.
5. The x-axis is normalized by the averaged relaxation time . The result
of the tting is shown by a dashed curve. The dotted lines in b show a half
and one tenth of g0 where and 1/10 are dened.
gt = 1 + a0 1 +
Our system contains heterogeneity in diffusion time

originating from various reasons such as interaction, aggregation, and so forth. In a polydispersed system gt is written
as a sum of each relaxation term,
gt = 1 + ai 1 +
i
t
i
where ai and i are, respectively, the correlation intensity and

the diffusion time of the ith term.
In practice, however, the deconvolution of gt into
many power-law-decay terms is difcult. Thus we use an
empirical function form
gt = 1 + a0 1 +
0.1
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(b)
[g(t)-1]/[g(0)-1]
P(i)
(a) 0.2
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where is introduced to represent the deviation from a

simple power-law decay, which can reect a broad distribution of . Note that the parameter is often used in a
stretched exponential function, where it presents a distribution of the relaxation rates. In this way, we can reduce the
number of tting parameters signicantly.
Figure 1 shows a test of the tting function. A gt
circles in Fig. 1b was calculated according to Eq. 4 as a
sum of 18 relaxation terms with a logarithmically broad distribution Pi shown in Fig. 1a, as a rather extreme example. That is, if we deconvolute the gt exactly, we need
36 tting parameters ai and i to t. In Fig. 1, the x-axis is
normalized by the averaged relaxation time . The tting
using Eq. 5 is shown by a dashed curve in Fig. 1b. It is
clear that the tting function Eq. 5 with only three tting
parameters reproduces the gt very well. The obtained in
this tting is 0.095, which coincides with the peak position
of Pi. The was 0.63. It is noted that the time at which
gt relaxes to the half value of g0 corresponds to the obtained . Moreover, the time at which gt relaxes to the 1/10
of the value of g0, denoted by 1/10 hereafter, corresponds
to a value in the tail of Pi at the higher end. We use both
and 1/10 to express the characteristics of the distribution of
relaxation time.
0.01
100
t/ms
FIG. 2. An autocorrelation function measured circles for a dilute

1.0 mg/ml solution of lysozyme without NaCl. The solid curve is the
tting result using Eq. 5 with = 1. The relaxation time obtained was
= 0.13 ms. The diffusion coefcient estimated from was 110 m2 / s.
The corresponding hydrodynamic radius was 2.0 nm.
D. Optical microscopy
All images of the crystallization behaviors were taken by

the same microscope used for FCS with a transmittance detector either in a bright eld mode or a polarized mode. In
polarized microscopy, used for needlelike spherulites in this
study, only crystalline domains with optical anisotropy are
detected. The images taken with the polarized mode were
further Fourier-transformed using an image processing program, ImageJ, with an algorithm of fast Fourier transform
FFT. The obtained FFT images were then radially integrated to produce the structure factor Sk where k is the
wave number.
To obtain the characteristic size of crystal domains, ,
we assumed a random distribution of the size of crystal domain so that can be obtained as the correlation length. This
crude approximation was found to be enough to extract the
characteristic size of crystal domains in our samples. Then
Sk was tted by the Lorentzian
Sk = a0/1 + k22,
where a0 was a constant.
III. RESULTS
A. Diffusion in bulk solution
First, we show the relaxation of lysozyme molecules diffusing in a bulk, dilute solution 1.0 mg/ml measured by
FCS. Figure 2 shows the autocorrelation function with a tting. The was xed at the unity. The relaxation time was
= 0.13 ms. The diffusion coefcient calculated and the
corresponding hydrodynamic radius were, respectively,
D = 110 m2 / s and rH = 2.0 nm, which agree well with the
previously reported values.18 It is probably worth mentioning
that the concentration of lysozyme can be lowered much further in FCS measurement than DLS since the uorescence
improves the signal-to-noise ratio signicantly. This is a salient advantage over DLS when the property in dilute state is
of interest. Actually, we found that the diffusion coefcient
became signicantly larger than the expected value when the
I/kHz
2
0
(d)
10
,1/10/ms
[g(t)-1]/[g(0.01)-1]
(c)
0.1
0.01
1
t/ms
100
1
x/m
-1
0.1
1
x/m
-1
1
x/m
-1
FIG. 4. FCS measurements done using the same solution as those in Fig. 3
but 2 weeks after the sample preparation. The solution has almost reached
the equilibrium. a The change of the uorescence intensity. b The change
of the relaxation times squares and 1/10 circles.
0.1
0.01
4
2
10
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I/kHz
(b)
10
, 1/10 /ms
(a)
10
(b)
1
x/m
-1
FIG. 3. FCS measurements done close to the surface of a tetragonal single

crystal. a A bright eld micrograph of a crystal and the position of the
measurement the white dot at the center. The scale bar is 20 m. This
crystal grew at the rate of 5.0 m / h during the measurement, so the crystal
surface slowly approached the position of the measurements. b The change
of the uorescence intensity depending on the distance x between the laser
focus and the crystal surface. c The autocorrelation functions taken at the
distance of 3.7 m squares, 0.8 m circles, 0.5 m upper triangles,
and 0.1 m lower triangles from the crystal surface. The dashed lines are
drawn to show the 1/2 and 1/10 relaxations of the autocorrelation functions.
d The change of the relaxation times squares and 1/10 circles.
solutions were further diluted, possibly due to the coupling

with the motion of small ions as previously observed using
DLS.19 In this study, however, we will not pursue this topic
further.
B. FCS at the surface of a single crystal
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Figure 3 shows FCS measurements close to the edge of a

tetragonal single crystal grown in a solution of 50 mg/ml
lysozyme and 0.8M NaCl. The position of the laser focus is
shown in Fig. 3a with a white dot at the center. The size of
the dot is roughly the size of the focus. In this picture, the
distance between the focus and the crystal surface was about
3.7 m. The growth rate at the time of the measurements
was 5.0 m / h. In the measurements, the focus position was
xed and the crystal surface approached it slowly.
The position dependence of uorescence intensity I, autocorrelation function gt, and relaxation time are respectively plotted in Figs. 3b3d. Fluorescence intensity did
not change much depending on the position, only slight decrease was seen at the position less than about 1.0 m from
the crystal surface. The autocorrelation functions also
changed when the position became less than about 1.0 m.
There appeared a long-time tail in gt, and the closer to the
surface, the longer the tail became. This behavior is represented by which became much less than unity, and is also
well illustrated with squares and 1/10 circles, as shown
in Fig. 3d. 1/10 was calculated as 1/10 = 91/, which represents the decay time at which gt 1 decays one tenth of
g0 1. Thus, the smaller the is, the longer the 1/10 becomes. It can be seen in Fig. 3d that did not change much
while 1/10 became longer when the focus was close to the
surface. Inside the crystal, that is, at x 0, the uorescence

was bleached rapidly and the measurement of dynamics was
not possible. The decay time for the bleach in a crystal was
about 40 s.
Similar measurement was done about 2 weeks after the
nucleation, so that the crystal has almost reached equilibrium
with its surroundings and did not grow during the measurement. In this measurement, the position dependence could be
measured in more detail by scanning the focus position since
the surface of the crystal did not move. Figure 4 shows the
results, which are similar to those shown in Fig. 3. That is,
the uorescence intensity did not depend on the position
much, and 1/10 grew longer when the focus was brought
close to the surface.
C. FCS in a needlelike spherulite
Figure 5 shows the FCS measurements done for a

needlelike spherulite, grown in supernatant of a solution containing 50 mg/ml lysozyme and 1.6M NaCl. The elapsed
time of the crystallization, tm, was measured from the time of
mixing solutions. At tm 1 h, the growth rate of the spherulite was about 250 m / h, though the precise measurement
was difcult for the ambiguity of the boundary of the spherulite. Moreover, unlike the measurement for single crystals,
the distance between the laser focus and the crystal surface
could not be measured for the needlelike morphology of the
crystals whose thickness was less than optical resolution at
the tip. It was conrmed by microscopy, however, in the
initial stage of the measurement around tm 0.5 h, the focus
did not overlap any crystals. This can be seen in Fig. 5b
where the uorescence intensity was low 2 kHz at tm
0.5 h. This intensity was the same as that obtained before
nucleation took place. Therefore, this value of the intensity
was considered to be that in bulk solution.
In 0.5 tm 1 h, the uorescence intensity increased
about ten times, which was attributed to the newly grown
crystals entering continuously in the laser focus. This increase of the intensity stopped at tm 1 h, then it decreased
to the level several times larger 8 kHz than the original
value. This decrease indicated that the laser focus was occupied by the needles, and that entering of new needles
stopped, since molecules xed in a crystal are bleached rapidly. This bleach was seen in 1 tm 2 h, then the intensity
started to uctuate around 8 kHz in 2 tm 20 h. The rea-
275
(a)
(b) 20
4
0
(c)
(d)
100
/ms
[g(t)-1]/[g(0.01)-1]
1000
0.1
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
1
t/ms
100
0.01
(b) 16
12
/ms
[g(t)-1]/[g(0.01)-1]
12
8
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I/kHz
16
10
tm/h
100
0.01
t/ms
100
0.05
0.1 0.15
W/Wmax
0.2
FIG. 6. a The effect of bleach on autocorrelation functions. Laser power

used was 2% squares, 4% circles, 6% upper triangles, and 14% lower
triangles. The measurements were done in a needlelike spherulite. b The
effect of the laser power on .
10
tm/h
100
FIG. 5. FCS measurements done in a needlelike spherulite. a A bright eld

micrograph of a spherulite taken at tm = 0.8 h. The scale bar is 4 m. The
position of the laser focus is presented by a circle whose size is approximately the size of the focus. The focus was gradually lled with the needlelike crystals with the growth of the spherulite in a time scale of an hour. b
The change of the uorescence intensity. c The autocorrelation functions
taken at tm = 0.6 h squares, tm = 0.7 h circles, tm = 0.8 h upper triangles,
tm = 1.1 h lower triangles, and tm = 7.5 h diamonds. The dashed lines are
drawn to show the 1/2 and 1/10 relaxations of the autocorrelation functions.
d The change of the relaxation times squares and 1/10 circles.
FO
son of the seemingly periodic uctuation was not clear, but it

was probably the effect of temperature uctuation, which
was as large as 1 C. In tm 20 h, the intensity gradually
decreased and reached the value of the bulk solution at about
tm 50 h.
The peculiar behavior of the intensity was that even after
the needlelike crystals lled in the laser focus, the laser did
not bleach the entire uorescence, but the intensity level remained several times higher than the one in the bulk solution. The high uorescence intensity, which was not bleached
suggests that there were concentrated, but still liquidlike
mobile structure in between needlelike crystals. This will
be discussed in detail later.
The autocorrelation functions obtained during the crystal
growth are shown in Fig. 5c. They exhibited a long-time
tail like those in Fig. 3c, but their entire shape was different. This can be seen clearly in the relaxation times obtained
by tting. The relaxation times and 1/10 extracted from the
tting are shown in Fig. 5d. The points in tm 1 h in Fig.
5d indicated the same relaxation time as those in bulk solution. Then in tm 1 h, not only 1/10 but also increased
with the increase of the uorescence intensity. This behavior
is different from the one seen in Fig. 3d and Fig. 4b,
where only 1/10 increased appreciably.
As shown in Fig. 5d, increased almost two orders of
magnitude, whereas 1/10 increased almost three orders of
magnitude from the values in bulk during 1 tm 20 h. This
suggests that the diffusion of molecules were slowed signicantly in between needlelike crystals. Still, the lack of bleach
also indicates that these slowly moving molecules were not
xed but were in a liquid state.
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These characteristic behaviors, however, began to disappear from around tm = 20 h. At about tm = 50 h, the uorescence intensity and the relaxation time reached eventually
the values same as those in bulk solution. This means that at
this point, there were only molecules diffusing as they were
in bulk solution.
D. Effect of bleach
As the bleach is not avoidable for measurements using

uorescence especially when the diffusion of molecules is
slow, we checked if it affected the relaxation time extracted
from the autocorrelation functions. Figure 6 shows autocorrelation functions measured in a spherulite with different laser power. As shown in Fig. 6a, the lower the laser power
was, the longer the tail of autocorrelation functions became.
The effect is also seen in shown in Fig. 6b. The decreased with the increase of the laser power though the effect
tended to be saturated at the higher power. Based on this
result and considering the signal-to-noise ratio, we chose the
laser power W / Wmax = 0.05 for all the measurements, where
Wmax = 20 mW was the maximum power of the laser. The
obtained using this laser power, therefore, should be considered as the lower limit, and the actual relaxation time could
be longer than experimentally determined .
E. Change of the internal structure of spherulites
Figure 7 shows polarized micrographs of the internal

structure of a spherulite obtained during its crystallization
process. The micrographs were taken at about the center of
FIG. 7. Polarized micrographs of a spherulite taken at tm = 1.5 h a and at

tm = 92 h b. The scale bar is 4 m. The texture was changed, which suggested that the ne structure of the spherulite was matured.
(a) 1.2
(b) 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0
0.6
0.1
k/m-1
10
0.4
crystal surface moved at the rate of V = 5 m / h. The diffusion length20 is then estimated as D / V 80 mm, which is
much larger than the system size. Thus, it is concluded that
lysozyme molecules are moving much faster than crystal
growth rate, so that the depletion of the molecules due to the
crystal growth is highly unlikely. Actually, this decrease can
be seen close to the surface even in equilibrium, as shown in
Fig. 4a.
If we assume, on the other hand, that the uorescent
molecules xed in a crystal are bleached rapidly, and that
there is no or little concentration inhomogeneity in solution,
this decrease can be simply explained by the decrease of the
illuminated volume of solution. That is, when the laser focus
is brought close to the surface, a part of the focus becomes
occupied by the crystal, which decreases the volume of illuminated solution, only where uorescent molecules can survive and glow. In fact, as shown in Figs. 3b and 4a, the
decrease becomes evident when the distance between the focus and the surface becomes less than 1 m, whereas the
width of the focus is about 0.5 m. The results shown in
Figs. 3b and 4a, therefore, suggest that there are no or
little inhomogeneity in concentration close to the surface of
crystals.
The molecular dynamics, on the other hand, is changed
when the molecules are near the tetragonal surface. As
shown in Fig. 3c, the autocorrelation functions gt have a
long-time tail if measured closer than 1 m to the surface.
The relaxation time Figs. 3d and 4b extracted from the
gt shows that 1/10 becomes several times longer than the
value far from the surface, whereas the usual relaxation time
does not change much. This result suggests that there exist
slowly diffusing molecules in addition to the normal molecules near the surface. Their mobility is at least several
times lower than those in bulk solution. We consider that
these slow molecules either diffuse two dimensionally on the
surface or repeat to stick on and off the surface, or both.
It has been shown by several authors that single crystals
of lysozyme2123 and other proteins10 grow with the general
crystallization mechanisms,24 such as two-dimensional
nucleation and growth, or spiral growth with screw dislocations. These growth mechanisms involve the primary processes on the surface where molecules diffuse two dimensionally and stick to steps or kinks. Our picture is consistent
with these surface processes observed on single crystals of
various proteins.
The mobility of lysozyme molecules on the surface of
tetragonal single crystals in equilibrium has been recently
measured by Sazaki and co-workers25 using the method of
single-molecule direct imaging. They observed that the number density on the surface was three orders of magnitude
larger than the one in a layer of one molecule thickness in the
bulk solution. They also observed the diffusion coefcient
four to ve orders of magnitude smaller than the one in bulk
solution. In our method, however, molecules moving too
slowly are bleached thus are not detected. It is considered
that the molecules they observed are regarded as the molecules xed in the crystal in our method because of the
bleach. Our results suggest that there are much more quickly
moving molecules than those observed by Sazaki et al.,
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/m
S(k)
0.8
10
tm/h
100
FIG. 8. The results of FFT analysis. a The structure factor calculated by

radial integration of the FFT images measured at tm = 1.5 h squares and at
tm = 92 h circles. The solid curves represent Lorentzian ttings. b The
Change of the correlation length obtained from the tting.
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the spherulite, whereas its growth occurred mainly at the rim

of the spherulite. However, the texture observed at tm
= 1.5 h Fig. 7a was different from that observed at tm
= 92 h Fig. 7b. Since polarized microscopy under the
condition of crossed polarizers detects only crystal domains
with a certain orientation, the difference in the observed texture indicated that the crystalline structure in the spherulite
reorganized during its crystallization process.
To see the change of the internal structure shown in Fig.
7 quantitatively, these micrographs were Fourier-transformed
and their radial proles were calculated, as shown in Fig.
8a. The proles shown were calculated from the same micrographs shown in Fig. 7. The proles were then tted by
the Lorentzian solid curves in Fig. 8a to extract the correlation length. The wave number of the decay clearly
decreased while crystallization proceeded, as shown in
Fig. 8a.
The extracted correlation length is plotted in Fig. 8b.
The values of were consistent with the size of crystal domains shown in Fig. 7. In the initial process tm 20 h
was almost constant around 0.45 m. Then it increased up
to about 0.8 m. This increase continued for more than 100
h. These results suggested that the crystals in the spherulite
grew to mature and that the maturation started at tm 20 h.
Before that, the internal structure of the spherulite did not
change for about 20 h. It should be noted that the time when
the maturation started almost coincided with the time when
the uorescence intensity and the relaxation time obtained by
FCS started to decrease toward the values of bulk solution
Fig. 5.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Tetragonal single crystals
Fluorescence intensity decreases close to the surface

less than 1 m of tetragonal single crystals when the crystal is growing, as shown in Fig. 3b. Now we consider the
possibility of depletion of molecules around the surface,
which can cause the decrease of the uorescence intensity.
The diffusion coefcient of a lysozyme molecule at 20 C is
D 110 m2 / s.18 Therefore, the root mean squared displacement for 1 s is r2 = 6D 1 26 m. This is much
larger than the length scale where we observed the decrease
in uorescence intensity. Note that one FCS measurement
takes 60300 s. On the other hand, in this measurement the
277
0.5m
Laser focus
FIG. 9. A schematic drawing of the situation at the focus after needlelike

crystals ll the focus.
probably above the surface layers they observed. These molecules are still slower than those in bulk solution. The direct
imaging method cannot detect these molecules or molecules
in a solution since they are moving too quickly. Therefore,
each method provides us different information around the
crystal surface and should be considered as complementary.
B. Needlelike spherulites
First, needlelike crystals did not affect the signal judging

from the fact that the intensity and relaxation time decreased
to reach the level of bulk solution after a long time as discussed below where needlelike crystals still existed. Next,
regarding the concentrated molecules, if we assume the concentration as unrealistically high as 50%, the refractive index
increase is only about 0.1.26 This small increase does not
expand the laser focus necessary to explain the increase of I
and . Thus we can assume that the laser focus was not
affected by the presence of these molecules.
These slow and concentrated molecules then start to disappear at around tm = 20 h; both the uorescence intensity
and the relaxation time start to decrease. Eventually, they
reach the same level as those observed in bulk solution at
about tm 50 h. At this stage, therefore, the space in between needles is occupied by molecules same as in bulk
solution.
Now let us discuss about the observed state of high concentration of slow molecules. First we consider the molecules slowly and quasi two dimensionally diffusing in a
layer on the surface of crystals. This kind of layers on the
surface is often called add layer. The add layer of lysozyme
tetragonal single crystals has been actually observed by
Sazaki et al.25 as mentioned above. Though this add layer is
not observed on the surface of tetragonal single crystals in
this study, it is possible to be observed on the needles if their
add layer has a higher concentration than that on the single
crystals.
The anisotropy of the needles comes from the anisotropy
of kinetic coefcients of the growth. It is considered that
molecules are not incorporated easily to the side surface of
the needles. Since the amount of the needle tips in the focus
is relatively small in comparison with that of their side surface Fig. 9, the high concentration state observed should
exist on the side surface. If the concentrated state of the
molecules we observed is a sort of add layer, molecules in
this add layer should not be incorporated into the crystal
while diffusing there.
Next, as another plausible model probably not very different from the add layer model mentioned above, we can
consider a dense liquid state of molecules existing around the
needles not necessarily on the surface, which can explain
our experimental results. We note that stable or metastable
dense liquid phase has been observed in protein solutions14
and its relevance to the crystal nucleation has been
discussed,27,28 although the relation between the liquid state
here and the one observed macroscopically is not clear.
We assume that they form softly connected aggregates
for the attraction between molecules. This kind of aggregates
can exist in general in protein solutions since a large entropic
barrier to form a regular crystal lattice prevents crystallization but promotes aggregation.10 While we do not know the
structure of these soft aggregates in detail by our measurement of dynamics, these aggregates should be liquidlike
enough since they do not bleach. Moreover, the aggregates
are transparent and optically isotropic in a sense that we
could not directly see them under our optical microscope
with or without crossed polarizers.
As a mechanism of the formation of the soft aggregates,
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Needle-like crystals
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From Fig. 5a, the typical width of the needles is less

than 1 m, and likely more than 0.1 m since they can be
recognized optically and the large size of a molecule about 4
nm in diameter. After the laser focus is occupied by the
needles, the situation in the focus is like the one schematically presented in Fig. 9; there are still spaces for solution in
between needles.
First, we discuss the initial increase of the uorescence
intensity Fig. 5b. In the period of tm = 0.5 1 h, needles
continuously arrive at the focus, and the growth fronts of the
needles tips pass through it. Since the growth rate of the
spherulite is about 250 m / h in this stage, a needle passes
the focus within about 10 s. The uorescent molecules xed
in a crystal are bleached rapidly with the decay time of less
than 1 min, but if the rate of arrival of new needles exceeds
the bleach, the uorescence intensity will increase. If, for
example, around three needles pass the focus in a minute,
about 100 needles occupy the focus in 30 min. The steep
decrease in the uorescence intensity appears next
tm = 1 2 h is likely due to the bleach of molecules in
needles, which means that the focus is occupied by the
needles and the supply of new needles nishes already in this
stage.
The peculiar behavior seen in the uorescence intensity
is that the uorescence is not completely bleached but remains in fairly high values 68 kHz, which actually several
times higher than that in bulk solution 2 kHz. The relaxation time in this stage, at the same time, becomes a few
orders of magnitude longer than the one observed in bulk
solution, which is seen as a steep jump of and 1/10 in Fig.
5d at tm = 0.8 1 h. A combination of these two facts suggests that there are uorescent molecules concentrated at
least several times higher concentration than the one in bulk
solution, and that they are not xed in a crystal but are diffusing a few orders of magnitude more slowly than molecules in bulk solution. This state of high uorescence intensity and long relaxation time continues for about 20 h.
Let us consider here if this state leads to additional aberration of the beam which could expand the laser focus.
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we assume that while the side surface of the needles rejects

to incorporate most of the molecules into crystal structure,
they can stay attached loosely on the surface for the attraction between molecules. Accumulating these molecules
forms eventually softly connected aggregates around the surface.
These soft aggregates can also be a source of the branching of the needlelike crystals forming spherulites. If the soft
aggregates act as impurities accumulated around the crystal
surface, the instability of the crystal growth can be caused by
a well-known MullinsSekerka mechanism.14 When a crystal
is growing in a inhomogeneous concentration eld of impurities, the uctuation of the crystal surface is enhanced rather
than decayed, if the uctuation brings the surface into a position where the concentration of impurities is low. In fact,
this impurity-driven instability and spherulites formation
have been observed in a system of polymer blends.29 Another
possibility is that the branching is caused directly by the
aggregates. In fact, aggregates or liquid-state mediated
crystallization is observed on the surface of lysozyme crystals using atomic force microscopy.30 If the aggregates
change the orientation of the crystal surface slightly, the
branching can happen from there.
We note that as seen in Fig. 5a, there always seems to
exist well-stretched needles without branching at the growth
front of a spherulite. While they do not experience the instability judging from their shape without branching, they may
create soft aggregates around their surface so that the branching occurs behind them, that is, behind the growth fronts of
the spherulite.
FIG. 10. A micrograph of a spherulite in the same solution used for above
measurements, taken 3 weeks after the preparation. The scale bar is 20 m.
There were fully grown needles without branching.
gregates, which is consistent with the fact that the tetragonal

single crystals grow without these aggregates.
As an example of the nal state of spherulites, we show
a micrograph taken 3 weeks after the preparation in Fig. 10.
The spherulite was fully grown with stretched needles without branching. The branching stops occurring in the middle
of the spherulite. This shows that the branching does not
occur in the late stage of the spherulite growth, where no soft
aggregates exist. This is consistent with the idea of the
aggregates-driven branching.
V. CONCLUSIONS
C. Spherulite maturation
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The soft aggregates, or the dense liquid state of the molecules, start to disappear at tm 20 h, as shown in Figs. 5b
and 5d. To coincide with the disappearance, the spherulite
begins to mature, as shown in Fig. 8b. While the characteristic crystal size in a spherulite does not change much during
the initial stage of crystallization tm 20 h, it starts to
grow rather suddenly at about tm 20 30 h, as shown in
Fig. 8b. A combination between this fact and discussion
above suggests that the soft aggregates prevent the crystals to
mature. This is consistent with the idea that soft aggregates
act as impurities to cause instability of the crystal growth.
The disappearance of the soft aggregates allows crystals
to start maturing. As the cause of the disappearance, we consider that the internal structure of the spherulites is rather
porous and the solution in between needles is exchangeable
with the solution outside the spherulite. Thus, when the concentration in solution outside the spherulites decreases below
the solubility of the soft aggregates due to the crystal
growth, they start to dissolve. Since the stability of the soft
aggregates is considered to be lower than that of the crystals,
their solubility is higher than that of the crystals.
After the disappearance of the aggregates and during the
crystal maturation, FCS observes the same diffusion as in
bulk solution. This suggests that the crystals can anneal
themselves by growing in a dilute solution without any ag-
We applied FCS on protein lysozyme solutions during

crystallization, and showed that FCS was useful for the study
of protein crystallization since it provided unique information about local molecular dynamics close to crystal surfaces.
For tetragonal single crystals, slow dynamics of molecules
with the relaxation time several times longer than that in
bulk solution probably on the surface was observed where
the distance between the observation point and the crystal
surface was closer than 1 m. The origin of this slow dynamics is probably the molecules slowed by the interaction
with the surface. The concentration of molecules there was
similar to that observed in bulk solution. In short, we did not
nd any unexpected change in dynamics and concentration
prole of molecules close to the tetragonal crystal surfaces.
On the other hand, much slower dynamics with the relaxation time a few orders of magnitude longer than that in
bulk solution was observed in needlelike spherulites. Moreover, the concentration there was found to be several times
higher than that in bulk solution. From these results, we suggested that there were slowly diffusing and softly connected
aggregates around the needlelike crystals, and that these aggregates could cause the branching of the crystals, which
could eventually lead to spherulite formation. The aggregates
disappeared at the late stage of the crystallization, and crystal
maturation started there.
It is not yet clear if these ndings can be applied to many
other protein systems where spherulitic crystallization occurs. However, considering the tendency for protein mol-
279
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
S.T. thanks Professor A. Toda, Dr. K. Taguchi, Dr. H.

Kajioka, and Dr. R. C. Gosh for a fruitful discussion. This
work was supported by KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research on Priority Area Soft Matter Physics from
the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology of Japan.
C. Ishimoto and T. Tanaka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 474 1977.
B. M. Fine, J. Pande, A. Lomakin, O. O. Ogun, and G. B. Benedek, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 74, 198 1995.
3
M. Muschol and F. Rosenberger, J. Chem. Phys. 107, 1953 1997.
4
S. Tanaka, M. Yamamoto, K. Ito, R. Hayakawa, and M. Ataka, Phys. Rev.
E 56, R67 1997.
5
M. C. R. Heijna, M. J. Theelen, W. J. P. van Enckevort, and E. Vlieg, J.
Phys. Chem. B 111, 1567 2007.
6
J. D. Ng, B. Lorber, J. Witz, A. Thobald-Dietrich, D. Kern, and R.
Gieg, J. Cryst. Growth 168, 50 1996.
7
S. Tanaka, K. Ito, R. Hayakawa, and M. Ataka, J. Chem. Phys. 111,
10330 1999.
8
A. M. Kulkarni, N. M. Dixit, and C. F. Zukoski, Faraday Discuss. 123,
37 2003.
9
S. Tanaka, M. Ataka, and K. Ito, Phys. Rev. E 65, 051804 2002.
10
A. McPherson, Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules Cold
Spring Harbor Lanoratory, New York, 1999.
1
A. C. Dumetz, A. M. Chockla, E. W. Kaler, and A. M. Lenhoff, Biochim.

Biophys. Acta. Proteins Proteomics 1784, 600 2008.
H. D. Keith and J. F. J. Padden, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 2409 1963.
13
A. Toda, K. Taguchi, and H. Kajioka, Macromolecules 41, 7505 2008.
14
W. W. Mullins and R. F. Sekerka, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 323 1963.
15
A. Kierzek, P. Pokarowski, and P. Zielenkiewicz, Biophys. Chem. 87, 43
2000.
16
N. L. Thompson, in Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Techniques
Vol. 1, edited by J. R. Lakowicz Plenum, New York, 1991.
17
P.-O. Gendron, F. Avaltroni, and K. J. Wilkinson, J. Fluoresc. 18, 1093
2008.
18
W. Eberstein, Y. Georgalis, and W. Saenger, J. Cryst. Growth 143, 71
1994.
19
P. Retailleau, M. Ries-Kautt, A. Ducruix, L. Belloni, S. Candau, and J.
Munch, Europhys. Lett. 46, 154 1999.
20
Y. Saito, Statistical Physics of Crystal Growth World Scientic, Singapore, 1996.
21
T. Nakada, G. Sazaki, S. Miyashita, S. D. Durbin, and H. Komatsu, J.
Cryst. Growth 196, 503 1999.
22
A. Malkin, Y. Kuznetsov, and A. McPherson, J. Cryst. Growth 196, 471
1999.
23
A. E. S. van Driessche, G. Sazaki, G. Dai, F. Otalora, J. A. Gavira, T.
Matsui, I. Yoshizaki, K. Tsukamoto, and K. Nakajima, Cryst. Growth
Des. 9, 3062 2009.
24
A. A. Chernov, Modern Crystallography III Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1984.
25
G. Sazaki, M. Okada, T. Matsui, T. Watababe, H. Higuchi, K. Tsukamoto,
and K. Nakajima, Cryst. Growth Des. 8, 2024 2008.
26
V. Ball and J. Ramsden, Biopolymers 46, 489 1998.
27
P. R. ten Wolde and D. Frenkel, Science 277, 1975 1997.
28
P. Vekilov, Cryst. Growth Des. 4, 671 2004.
29
H. Tanaka and T. Nishi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1102 1985.
30
Y. Kuznetsov, A. Malkin, and A. McPherson, Phys. Rev. B 58, 6097
1998.
12
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ecules to aggregate, it is possible that the mechanism suggested in this study is one of the origins in general for the
crystal branching and spherulite formation in protein solutions.
Instructions, Manuals, and Technical Description
281
CHAPTER 21: INSTRUCTIONS, MANUALS, AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
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Sample Introduction to Instructions

Framing a Set of Instructions
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Technical specication: AT-3813 Automatic Potentiometric Titrator
Sample User Manual: Luminous UPS SOHO 600 Users Guide
Object and Process Descriptions
SAMPLE INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUCTIONS
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Congratulations on your purchase of a cellular telephone from Motorola, the world leader
in cellular technology. All Motorola cellular telephones are manufactured to exacting
specications and world-class quality standards, and are designed to withstand the harshest
environmental conditions. Our commitment to total customer satisfaction and over sixty-ve
years of experience in personal communications mean you can depend upon the quality of
this Motorola product.
This Cellular telephone incorporates personality TM. Unique to Motorola, personality
TM removes the complexity of cellular communications by guiding you through the features
and presenting you with simple choices every step of the way. Personality TM also allows you
to personalize the way you use your phonefor example, different higher tones, a phone
book and network selection preferences, all presented with clarity and simplicity. In this
instruction, each of the personality TM features is identied with an OK symbol indicating
that it is customizable to meet your requirements.
This cellular telephone has been designed for use with the worldwide GSM (Global
System for Mobile Communications) network. By using digital communications method,
your phone provides a number of advantages compared to traditional cellular systems:
Superior speech quality is attained without the usual background noises and
interference.
Your conversation can be encrypted for security; conversations cannot be eves-dropped
using scanning equipment when the signal is encrypted.
You are not restricted to use it within one country.
Your subscriber number is not contained within the phone as with other systems. Instead,
a Smart Card known as a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) is supplied by your cellular
service provider. All call billing is made to the subscriber number on the card whether it is
used in this or any other GSM unit.
FRAMING A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS
Sample 1
Sample 2
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Task: As the IT support engineer of a software company, give a set of eight instructions that
are to be followed while handling computers.
The following are instructions for maintaining your computer system. These instructions
pertain to a general audience. These can be followed by personal computer users at home or
work. These instructions will help the user to maintain the hardware and, as a result, extend
the life of their system.
1. Avoid rough handling the computer and do not put any objects on top of it. The case is
not strong enough to support extra weight.
2. Always transport your computer in a carrying case. Ensure that there is adequate
cushioning within the case.
3. Keep data storage disks and the computer away from magnetic elds. Magnetic elds
can erase data on both disks and hard drives.
4. Never turn off power when the computer hard drive or CD drive light is on. Doing so
can lead to data being lost or corrupted.
5. Maintain moderate and comfortable temperature conditions.
6. Keep all liquids away from the computer.
7. Keep the computer in a dust-free atmosphere. Dust and dirt are responsible for spoiling
peripherals.
8. Set up a regular maintenance schedule, including disk clean-ups, virus and spyware
checks, etc., to ensure smooth software performance.
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Set of Instructions for operation of PET bottle blowing machine.

1. Switch on heating system
2. Wait for temperature to reach in the working area (120-125 degree centigrade)
3. Put PET pre form in the cubicle heater
4. When you hear tck sound remove the perform and put in the dye mould
5. Push the start button on the panel
6. Wait for the dye to close and within next 5 seconds two bottle would be ready and drop
down
7. Then again put the PET pre form in the cubicle heater. The rest of the process continues
the same way
Maintenance instructions for PET bottle blowing machine.
1. Check the oil and greasing everyday to assure it is within the desired level
2. Clean the air lter of the compressor every day before starting the machine
3. Remove the moisture by opening the drain valve every 2-3 hours
4. Check the seal every day, if worn out change the same
283
Sample 3
TECHNICAL
TITRATOR
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Instructions for Attendance Recording and Tracking System (ARTS) at India locations
1. Under this initiative you will nd TWO specic Access Control card readers in your
respective MSAT locations installed at entry points of your location - One marked as
IN : and One for OUT : for recoding rst entry and last exit from ofce.
2. Going forward payroll will be processed based on this attendance system and all
associates are advised with immediate effect to start recording their First IN time and
Last OUT time at their respective designated card readers installed using existing ID /
Swipe cards.
3. It is important to note that other access control points allowing access to various oors,
sections, departments etc DO NOT Record IN or OUT Time for this purpose
4. Swipe the card only once at IN for recording entry time and at OUT for last out
time
5. IN and OUT can be swiped at any MSAT location. So if you are moving between
locations you need to swipe only once for IN and once for OUT
6. The card registers your entry / exit with a beep. Do not re-swipe after one entry is
registered.
Associates on authorized business travel and approved leave will be updated in the system
appropriately.
SPECIFICATION: AT-3813 AUTOMATIC
POTENTIOMETRIC
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Keyboard: Aesthetically designed soft-touch membrane keyboard with 30 keys. One single
Shift key for alphabetical entries.
Meaning Range: 014 HP, -1999mv to + 1999mv
Electrodes: Polarizing/Non-polarizing
Polarizing Current: 2, 5, 10 mA (by Keyboard Selection)
Display: 16 character, dual line, alphanumeric, black lighted display
Input Impedance: 10
Burette Volume: 20 ml (Standard) Optimal 5/10 ml
Burette Resolution: 0.001 ml/step
PC Interface: RS 232 Interface for PC
Printer Interface: Parallel Port for Printer
Power Supply: 230 V +/ 10%, 50 Hz
Dimensions: 32 x 30 x 18 cm (1 x b x h)
SAMPLE USER MANUAL

LUMINOUS UPS SOHO 600 USERS GUIDE
CONTENTS
Introduction
Page 1
Precautions for Use
Page 1
Physical Description
Page 23
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Installation & Operation

Page 4
Battery Replacement Procedure
Page 45
Troubleshooting
Page 67
Service
Page 7
Warranty
Page 78
Specication
Inside cover page
1. Introduction
1.1 We thank you for selecting LUMINOUS UPS System and welcome you to the
family of LUMINOUS users.
1.2 Function: This Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) provides clean, reliable, AC
power to your computer and peripherals and protects them from power blackouts,
sags, surges, and interference.
1.3 Functional Description: Normally, the UPS operates on mains, supplying power
to the load from the utility input. The battery charger uses the mains power to
keep the battery at an optimal level. When theres power failure, the UPS battery
substitutes DC power for AC power. The loads operate normally until the battery
is exhausted. The load is automatically transferred back to the utility when the
normal mains power restores. The UPS also provides surge protection and RFI
ltering as well as output voltage regulation, which increases undervoltage and
reduces overvoltage conditions.
2. Precautions for Use
A. Always connect the UPS to a two-pole, three-wire grounding mains socket. The
socket must be connected to appropriate branch protection (use/circuits-breaker).
Connection to any other type of socket may result in a shock hazard.
B. This UPS has got battery inside, which act as energy source, and output may be
available even when the unit is not connected to a mains supply.
C. To switch off the UPS output in an emergency, use the switch at the back to switch
the UPS off and disconnect the power cord from the mains.
D. Avoid installing the UPS where there is water or excessive humidity. The unit
should be kept away from heat-emitting appliances such as a heater, blower, oven
etc. Direct exposure to sunlight should be avoided. The place of installation should
be well ventilated and easily accessible for servicing.
E. Water or foreign objects should not get inside the UPS. Do not put objects
containing liquid on or near the unit.
3. Physical Description
A. The Front Panel
1. Mains-on LED: Glows when the commercial mains is available as input to
the unit.
2. On Mains LED: Glows whenever output is in mains mode & when the
input voltage available from commercial mains is within normal limits (150
V 275 V)
3. On Battery LED: Glows whenever output is in Inverter Mode.
4. Battery Low Trip LED: Starts blinking with a continuous alarm sound to
alert the user about low-battery condition.
285
Conditions
Mains
On
On
Mains
On
Battery
B. Low
Trip
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B. The Back Panel

a. Input 3 core lead: Connects to commercial mains (Single phase).
Caution: Neutral shall be on left and Phase shall be on right hand side of
wall socket.
b. Input Fuse: Connects the commercial mains to UPS.
c. Output Sockets: UPS output is available at these sockets.
d. UPS on Switch: Switches the UPS power to the loads On and Off. If mains
is normal & this switch is Off, no output will be available to the loads, but
charging would continue.
4. Installation & Operation
4.1 Unpacking: On receiving the UPS, inspect it and inform the carrier and dealer if
you nd any transit damage. The packaging can be connected to normal mains
power. For normal backup, charge the battery for 8 hours before use. UPS can be
used even without charging the battery, but on-battery run time may be reduced
until the battery has recharged.
4.2 Placement: UPS shall be kept at a place which is protected from dust and water,
and temperature and humidity should be within specied limits.
4.3 Installation: Input can be connected to a 3-pin wall socket with a low impedance
earth. Neutral shall be on left and phase shall be on right hand side of the socket.
4.4 Battery Charging: The UPS charges the battery whenever it is connected to normal
main power. For normal backup, charge the battery for 8 hours before use. UPS
can be used even without charging the battery, but on-battery run time may be
reduced until the battery has recharged.
4.5 Load Connection: Connect the load to the output socket on the rear panel.
4.6 Turning On the UPS: To supply to the loads, switch On the UPS switch on back
panel. Wait for 2-3 seconds and then switch On the loads. Switching Off of the
UPS switch will stop the output to the loads.
Status of the LEDs on the front panel under different conditions has been given below.
1. Mains On (Within Range), UPS

Switch is Off.
ON
OFF
OFF
ON/OFF
2. Mains On (Within Range), UPS

Switch is On.
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
3. Mains Off, UPS Switch is On.
OFF
OFF
ON
OFF
4. Mains On (Out of Range), UPS

Switch is On.
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Ac mains
Operation
Battery
Operation
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Problem
Possible Cause(s)
Action Recommended
8.1 The mains supply is present

but
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NOTE:
5. Battery Replacement Procedure

Please read the cautions rst prior to beginning to hot swap the battery! The procedure
requires a screwdriver.
Battery replacement is a safe procedure, isolated from electrical hazards. You may leave
the UPS connected to the utility power and your equipment connected and On during
this procedure. Do not replace the battery when the UPS is On Battery (i.e. when the
orange indicator is lit).
1. Lay the UPS on its side to permit access to the battery access door at the bottom of the
UPS. Remove all the four screws that secure the battery door.
2. Push the press-t lock button towards the front of the UPS and pull out the door
smoothly. This will detach the door completely from the UPS.
3. Gently pull the battery out by grasping the tab attached to the battery.
4. Rotate the battery 90 degree so that the terminals are visible at the top.
5. Disconnect the two wires connecting the battery to the UPS by pulling them straight
back.
6. Connect the new battery by attaching the wires (i.e., by sliding the respective connectors
at the head of each of the two wires) to the terminals. Avoid pinching the wires. Always
connect the red wire to the positive (red) terminal and the black wire to the negative
(black) terminal.
1. Small sparks at the battery connections are normal during connection.
2. Once the battery is disconnected, the connected equipment is not protected from power
outages.
6. Battery Low Prealarm
This alarm starts a few minutes before battery low trip is going to occur. It stops when
low trip occurs or mains normal restores. Low battery warning interval may change with
the loads and battery condition.
7. Troubleshooting
a1 Fit the line cord plug

properly.
a2 Check the socket with any
lamp etc.
a3 Replace the fuse.
a) The Mains-ON LED is off.

The UPS is either working
on battery (UPS on Battery
LED is glowing) or battery
has exhausted (Battery Low
Trip LED is glowing)
a1 Line cord plug is loose

a2 Dead wall socket
a3 Input fuse blown off
b) MAINS-ON LED is glowing

but ON MAINS LED is off
b1 Switch on the backside is off. b1 Switch on

b2 Wait for Normal Mains to
b2 Mains is out of range (150
restore
V 275V).
c) Both Mains ON and ON

Mains LEDs on but no
output is available. In the
battery mode.
c1 Loose connection at output c1 Tighten the connection

socket.
287
* Battery might have got

discharged from recent use.
* Recharge the Battery after

Mains restoration
8.3 UPS sometimes transfers

Battery. Computer
equipment operates
normally and Normal Mains
is supposed to be present.
8.4 UPS does not provide
expected backup time and
low battery warning is
sounded prematurely.
* UPS is briefly transferring

your equipment to battery
because of short duration
undervoltage and overvoltage
conditions.
a) Excessive loads connected
at UPSs output sockets
b) Battery is weak from wear
or recent operation during
utility power outage.
*This is normal, UPS is

protecting your equipment
from abnormal voltage
a) Remove excessive loads.
b) Recharge the Battery by
leaving the UPS plugged
in for 8 hrs. Dont
discharge battery during
this interval. If UPS still
sounds low battery
warning prematurely
when retested, replace
battery or contact
authorized dealer.
8.5 Low Battery warning

interval changes during
different power outages
a) Excessive loads connected

to UPS or low battery
capacity due to consecutive
utility outages will reduce
low battery warning
interval.
b) Loading much less than full
rated capacity will increase
low battery warning
interval.
a) Remove excessive load

or charge battery as
required.
b) There is nothing abnormal
about it.
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8.2 ALL LEDs are off but the

battery Low Trip LED is
glowing
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8. Service
In the unlikely event of your facing a problem that has not been sorted out by
troubleshooting, kindly contact your authorized dealer and give details of the problem
along with the serial number and the date of installation. This would enable a prompt
action on part of the dealers service team and cause minimum downtime.
9. Warranty
LUMINOUS ELECTRONICS LTD. warrants each instrument to be free from
defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year after initial delivery. This
obligation is limited to servicing any instrument or part returned to the authorized
service centre for that purpose and to making good any parts thereof which shall, within
the warranty period, be returned to the Company or Authorized Service centre under
a written intimation and which to the companys satisfaction be found defective. The
company reserves the right to decide as to whether the repair work should be carried out
in the companys service centre or at site or at any other place. The freight incurred for
to and fro dispatch of the defective material will have to be borne by the customer, and
the transit risk for the material will rest with the purchaser.
Output
Protection
Battery
150 Ac to 275 AC
Frequency
50 Hz 6%
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Voltage range
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Input
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The warranty does not extend to any parts of the instrument which have been subjected
to misuse or accident. Further, this warranty does not extend to any instrument which has
been tampered with by any agency not authorized by the company.
The warranty will last for a period of 12 months from the date of initial delivery/dispatch
of the instrument if used within its specications. The warranty for the replaced components
will lapse along with that of the main instrument.
LUMINOUS ELECTRONICS LTD. reserves the right to make changes in design and
specications without notice and without any obligation to install such changes on units
previously supplied.
In no event will LUMINOUS ELECTRONICS LTD. and its Distributors/Dealers be
liable for consequential or incidental damages or for any expenses incurred by the buyer or
user, due to use or sale of products sold by LUMINOUS ELECTRONICS LTD. directly or
through its authorized Distributors/Dealers or any third party.
Until superseded otherwise or in contractual form, this warranty is made expressly in lieu
of all other liabilities and obligation on part of LUMINOUS ELECTRONICS LTD.
Entitlement to the instrument passes to the buyer upon delivery to the common carrier.
IMPORTANT
In the event of an instrument requiring servicing at our authorized service center, the
following procedure should be adopted:
1. The instrument must be securely packed, preferably in its original packing.
2. The instrument should be dispatched on Freight-prepaid basis duly insured.
3. One of our Service/Sales Executives should be informed of the Goods Receipt no. and
date of dispatch along with the name of the carrier.
4. The above procedure should only be adopted on the advice of one of our Service/Sales
Executive or Dealer.
5. We reserve the right to change the consignee for any damage incurred during transit.
10. Specications
Power
600 VA/350W
Voltage (inverter mode)
220V AC Normal (110V optional)
Frequency (inverter mode)
50 Hz 12%
Voltage Mains (AVR mode)
220V 12%
Transfer Time (typical a s)
3 m.s.
Surge Protection
Provided
Input Fuse
Provided
Type
Sealed Lead Acid Maintenance Free
Number
One, 12V7 Ah
Typical Recharge Time
8 hours (upto 90% of full capacity)
Protection
Deep Discharge protection
Replacement
Hot Swappable
Physical
Net Weight (kg)
289
7.1
Gross Weight (kg)
7.7
Dimensions(WxHxD) (mm)
98x149x338
LED Indication
Inverter On, Mains Normal, Mains On,

Low Battery Trip
Low Battery Pre-alarm
Continuous beeping
Operating Temperature
0-40 deg C (32- 104 deg F)
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Alarms
Environmental
Storage Temperature
0-45 deg C (32- 113 deg F)
Humidity
0-95% RH non-condensing
Due to continuous product improvement, the specications are subject to change without
notice.
EQUIPMENT DETAILS
Model#UPS SOHO 600

SERIAL #
INSPECTED BY
DATE OF INSPECTION
DEALERS INVOICE
NO & DATE OF SALE
For further queries :

Email: info@luminousups.net
Postal Address: M/s Luminous UPS
India Pvt.Ltd
7th Shop, 3rd Block
IT Park, Ring Road
Gurgaon-122002
OBJECT AND PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS
FO
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The dual option burner system can be operated either with or without a ow spoiler for
optimum operation under different analytical conditions. Some versions of the dual option
burner system also allow use of a removable impact bead. Consult the Spectrometer
instruction manual for details on the burner system provided. A diagram of the dual-option
burner system is shown in Figure 21.1.
The premix burner chamber is molded from plastic and treated to insure proper drainage.
The burner system can be operated either with or without a ow spoiler. The ow spoiler is
molded of polypropylene and is held in position by three support arms which press-t to the
walls of the mixing chamber.
To facilitate removal, the end cap is held in place by four large knurled-head screws.
A large O-ring, held captive by a groove in the end cap, is used to seal the end cap to the
mixing chamber. For extended operation with organic solvents, a Corkprene O-ring is also
available.
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Figure 17.1
Diagram of Dual-option Burner System
For routine operation it is recommended that the burner system be operated with a ow
spoiler. The ow spoiler helps to remove large droplets from the nebulizer aerosol and thus
minimizes chemical interferences. Removing the ow spoiler provides somewhat improved
sensitivity with generally little or no degradation in precision. However, it is recommended
that operation without a ow spoiler be restricted to the analysis of relatively clean samples,
where the risk of chemical interferences is low.
OX
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Burner Heads
There are four burner heads available for use with the dual-option burner system. They
are all made of solid titanium which is corrosion resistant and free of most of the elements
commonly determined by atomic absorption.
The 10-cm burner head is designed to be used with the air-acetylene ame. Because of its
long burner path length, it provides the best sensitivity for air-acetylene elements.
The 5-cm nitrous oxide burner head is required for nitrous oxide-acetylene operation. On
many spectrometer models, it can also be used with air-acetylene or air-hydrogen. It can be
rotated 90 to provide reduced sensitivity.
The three-slot burner head is designed to be used when analyzing samples with high
concentrations of dissolved solids. The three-slot burner head is not compatible with all
gas control systems. Refer to your spectrometer operating manual or hardware guide for
information about possible use of the three-slot burner head.
A 5-cm air-acetylene burner head is available for applications in which reduced sensitivity
is required. On many spectrometer models, it can be rotated 90 to provide reduced
sensitivity, and it has a wide slot to prevent clogging. This burner head can be used only for
air-acetylene operation.
291
Nebulizers
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To meet varying analytical requirements, several different types of adjustable nebulizers

are available. Some types are constructed from inert plastic to provide maximum chemical
resistance when highly acidic or corrosive solutions are being analyzed. The standard
nebulizer, which provides best performance with respect to minimizing chemical interferences,
is recommended for general-purpose applications. A High-Sensitivity Nebulizer is available
for applications that require maximum sensitivity and the lowest ame detection limits. The
High-Sensitivity Nebulizer utilizes an integral ceramic impact bead to enhance atomization
efciency.
All Perkin-Elmer nebulizers can be easily disassembled for cleaning, and individual parts
are available if replacement is necessary.
The Standard Conditions section of this manual provides typical characteristic
concentration values for the standard nebulizer.
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Centre Lathe
Lathes are generally considered to be the oldest, most basic, most versatile, and the most
widely used of all the different machine tools. Although woodworking
Figure 17.2 Lathe Engine (Courtesy: M/S. The Mysore Kirloskar Ltd., Harihar)
A-Belt tension release lever, B-Half nut lever, C-Feed engaging lever, D-Star wheel,
E-Hand feed wheel, F-Hand wheel for cross feed screw, G-Hand wheel for compound
rest, H-Tailstock spindle locking lever, I-Tailstock handwheel, J-Reversing switch, K-Back
gear engaging lever, L-Coolant delivery pipe, M-Lead screw, N-Electric motor, P-V-belts
Q-Countershaft bracket, R-Countershaft cone pulley, R1-Head stock cone pulley, P1-Flat
belt, Mp-Motor V pulley, Cp-Countershaft V pulley lathes were originally developed
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during the period 1000-1001 B.C., metal working lathes with lead screws were not built
the late 1700s. The most common lathe was originally called an engine lathe because it was
powered with overhead pulleys and belts from nearby engines.
Lathes are designed in a variety of versions to suit different applications. They are also
produced in different precision classes and in different sizes. Following are various types of
lathe machines:
1. Centre Lathes or Engine Lathes
2. Gap Bed Lathes
3. Tool Room Lathes
4. Bench Lathes
5. Turret Lathes
6. Capstan Lathes
7. Vertical Turret Lathes
8. Automatic Lathes
Lathe Components
Lathes are equipped with a variety of components and accessories. The basic components of
a common lathe are described below.
Bed
The bed supports all major components of the lathe. Beds have a large mass and are rigidly
built, usually from gray or nodular cast iron. The top portion of the bed has two ways, with
various cross-sections, that are hardened and machined to wear resistance and dimensional
accuracy during use.
Carriage
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The carriage, or carriage assembly, slides along the ways and consists of the following main
parts:
Saddle: It actually slides along the bed ways and supports the cross-slide, compound rest,
and tool-post.
Cross-slides: It is mounted on the top of the saddle and moves radially in and out,
controlling the radial position of the cutting tool in operations such as facing.
Compound rest (or tool rest): It is mounted on the cross slide and carries a graduated
circular base, called the swivel plate. Mainly used for the tool positioning and
adjustment.
Tool post: The cutting tool is mounted on the tool-post.
Apron: It is hanging in the front of the carriage and is equipped with mechanisms for
both manual and mechanized movement of the carriage and the cross-slides by means
of a lead screw.
Headstock
The headstock is xed to the bed and is equipped with motors, pulleys, and V-belts that
supply power to the spindle at various rotational speeds. The speed can be set through the
manually controlled selectors. Most headstocks are equipped with a set of gears and some
293
have various drives to provide continuously variable speed range to the spindle. Headstocks
have a hollow spindle to which the work holding devices such as chucks and collets are
attached, and long bars or tubing can be fed through for various turning operations.
Tailstock
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The tailstock (loose head-stock or puppet head), which can slide along the ways and be
clamped at any position, supports the other end of the work piece. It is equipped with a
center that may be xed (dead centre) or free to rotate with the work piece (live centre). Drills
and reamers can be mounted on the tailstock quill (a hollow cylindrical part with tapered
hole) to drill axial holes in the work piece.
Feed Rod and Lead Screw
The feed rod is powered by a set of gears from the headstock. It rotates during the operation
of the lathe and provides movement to the carriage and the cross-slide by means of gears, a
friction clutch, and a keyway along the length of the rod. Closing a split nut around the lead
screw engages it with the carriage; it is also used for cutting threads accurately.
Turning
FO
Lathe Operations
Lathe operations are usually described based on the kind of surface produced. Common
operations performed:
1. Turning
2. Facing
3. Drilling
4. Boring
5. Knurling
6. Threading
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Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a work piece
is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it. It involves shearing away
unwanted material and creating the desired part. Turning can occur on both external and
internal surfaces to produce an axially symmetrical contoured part.
Turning Operation The cutting tool is rst adjusted for the desired depth of cut, using
the cross slide. Then as the work piece rotates, the cutting tool is advanced relatively slowly
in a direction parallel to the rotational axis spindle. This is termed as feed. This combined
motion causes the tip of the cutting tool to follow a helical path around the work piece. By
adjusting the feed so that the helical path of the tool tip overlaps sufciently, the cutting tool
removes the excess material and generates a cylindrical surface on the work piece.
Publishers note: We have not provided the entire object description of a lathe here, as the portion
provided should give a good illustration.
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Figure 17.3
Turning Operation
Scope
This method describes a collection procedure for air contaminants and an analytical
procedure for the determination of cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese,
nickel, and zinc in airborne particles, and may be applicable to other elements as well.
FO
Reagents
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, concentrated.
Nitric acid, HNO, concentrated.
OX
Standard Solutions
Standard solutions are prepared by suitable dilutions of the stock standard solutions described
under the Standard Conditions for each element.
Sample Preparation
Collect the air contaminants on an 8 x 10 inch (20 x 25 cm) breglass lter, passing air
through the lter for 24 hours. Cut the lters into small pieces, and digest for 30 minutes in
100 mL of HCl over low heat. Remove the solution and extract the solids three times, for 15
minutes each time, with water. Combine the extracts and the HCl, and evaporate nearly to
dryness. Redissolve in 10 mL HCl and add 10 drops of HNO. Transfer solutions to a 50-ml
volumetric ask and make to volume with deionized water.
Analysis
Filter the solution through an S&S #589 blue ribbon lter paper and aspirate into the ame.
Run a blank lter along with the samples to correct for the material extracted from the
295
glass lters. Determine the concentration of the element of interest using either the Routine
Procedure or the Method of Standard Additions as described in the General Information
section.
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Calculations
Element (ug/m ) = (ug/mL in sample solution) (50)
Volume of ltered air in cubic meters
Scope
This method describes the determination of calcium, copper, lithium, magnesium, manganese,
potassium, sodium, strontium, and zinc in natural waters, and may be applicable to other
elements.
Reagents
Lanthanum solution, 5% (w/v). Prepare as described under the Standard Conditions for
La.
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, concentrated.
Standard Solutions
Prepare all standard solutions except calcium and magnesium by suitable dilutions of the
stock solutions described under the Standard Conditions for each element. For calcium and
magnesium, dilute the stock solutions with the 5% (w/v) La solution and HCl to give dilute
standards which contain 0.25% (w/v) La and 5% (v/v) HCl.
OX
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Sample Preparation and Analysis

Filter each sample through a 0.45 micron micropore membrane lter, if necessary, to avoid
clogging of the burner capillary. Aspirate each sample directly, except for calcium and
magnesium. For calcium and magnesium, dilute with 5% (w/v) La solution and HCl to
give a nal solution concentration of 0.25% (w/v) La and 5% (v/v) HCl. Determine the
concentration of the element of interest by using the Routine Procedure as described in the
General Information section. Calcium and magnesium results should be corrected by using
a reagent blank.
Calculations
Read the concentration of the element of interest directly against the appropriate standards.
Where a dilution is required, the concentration of the element of interest is calculated as
follows:
Element (ug/mL) = (ug/mL in diluted solution)(volume of diluted solution in mL)
(volume of aliquot taken for dilution in mL)
CHAPTER 22: REFERENCING AND STYLING

Sample Footnotes with their Citations
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the complete solution. In Chapter 6, Sec. 6.1.1, we have also noted that our guesses
might be incomplete. In this section, we shall present a more systematic way
of solving ODEs using a linear transformation called Laplace transformation.
We just remark that this transformation is much like the algebraic transformation
discussed in the preceding section; the theory of complex variables is needed in
addition to the matrix methods. Nevertheless, we assure the reader that this is quite
an enjoyable section. In fact, the reader should have been familiar with this in an
early or concurrent course in mathematics. Accordingly, the treatment is geared to
motivate the reader.
First, let us understand what a transformation is, and why is it required. Suppose
we need to multiply two large, say hundred digit, numbers N1 and N2 . If we go
about multiplying them the way we are generally trained, it requires 100 100
multiplications and one hundred additions. Even if we are doing this on a computer
that would perform a multiplication in just a nanosecond, 10 s for multiplication
alone is an enormous time and, even worse, this time blows up exponentially
with every additional digit in the multiplier and the multiplicand. Isnt it a more
efcient way of computing the product taking the logarithms of these numbers,
adding them, and obtaining the antilogarithm of the sum? This would simplify
our problem by transforming (= converting) the multiplication into an addition.
All we need is a table of logarithms. However, the most important issue is the
one-to-one mapping, i.e., for a given number the logorithm is uniquely dened,
and for a given number its anti-logarithm is also uniquely dened; this would
ensure that there is no ambiguity in the results obtained. Thus, we are already
familiar with one variety of transformation. We should consider transformations
as tools that simplify complicated operations into simpler ones3 . Of course, given a
problem, we should cleverly devise a transformation, that has one-to-one mapping.
For instance, the matrix T in the preceding section is non-singular, i.e., its inverse
exists and is unique; moreover, it is an orthogonal matrix, i.e., its inverse is a scalar
multiple of its transpose.
One such clever transformation useful for us in solving differential equations,
and further looking at the circuits in a better perspective, is the Laplace4
transformation:
L : f (t) F (s)
Let us now dene this formally:
Denition 9.1: Laplace Transformation
F (s) = L {f (t)}

=
f (t) e st dt
(9.12)
i.e., to construct the Laplace transform of a given time function f (t), we rst
3 Can you paint a big aeroplane with just a litre of colour? Yes sir. First, I shall take it into the sky and make
it small. Isnt painting easy?!

Simon Marquis De Laplace (17491827) was a great French mathematician who made important
contributions to celestial mechanics, probability theory, etc. It is interesting to note that Napolean Bonaparte
was his student for a year!
4 Pierre
Vocabulary
297
CHAPTER 24:VOCABULARY
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Table C24.1 Role of derivational afx in changing grammatical category of words

Table C24.2 Change of different parts of speech by derivational afx
Table C24.3 Prexes
Table C24.4 Sufxes
Examples of Synonyms
Table C24.5 List of Antonyms
Popularly used idioms
Table C24.6 Frequently confused homophones
Table C24.7 Commonly confused pairs of words
Table C24.8 Pairs of Homonyms
Table C24.9 Basic List of Homophones
List of few common phrasal verbs
Table C24.10 Select Technical Vocabulary
Common Errors: Usage
Table C24.11 Words commonly misspelt
Table C24.12 British and American Vocabulary
Words and Phrases from Foreign Languages
TABLE C24.1 Role of Derivational Affix in Changing Grammatical Category of
Words
Verb to Noun
Noun
Accomplish
Abbreviate
Abandon
Abandonment
Manage
Management
Abominate
Abomination
Manufacture
Manufacturer
Abolish
Abolition
Narrate
Narration
Accept
Acceptance
Need
Needy
Abstract
Abstraction
Operate
Operation
Acclamation
Paint
Painter
Accreditation
Participate
Participation
Achieve
Achievement
Partner
Partnership
Acknowledge
Acknowledgement
Progress
Progression
Acquire
Acquisition
Prohibit
Prohibition
Acquaint
Acquaintance
Project
Projection
Appreciate
Appreciation
Proliferate
Proliferation
Apprehend
Apprehension
Prostrate
Prostration
Boost
Booster
Publish
Publisher
Calculate
Calculation
Rant
Ranting
Cease
Ceaseless
Rebel
Rebellion
Celebrate
Celebration
Recess
Recession
Accredit
Noun
Accomplishment
Lead
Leader
Abbreviation
Lecture
Lecturer
OX
Acclaim
Verb
FO
Verb
Distribute
Distribution
Recite
Recitation
Disturbance
Recline
Recliner
Divestment
Recommend
Recommendation
Document
Documentary
Reconcile
Reconciliation
Fashion
Fashionable
Refrigerate
Refrigerator
Federate
Federation
Register
Registration
Greet
Greeting
Reincarnate
Reincarnation
Grumble
Grumbling
Teach
Teacher
Disunite
Disunity
Tease
Teaser
Fear
Fearful
Televise
Television
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Disturb
Divest
Guide
Guideline
Temp
Temper
Grumble
Grumbling
Terminate
Termination
Hear
Hearer
Undertake
Undertaken
Help
Helpline
Vacate
Vacation
Immerse
Immersion
Validate
Validity
Imitate
Imitation
Ventilate
Ventilates
Verb
Noun
Verb
Noun
Immunize
Immunology
Watch
Watcher
Kill
Killer
Wear
Wearer
Lay
Layer
Weave
Weaver
Verb to adjective
Adjective
Verb
Abandon
Abandoned
Groom
Groomed
Absorb
Absorbed
Gum
Gummed
Abstract
Abstracted
Head
Headed
Accent
Accented
Help
Helped
Accept
Acceptable
Knit
Knitted
Accomplish
Accomplished
Manipulate
Manipulative
Bereave
Bereaved
Oppose
Opposed
Calculated
Organize
Organized
Called
Receive
Received
Captivated
Captivating
Thank
Thankful
Care
Careless
Unbalance
Unbalanced
Call
OX
Calculate
FO
Verb
Adjective
Fascinate
Fascinated
Understate
Understated
Grieve
Grievous
Young
Youngish
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Absolute
Absolutely
Manner
Mannered
Access
Accessible
Odour
Odourless
Bathe
Bathed
Passion
Passionless
Noun to adjective
Vocabulary
Bookable
Pastor
Pastoral
Boor
Boorish
Peer
Peerless
Carbon
Carbonated
Question
Questionable
Care
Careful
Profit
Profitable
Caution
Cautionary
Progression
Progressive
Distress
Distressed
Prohibition
Prohibitive
Disuse
Disused
Provision
Provisional
Diversion
Diversionary
Rage
Ragged
Effusion
Effusive
Raise
Raised
Efficiency
Efficient
Rambler
Rambling
Effort
Effortless
Salute
Salutation
Effusion
Effusive
Saturate
Saturation
Farce
Farcical
Spite
Spiteful
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Book
Harm
Harmful
Spirit
Spirited
Hazard
Hazardous
Tear
Tearful
Helmet
Helmeted
Unease
Uneasy
Judgment
Judgmental
Waste
Wasted
Adjective
Adverb
Adjective
Adverb
Abundant
Abundantly
Real
Realistic
Basic
Basically
Reasonable
Reasonably
Calm
Calmly
Recent
Recently
Effective
Effectively
Satisfactory
Satisfied
Famous
Famously
Ultimate
Ultimately
Immediate
Immediately
Uncertain
Uncertainly
Immense
Immensely
Uncommon
Uncommonly
Large
Largely
Unconscious
Unconsciously
Passable
Passably
Unfortunate
Unfortunately
Quick
Quickly
Vague
Vaguely
Promptly
Vast
Vastly
Randomly
Various
Variously
Random
Rare
OX
Prompt
FO
Adjective to adverb
Rarely
Adjective to noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Abnormal
Abnormality
Captive
Captivity
Absurd
Absurdity
Partial
Partiality
Candid
Candidacy
299
TABLE C24.2 Change of Different Parts Of Speech By Derivational Affix

Noun
Adverb
Administer
Administrative
Administration
Administratively
Appreciate
Appreciative
Appreciation
Appreciatively
Apprehend
Apprehensive
Apprehension
Apprehensively
Appropriate
Appropriate
Appropriation
Appropriately
Approximate
Approximate
Approximation
Approximately
Beautify
Beautiful
Beauty
Beautifully
Caution
Cautious
Caution
Cautiously
Complete
Complete
Completion
Completely
Comprehend
Comprehensive
Comprehension
Comprehension
Create
Creative
Creation
Creatively
Deliberate
Deliberate
Deliberation
Deliberately
Delight
Delighted
Delight
Delightfully
Economize
Economical
Economy
Economically
Educate
Educational
Education
Educationally
Familiarize
Familiar
Familiarity
Familiarly
Fast
Fast
Fast
Fast
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Adjective
Adjective
Noun
Adverb
Final
Finality
Finally
Humanize
Human
Humanity
Humanly
Hunger
Hungry
Hunger
Hungrily
Nationalize
Nationalistic
Nation
Nationally
Naturalize
Naturalistic
Natural
Naturally
Necessitate
Necessary
Necessity
Necessarily
Regret
Regretful
Regret
Regretfully
Regularize
Regular
Regularity
Regularly
Simple
Simplification
Simply
Specialized
Special
Specially
Specific
Specification
Specifically
Simplify
Specialize
Specify
OX
Verb
Finalize
FO
Verb
TABLE C24.3 Prefixes

Prefix
Meaning in English
Language
of origin
Examples
a-
not, without
Greek
amoral, asexual, amorphous
ab-, abs-, a-
off, away, from
Latin
abdicate, abduct, abhor, abnormal, abort,

absent, absolve, abstain, abuse
ad-
to, near, at
Latin
adapt, adjacent, admire, adopt
ambi-
both, around
Latin
ambiguous, ambitious, ambivalent
an-
not, lacking
Greek
anaesthetic, anaemic, anaerobic
Vocabulary
301
before
Latin
antecedent, antenatal, antedate,

anteroom, antepenultimate, antenuptial
anti-
against, opposed to
Greek
antibiotic, anticlimax, anticlockwise,

antidote, antipathy, antiseptic, antisocial
bi-
two, twice, double
Latin
bicycle, biannual, bilateral, bilingual,

binoculars
cata-
down, off, away
Greek
cataract, catamaran, catapult, catacombs,

cataclysm, catarrh
circum-
around, on all sides

Latin
cis-
on this side
Latin
cislunar, cisalpine
com-
with, together,
thoroughly
Latin
combat, combine, compatriot
Contra-, counter-
against, opposite
Latin
contraband, contradict, contravene,

counter-attack, counterfeit, counteract,
counter-revolution
de-
away, off, less
Latin
debar, debase, declare, defend,

dehumidify, decipher, decline, demote,
descend, defrost
deca-, dec-
ten
Greek
decade, decagon, decalogue, decennial
deci-
a tenth
Latin
decibel, decimal, decimate
demi-
half
Latin
demigod, demilune, demitasse
di-
two, twice
Greek
dioxide, diphthong
dia-. Di
through, across, apart
Greek
diachronic, diagonal, dialysis, diaphragm,

dialogue
dis-, dif, di-
not, down, less, away
Latin
disable, disobey, discount, disarm,

dissolve, dishonest, dissuade, different,
diffuse, digress, disconnect, disinfect,
discoloured
epi-
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ante-
on, over
Greek
epicentre, epidermis, epiglottis, epigram
out of, from, former
Latin
exclude, exhume, exit, exhale, extort,

effervescent, emit, evade, ex-student
more, outside
Latin
extraordinary, extracurricular,
extraterrestrial
for-
completely,
prohibited
Old English
forlorn, forspent, forswear, forbid
fore-
front, before
Old English
forehead, foreground, forecast, foresight
hecto-, hect-
hundred
Greek
hectare, hectogram
hepta-, hept-
seven
Greek
heptagon, heptameter
hexa-, hex-
six
Greek
hexapod, hexagram
hyper-
over, too much
Greek
hyperactive, hypercorrect,
hypersensitive
ex-, e-, efextra-
OX
FO
circumnavigate, circumlocution,
circumspect, circumstance, circumvent
hypo-, hyp-
under, less than, too
Greek
hypodermic, hypochondria,
hypothermia, hypothetical,
in-, en-, em-
in, into, inside
Latin
incarnate, income, embrace, enclose
in-, il-, im-, ir-
not
Latin
inactive, illiterate, impossible, irresistible
inter-
among, between, with

each other
Latin
interbreed, interfere, interject, interlude,

intercept, international
intra-, intro-
inside, within, inwards Latin
intravenous, intramural, introduce,

introverted
kilo-
thousand
Greek
kilometre, kilogram
mega-
large, a million
Greek
megaphone, megalith, megawatt,

megahertz
meta-, met-
behind, after, changing
Greek
metacarpal, metazoan, metabolism,

metamorphosis, metonymy
milli-
one-thousandth
Latin
millibar, millisecond
mal-
bad(ly)
Latin
maltreat, maladjustment, malfunction
mis-
badly, wrong
Latin
misrepresent, misspell, mistake,

misanthrope
mono-
one
Latin
monomania, monocle, monochrome,

monorail, monotonous, monopoly
multi-
many, much
Latin
multifarious, multiple, multifaceted
non-
not
Latin
nonchalant, non-conformist, non-entity,

nonsense, non-toxic, non-smoker, nonvegetarian
ob-, oc-,
towards, over,
Latin
of-, op-
against, utterly
octo-, oct-
eight
Latin
octopus, octane, octet, octuple
penta-, pent-
five
Greek
pentacle, pentagon
through, by, by means

of, utterly, badly
Latin
perambulator, percolate, perennial,

pervade, percussion, perfect, persist,
perjure, perfidious, pernicious, perdition
much, many
Greek
polygamy, polytechnic, polygon,

polythene
post-
after, behind
Latin
postwar, post meridiem (pm), postpone
pre-
before
Latin
preface, precaution, prefabricated,

precept
pro-
for, in place of, before, Latin

forwards
proceed, progress, pronoun, produce,

profane, profess, provide, procure,
project
Quadric-,
four
Latin
Quadrilateral, quadrangle, quadrant,

quadrille quadr-
quasi-
like, as if
Latin
quasi-intellectual
poly-
FO
OX
per-
Hypotenuse
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obese, object, obtrude, obtuse, occupy
offend, oppress, opportunity
Vocabulary
303
re-
back, again, utterly
Latin
recall, refresh, rebuff, rebel, refrigerate,

revise, reinforce, remind, revile
retro-
backwards
Latin
retrograde, retrospection
aside, apart, away,

without
Latin
separate, select, secure, secede, seduce,

sedition, segregate
semi-
half
Latin
semiconductor, semidetached, semitone
septi-, sept-
seven
Latin
septuagenarian, septuplet
sex-
six
Latin
sextant, sextuple
sub-
under
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se-
Latin
subconscious,
submarine,
subnormal,
subordinate, succumb,
suffer, suggest,
summon, support,
surrogate, suspect,
sustain
above
Latin
superhuman, superscript, superimpose,

superfine, superstructure, supernatural,
superficial, supercilious
tetra-, tetr-
four
Greek
tetrachloride, tetrahedron, tetrameter
trans-
across, beyond
Latin
translate, transform, transgress,

transparent
tri-
three
Greek
trio, triad, triangle, triplicate
ultra-
beyond, too much
Latin
ultraconservative, ultraviolet,
ultramodern, ultrasonic, ultrasound,
ultraviolet
un-
not, back
Old English
unhappy, undo, unwrap, uncouth,

unbend, untie
beneath, too little
Old English
underwear, underwater, underpay,

undersigned, underrepresented,
underweight, undercurrent
one, single
Latin
unicycle, unanimous, universe, unity
uni-, un-
OX
under-
FO
super-
TABLE C24.4 Suffixes

Suffix
Meaning in English
Language of
origin
Part of
speech
Examples
-able, -ible
indicates that
something is capable
of, inclined to, or
causing something
Latin
adjective
changeable, eatable,
audible, uncountable,
terrible, peaceable
-acity
indicates a quality or
state of being
Latin
noun
audacity, capacity
indicates small size
Latin
noun
particle, molecule
-ee
indicates the
recipient of an action,
or someone in a
particular state
Latin
noun
licensee, addressee,
escapee, employee
-ess
indicates a female
Greek
noun
hostess, lioness
-et, -ette, -let
indicates smallness or
lesser status
Old French
noun
islet, cigarette, outlet,

booklet, leaflet, rivulet
-fy, -ify
indicates making or
becoming
Latin
Verb
electrify, gratify, pacify,

ossify, falsify, codify
-kin
indicates small size
Old English
noun
bodkin, catkin, lambkin
-ling
indicates smallness or
lesser status
Old English
noun
duckling, fledgling,
seedling, hireling
-most
indicates the
superlative degree
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-cle, -cule, -ule
Old English
adjective
uppermost, hindmost
-oid
indicates resemblance
Greek
adjective
humanoid, rhomboid
-some
indicates a tendency
Old English
Adjective
meddlesome, awesome
-trix
indicates a female
Latin
noun
aviatrix, executrix
-tude
indicates a condition
or state of being noun
exactitude, longitude
Latin
-wise
indicates manner or
direction, or reference
to clockwise, taxwise
Old English
Adverb
-y
indicates an action or
a process
Latin
noun
FO
inquiry
OX
EXAMPLES OF SYNONYMS
Example 1 Malign
Synonyms: calumniate, defame, libel, slander, vilify

To malign means to say or write something evil about someone without necessarily
lying (she was maligned for her past association with radical causes). To calumniate is to
make false and malicious statements about someone; the word often implies that you have
seriously damaged that persons good name (after leaving her job, she spent most of her
time calumniating and ridiculing her former boss). To defame is to cause actual injury to
someones good name or reputation (she defamed him by accusing him of being a spy). To
libel a person means to write or point something that defames her or him (the tabloid libelled
the celebrity and ended up paying the price). Slander, which is to defame someone orally,
is seldom a basis for court action but can nevertheless cause injury to someones reputation
Vocabulary
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(after a loud and very public argument, he accused her of slandering him). To vilify someone
means to engage in abusive name-calling (even though she was found innocent by the jury,
she was vilied by her neighbours).
Example 2 Small
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Synonyms: diminutive, little, miniature, minute, petite, tiny

Why do we call a house small and a woman petite? Small and little are used interchangeably
to describe people or things or reduced dimensions, but small is preferred when describing
something concrete, that is of less than the usual size, quantity, value, or importance (a small
matter to discuss, a small room, a small price to pay). Little more often refers to concepts
(through little fault of her own, an issue of little importance) or to a more drastic reduction in
scale (a little shopping cart just like the one his mother used). Diminutive and petite intensify
the meaning of small, particularly with reference to womens gures that are very trim and
compact (with her diminutive gure, she had to shop in stores that specialized in petite
sizes). Tiny is used to describe what is extremely small, often to the point where it can be
seen only by looking closely (tiny aw in the material, a tiny insect), while minute can only
describe what is seen with difculty but may also refer to a very small amount of something
(minute traces of gunpowder on his glove). Miniature applies specically to a copy, model, or
representation of something on a very small scale (a childs mobile consisting of miniature
farm animals).
TABLE C24.5 List of Antonyms
abandon retain, keep
abbreviate expand,
elongate
normal abnormal
abstain indulge
oppressive lenient
ending beginning
pinnacle nadir
enterprising unimaginative
praiseworthy disgraceful
extra necessity
power inability
extrovert introvert
prior later
FO
accidental intentional
emerge disappear
acquit convict
fatal harmless
feeble strong
quickly slowly
flagrant unobtrusive
ratify reject
amateur professional
genuine fake
rational irrational
ancient recent
glorious unknown
real unreal
after before
OX
acme nadir
purify pollute
angry calm
gradual sudden
recommend reject
appropriate inappropriate
hostile friendly
reserved communicative
assorted homogeneous
imitation real
seemly unseemly
bland spicy
incapacitated fit
sensible foolish
cheap expensive
incompatible compatible
stealthy aboveboard
chaste promiscuous
iniquity virtue
stubborn compliant
childish adult
inhibited uninhibited
stupendous ordinary
create demolish
lasting ephemeral
subsequent previous
current out of date
lazy active
supersede precede
dishevelled tidy, neat
learned ignorant
tangle untangle
meek assertive
truthful untruthful
respectful disrespectful
mysterious obvious
unsightly attractive
divergent similar
omission addition
young old
elastic rigid
open shut
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dismay encourage
POPULARLY USED IDIOMS
OX
FO
all
all in all
when everything is considered: All in all the lm was a great success, despite the bad publicity.
as
as if (spoken)
used to express anger at or disapproval of a suggestion, an explanation, etc., or to deny a
possibility: As if I really cared! Dont tell Tom I said that, will you? Oh, as if (I would)!
ask if you ask me (spoken, informal)
in my personal opinion: If you ask me, Mark shouldnt have bought that carit just wasnt
worth the money.
bargain
into the bargain (AmE in the bargain)
as well, in addition: She gave us tea and some useful information into the bargain.
begin
to begin with
1. at rst: I found it tiring to begin with but I soon got used to it. Well go slowly to begin with.
2. used to introduce the rst point you want to make: What was it you didnt like? Well, to begin
with, our room was far too small.
believe
believe it or not (spoken)
it is true, even though it does not sound likely: Believe it or not, Ive just won 1000 in a competition!
I am still, believe it or not, very nervous about speaking in public.
believe (you) me
used for emphasizing a statement, a promise or a threat: Ill be seeing her tomorrow, and, believe
you me, Ill tell her exactly what I think of her.
clue
not have a clue (informal)
1. not know (anything about) sth: Whos that woman over there? Im afraid I dont have
a clue. I havent a clue how to get there.
2. (disapproving) be stupid; lack skill or ability: Its a waste of time trying to teach him
anything: he hasnt got a clue.
end
at the end of the day (BrE, spoken)
when everything has been considered: At the end of the day, its your decision and nobody elses.
Vocabulary
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OX
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not be the, end of the world (spoken)

not be a disaster: It wouldnt be the end of the world if you couldnt get into college. Im
sure youd be able to nd a good job anyway. Why are you so upset? Its not the end of the
world.
enough
curiously, funnily, oddly, strangely, etc. enough
used to show that sth is surprising: Funnily enough, I was born on exactly the same day as my wife.
eye
my eye! (BrE, spoken)
used to show that you do not believe sb/sth: Its an antique. An antique, my eye!
fact
is that a fact? (spoken)
used in reply to a statement that you nd interesting or surprising, or that you do not believe:
She says Im one of the best students shes ever taught. Is that a fact?
faintest
not have the faintest/foggiest (idea) (BrE, informal)
have no idea at all about sth; not know anything at all: I havent got the faintest idea what to buy
Roger for his birthday. Where are we? Im afraid I havent the foggiest.
get
get along/away/on (with you)! (old fashioned, BrE, informed)
used for expressing surprise, disbelief, annoyance, etc: Get away with you! You dont expect me to
believe that story, do you?
grief
good grief (informal)
used for expressing surprise or disbelief: Good grief! Youre not going out dressed like that, are you?
guess
guess what (informal)
used to introduce sth surprising or exciting that you want to tell sb: Guess what, Angelas getting
married next month!
your guess is as good as mine (informal)
neither of us knows the answer: If the government knows how to run the country, why arent
things getting any better? Your guess is as good as mine!
keep
keep your hair on (also keep your shirt on less frequent) (BrE, informal)
used for telling sb who is angry or very excited about sth to keep calm: Keep your hair on, Mum.
You can hardly see the damage. Keep your shirt on! Weve got plenty of time to get to the airport.
hand
on (the) one hand...on the other (hand)...
used to show two different aspects of the same situation: On the one hand, its very cheap living here.
On the other, it costs a lot to get home!
happens
as it happens
used when you say sth that is surprising, or sth connected with what sb else has just said: I
agree with you, as it happens. As it happened, I had a spare set of keys in my bag.
OX
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idea
have (got) no idea; not have the rst, slightest, etc. idea
not know sth at all; not know how to do sth at all: Ive no idea what time it is. Dont ask him to mend
it; he hasnt got the rst idea about cars.
jump
jump to it (AmE also hop to it) (informal)
used to tell sb to hurry and do sth quickly: You have got ten minutes to clean this room. Now jump to
it. Hop to it, will you? We dont have much time.
knickers
get/have your knickers in a twist (BrE, informal)
react too strongly to a difcult situation by getting angry, upset, confused, etc.: Dont get your
knickers in a twist! Its not the end of the world. The boss is getting his knickers in a twist about these sales
gures.
knows
God/goodness/Heaven knows (spoken)
1. I do not know; no one knows: Whats going to happen next? God knows.
2. used for adding emphasis to a statement, opinion, etc.: God knows how he manages to survive on
such a small salary. Im no gardening expert, goodness knows!
(Some people may nd the use of God knows offensive.)
leave it at that (informal)
say or do no more about sth: We talked about it for a few minutes. I made a few suggestions,
and we left it at that. Weve done enough for today. Lets leave it at that, shall we?
likely
a likely story (spoken, ironic)
used for showing that you do not believe what sb has said: They said that theyd found the
wallet on the ground outside the puba likely story!
message
get the message (BrE, informal)
understand what sb means, even if they do not say it directly: She said she was too busy to see
meI got the message, and didnt ask her again.
on/off message
(of a politician) stating/not stating the ofcial point of view of their political party: Despite
their internal problems, the party maintains a public front of staying on message.
mind
mind you (spoken)
1. used to add to what you have just said, especially sth that makes it less strong: Its a fantastic
restaurant. Expensive, mind you. Shes a very unpleasant woman, in my opinion. But a very good doctor, mind
you. Ive heard theyre getting divorced. Mind you, I am not surprisedthey were always arguing.
2. used after a word you want to emphasize: When we were children, we used to walk, walk mind
you, ve miles to and from school every day.
to my mind (spoken)
in my opinion: To my mind, his earlier works are better.
money
for my money (informal)
in my opinion: For my money, hes one of the greatest pianists of all time.
Vocabulary
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mountain
make a mountain out of a molehill (disapproving)
make a small or unimportant problem seem much more serious than it really is: Its not such
a big problem! Youre making a mountain out of a molehill!
move
get a move on (spoken)
hurry; do sth faster: Youd better get a move on or youll be late.
picture
get the picture (spoken)
understand sth: I get the pictureyou want me to keep it a secret.
point
have (got) a point (there)
have made a good suggestion; have a good idea: Hes got a point there; if you sell the house now
youll lose money, so why not wait till next year? Animal rights campaigners have a point when they say that
a lot of animal testing is unnecessary.
take sbs point
understand and accept the truth of what sb has said, especially during an argument,
discussion, etc.: I take your point, Simon, but I dont think its as simple as you think. Look, Jane, I know
a lot more about physics than you, so why do you keep disagreeing with what I say? OK, point taken.
pull
pull the other one (its got bells on!) (BrE, spoken)
used to show that you do not believe what sb has just said: Ive been offered a job in New York.
Pull the other one! No, really!
said
enough said
used to say that you understand a situation and there is no need to say any more: Hes a
politician, remember. Enough said.
when all is said and done
when all the facts are considered: She doesnt have a lot of experience but, when all is said and done,
shes the best person for the job.
say
I say (old-fashioned, BrE, spoken)
used to attract sbs attention when you want to tell them something: I say, our train leaves in
twenty minutes. Wed better hurry.
say no more (spoken)
it is not necessary for sb to continue speaking because you already understand the situation:
Hes only 21, and hes marrying a rich old lady of 65. Say no more.
you dont say! (spoken, often ironic)
used to express surprise: My brothers an astronaut, you know. You dont say! I was in the
Scouts for six years. You dont say. (=Im not interested/surprised.)
search
search me (spoken)
I dont know; Ive no idea: Whats the capital of Queensland? Search me!
shake
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shake a leg (old-fashioned, informal)

used to tell sb to start to do sth or to hurry: Come on, shake a leg or well be late!
side
the other side of the coin
the other aspect of the situation; a different or opposite way of looking at situation: Third
World countries receive a lot of money from developed countries, but the other side of the coin is that they have
to spend this money on expensive imports.
skates
get/put your skates on (BrE, informal)
hurry up: If you dont put your skates on, youll be late for work.
snappy
make it snappy (informal)
used to tell sb to do sth quickly or to hurry: If you dont make it snappy, well miss the train. Come
on, make it snappy! Theres not much time left!
start
for a start; to start with (also for starters informal)
used for giving the rst of several things or reasons: Youre not going to marry him. For a
start, youre much too young. For another thing, he hasnt got a job She wasnt keen on the
idea to start with.
sure
to be sure (formal)
used to admit that sth is true: He is intelligent, to be sure, but hes also very lazy.
tell
I (can/cant) tell you; Im telling you (spoken)
used to emphasize what you are saying, especially when it is surprising or difcult to believe:
I cant tell you how happy I felt (= it is difcult to describe my happiness, because it was so great)
Its not as easy as it looks, Im telling you.
tell me about it (spoken)
used to say that you understand what sb is talking about and have had the same experience:
I get so annoyed with Steve! Tell me about it. He drives me crazy.
tell me another (spoken)
used for saying that you do not believe sb because they are joking or exaggerating: I caught a
sh that weighed 5 kilos. Tell me another! I bet it didnt even weigh one kilo.
that
(and/so) thats that
used to show that sth is nished or decided, and there should be no more discussion or
argument: So thats that. At last were all agreed. Youre going to bed now, and thats that! I dont want
any argument!
there
there is that
said when agreeing with sth: Flying is quick, but its very expensive. Yes, there is that.
thing
for one thing, ...(and for another, ...)
one reason is..., and another reason is...: You ought to stop smoking, you know. For one thing, youre
Vocabulary
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damaging your health, and for another, you cant afford it! Why dont you get a car? Well, for one thing, I
cant drive!
top
on top of sb/sth
1 in addition to sth; also: On top of his salary, he gets about 100 in commission every week.
2 too close to sth/sb: These houses are all built on top of one another. He was right on top of (= driving
very close behind) the car in front.
way
by the way (also by the by/bye less frequent) (spoken)
1. used for introducing sth you have just thought of, which may or may not be connected to
what has just been said: I had a meeting with Graham at work today... by the way, Ive invited him and
his wife to lunch on Sunday.
2. used for saying that sth is not important in the present situation or discussion: Her academic
qualications are by the by. What we need is someone dynamic and creative.
well
well I never (did)! (old-fashioned, informal)
used to express surprise: Well I never! Fancy meeting you here!
what
(and) whats more; what is more
(and) more importantly; (and) in addition: I dont like pubs. Theyre noisy, smelly, and whats more,
expensive.
word
(upon) my word! (old-fashioned)
used to express surprise: My word! That was quick!
TABLE C24.6 Frequently Confused Homophones
Meaning
Aural
relating to the ears and hearing oral
Word 2
Breach
a gap or break, make a break
Breech
part of a gun or cannon
canvas
material for tents and sails
canvass
seek opinions or solicit votes
OX
FO
Word 1
Meaning
relating to the mouth and

speaking
chord
a group of notes in music
cord
string or rope
Complacent
smug and self-satisfied
complaisant
willing to please
Complement
addition that completes, add in Compliment

a way that improves
expression of praise, express

praise for
council
advisory
body
adviser, barrister in court, give

professional advice
desert
waterless area of sand (stress dessert

on first syllable), abandon
(stress on second syllable)
sweet course of meal (stress
on second syllable)
discreet
circumspect
or
administrative counsel
discrete
distinct
Meaning
Word 2
Meaning
Draft
preliminary sketch etc.
draught
air current, quantity of liquid
draw
make a picture of, to pull, have Drawer

an equal score
a compartment in a desk or
chest
Ensure
make sure
Insure
take out insurance on
faint
hard to see or hear
Feint
a pretended blow, to make a

pretended blow, denoting paper
with faint lines
flair
a natural ability
Flare
a burst of flame or light, give a

sudden light, become angry
forbear (verb)
desist from
forebear (noun)
ancestor
forego
go before
forgo
go without
forever
continually
for ever
eternally
Grisly
causing revulsion
grizzly
as in grizzly bear
Hoard
store of valuables
horde
large group of people (usually

unwelcome)
its
possessive word, as in the cat its

licked its paws
= it is or it has
loath
reluctant or unwilling
dislike greatly
Naught
chiefly in come to naught and Nought

set at naught
digit 0, nothing
naval
relating to a navy
navel
Umbilicus
ordinance
an authoritative order
ordnance
palate
roof of the mouth, sense of palette

taste
artists mixing board
principal
first or main, chief person
principle
basis of belief or action
shear
cut wool off, cut
sheer
swerve or avoid, utter or

complete (as in sheer delight)
Stationary
not moving
stationery
writing materials
storey
part of a building on one level
story
loathe
mounted guns, military stores
account of imaginary events
straight
OX
FO
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extending without a curve or strait

bend
narrow passage of water
whos
= who is
possessive word, as in whose

house is this?
Whose
TABLE C24.7 Commonly Confused Pairs of Words

Word 1
Meaning
Word 2
Meaning
Adherence
(to belief etc.)
adhesion
sticking
Adverse
unfavourable
averse
Opposed
Affect
cause a change in
effect
bring about
Alternate
one after another
alternative
available instead
Vocabulary
Word 1
Meaning
Word 2
Meaning
Ambiguous
(statements etc.)
ambivalent
(feelings etc.)
change
emend
alter (a text etc.)
having no moral sense
immoral
not conforming to
moral standards
Appraise
assess the quality of
apprise
Inform
Avoid
keep away from
evade
avoid by guile
Biannual
twice a year
biennial
every two years
Censor
act as censor of
censure
criticise harshly
Climactic
forming a climax
climatic
relating to climate
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Amend
Amoral
Compose
constitute
Continual
happening
repeatedly
comprise
Credible
believable
credulous
too ready to believe
Decided
unquestionable
decisive
conclusive, unfaltering
Definite
clear and distinct
definitive
decisive, authoritative
defuse
remove the fuse from, reduce
tension in
diffuse
deprecate
disapprove of
depreciate
lower in value
Discomfit
disconcert
Discomfort
make uneasy
uninterested
not interested
constantly
or continuous
consist of
going on without a
break
Disinterested
Impartial
enormity
extreme
crime
especially
in particular, above all
specially
for a special purpose
Exceptionable
open to objection
exceptional
unusually good
Flaunt
display ostentatiously
flout
disregard (rules etc.)
Fortuitous
happening by chance
fortunate
happening by good
chance, lucky
flounder
OX
spread out, not

clear or concise
(of a person) struggle or be in founder

confusion
(of an undertaking)
fail or come to
nothing
Gourmand
glutton
gourmet
food connoisseur
Illegal
against the law
illicit
not allowed
Imply
suggest strongly
infer
deduce or conclude
impracticable
not able to be done
impractical
not practical
Incredible
not believable
incredulous
unwilling to believe
ingenious
well thought out
ingenuous
innocent, honest
Intense
extreme in force or degree
intensive
thorough or
concentrated
interment
burial
internment
being interned
grave enormousness
FO
seriousness,
great size or scale
313
Meaning
Word 2
Meaning
Loose
not fixed; unfasten or relax
lose
be deprived of or no
longer have
luxuriant
lush
luxurious
comfortable and rich
Masterful
powerful, domineering
masterly
highly skilful
Militate
have force (against)
mitigate
make less severe
Observance
keeping a law or custom etc.
observation
perception, remark
occupant
person in a vehicle etc.
occupier
person living in a
property
Official
having authorized status etc.
officious
aggressive in asserting
authority
perquisite
special right or privilege
prerequisite
(something) needed
in advance
Perspicacious
having a ready understanding, perspicuous

perceptive
clearly expressed
Pitiable
deserving pity
pitiful
causing pity,
contemptible
practicable
able to be done
practical
effective or realistic,
(of a person) skilled
at manual tasks
Precipitate
headlong
precipitous
abruptly steep
prescribe
recommend with
issue a prescription
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authority, proscribe
forbid or condemn
act evasively
procrastinate
defer action
intentionally
purposefully
Resolutely
Refute
prove to be false
repudiate
reject or disown
regrettable
causing regret, undesirable
regretful
feeling regret
Sensual
gratifying the body sexually
sensuous
gratifying the intellect

senses as distinct
from the
OX
Sociable
FO
Prevaricate
purposely
friendly and willing to mix with social

people
relating to society
Titillate
excite pleasantly
titivate
adorn or smarten
tortuous
twisting, devious
torturous
causing torture,
tormenting
triumphal
done or made to celebrate a triumphant

victory
victorious, jubilant
after a victory
Turbid
(of a liquid) cloudy; confused
turgid
swollen or congested,
tediously pompous
unsociable
not willing to mix with people
unsocial
socially inconvenient
Venal
open to bribery, corrupt
venial
(of a sin) minor
Vocabulary
315
C24.8 Pairs of Homonyms

Band (group of musicians)
band (thin flat strip)
bank (side of river)
bank (organization providing financial services)
bar (piece with straight sides)
bar (place to buy drinks)

bass (low note)
bat (mammal)
bat (cricketing bat)
battery (device producing

electricity)
beam (a line of light)
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bass (fish)
battery (several large guns used together)

beam (a long piece of wood or metal)
bear (animal)
bear (tolerate)
bit (binary digit)
bit (small piece)
block (large piece of solid)

boil (a period of boiling)
book (printed work)
block (quantity of something considered as a single unit)
boil (painful infected swelling)

book (to arrange)
bow (shoots arrows)
bow (bend at the waist)
calf (a young cow)
calf (back part of leg)
capital (upper case)
capital (most important city of a country)
case (a particular situation)
chair (piece of furniture to sit on)

chest (part of body)
case (container)
chair (the position of being in charge of a department in a

university)
chest (box)
Coach (sports trainer)
coach (large carriage)
coat (outdoor protective clothing)
coat (layer of substance covering a surface)
crane (bird)
crane (tall machine with long arm used to lift heavy objects)
cricket (insect)
cricket (sport)
cross (symbol)
cross (be angry)
FO
current (flow of electricity)
current (the movement of water/air in a particular direction)

date (fruit)
dear (loved by or important to

somebody)
dear (expensive)
OX
date (a particular day of a month)
feet (part of body)
feet (unit of measure)
file (box for storing loose papers)
file (metal tool)
flap (cover)
flap (noisy movement)
game (activity/sport with rules)
game (wild animals/birds that are hunted)
Groom (bridegroom)
groom (person who takes care of horses)
habit (practice)
habit (long piece of clothing worn by a nun/monk)
horn (a device for making loud

noise)
horn (on the heads of animals)
iron (chemical element)
iron (a tool to smooth clothes)
issue (important topic)
issue (children)
lead (to guide)
lead (the metal)
lie (untruth)
lie (lie down)
litter (small pieces of garbage)
litter (a number of baby animals)
Match (sport event)
match (an equal)
meter (device to measure)
meter (unit of length)
mole (animal)
mole (small mark on skin)
Mould (container that lends shape) mould (growth on objects left in warm wet air)
mummy (Egyptian preserved dead body)
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mummy (mother)
note (short piece of writing)
note (single sound of a particular length)
orange (fruit)
orange (colour)
organ (musical instrument)

palm (tree)
organ (part of body)
palm (inner surface of the hand)
pen (writing implement)

plane (aircraft)
pen (place to keep animals)

plane (flat surface)
pool (sport)
pool (pond of water)
Racket (cacophony)
racket (sport badminton)
rear (raise)
rear (behind)
right (correct)
right (opposite of left)
real (sea animal)
seal (official mark)
staff (long stick)
staff (workers employed in an organization)
tear (in the eye)
tear (rip)
temple (side of forehead)

wear (adorn)
temple (place of worship)
wear (damage with use)
wing (one of the parts of a large building)
yard (an area outside a building)
yard (measure of distance)
C24.9
FO
wing (part of a birds body)
Basic List of Homophones
OX
air: ... air is hot; (... has an air about her)

heir: ... is the heir to the throne.
bare: ... bare your heart; ... bare skin.
bear: ... polar bear.
bear: ... please bear with me.
been: ... have you been to that place.
bin: ... dust bin.
boar: ... the wild boar is an animal.
bore: ... bore a well; ... bore a child; ... that film is a bore.
Coarse: ... its surface is coarse; ... flour is coarse.
course: ... law will take its own course; ... the course of a river; ... is studying in that course; ... golf
course.
Vocabulary
dear: ... is dear to me.

deer: ... deer are very fast.
ear: ... my ear; ... my ears; ... ears of corn.
year: ... the year 2007; ... the whole year.
flour: ... flour made by grinding corn.
gait: ... has a peculiar gait.
gate: ... through the gate.
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flower: ... the rose flower.
hair: ... has nice hair; ... short hair.

hare: ... the hare won the race.
hall: ...hall is big; ...conference hall.
haul: ...haul the luggage; ... is a long haul.

hear: ... I can hear.
here: ... come here.
hole: ... burn a hole in the pocket; carpet has a hole.

whole: ... the whole chicken
its: ... its colour is red.
its: ... its red in colour.
knead: .. knead dough.
need: ... need food; ... need to know.

know: ... know someone.
no: ... say no to someone.
loose: ... shirt is loose; ... loose tongue.
lose: ... dont lose the game; ... did you lose your watch?
main: ... is the main reason...
mane: ... has a thick mane ...
FO
rain: ... might rain today.
rein: ... rein the horse; hold the reins.
OX
sea: ... the Red sea; ... a sea of people.

see: ... see the sky; ... see through people.
sight: ... what a pleasant sight!
site: ... the building site.
sign: ... put your sign. (Short form of signature, now accepted as a word.)
sine: ... sine wave. (A trigonometric wave form.)
son: ... is my son.
sun: ... sun is bright.
soar: ... soar high.
sore: ... feet are sore.
stair: ... use the stair way.
stare: ... do not stare...
317
their: ... it is their house.

there: ... go over there.
tire: ... dont tire me.
tyre: ... car tyre.
verse: ... verse from the song.
worse: ... this is worse than that.
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(V and W are pronounced differently.)
weather: ... the weather is sultry; the weather is humid.

whether: ... dont know whether it will rain.
Also,
wither: ... flowers wither away after some time.
LIST OF FEW COMMON PHRASAL VERBS

blow upexplode
The villain tried to blow up the petrol pump.
bring upraise children, bring a topic

The police brought up the Mumbai murder case again.
Call offcancel
Due to managers ill health, the meeting was called off.
Do overrepeat a job
Do this chapter over.
Fill outcomplete a form

Please ll out this application form and submit it to the dean.
Give awayto give something to someone for free
She gave away her wealth to the old age home.
OX
FO
Give backreturn an object

Mr Sharma gave back his apartment to the ofce when he left the job.
Get backgain interest again

I nally got back to my unnished book and nished it in two months.
Hang upput something on receiver or a hook
He was very rude so Rekha hung up the phone.
Hold upto delay/rob
Sameer is very irresponsible. He always holds up the meetings.
Police has caught three gunmen holding up the bank.
Leave outto omit
You have to leave out the controversial topics in your presentation.
Look overexamine/check
The judge looked over the matter carefully before declaring him innocent.
Vocabulary
Make upinvent a story or lie

When caught running out of the hostel, Anurag made up a story of bad health.
Pick outto choose
There were twenty thieves in the police station and she picked up the man who stole her car.
Put awaysave or store
She put away her money in mutual funds. My mother puts away the pickle in the refrigerator.
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Put outextinguish
The re was put out by the nearby villagers.
Run awayescape, leave unexpectedly

The new cadet ran away from the training centre last night.
Shop aroundcompare price

She always shops around before buying anything from the market.
Take afterresemble a family member
Suresh took after his father in his patience and intelligence.
Try onsample clothing
First try these shirts on before buying.
Use upnish the supply

My brother used up the whole packet of biscuit.
Wear offfade away

It was raining so heavily that my whole make up wore off.
TABLE C24.10 Select Technical Vocabulary
Adhesion
Adsorb
Affinity
Aggregate
Acute
Align
prompted
bond
FO
Actuated
state of being exact, correct
OX
Accuracy
take
chemical attraction
total
of an angle; less than 90 degrees
adjust
Addendum
supplement
Alligator
metalworking to split and curl up and down at one end
Alloys
admixtures
Amplitude
(physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave
Analog
of a circuit or device having an output that is proportional to the

input
Analyze
examine
Anchor
mainstay
Angle
the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination
of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians
319
notation
Applied
used
Arboriculture
tree farming
Arc
a continuous portion of a circle
Arch
a curved shape in the vertical plane that spans an opening
Area
the extent of a two-dimensional surface enclosed within a

boundary
Association
Attrition
Automatic
Auxiliary
Avalanche
Axis
Axles
Backpressure
Balance
Basic
Beaker
Bearing
Belt
Bisect
Blast furnace
Bleed
Blend
Bituminous
Block
Beam
mineral pitch
create by putting components or parts together

affiliation
erosion by friction
robotic
supplementary
roll down
the center around which something rotates

shafts
pressure left after a process
equality of distribution
alkaline; elementary
cup
a rotating support placed between moving parts to allow them to

move easily
a path or strip (as cut by one course of mowing)

divide into half
part used for firing
drain of liquid or steam
FO
Assemble
OX
Asphalt
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Annotations
mix
resembling or containing bitumen
a rectangular area in a city surrounded by streets and usually

containing several buildings
ray
Body
torso
Boil
the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level
Bolts
a screw that screws into a nut to form a fastener
Bond
bind
Boolean
of or relating to a combination system devised by George Boole

that combines propositions with the logical operators AND and
OR and IF THEN and EXCEPT and NOT
Bore
make a hole, especially with a pointed power or hand tool
Boulder
a large smooth mass of rock detached from its place of origin
Boundary
limit
Vocabulary
a (usually rectangular) container; may have a lid
Brakes
a device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work

to slow down a motor vehicle
Bricks
rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a

building or paving material
Brittle
having little elasticity; hence easily cracked, fractured, or snapped
Building
a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less
permanently in one place
Calculation
Camber
Cantilever
Capital
Career
Caster
Cement
Center
Centrifugal
Chamfer
Chassis
Chemical
Circle
Civil
Clash
Class
large powerful tractor with a large blade in front that flattens areas
of ground
problem solving that involves numbers or quantities
the alignment of the wheels of a motor vehicle closer together at
the bottom than at the top
projecting horizontal beam fixed at one end only
assets available for use in the production of further assets

vocation
a pivoting roller attached to the bottom of furniture or trucks or

portable machines to make them movable
something that hardens to act as adhesive material

a point equidistant from the ends of a line or the extremities of
a figure
tending to move away from a center
a bevelled surface at an edge or corner
the skeleton of a motor vehicle consisting of a steel frame

supported on springs that holds the body and motor
substance produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in

atoms or molecules
FO
Bulldozer
volume
OX
Bulk
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Box
movement once around a course

related to building, soil
a loud resonant repeating noise
category
Clay
a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when
fired
Clip
any of various small fasteners used

together
Clipping
sever or remove by pinching or snipping
to hold loose articles
Clogging
preventing movement
Clotting
the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
Clover
a plant of the genus Trifolium
Coal
fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in

the Carboniferous period
321
Coefficient
constant
Cohesiometer
instrument to check cohesiveness
Cohesion
the state of coherence or sticking together
Component
constituent
a substance formed by a union of two or more elements or parts
Compressibility
the property of being able to occupy less space
Computer
a machine for performing calculations automatically
Conics
Connect
Constraints
Construction
Contact
Contraction
Control
Conveyer
Coordinates
Corner
Corrugation
Cosine
Coulomb
Counterbore
Counterdrill
Countersunk
Crack
Cradle
relating to or resembling a cone
(geometry) a curve generated by the intersection of a plane and

a circular cone
relate
restraints
the act of constructing something

close interaction
condensation
power to direct or determine
a moving belt that transports objects (as in a factory)

a number that identifies a position relative to an axis
a place off to the side of an area
the act of shaping into parallel ridges and grooves
ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse of a right-angled

triangle
a unit of electrical charge equal to the amount of charge transferred
by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second
a bit for enlarging the upper part of a hole
FO
Conical
a strong hard building material composed of sand and gravel and

cement and water
OX
Concrete
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Compounds
drill in an opposite direction
insert (a nail or screw below the surface, as into a countersink)

break or crack on the surface only
where something originated or was nurtured in its early
existence
Crane
lifts and moves heavy objects
Creation
introducing or making something new
Creep
a slow longitudinal movement or deformation
Crest
the top line of a hill, mountain, or wave
Culverts
a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway
Curvature
a curve or bending; often abnormal
Curve
the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes
Curvilinear
characterized by or following a curved line
Cyclic
forming a whorl or having parts arranged in a whorl
Vocabulary
having the form of a cylinder
Dam
a barrier constructed to contain the flow of water or to keep out

the sea
Damp
slightly wet
Data
a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
Data mining
data processing
Datum
an item of factual information derived from measurement or

research
Default
an option that is selected automatically unless an alternative is

specified
Deformation
alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the

application of stress to it
Deformation
the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something
Degrees of freedom
Density
make or work out a plan for; devise
Diameter
the length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle

and connecting two points on the circumference
Diaphragm
a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of

the lens
Differentiation
Diffraction
the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function

when light passes sharp edges or goes through narrow slits the
rays are deflected and produce fringes of light and dark bands
Digital
of a circuit or device that represents magnitudes in digits
Dimension
one of three Cartesian coordinates that determine a position in

space
OX
FO
Dipole
Displacement
one of the minimum number of parameters needed to describe

the state of a physical system
the amount per unit size
Design
Dispersion
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Cylindrical
a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles

separated by a small distance
the spatial or geographic property of being scattered about over a
range, area, or volume
an event in which something is displaced without rotation
Display
to show, make visible or apparent
Distillation
the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its

vapour
Diverge
move or draw apart
Documentation
documentary validation
Dowel
a fastener that is inserted into holes in two adjacent pieces and

holds them together
Draft
draw up an outline or sketch for something
Drainage
emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run
Ductile
capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out
Duplex
a house with two units sharing a common wall
323
a copy that corresponds to an original exactly
Durability
permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force
Dynamics
the branch of mechanics concerned with the forces that cause

motions of bodies
Eccentric
not having a common center; not concentric
Edge
a line determining the limits of an area
Edge
the boundary of a surface
Electron
Electronic
Elements
Ellipse
Elongated
Elongation
Energy
Equation
Equilibrium
Equivalent
Erosion
Expansion
Exploded
using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by

electricity
an elementary particle with negative charge
of or relating to electronics; concerned with or using devices that

operate on principles governing the behavior of electrons
any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur
naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and
that singly or in combination constitute all matter
a closed plane curve resulting from the intersection of a circular

cone and a plane cutting completely through it
drawn out or made longer spatially
the quality of being elongated
a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a physical

system to do work
a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal
a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates

the atomic weight of an element that has the same combining
capacity as a given weight of another element
FO
Electric
capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression;

springy
OX
Elastic
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Duplication
condition in which the earths surface is worn away by the action

of water and wind
the act of increasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or
scope
showing the parts of something separated but in positions that
show their correct relation to one another
Extract
draw out
Extrusion
something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from its

surroundings
Exudation
a substance that oozes out from plant pores
Fatigue
temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical

or mental work
Feature
a prominent attribute or aspect of something
Ferrous
of or relating to or containing iron
Field
the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic

oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact
with it
Vocabulary
fastener consisting of a narrow strip of welded metal used to join

steel parts
Filter
remove by passing through a filter
Finish
a decorative texture or appearance of a surface
Flakiness
having or breaking into thin crisp flakes
Flexibility
the property of being flexible
Float
be in motion due to some air or water current
Focus
Foundation
Frame
Freeze
Frequency
Friction
Front
Function
Gear hobbing
Geometry
Geophysical
Graded
Grain
Graph
Gravity
fine solid particles of ash that are carried into the air when fuel is
combusted
maximum clarity or distinctness of an image rendered by an optical
system
lowest support of a structure
the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape
change to ice
the number of occurrences within a given time period

the resistance encountered when one body is moved in contact
with another
the side that is forward or prominent
(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element

of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an
element of another set (the range of the function)
cut with a hob
the pure mathematics of points and lines and curves and surfaces
of or concerned with geophysics
arranged in a sequence of grades or ranks
FO
Fly ash
continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow and to conform

to the shape of its container: a liquid or a gas
OX
Fluids
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Fillet
a relatively small granular particle of a substance
a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities

plotted with reference to a set of axes
(physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe;

especially the attraction of the earths mass for bodies near its
surface
Grid
a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines
Groove
a long narrow furrow cut either by a natural process (such as

erosion) or by a tool (for e.g., a groove in a phonograph record)
Gross
before any deductions
Grout
a thin mortar that can be poured and used to fill cracks in masonry
or brickwork
Gypsum
a common white or colourless mineral (hydrated calcium sulphate)

used to make cements and plasters (especially plaster of Paris)
Gyration
the act of rotating in a circle or spiral
325
rotating mechanism in the form of a universally mounted spinning

wheel that offers resistance to turns in any direction
Hack
a tool (as a hoe or pick or mattock) used for breaking up the

surface of the soil
Hard disk
a rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit
Hardening
the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or

crystallization
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Gyroscope
Hardness
the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily

scratched; measured on Mohs scale
Hatch
shading consisting of multiple crossing lines
Head
the pressure exerted by a fluid
Healing
the natural process by which the body repairs itself
Heat
a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in

temperature
Heat transfer
move from one body to another
Helix
type genus of the family Helicidae
Hexagon
a six-sided polygon
Highway
a major road for any form of motor transport
Horizontal
parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line
Hole
an opening into or through something
Hollow
a cavity or space in something
Hydration
the process of combining with water; usually reversible
Hydraulic
moved, or operated by, effected by liquid (water or oil)
Hydrometer
a measuring instrument for determining the specific gravity of a

liquid or solid
Hyperbola
an open curve formed by a plane that cuts the base of a right

circular cone
FO
Hypotenuse
OX
Inclination
the side opposite the right angle in a right-angled triangle
(physics) the angle that a magnetic needle makes with the plane
of the horizon
Incompressible
incapable of being compressed; resisting compression
Index
a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or

with some reference number
Induction
an electrical phenomenon whereby an electromotive force (EMF)

is generated in a closed circuit by a change in the flow of current
Inertia
the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform

motion unless acted upon by an external force
Infinite
having no limits or boundaries in time or space, or extent or

magnitude
Insert
put or introduce into something
Integration
an operation used in the calculus whereby the integral of a function

is determined
Vocabulary
the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between

an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by
gauge bosons
Interference
electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication
Interlock
become engaged or intermeshed with one another
Intersection
a point where lines meet
Interviews
the questioning of a person (or a conversation in which information

is elicited); often conducted by journalists
Isometric
Isomorphism
Jetting
Joints
Joule
Keyhole
Lag
Laminar
Lathe
Light
Lime
Linear
Linoleum
Liquefaction
Liquidity
Logarithm
containing or involving or occurring in the form of ions

having equal dimensions or measurements
(biology) similarity or identity of form or shape or structure

propelled violently in a usually narrow stream
junction by which parts or objects are joined together

a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current
of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one
second
the hole where a key is inserted
hang (back) or fall (behind) in movement, progress, development,

etc.
arranged in or consisting of laminae
machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns

about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool
(physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual

sensation
a caustic substance produced by heating limestone
designating or involving an equation whose terms are of the first

degree
FO
Ionic
resort to
OX
Invoke
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Interaction
a floor covering
the conversion of a solid or a gas into a liquid

the property of flowing easily
the exponent required to produce a given number
Logic
the system of operations performed by a computer that underlies

the machines representation of logical operations
Lopping
cut off from a whole
Machines
any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies

energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks
Magnification
the act of expanding something in apparent size
Manipulation
the action of touching with the hands (or the skillful use of the
hands) or by the use of mechanical means
Map
a diagrammatic representation of the earths surface (or part of

it)
327
the parts of a building that are made of stone
Mass
the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational

field
Maximum
the greatest, or most complete, or best possible
Measure
determine the measurements of something or somebody, take

measurements of
Mechanical
using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices
Microscopy
Minima
Mobile
Modeling
Modulus
Mohr circle
Moisture
Momentum
Newton
Non-ferrous
Normal
Nut
Object
Office
Offset
elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or

electricity and can be formed into sheets and wires. For example,
gold, iron, copper, etc.
research with the use of microscopes
the point on a curve where the tangent changes from negative on

the left to positive on the right
moving or capable of moving readily (especially from place to
place
the act of representing something (usually on a smaller scale)
the absolute value of a complex number
a graphical method of showing stresses and strains

wetness caused by water
the product of a bodys mass and its velocity
a unit of force equal to the force that imparts an acceleration of 1

m/sec2 to a mass of 1 kilogram; equal to 100,000 dynes
which does not contain, or is not related to iron
forming a right angle
a small (usually square or hexagonal) metal block with internal

screw thread to be fitted onto a bolt
FO
Metals
the technical aspects of doing something
OX
Mechanisms
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Masonry
(computing) a discrete item that provides a description of virtually

anything known to a computer
place of business where professional or clerical duties are
performed
compensate for, or counterbalance
Oil
a slippery, viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with

water
Optimum
most desirable possible under a restriction expressed or implied
Organic
relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having

a carbon basis
Organization
a group of people who work together
Orient
(ones self) determine ones position with reference to another

point
Orientation
a course introducing a new situation or environment
Oriented
adjusted or located in relation to surroundings or circumstances;

sometimes used in combination
Vocabulary
final product; the things produced
Outsourcing
obtain goods or services from an outside supplier; to contract

work out
Pad
a platform from which rockets or space craft are launched
Parabola
a plane curve formed by the intersection of a right circular cone

and a plane parallel to an element of the curve
Parallelogram
a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are both parallel and equal

in length
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Output
Parameters
a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a

family of similar curves
Pavement
walk consisting of a paved area for pedestrians; usually beside a

street or roadway
Perforate
make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation
Permeable
allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
Perpendicular
intersecting at or forming right angles
Petroleum
a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
Phase
(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter

that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and
separated from other material by the phase boundary
Pipes
a long tube made of metal or plastic that is used to carry water

or oil or gas etc.
Pitch
a quality of sound which is governed by the rate of vibrations

producing it; the area of play in a field game
Planer
a power tool for smoothening or shaping wood
Planning
an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action
Plastic
generic name for certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that

can be molded or extruded into objects or films or filaments or
used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives
Porosity
Precision
OX
Pocket
FO
Plunger
Pressure
hand tool consisting of a stick with a rubber suction cup at one

end; used to clean clogged drains
a hollow concave shape made by removing something
the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids
the quality of being reproducible in amount or performance
the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in Pascals (SI

unit)
Pressuremeter
instrument to measure pressure
Programming
creating a sequence of instructions to enable a computer to do

something
Project
any piece of work that is undertaken, or attempted
Prototype
full-scale working model of something built for study, or testing

or display
Prototyping
construct a model
Pump
flow intermittently
329
make a hole into or between, as for ease of separation
Quality
a degree, or grade of excellence, or worth
Question
an instance of questioning
Quick
accomplished rapidly and without delay
Radial
relating to or near the radius
Radius
the length of a line segment between the center and circumference

of a circle or sphere
Reciprocate
Recovery
Rectangle
Redefine
Reflection
Regulation
Reinforced
Report
Residual
Resilience
Resistance
Resistance
Resonance
Resources
a tool for driving something with force
the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a

quotient)
alternate the direction of motion
return to an original state
a parallelogram with four right angles
give a new or different definition of (a word)
(mathematics) a transformation in which the direction of one axis

is reversed
an authoritative rule
given added strength or support
a written document describing the findings of some individual or

group
relating to or indicating a remainder
the physical property of a material that can return to its original

shape or position after deformation that does not exceed its
elastic limit
any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion
a materials opposition to the flow of electric current; measured

in ohms
FO
Ratio
OX
Rammer
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Punch
a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small

vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural
frequency of the resonating system
available source of wealth; a new or reserve supply that can be

drawn upon when needed
Restitution
the act of restoring something to its original state
Retain
hold back within
Revetment
a facing (usually masonry) that supports an embankment
Revolve
cause to move by turning over or in a circular manner of as if on

an axis
Rib
a projecting molding on the underside of a vault or ceiling; may be

ornamental or structural
Rig
formation of masts, spars, sails, etc., on a vessel
Rigid
incapable of, or resistant to bending
Roll
move by turning over, or rotating
Vocabulary
a grounder that rolls along the infield
Rolling
propelling something on wheels
Rotary
describing a circle; moving in a circle
Rotate
turn on or around an axis or a center
Roughness
a texture of a surface or edge that is not smooth but is irregular

and uneven
Ruling
mark or draw with a ruler
Saturate
Saturation
Scale
Scrub
Scuppers
Secondary
Section
Sedimentary
Seepage
Selection
Shaft
Shaper
Shear
Sheets
Shell
Shovel
Signal
a strip of level-paved surface where planes can take off and land
a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral
infuse or fill completely
the process of totally saturating something with a substance

an ordered reference standard
(of domestic animals) not selectively bred
drain that allows water on the deck of a vessel to flow overboard
being of second rank or importance or value; not direct or

immediate
a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical)
resembling or containing or formed by the accumulation of
sediment
the process of seeping
an assortment of things from which a choice can be made

a revolving rod that transmits power or motion
a machine tool for shaping metal or wood
(physics) a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain

parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves
any broad thin expanse or surface
FO
Sand
OX
Runway
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Roller
ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an

explosive charge and a projectile; fired from a large gun
a hand tool for lifting loose material; consists of a curved container

or scoop and a handle
an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose
modulation represents coded information about the source from
which it comes
Simulation
the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some

process by means of something suitably analogous (especially for
the purpose of study or personnel training)
Sine
ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the
length of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
Site
the piece of land on which something is located (or is to be

located)
Sketch
preliminary drawing for later elaboration
Slag
the scum formed by oxidation at the surface of molten metals
Slaked
cause to heat and crumble by treatment with water
331
cut
Slide
move smoothly along a surface
Slope
the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the

horizontal
Slot
(computer) a socket in a microcomputer that will accept a plug-in

circuit board
Snap
record on photographic film
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Slice
Soil
the part of the earths surface consisting of humus and disintegrated

rock
Solid
of one substance or character throughout
Solidification
the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or

crystallization
Sound
mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium
Spanner
a hand tool that is used to hold or twist a nut or bolt
Splash
strike and dash about in a liquid
Spline
(mathematics) a continuous curve that goes through a set of given

points; used for interpolation and curve fitting
Split
separate into parts or portions
Stabilization
the act of stabilizing something or making it more stable
Steam
water at boiling temperature diffused in the atmosphere
Steel
an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in

construction
Steering
the act of guiding or showing the way
Strain
(physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of

applied forces
Stress
(physics) force that produces strain on a physical body
FO
Structures
Submersible
Subway
OX
Submerge
the manner of construction of something and the arrangement

of its parts
sink below the surface
capable of being immersed in water or functioning while

submerged
an underground tunnel or passage enabling pedestrians to cross a
road or railway
Surface
the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting

or resembling such a boundary
Surface integral
the result of a mathematical integration; F(x) is the integral of f(x)

if dF/dx = f(x)
Suspension
a mechanical system of springs or shock absorbers connecting the

wheels and axles to the chassis of a wheeled vehicle
Swap
move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science
Symmetry
(physics) the property of being isotropic; having the same value

when measured in different directions
Vocabulary
(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in

different phases are in equilibrium
Tangent
a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a

point but does not intersect it at that point
Taper
a convex shape that narrows toward a point
Tar
any of various dark heavy viscid substances obtained as a residue
Tension
(physics) a stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical

body
Test
any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory

or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc
Testing
the act of subjecting to experimental test in order to determine

how well something works
Tetrahedral
having, or composed of, four sides
Thermodynamics
Thin
the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different

forms of energy
of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in

cross section
Toe in
term used in the cars in which wheels are closer at the bottom
than the top
Toe out
term used in the cars in which wheels are farther at the bottom
than the top
Tolerance
a permissible difference; allowing some freedom to move within

limits
Tool
an instrument used for making or repairing things.
Track
(computer science) one of the circular magnetic paths on a

magnetic disk that serve as a guide for writing and reading data
change from one form or medium to another
Transmission
OX
Transportation
FO
Translate
Transverse
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System
the gears that transmit power from an automobile engine via the
driveshaft to the live axle
a facility consisting of the means and equipment necessary for the
movement of passengers or goods
extending or lying across; in a crosswise direction; at right angles

to the long axis
Trap
drain consisting of a U-shaped section of drainpipe that holds

liquid and prevents a return flow of sewer gas
Trench
a ditch dug as a fortification having a parapet of the excavated

earth
Triangle
a three-sided polygon
Trip
an accidental misstep threatening (or causing) a fall
Truck
an automotive vehicle suitable for hauling
Tubes
conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used

to hold and conduct objects, mainly liquids or gases
333
rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is

converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to
rotate
Ultimate
furthest or highest in degree or order; utmost or extreme
Variable
a quantity that can assume any of a set of values
Velocity
distance travelled per unit time
Vertical
at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
View
Viscosity
Visibility
Void
Volume
Warehouse
Warning
Wash
Wastewater
Water
Wave
Weight
Welding
Workbench
Yaw
the visual percept of a region
resistance of a liquid to shear forces (and hence to flow)
quality or fact or degree of being visible

lacking any legal or binding force
the amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object

a storehouse for goods and merchandise
a message informing of danger
clean with some chemical process

water mixed with waste matter
binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear

colourless, odourless, tasteless, liquid; freezes into ice at 0 Celsius
and boils at 100 Celsius; widely used as a solvent
one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid
(especially across a large body of water)
the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity
fastening two pieces of metals together by softening with heat and
applying pressure
a strong worktable for a carpenter or mechanic
deviate erratically from a set course

enlarge a view
OX
Zoom
(physics) a regular periodic variation in value about a mean
FO
Vibration
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Turbine
COMMON ERRORS: USAGE
Adverbial Expressions: very, much. No denite rule can be given as to which adjectives
are usually preceded by very and which by much. You can learn the correct usage
only by constant observation and practice:
Avoid I am very much tired after my walk.
I am very much pleased to see you.
Grain has become very much dear owing to the war.
Prefer I am very tired after my walk.
I am very pleased to see you.
Grain has become very dear owing to the war.
But the following are correct:
Vocabulary
OX
FO
335
I am very much afraid she will miss the train.

I am very much happier now than I was last month.
I was very much distressed when I heard of his death.
Note: Very can be omitted in each of these four sentences, without softening the
superlative.
Also study the following:
We were much (or very much) surprised at your attitude.
I am much (or very much) concerned about it.
The Labour Opposition was much (or very much) surprised at your attitude.
I am very tired.
He was very drunk.
The seating accommodation was very limited.
I was much afraid of being ill.
Fruit is more often used in the singular form than in the plural, even when it implies
more than one fruit:
I have brought you some fruits as present. (Say fruit.)
But it is used in the plural when we mean that the fruits are of different kinds:
What fruits grow in Kashmir? Cherries, gooseberries, apples.
Vegetable, on the other hand, is always used in the plural.
Note the following:
Please get some fruit and vegetables from the bazaar.
In the hot weather vegetables are a better food than rice.
Note also: There is a fruit stall here, but not vegetable stall.
He lives only on vegetable diet.
Clothes, meaning articles of dress (i.e., garments), is always used in the plural:
She went to the well to wash her clothes.
I had a new suit of clothes made by the tailor.
Be careful of the wet paint or you will spoil your clothes.
Cloths means pieces of cloth not made up into garments:
I gave the servant two clean cloths (i.e., pieces of cloth) and told him to polish the spoons
and the table.
For/to. The mistaken use of for in place of to:
Avoid This water is good for drinking.
He went to the eld for playing cricket.
She went to the well for washing her clothes.
Prefer This water is good to drink.
He went to the eld to play cricket.
She went to the well to wash her clothes.
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FO
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In case and if. In case must be carefully distinguished from if. It must not be used as
equivalent to if. I shall take my umbrella in case it rains is perfectly correct, but I
shall take my umbrella if it rains does not convey the same meaning. The rst sentence
implies that there is no rain at the time of starting.
Compromise. He was compromised does not mean the same thing as He had made a
compromise or consented to a compromise. He was compromised really means that he
was placed in a compromising situation, i.e., a false position in which his interests were
endangered.
Dangerous(ly). I saw when her state was dangerous. The word dangerous is used in this
sentence in the sense of dangerously ill, a construction which it will not bear.
What do I do? is not permissible in English. We should say What am I to do?
Emergent. To talk of an emergent case in the sense of a case which requires urgent or
immediate attention is erroneous. In English emergent means emerging from.
Enjoy. I enjoyed thoroughly. Enjoy must have an object, and therefore, this expression
is incorrect. I enjoyed myself thoroughly or I enjoyed the morning thoroughly would be
correct.
Fear for. Fear for is often misused for afraid of. I fear for you means that I am anxious
on your behalf. It does not mean that I am afraid of you.
Female/Woman. Females is often misused for women. The word female merely indicates
sex. A human being belongs either to the male or female sex. To talk of the females in
ones house or ones family, or female inmates, is indecorous; say women.
Follow. I will follow you is often used by students in the sense of go with you, but this is
wrong. Follow implies coming after (at a denite distance or denite interval), not go in
with.
Leave of/from. To take leave of means to part from or say goodbye to a person. But take
leave from is used in the sense of obtaining permission from ones employer to stop work
for a time. The following sentences are wrong: Sadly, he took leave from his wife (say,
took leave of). I took leave of my employer for a month (say, took leave from).
Part from/with. One parts from people, but with things. It is, therefore, incorrect to say:
She parted with her friends (say, parted from). She was forced to part from her money
(say, to part with).
With a view to. With a view to is always followed by a gerund: He went there with
a view to nding out the facts of the case. With a view to studying the most modern
books, he joined the local library.
Go/Come. It is the commonest thing to say, I hope to go over to your place next week.
I will go to you tomorrow. The word come should be used in such contexts; e.g., I
hope to come over next month; I hope to come to Delhi next week; I will come over
tomorrow; or I will come and see you tomorrow.
Healthy expressions. (a) I hope you are keeping good health is not good English. (Say
enjoying good health, or still better, I hope you are well, or keeping t.)
(b) She seems very much reduced. Say, She looks much thinner, or merely, She looks
very thin (not lean).
Vocabulary
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(c) I have been in (or on) sick bed. Say, I have been ill in bed, or I have been in bed
with cholera (etc.).
High time implies the urgent necessity of doing something, owing to delay in the past
which has brought matters to a head; e.g., It is high time to do something in the matter.
But it is wrong to say, As it was high time, he left for college without taking his food. The
meaning attached (quite wrongly) to the expression here is that it was getting late.
Hope implies pleasurable anticipation. In any other sense the use of the word hope
would be wrong; e.g., I hope to get fever soon. I fear I am going to have fever would of
course be the proper way of putting it.
Leave should not be used in the sense of holidays. What are you going to do during the
leave? is wrong. It should be, What are you going to do during the holidays?
Noun clauses are often misused after like and want:
Avoid I like that you come and see me.
I want that you come and see me.
Prefer I should like you to come and see me.
I want you to come and see me.
Male member is very often misused for male or man. The use of family members is
incorrect: say members of the family. It is also wrong to say syndicate members, council
members, etc.
Avoid The male members of my family did not agree to this.
His family members are not here.
Prefer The men in my family did not agree to this.
The members of his family are not here.
May is frequently misused for could or might. May implies that permission is granted. It
should not be used by a subordinate to a superior, e.g., a lecturer advising the Principal:
You may ask them to prepare their essays at home. (You might tell.or You could
tell.would, of course, be the proper way of putting it.)
Be precise and concise. He failed to go there is wrong. In general use, say He did not go
there. For the past one week is wrong. Say, For the past week.
On the contrary/on the other hand. When two statements or ideas are directly opposed
to each other, and attention is to be drawn to this opposition, the second of these
statements needs to be introduced by on the contrary. On the other hand merely implies
contrast. An expressed or understood on one hand goes before when on the other hand
is used. The following examples illustrate their correct use:
I intended no offence; on the contrary, I meant to compliment you.
He is not my friend; on the contrary, he is my worst enemy.
She has not nished her essay; on the contrary, she has just begun it.
Failure on the one hand, and poverty on the other, pained him much.
Duty required her to obey her father; on the other hand, love dictated a different course
of action.
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Addicted to. Addicted to is never used in a good sense. We can never say, He is addicted
to singing. It is always used in a bad sense; e.g., He is addicted to gambling. Or, He is
addicted to alcohol.
All right. These words should always be written as two separate words and never as
alright.
Pulling on well. They are pulling on well. Say, pulling well together. Pulling together
means working in harmony. Pulling on in the sense of getting on somehow is rarely used
in English.
Purchase is rarely used in English in the sense of buy. It is so used only guratively, e.g.,
He purchased victory by sacrice.
Rather and very, when used together, do not strengthen each other. Actually they cancel
each other out. Rather means not very, a little, somewhat. He was rather very tired = He
was somewhat very tired. This is meaningless. The meaning intended is that the person
was extremely tired. Rather very does not convey this meaning.
Reading. I am reading in the sixth class. Say, I am in the sixth class. But I am reading
for Honours is correct.
Plurals such as sceneries, drainages, advices, and meats should be avoided. If a plural
is wanted, say, bits of scenery, or better, scenes; drainage systems; pieces of advice, or
better, much advice.
Sick should not be used in the sense of some bodily disorder. It is wrong to say I am sick,
or my brother fell sick. Say, I am ill; my brother fell ill. Sick is now only used to mean
vomiting, or to be ready to vomit, or to denote the mental state of weariness, boredom,
or disgust; e.g., I am half sick of shadows, said the Lady of Shallott. He is sick of this
life.
Soon is often misused for quickly; soon is a question of time, quickly of pace or speed.
Avoid He walked soon. He ate soon.
Prefer He walked quickly. He ate quickly.
Used to is frequently used wrongly as an auxi-liary to form a present tense denoting
habitual action. We used to take our meals at ten. Say: We generally dine at ten. Used
to implies a habit which once prevailed, but has been discontinued.
Study the following.
He is a boy of seven years old. (Say, He is a boy seven years old.)
He disposed it off. (Say, He disposed of it.)
I had been to Delhi last week. (Say, I went to Delhi last week.)
I hope you would do it. (Say, I hoped you would do it, or I hope you will do it. But I wish
you would do it is correct.)
Do you know swimming? (Say, Do you know how to swim, or Can you swim? )
When do you go to your bed? (Say, When do you go to bed? )
They worked whole the day. (Say, the whole day, or all the day.)
I have consented for attending a funeral. (Say, to attend).
We go for walking. (Say, we are going for walk.)
Vocabulary
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They played fairly. (Say, played fair.)

The rose smells sweetly. (Say, smells sweet.)
The same. The use of the same for a pronoun (it, them, they, etc.) is common in business
letters, but is undesirable; such as, When you have examined the samples, please return
the same to us with your remarks. It would be better to use them for the same.
What if? Say, why not? Or What does it matter? Simi-larly, Why not we go? is not good
English. Say, Why not go? Or Why should we not go? Why shouldnt we go?
Study the following.
(a) I failed to get a job and so I am keeping quiet. (Say, I am nothing or I am
unemployed.)
(b) Have you taken your meals? (Say, Have you had your food? Or Have you had your
dinner?)
(c) Please do the needful. (Say, Please do what is necessary.)
Be careful in the use of etc. When written in full, this is et cetera, meaning and other
things. If you want to begin with such as, you must not end with etc.
Avoid making a statement such as:
Many kinds of fruits grow in Kashmir, such as apples, peaches, plums, pears. etc.
Why not? Because such as means that you are going to mention some but not all. To put
etc. is to say the same thing twice. You may use either of these forms:
(i) Many kinds of fruits, such as apples, peaches, plums, pears, grow in Kashmir.
(ii) Many kinds of fruitsapples, peaches, plums, pears, etc.grow in Kashmir.
Do not confuse the two constructions.
As follows. The verb is invariable in number: never as follow. His argument is as
follows. The rules and regulations are as follows.
Broadcast. We never say broadcasted. Pandit Nehrus speech was broadcast (not
broadcasted) from the A.I.R. Station, Dehli.
Aggravate. The word aggravate means to add to some hurt which already exists. A
sentence such as The noise aggravated him is wrong because aggravated is not used in
its proper sense. We can however say, The noise aggravated his trouble. His trouble
already exists; the noise makes it worse. Instead of aggravate, one should use annoy,
trouble, etc., according to the context.
Kindly requested. Applications are kindly requested to enclose a stamped envelope
for reply. The sentence, as it stands, means that the request is made in a kindly spirit.
But this is not the idea here. Applicants must act in a kind way by send-ing a stamped
envelope. We should amend the sentence thus: Applicants are requested to be so kind
as to send a stamped envelope for reply.
Transpire. What transpired between the two lovers. Transpire is often wrongly used in
the sense of happen, occur, come to pass. It really means to look out, to become known.
The sentence above ought to read, What occurred (or went on). The following
sentence has the correct use: It has transpired that the lovers are parted.
Individual. Individual is often used wrongly for the more usual person, man, etc. and
individuals is used instead of people, persons. The sentence An individual who has
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been of very great assistance to the police, should read A person (or a man) who ....
Individual(s) may be used only when there is some idea of comparison with a crowd or
body of people:
The morality of a crowd as a whole is said to be lower than the average morality of the
individuals composing the crowd.
The fruits of this labour will benet the nation and not an individual.
Claim. Modern English usage stigmatizes the use of claim in the sense of assert. Claim
may be followed by the innitive only when (a) it is in the active voice and (b) the innitive
represents an action done by the subject: He claimed to have discovered a new planet.
But the following sentences are unacceptable: The car was claimed to do fty miles
to the gallon; The examination was claimed to be just and fair. (A.B.C. of English
Usage.)
Dare. He dare not do it. Dare he go? He dare do anything. In negative and
interrogative sentences and wherever the dependent innitive has no to, dare is used
for the normal dares in the third person singular present tense.
Due. A. B. C. of English Usage says: unlike owing to, due (to) has never become a
compound preposition, that is, due retains its adjectival function and must be properly
related to the noun or pronoun it qualies. Thus in the sentence Due to the bed weather,
he cannot come, due obviously does not qualify he, and therefore has nothing left to
qualify. If due is to be used, the only way is to provide it with an actual noun: His
inability to come was due to the bad weather, where due qualies inability. But the
obvious and idio-matic construction is, Owing to the bad weather, he cannot come. It is
a good rule to use due only as a predicative adjective (as in the sentence abovethat is,
not like a participle, as the rst word, or as a phrase). It is incorrect to say: Some articles
have increased in price due to the increasing demand. We should say owing to.
Equally. Equally is never followed by as in Modern English. In such sentences as I am
inter-ested in detective stories equally as you, as should be replaced with with. In such
a sentence as The Opposition are equally as guilty as the Govern-ment, equally is
tautological. If as is omitted, the correct idiom with equally is: The Opposition and the
Government are equally guilty.
A failed B.A. Avoid such expressions, for it is no honour to fail in an examination. You
may say, I tried to get my B.A., but unhappily was not successful.
An England-returned gentleman. Such an expression will provoke an
Englishmans smile, for it is meaningless. You may say, He has been to England.
Half. Half of them is or are ? The rule is that when the noun or pronoun following of is
singular, half is considered singular: Half of our heavy task was done. When the noun
or pronoun following of is plural, half is considered plural: Half of the apples were
rotten. The same rule applies to lots of and heaps of.
In possession of is active, equivalent to holding; in the possession of is passive, equivalent
to held by. The thief was found in possession of the papers. The papers were found
in the possession of the thief.
Probable. When probable is used as a predicate adjective after an anticipatory it, it has
to be followed by a that ... noun clause: It is pro-
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bable that it will happen, not It is probable to happen.

Providing that should not be used in writing, though the construction is by no means
un-common in colloquial and business English.
Reason. At least three warnings are necessary in connection with the word reason:
(i) The reason is because is a type of tautolo-gical expression that dees both grammar
and logic. The correct idiom is The reason (why etc.) is that . So the sentence
The reason why I am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because I happen to
have seen them all just, recently may be recast in two ways:
(a) The reason . is that I happen .
(b) I am dealing with so many pictures tonight because I happen .
Equally bad, and almost equally common are: The reason is due to, and The
reason is on account of.
(ii) Because of that reason is a near relative of the error dealt with under(i). You act
not because of but for that reason. Reason itself indicates cause.
(iii) The reason for the increase may be attributed to the rapid development of science
during the past two centuries. The increase may be attributed, not the reason; the
reason is the rapid development.
In all three types of sentences cited, the trouble arises from a confusion of ideas that
leads to a double statement of cause. (Adapted).
TABLE C24.11 Words Commonly Misspelt
FO
abundant
abyss
academic
academy
accede
acceleration
accent
accept
acceptance
access
accessible
accident
accidentally
acclamation
accommodate
accompaniment
accompany
accomplice
accomplish
accord
accordance
accredited
accrue
OX
abandon
abbey
abbreviate
abduct
abeyance
abhor
abhorrent
abject
abolish
abolition
abominable
absence
absolutely
absorb
absorption
abstain
abstemious
abstinence
abstract
absurd
absurdity
abundance
accumulate
accurate
accusation
accuse
accused
accustomed
achieve
acknowledgement acquaint
acquaintance
acquiesce
acquire
acquisition
acquit
across
actuality
actually
acute
additional
address
addressee
adequacy
adequate
adhere
adhere
adjourn
administrator
admirable
admission
adopt (adapt)
adulterate
advantageous
adventure
adventurous
adversary
advertisement
advice
advisable
aerial
aerie (or aery)
aero plane
aeronaut
aesthetic
affectionate
affiliate
autumn
avenue
awe
bailiff
balcony
balloon
balm
banana
bankruptcy
banquet
barbarous
barrier
bazaar
beauteous
beautify
beguile
behavior
believe
benediction
beneficent
beneficial
besiege
bestow
bewitch
bias
bicycle
bier
binocular
biography
biscuit
bivouac
bizarre
blasphemy
bosom
bough
bounteous
bouquet
breathe
brunette
buffet
bungalow
buoyant
bureaucracy
business
butcher
cadence
cadre
caf
calendar
caliber
callous
calumny
can dour
canoe
canonize
cantonment
canvass
capacious
cap-a-pie
caprice
carcass
career
caricature
carriage
casualty
catalogue
caterpillar
celebrate
celestial
cemetery
censure
centenary
ceremonial
ceremony
certain
chafe
champion
character
charismas
chronicle
cipher
circular
circumstantial
coalesce
coerce
coffee
coincide
collaborate
collapse
colleague
commemorate
commission
committee
communication
comparable
comparison
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aide-de-camp
alcohol
alert
alien
alienate
allege
allegory
alliance
alliteration
allot
allowance
allude
allusion
almighty
almost
alms
aloof
aloud
already
altogether
amass
ambassador
ambiguity
ambiguous
ambitious
amenity
amiable
ammunition
analysis
anarchy
ancestor
anchor
ancient
anecdote
anger
angle
angry
anguish
annihilate
announce
annual
annually
anoint
anonymous
antidote
antique
antiquity
antiseptic
antithesis
anxiety
anxious
apologize
apology
apostle
apparatus
apparent
appearance
appetite
application
appreciate
apprentice
approach
appropriate
approval
approve
approximate
aptitude
aquatic
architecture
armature
ascetic
assemblage
assent
assignation
attendance
audience
autobiography
OX
affirmation
affix
afflict
affluence
affray
afraid
against
agape
agency
aggravate
aggregate
aggression
aggrieved
agitator
agony
agree
agreeable
agreement
agriculture
Vocabulary
exasperate
excellence
exception
exclamation
exhilarate
explanation
explosion
extinguish
extraordinary
extravagance
fascinate
fashion
feature
February
feign
felicitous
fever
fibre
field
fiend
fierce
fiery
flourish
foible
forebode
forecast
foreign
foretell
foreword
forfeit
forgo
forty
forward
fourteen
fraud
freer
freight
fruition
fulfill
fullness (fulness)
furlong
furlough
furniture
galloping
gardener
gaudy
gauge
gauging
genealogy
genius
glutton
gnaw
goddess
good-bye
gorgeous
grammar
grieve
guarantee
guardian
guild
guise
gymnasium
half-caste
hammock
handiwork
handkerchief
harangue
harass
hasten
heinous
hereditary
heroes
heroine
heterogeneous
hideous
hindrance
holiday
horde
horizon
humorist
hurricane
hygiene
hypocrisy
hypocrite
ideal
idiom
idiosyncrasy
idolatry
ignominy
illiteracy
illiterate
illusion
immanent
immeasurable
immediate
imminent
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difference
digression
dilemma
discern
disciplinarian
discipline
discreet
disguise
dissolution
donor
doughty
drudgery
dubious
dwelling
dynasty
dysentery
earnest
eccentricity
ecstasy
eczema
effeminate
efficacious
effrontery
eighty
elapse
elegance
elegiac
elementary
eligible
emancipation
embarrassed
embroidery
empyrean
enamel
enamour
endeavour
endow
enfranchise
ennoble
enthusiasm
entreaty
envisage
equilibrium
ethereal
etiquette
evaporate
exaltation
OX
competition
complement
compliment
comprehension
condolence
conference
conscious
consecutive
contemporary
contemptible
correspondence
countenance
creature
cubicle
curiosity
cylinder
cypress
daffodil
damn
daunt
dearth
deceased
deceit
decency
decision
declaration
deference
defiance
deficiency
defy
deity
deliberate
delineate
delirious
deliverance
demoniac
demurrage
dependence
dependent
depression
derision
descend
descent
despot
develop
devour
diagnosis
diarrhea
343
kitchen
knack
kneel
knowledge
knuckle
laboratory
laborious
labyrinth
lacerate
language
languid
laudation
launder
laurel
league
ledger
legitimate
leopard
leper
lever
liaison
liberate
library
licence
license
licentiate
lieutenant
lineage
lineament
liquefy
liquidate
literary
litigant
litigious
livable
livelihood
lottery
lovable
luxurious
lyre
magnificent
magnify
magnifying
maintenance
majority
manageable
maneuver
manifesto
mantelshelf
manufactory
manufacture
marketed
marriage
marshaled
martial
marveled
marvelous
masquerade
masterpiece
mattress
mayoralty
measuring
medicinal
mediocre
memorandum
mercenary
mileage
millennium
millionaire
miniature
minstrel
miscellaneous
mischief
mischievous
misjudgement
modeled
modified
modifying
moisten
moneyed
monitor
monologue
mortal
mosquito
motto
mottoes
mountainous
moustache
movable
murkiness
murky
muscular
musician
myriad
mystery
navigable
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immovable
impartial
impassable
impenetrable
impiety
impostor
impoverish
inaccessible
inadequate
inalienable
inappropriate
incandescent
inclement
inconsolable
inconvenient
incredulous
indefatigable
independence
indigenous
indiscretion
indispensable
indomitable
infallible
infinitesimal
inflammation
influential
ingenious
ingenuity
ingenuous
ingratiate
ingredient
inoculation
inquisitor
insurrection
irresistible
itch
itinerant
jealous
jeopardize
jersey
jess amine
jovial
judgement
jugglery
juice
jungle
kaleidoscope
key
OX
necessary
negotiate
negro
negroes
neighbour
nestling
niche
niece
night
ninth
notable
noticeable
notified
notifying
novice
noxious
nutriment
nutriment
nutrition
nymph
oasis
obedience
obituary
oblique
obliterate
obnoxious
obscure
obsequies
obsequious
observance
occasion
occurred
occurrence
odour
offence
offensive
Olympic
omelet (omelette) omen
omission
omniscient
onomatopoeia
opium
opportunity
opposite
oppress
ordinary
original
ounce
Vocabulary
proprietor
psalm
pseudonym
pudding
pungent
purse
pursuit
pyorrhea
pyre
quack
quaint
quarrel
quarreled
quarrelsome
quarterly
quell
querulous
question
quiescent
quiet
quinine
Quixote
quorum
quota
quote
raciness
radiance
raillery
rarefy
raspberry
ratable
rating
ravenous
razor
realm
recede
receipt
receivable
receive
receptacle
recompense
reconcilable
reconciliatory
recurred
recurrence
reducible
referee
reference
regiment
regrettable
rehearsal
relief
religious
relive
remedy
reminiscence
remitted
removable
remuneration
repelling
repetition
replaceable
repository
reprehensible
reproducible
reprovable
repudiator
reputable
requital
resistance
resolvable
respite
resplendent
responsible
restaurant
resumption
resurrection
retraceable
retractable
retrievable
retrieve
revel
reveled
revenue
reverie
reversible
revival
rhapsody
rheumatism
rhyme
rhythm
ribald
ridiculous
righteous
rigorous
rogue
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perceptible
perennial
permanence
permissible
persecute
personal
personnel
perspire
persuasion
perturbation
perversion
pharmacy
philosophy
phthisis
physician
physique
picnic
picturesque
pier
pigeon
pillage
piquant
pique
pistol
pitiful
plausible
plea
pleasant
plebian
pledge
pneumonia
politician
pollute
populace
portray
position
prcis
precocious
predicament
predilection
preference
premium
presumptuous
pretentious
preventive
procrastinate
profession
prohibit
OX
outcast
ovation
overawe
overhaul
overwhelming
owner
oyster
pacify
paddle
pageant
palace
paladin
palanquin
palatial
palmy
palsy
paltry
pamphlet
panacea
panegyric
panorama
pantaloon
pantheism
parade
parallel
paralyses
paralysis
parchment
parliament
paroxysm
partition
passionate
pastoral
pastry
pasture
patronage
pavilion
peak
peasant
peculiar
pecuniary
pedestal
peevish
penance
penitence
penitent
penury
pepper
345
shabbiness
sheriff
shield
shoeing
shriek
shyly
shyness
siege
sieve
signatory
silkiness
similar
similarly
simultaneous
sincere
sincerity
sinecure
siphon
siren (not syren)
sixtieth
sizable
skein
skilful
slyly
smoky
smoulder
solecism
solemnize
soliloquize
soliloquy
somber
somersault
sootiness
sorcery
souvenir
spasm
specify
spectre
sphere
splendour
sponge
spontaneous
sprightly
squalid
squalor
squeak
squire
stalwart
statutory
staunch
stillness
stratagem
strategy
stupefy (not stupify)
stylish
subduing
subservience
subsistence
subterranean
subtle
succeed
successful
succour
succumb
sufferer
sufficient
suffrage
suicide
suitor
summary
sumptuous
supercilious
superfluous
superintendent
supersede
superstition
supervise
suppressor
supremacy
surfeit
surliness
surname (not
sir-name)
surveyor
survivor
susceptible
suspender
suspense
suspensor
suspicious
suzerainty
swerving
sycamore
sycophant
syllable
sylvan
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roguery
roseate
routine
ruling
ruling
rum our
Sabbath
sacrifice
sacrificial
sacrilege
sacrilegious
sagacious
sagacity
salutary
salutary
satchel
sate less
satellite
saucer
sauciness
sausage
saviour
scabbard
scenery
sceptic
schedule
scheme
scholar
schooner
science
scientific
scintillate
scissors
scurrilous
scythe
secede
secrecy
sedentary
seize
seizure
sensibility
sensitive
separable
separate
sepulcher
serviceable
several
sewer
OX
symbol
symmetrical
symphony
symptom
synonymous
synopsis
syntax
syrup
tacit
taciturnity
tactician
talisman
tamable
tambourine
tangible
tapestry
tariff
tattoo
tawdry
teachable
teasel
technique
tedious
teetotaler
telegram
telephone
telescope
temerity
temperament
temperance
tempestuous
temporary
tenable
tenacious
tenancy
tendency
tenement
tenor
tenuity
termagant
terrestrial
tertiary
testament
testimonial
theatre
therapeutics
thermometer
thief
Vocabulary
usurp
utilitarian
utterance
uxorious
vacancy
vaccinate
vacillate
vacuum
valedictory
valiant
valleys
valuable
variegated
Vaseline
vegetable
vehement
veiled
veneer
vengeance
venison
venomous
ventilator
venturesome
venturous
veracious
veracity
verandah
verify
vestige
veteran
veterinary
vicinity
vicissitude
victuals
vigorous
vigour
village
villain
villainous
vinegar
visible
visitor
vitiate
vivacity
vivify
vocabulary
volleys
volunteer
votary
wag (g) on
waif
walnut
waltz
warily
wary
wasteful
weasel
Wednesday
weird
welcome
welfare
whirl
wholesome
wield
wilful
wilfulness
withhold
witticism
woollen
worshipped
wreak
wrought
yacht
yeoman
yield
zodiac
zoology
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tuberculosis
Tuesday
tuition
turbulence
twelfth
twentieth
typing
tyrant
ulterior
ultra vires
umbrage
umbrella
umpire
unalloyed
unanimous
unassuming
unconscionable
uncouth
undersigned
undoubtedly
undulatory
unfledged
ungrudging
unguent
unintelligible
unique
unison
unitary
unmistakable
unnatural
unsavoury
unspeakable
unthinkable
until
unwieldy
upbraid
urine
usable
useful
usually
OX
thieving
thigh
thistle
thorough
threatening
threshold
through
ticklish
tincture
tiring
tithe
tocsin
toilet
tolerance
tomato
tomatoes
tongue
torpor
tortuous
tournament
traceable
tragedy
traitorous
tranquility
transcend
transference
transferred
transgressor
transient
treasurer
treatise
treble
tremendous
tremor
tremulous
trespass
tributary
tricycle
triennial
trifling
trousers
347
TABLE C24.12 British and American Vocabulary

American equivalent
British words
American equivalent
Battery
Crisps
Potato chips
Aerial
Antenna
Crossroads
Intersection
Angry
Mad
Curtains
Drapes
Anywhere
Anyplace
CV (Curriculum vitae)
Rsum
Aubergine
Eggplant
Diversion
Detour
Autumn, fall
Fall
Draughts
Checkers
Drawing pins
Push pins/thumbtacks
Dressing gown
Robe
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British words
Accumulator, battery
Bill
Barrister
Attorney
Bill
Check
Dual carriageway
Divided highway
Bin/dust bin
Trash can
Dummy
Pacifier
Biscuit/bickie
Cookie
Dustman
Garbage man
Bonnet (car)
Hood
Engine
Motor
Boot, trunk
Trunk
Engine driver
Engineer (train)
Bottom of the street, end

of the street
End of street
Estate agent
Realtor
Exhaust pipe
Tail-pipe
Braces
Suspenders
Fairy cake
Cup cake
Bun, muffin
Muffin
Film
Movie
Car park
Parking lot
Fire engine
Fire truck
Caretaker
Janitor
Flagpole, flagstaff
Flagstaff
Cashier
Teller
Flat
Apartment
Cello tape
Scotch tape
Flyover
Overpass
Charge sheet, police

record
Police record
Football, soccer
Soccer
Chemists
Drugstore
Fortnight
Two weeks
Chips
French fries
Garage, gas station
Gas station
Cinema, movie-house
Movie-house
Clothes peg, clothes pin
OX
Class, grade
FO
Bank note
Grade
Clothes pin
Come round, come over
Come over
Comforter, heavy quilt,

blanket
Heavy quilt, blanket
Condom
Rubber
Constable
Patrolman
Cooker
Stove
Cot
Crib
Cotton
Thread
Garden Gear-lever
Yard Gear-shift
Glue
Gum
Gone off, spoiled
Spoiled
Graduate
Alumnus
Grill
Broiler
Ground floor
First floor
Gumshoes, Wellington
boots
Rubbers
Gym-shoes, tennis shoes
Sneakers
Hand basin/sink
Sink
Handbag
Purse
Principal
Billboard
Couch/sofa/settee
Sofa
Headmaster/headmistress,
principal
Crash
Wreck
Hoarding
Vocabulary
American equivalent
British words
American equivalent
Vacation
Post
Mail
Hoover
Vacuum cleaner
Post box
Mail box
Ill
Sick
Post man
Mailman, mail carrier
Interval
Intermission
Postal code
Zip code
Jam, jelly
Jelly
Pram
Baby carriage
Jersey, jumper, pullover,

sweater
Sweater
Jug
Pitcher
Lift
Elevator
Lorry
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British words
Holiday
Bar
Public school
Private school
Public toilet
Rest room
Puddings/afters/desert/
sweets
Dessert
Truck
Macintosh, raincoat
Raincoat
Puncture
blow-out
Mad
Crazy
Push-chair
Stroller
Main-road
Highway
Queue, line
Line
Maize
Corn
Railway
Railroad
Mason, stone worker
Stone worker
Reel of cotton
Spool of thread
Maths
Math
Return
Round trip
Mean
Stingy
Reversing lights
Back-up lights
Motorway
Freeway
Rise (in salary)
Raise
Moulting, shedding
Shedding
Roll/bap, bun
Bum
Mum/mummy
Mom
Roundabout
Traffic circle
Nappy
Diaper
Rounders, baseball
Baseball
Nasty, vicious
Mean
Rubber
Eraser
Nick, steal
Steal
Rubbish
Trash
Nowhere
No place
Run the bath
Fill the bath
Number plate
License plate
Saloon (car)
Sedan
Nursing home
Private hospital
Shoelace, shoestring
Shoestring
Oculist, optician
Optometrist
Shop
Store
Off-licence
Liquor store
Silencer, muffler
Muffler
Go ahead
Single
One-way
OX
Paraffin
FO
Pub
Off you go, go ahead
349
Kerosene
Somewhere
Someplace
Parcel, package
Pavement
Package
Sidewalk
Spanner
Wrench
Spanner, wrench
Wrench
Peep
Peek
Staff (of a university)
Faculty
Petrol
Gas/gasoline
Starter
Appetizer
Petrol station
Gas
State school
Public school
Phone box
Telephone booth
Subway
Plaster, band-aid
Band-aid
Underground walking
passage/underpass/
pedestrian tunnel
Play time/break time
Recess
Plimsolls
Gym shoes
Sump
Oil pan
Turtle neck
Sweets
Candy
Polo neck, turtle neck
American equivalent
British words
American equivalent
Swimming costume/cozy
Bathing unit
Underground railway
Subway
Tap
Faucet
Underpants
Shorts
Tap (outdoors)
Spigot
Verge (of road)
Shoulder (of road)
Taxi
Cab
Vest
Undershirt
Tea-towel
Dish-towel
Waistcoat
Vest
Term
Semester
Wardrobe
Closet
Tights
Pantyhose
Wash your hands
Wash up
Timetable, schedule
Schedule
Wellington boots/ wellies
Galoshes
Toilet/loo/bog
Bathroom/restroom
Windscreen, windshield
Windshield
Torch
Flash light
Wing
Fender
Tramp
Hobo
Pants
Zebra crossing/
pedestrian crossing
Crosswalk
Trousers
Turn-ups
Cuffs
Zip
Zipper
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British words
WORDS AND PHRASES FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES
OX
FO
The committee discussed the problem ab initio (from beginning).

Some ad hoc (for this object) committees were for-med before elections.
The crime rate is increasing ad innitum (without limit).
One increment was given ad interim (in the mean-while).
The lm celebrities go abroad ad libitum (at pleasure).
The play continued ad nauseam (to the pitch of disgust).
Excise on goods is ad valorem (according to value).
The senior inspector came with his aide de camp (assistant ofcer).
The hotel offered la carte (according to menu) dinner.
I have decided to visit my Alma Mater (school or university attended) at least once in ve
years.
Let us say goodbye au revoir (till we meet again).
He is a bonade (genuine) student of this college.
Bon voyage (a good journey to you) wished my friends.
The ofcer informed the committee aide carte blanche (with full authority).
Indian Prime Minister is the de facto (actual) head of the executive while the President is
only the de jure (by law) head.
The family recently purchased a car de luxe (of high quality).
They absented themselves en masse (all together).
She stayed in Mumbai en route (on the way to) Dubai.
Ex-gratia (as an act of grace) payment was made to the workers.
The Prime Minister is the ex ofcio (by virtue of ofce) Chairman of the Planning
Commission.
An ex parte (in the interest of one side only) statement was made by the Finance Minister
to please the rich.
Vocabulary
351
OX
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The deserters met their fait accompli (not reversible); they were imprisoned.
Heavy investment at present in steel industries is a faux pas (blunder).
The university conferred doctorate in law honoris causa (as an honour) on many
dignitaries.
ibidem (ibid) means at the same placeused for reference in books.
i.e. is the short form of id est (that is).
The court ordered him to be present in propria persona (in person).
It was infra dig (below dignity) for her to accept this low salary.
The Constitution conrmed inter alia (among other things) the right of expression.
During Emergency, fundamental rights were withdrawn in toto (wholly).
She became a dictator ipso facto (virtually).
The laissez faire (freethe principle of non-interference) policies of the school in terms of
the private tuitions, which the teachers provide to students, need to be abandoned.
Pidgin English is still the lingua franca (common language for communication in an area
where many languages are spoken) in Indian cities.
Discovery of India by Nehru is his magnum opus (a great literary work).
His intentions were mala de (in bad faith).
Declaration of Emergency after High Court judgement was mal apropos (ill timed).
The modus operandi (way of working) of smugglers is the same everywhere.
The two parties expected a modus vivendi (temporary agreement) before discussing the
matter further.
The law will apply to all mutatis metandis (with necessary changes).
In the judgement in XYZ case, the Supreme Court referred abiter dictum (incidental
opinion) the necessity of a common code for all.
It was a scene par excellence (without comparison).
The progress in electronics has been made pari passu (with equal pace).
He was released as there was no case prima facie (on the rst view).
The session of the Lok Sabha was adjourned sine die (indenitely).
Status quo (the existing condition) has been maintained on the line of partition in Kashmir
since independence.
The Minister refused to make any comments as the case was sub judice (under judicial
consideration).
His donation for the hospital was an act summum bonum (of supreme good) for the
poor.
The victory of Mrs Gandhi in 1981 elections was a tour de force (remarkable deed).
The ordinance was declared ultra vires (illegal) by the Supreme Court.
No via media (a middle course) could be evolved in the IndiaBangladesh border issue.
The Minister praised the chief guest and vice versa (being exchanged).
All the statistics are shown in the graph vide supra (see above).
The proposal was not proper vis vis (in relation to) the problem.
She had to appear in a viva voce (oral) examination after submitting the thesis.
Withdrawing prohibition again was a volte face (reversal of attitude) for the state
government.
Vox populi vox Dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God) is the basis of
democracy.
CHAPTER 25: ENGLISH GRAMMAR
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Table C25.1(a) Prepositions after verbs

Table C25.1(b) Additional points regarding use of prepositions after verbs
Table C25.2(a) Prepositions after adjectives (including participles)
Table C25.2(b) Additional points regarding use of prepositions after adjectives
Table C25.3(a) Prepositions with nouns
Table C25.3(b) Additional points regarding use of prepositions with nouns
TABLE C25.3(a) Prepositions After Verbs
Preposition
guard
lean
rebel
warn
aim
gaze
glance
hint
jeer
jump
laugh
look
smile
stare
wonder
protect
recover
restrain
save
separate
subtract
absolve
abstain
alight
benefit
borrow
derive
desist
differ
digress
emerge
escape
exclude
apologize
beg
care
charge
compensate
cry
feel
hope
against
against
against
against
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
at
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
Verb
Preposition
long
mourn
pine
pray
punish
send
wait
weep
wish
abound
delight
excel
fail
increase
indulge
involve
persevere
persist
revel
succeed
accuse
approve
beware
boast
complain
convince
despair
die
dispose
dream
smell
repent
think
tire
based
bestow
comment
congratulate
decide
depend
feast
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
OX
FO
Verb
Verb
Preposition
frown
impose
insist
intrude
operate
reflect
rely
resolve
spend
abandon
accept
adapt
add
adhere
allude
amount
attach
attend
belong
commit
confine
conform
consent
consign
contribute
drink
introduce
liken
listen
object
submit
surrender
yield
coincide
comply
compromise
cope
disagree
dispense
fill
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
English Grammar
Verb
Preposition
Verb
Preposition
Verb
Preposition
grapple
interfere
meddle
with
with
with
part
quarrel
supply
with
with
with
sympathize
threaten
unite
with
with
with
agree with (a person)
Additional Points Regarding Use of Prepositions after Verbs
account to (a person)
confer with (a person)
confer about (a thing)
consult with (a person)
consult on (a point)
die of (a disease)
die by (violence)
die from (overwork)
arrive at (a place)
arrive in (a country)
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TABLE C25.1(b)
353
agree to (a thing)
part from (a person)
reconcile to (a person)
reconcile with (a thing)
interfere with (a person)
interfere in (a thing)
compare to (asserting similarity)
compare with (seeking similarity)
account for (a fact or a thing)
TABLE C25.2(a) Prepositions after Adjectives (including Participles)
at
at
at
at
at
at
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
from
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
of
of
of
of
of
of
Adjective
devoid
envious
expressive
fond
full
guilty
independent
innocent
jealous
observant
proud
shy
sick
suspicious
tired
worthy
accustomed
agreeable
applicable
blind
condemned
conducive
contrary
engaged
equivalent
faithful
fatal
hostile
inferior
incidental
indifferent
FO
amazed
amused
clever
quick
slow
stupid
absent
different
exempt
far
free
inseparable
remote
safe
separate
absorbed
accurate
backward
deficient
dressed
servile
interested
involved
poor
rich
afraid
ashamed
aware
capable
conscious
deprived
Preposition
OX
Adjective
Preposition
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Adjective
indulgent
favourable
known
loyal
married
new
opposite
painful
partial
polite
profitable
related
relevant
dissimilar
superior
true
acquainted
affiliated
busy
contend
delighted
disgusted
endowed
familiar
inconsistent
inspired
patient
pleased
popular
satisfied
Preposition
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
with
with/to
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
with
TABLE C25.2(b) Additional Points Regarding use of Prepositions after Adjectives

bad to (a person)
bad for (a person)
disappointed with (somebody)
disappointed at (something)
glad of (a piece of news)
glad of (a possession)
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angry with (a person)

annoyed with (a person)
furious at (a thing)
irritated at (a thing)
vexed at (an occupation)
good at (an occupation)
TABLE C25.3(a) Prepositions with Nouns
FO
Preposition
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
for
from
from
from
from
from
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
on
on
on
on
OX
Noun
abhorrence
affection
apology
appetite
blame
contempt
desire
fondness
gratitude
leisure
liking
passion
protest
reputation
deliverance
descent
escape
exemption
release
dislike
distrust
experience
evasion
neglect
proof
result
sense
victim
view
want
witness
decision
dependence
expenditure
influence
Noun
meditation
reflection
enmity
patience
peace
relationship
quarrel
war
attachment
attention
access
admission
alternative
antipathy
approach
attitude
contrast
cruelty
danger
disgrace
encouragement
exception
invitation
limit
menace
objection
obstruction
opposition
resemblance
traitor
accordance
acquaintance
alliance
comparison
Preposition
on
on
with
with
with
with
with
with
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
with
with
with
with
English Grammar
TABLE C25.3(b) Additional Points Regarding Use of Prepositions with Nouns

Without article
With article
confidence
delight
difficulty
happiness
joy
pleasure
pride
satisfaction
skill
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
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in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
OX
confidence
delight
difficulty
happiness
joy
pleasure
pride
satisfaction
skill
355
APPENDIX APUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION
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Comma
OX
Punctuation
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Correct punctuation demonstrates not only that you know how to put a sentence on paper but also that
you appreciate how punctuation can affect meaning. Periods, commas, colons, and the like tell your reader
when to pause, how to relate two ideas, and much more. You need them to bring clarity in your writing.
Take, for example, the following sentence. By punctuating this sentence differently, you can give different
meanings to this sentence as shown below:
Punctuation 1: A woman without her man is nothing.
This implies that any woman who does not have a man is incomplete.
Punctuation 2: A woman: without her, man is nothing.
By adding a colon and a comma, we have changed the meaning. The sentence now reads like a
denition. Now it implies that men are incomplete without women.
To make sure that the meaning you intend to express and the meaning your reader receives are one and
the same, you need to use the right marks in the correct places, and to do this, you need to know all the
punctuation marks and what they can and cannot do.
Some professions and businesses have their own style of punctuation. A journalist, for example, may
omit some punctuation marks which normally are included in a business letter. A lawyer, on the other
hand, uses many more punctuation marks when preparing a legal form than are essential for most types
of business writing.
You also need to know what to and what not to capitalize.It is difcult to give rules that will cover every
conceivable problem in capitalization. In fact, what is capitalized is mostly a matter of editorial style
and preference rather than a matter of generally accepted rules. Moreover, although there is a clearly
recognized rule requiring capitalization of proper nouns and adjectives, opinions differ concerning what
a proper noun is.
The important goal should be consistency within a particular document. Certain rules concerning
punctuation and capitalization given below may guide you not only in your technical writing but also in
all other types of writing.
Use the comma to:

(i) separate a series of words or phrases When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series, use a
comma before the conjunction.
Managers hire and train new employees, offer them encouragement and direction, and evaluate
them once a year.
The administration formed a committee to determine the need for additional personnel in the
department, to create job descriptions for approved positions, and to advertise those approved
positions.
(ii) set off items in a date or address Remember, no comma is necessary when only the month and year are
written.
The committee met on August 20, 2003, to discuss the plan.
The study was conducted from January 15, 1975, to February 1, 1979.
The committee met in August 2003 to discuss the plan.
Punctuation and Capitalization
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The study was conducted from January 1975 to February 1979.

At Noida, UP, we were delayed.
These instruments were carried on commercial airliners en route from New Delhi, India, to London,
England.
The computer program is available from COSMIC, 112 Alexander Hall, University of Mumbai,
India.
(iii) separate a short question from a statement when the question is dependent upon the statement for its
meaning.
It was Mohan who bought the radio, wasnt it?
You had planned to start early, hadnt you?
(iv) set off words of direct address.
Alice, can you type this paper?
No, John, someone else will have to type it.
(v) set off the direct speech from the rest of the sentence.
Ms. Leela, said the ofce superintendent, you have been rather careless in your work.
Congratulations, said the Chairman, you have produced an excellent report on pollution
control.
(vi) separate two adjectives modifying the same noun if the adjectives could be joined by a
conjunction.
A persuasive, well-documented research proposal was submitted by the department of Biology.
An informative, intelligent report is expected to be presented today.
(vii) set off introductory verbal phrases modifying the subject of the sentence.
Observing carefully all the reactions, we nally arrived at the results of our experiment.
(participle)
After unloading the car, we took it to the garage. (prepositional phrase)
To advance in profession, one must work hard. (innitive)
(viii)
separate the main clauses in a compound sentence.
We nished our aptitude tests, and we started preparing for our interviews.
The experiment was over, and we were ready to do the calculations.
(ix) set off an adverb clause at the start of a sentence.
When I nished the assignment, I walked to the front of the room and turned it in.
Although I had arrived late for the inaugural ceremony, it hardly seemed to have begun.
Note: Adverb clauses appearing at the end of the sentence do not need commas unless they begin
with though, although, and sometimes, because.
(x) set off introductory prepositional phrases if they are lengthy If several phrases are used together, or if the
comma is needed for clarity. A single prepositional phrase at the beginning of a sentence does not
usually require a comma.
At the beginning of the year 1950, they set off for their trip.
In 1950 they set off for their trip.
(xi) set off parenthetical expressions.
This group has, we understand, been very successful.
You are, however, very fortunate to secure the position.
Mr Kumar is, to tell the truth, unable to meet the obligation.
Semicolon
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(xii) set off adjectives which follow the noun they modify.
The rsum, neat and crisp, attracted the attention of the recipient.
Your behaviour, cordial and humble, suits this job.
(xiii) set off contrasting expressions from the rest of the sentence.
It was Johns attitude, not his qualications, which got him the job.
They found out the mistake by a thorough audit, not by mere interrogation.
(xiv)
set off an appositive from the rest of the sentence.
Ms Johnson, the company president, will present the award at our annual dinner.
George Powers, a former football star, gave a talk.
(xv) set off non-restrictive adjective clauses from the rest of the sentence.
The boy, who is my friend, will come to visit us.
The acid, which is pungent, will corrode the pipes.
OX
FO
A semicolon is used:
(i) before words and expressions such as however, then, thus, so, hence, in fact, in truth, that is, therefore, etc. when these
expressions are preceded and followed by independent clauses.
My brother has lived many years in the West; therefore, I understand his attitude.
The auditors made six recommendations; however, only one has been adopted so far.
Note that a comma is used to set off these words also at the beginning of a sentence.
(ii) between two independent clauses when the conjunction is not expressed. Semicolons should join only those
independent clauses that are closely related in meaning.
Abdominal exercises help prevent back pain; proper posture is also important.
Alice looked at the letter for a long time; it was illegible.
Note: Generally, you should not place a semicolon before a coordinating conjunction that links two
independent clauses. The only exception to this guideline is if the two independent clauses are very
long and already contain a number of commas.
[incorrect]
The economy has been sluggish for four years now; but some signs of
improvement are nally beginning to show.
[correct]
The economy has been sluggish for four years now, but some signs of
improvement are nally beginning to show.
It may be useful to remember that, for the most part, you should use a semicolon only where you
could also use a period.
There is one exception to this guideline. When punctuating a list or series of elements in which one
or more of the elements contain an internal comma, you should use semicolons instead of commas
to separate the elements from one another:
The study has brought to light three things: that the water situation, no matter how grim, will be
easily resolved; that all suggestions can be easily implemented; and that the people of the campus
will be satised.
Colon
A colon is used:
(i) to introduce lists
Such lists are often, but
Em Dash
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not always, introduced by words such as

these, as follows, and the following.
You are asked to bring the following: the budget
records, the committee report, and the schedule for
the intensive course.
(ii) after the salutation in a business letter.
Dear Mr Andrews:
(iii) to introduce a quotation.
He quoted this proverb: The rain falls on the just
and the unjust.
This was her favourite quotation: Mend your
speech a little; lest it may mar your fortune.
OX
Italics
FO
An em dash may be used to:

(i) to set off a series of appositives.
A number of the owersdaisies, larkspurs, lilies,
and roseswere in bloom on Memorial Day.
(ii) before a summary of preceding details in a
sentence.
June, July, Augustthese are the usual vacation
months.
(iii) to show an unexpected or abrupt change
in thought or structure of a sentence.
The procession ended up in violenceat least
that is what we heard from a reliable source.
(iv) to make an appositive more emphatic.
There was only one possible means of
entrancethe window in the coal bin.
Italics are used:

(i) to indicate complete publications, such as titles of books, magazines, plays,
newspapers, movies, ships, planes, trains, etc. For example,
We saw Gone With the Wind yesterday.
The Queen Mary just docked.
(ii) to designate words when spoken of as words.
For example,
The word iron has an unusual history.
(iii) to emphasize a word or phrase. (used sparingly)

For example,
I am betting she is going to be somebody.
359
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used:
(i) to enclose a direct quotation.
You cant do that, he shouted.
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(ii) to set off titles of stories, articles, chapters,

poems, essays, works of art, and radio and
television programmes.
We read The Gift in our English class.
Did you watch All in the Family last night?
(iii) to draw special attention to or set off a word

or expression.
She described him as being generous.
Hyphen
A hyphen is used:
(i) in writing fractions and in all numbers from
21 to 99.
two-thirds, forty-ve
(ii) to separate the parts of a compound word.

self-control, one-third, well-dressed
(iii) between the words of a group of words taking

the place of a single adjective before a noun.
For example,
The student consulted an up-to-date dictionary.

It was a well-documented report.
FO
(iv) Compound words used as adjectives, preceding the

words they modify, and acting as a single idea
are often hyphenated; whereas, they are
often not hyphenated when they follow the
words they modify.
OX
Dont touch those red-hot coals. (hyphenation)

The coals will be red hot soon. (no hyphenation)
(v) between a prex and a proper noun or adjective.

She is neither anti-American nor pro-German.
(vi) with the prexes all-, self-, ex- (when it means

former), and sometimes between a prex ending in
a vowel and a root beginning with the same vowel.
For example,
God is all-knowing and all-powerful.

They liked the candidates self-possession.
The ex-champ was dining with her ex- husband.
He entered the contest as the anti-intellectual
candidate.
(vii) to unify single capital letters joined to nouns or

participles.
A-at, I-beam, U-turn, H-bomb, T-square, X-ray,
V-neck, C-span
(viii)between a numbered gure and its unit of

measurement.
Parentheses
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2-litre bottle, 8-foot board, 42-hour week, 10-day

vacation, 500-mg dose
(i) Parentheses are used to enclose a side remark, explanation,

translation, or comment. Sometimes this is an
appositive. For example,
Beside this stream (we were camping here at
the time), we unearthed an Indian skeleton.
My typewriter (a Remington portable) has been
restored.
(ii) When using parentheses with other punctuation

marks, punctuate the main part of the sentence as if
the parenthetical portion was not there. A
punctuation mark comes after the second
parenthesis if the punctuation mark applies
to the whole sentence and not just to the
parenthetical portion. For example,
Suzanne has three pets (two birds and a dog),
which she left with her boyfriend when she went
home for Christmas.
Did they buy that big house (the one with the
two-car garage)?
OX
FO
Place the punctuation mark inside the second

parenthesis if the punctuation mark applies
only to material within the parenthetical
portion. For example,
I heard that it was an emergency. (Did they get
there in time?) He should have been more
careful.
(iii) Use parentheses to enclose a number, letter, or

symbol when used as an appositive, which denes
or identies another word or group of
words. For example,
There were eight (8) new rules added to the
clubs bylaws at the last meeting.
The Greek letter delta (d) is often used in
mathematics to indicate a derivative.
361
Be sure to include a copyright () symbol in

that statement.
The apostrophe
teacherteachers
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An apostrophe is used
(i) to indicate possession.
If the noun is singular, add an apostrophe
and s. For example,
If the noun is a plural one ending in s, add

only an apostrophe.
teachersteachers
If the noun is plural but does not end in s,

add an apostrophe and s.
childrenchildrens
(ii) to indicate the omission of a word, letters, or

numerals. For example,
couldnt, Ive, hes, n, doesnt, its, lets, I was born

in 53.
(iii) to form the plural of numbers, letters, signs, and

symbols. For example,
Carolina has scored 100s in all her math tests.

Your written os look more like as.
In Teds report, he used $s to indicate money.
Do not forget to include @s in all email
addresses.
Capitalization
FO
Capitalize
(i) the rst word of every sentence, line of poetry, or direct
quotation. For example,
OX
James said, My lawn doesnt need mowing.
(ii) proper nouns, proper adjectives, and titles which

precede a name.
Judge Jones, Uncle James, Chinese food.
(iii) all sacred names, the Bible, and all of its

parts, the names of all religious sects, and
the names of churches. For example,
We found the quotation in the Old Testament
in the Book of Job.
Follow the Christ, the King
I markd Him in the owering of His elds.
St. James Lutheran Church, Jewish, Catholic.
(iv) the months, the days of the week, and all holidays.
Memorial Day, Monday, the fourth of June
363
Note: The seasons are not capitalized.

(v) the words north, south, east, and west when they refer to a part of the country, but not when they refer
to a direction.
The company feels that the Northwest offers greater opportunities than the East.
We were driving east.
(vi) special events, historical eras, and geographicalareas.
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the Spanish-American War, the Louisiana Purchase, the Boston Tea Party, the Victorian Era
(vii) names of special buildings, organizations, and companies.
Life Insurance Corporation, the Woolworth Building, Rotary Club
(viii) titles of books, documents, stories, poems, musical works, art works, and plays. Capitalize all words
in titles except prepositions, conjunctions, and the articles a, an, and the.
Chicken Soup for the Soul, A Passage to India
Note: Prepositions of more than four letters are frequently capitalized.

Journey Through Brooklyn
(ix) the word president when it refers to the President of a nation.
The President vetoed the bill.
(x) Abbreviations of educational degrees, such as M.Sc., B.A.

(xi) the names of all races and nationalities.
Indian costumes, French soldiers, Mexican food
(xii) mother and father unless they are preceded

by such words as my, his, your, etc.
I knew Father would coach the team.

I knew that my father would coach the team.
(xiii) all languages.
Spanish, English, Latin, Russian, Hindi
(xiv) school subjects which are languages or which have

numbers after them. Do not capitalize other subjects.
For example,
FO
He is taking Russian.
I plan to take algebra and art.
I plan to take Algebra I and Art I.
OX
(xv) titles that precede names, but not those that follow names or stand alone. (This applies
to text, not necessarily to lists.)
Dean James R. Sturdivant, Vice President Smith
James R. Sturdivant, dean of the College of Medicine
Catherine Smith, vice president for Academic Affairs
the dean of the college, the vice president of the university
(xvi) complete and proper names of universities and colleges, governmental units, companies, etc., and their major
subdivisions, but not partial forms.
Delhi University
The university will comply with the rules and regulations of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Department of Mathematics
Courses offered by the department are listed in the schedule.
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
The college has 21 departments.
Alumni Association
The programmes of the association are usually well supported.
Do Not Capitalize:
(i)
names of curricula, programmes, majors, or minors. However, names of specic courses
should be capitalized.
(ii)
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Students may major in sculpture or graphic design.

Advisors encourage students to take courses in computer science.
Advisors encourage students to take Introduction to Computer Science I.
rst or second semester, or summer session.
What was the total enrolment in the rst semester?

Did the professor give you any assignment during the summer session?
(iii)
the words gure, table, or page unless they occur at the beginning of a sentence.
This form is illustrated in the gure on page 162.
Characteristics of this chemical compound are listed in the table given below.
(iv)
the words state and government unless they are part of a proper name. For example,
The project obtained government funding.
All employees of the State of Gujarat are included.
The ofcials of the Indian Government are expected to arrive tonight.
(v) academic degrees when they are referred to in general terms in text, but do capitalize their
abbreviations.
The diligent student earned a masters degree in anthropology and a doctorate in history.
OX
FO
The diligent student earned an M.Sc. in anthropology and a Ph.D. in history.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
APPENDIX BACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FO
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AAIAirport Authority of India

acct.account
A.C.alternating current
addnl., addl additional
AIAir India
AIRAll India Radio
AIDSAcquired Immune Deciency Syndrome
ASAPas soon as possible
att.attached
ATMAutomated Teller Machine
avg.average
bal.balance
BCCIBoard of Control for Cricket in India
BEBachelor of Engineering
BJPBharatiya Janata Party
c/ocare of
CBICentral Bureau of Investigation
CBSECentral Board of Secondary Education
cccourtesy copy
CMChief Minister
CODcollect on delivery
COMcommerce
cont.continued
cr.credit
D.C.direct current
DDDoordarshan
depr.depreciation
dist., dis.district
div.division
DoEdDepartment of Education
DoTDepartment of Telecommunications
DRDODefence Research and Development Organization
DRFDisaster Relief Fund
dstn.destination
e.g.for example
E-mailelectronic mail
EMUElectric Multiple Unit
uinuenza
frt.freight
fwd.forward
FYscal year
OX
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
365
OX
FO
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42. GHzgigahertz
43. GMTGreenwich Mean Time
44. GPSGlobal Positioning Satellite
45. gr. wt.gross weight
46. HCHigh Court
47. HQ, hdqtrs.headquarters
48. hrhour
49. Hzhertz
50. IAIndian Airlines
51. IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency
52. IAFIndian Air Force
53. IGNOUIndira Gandhi National Open University
54. IIMIndian Institute of Management
55. IITIndian Institute of Technology
56. IMDIndia Meteorological Department
57. INSATIndian National Satellite
58. inst.institute
59. invt.inventory
60. inv.invoice
61. IPKFIndian Peace Keeping Force
62. IQIntelligent Quotient
63. IRSIndian Remote Sensing Satellite
64. ISInformation Systems
65. ISRO Indian Space Research Organization
66. ISDInternational Subscriber Dialing
67. kHzkilohertz
68. LASERLight Amplication by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
69. LS Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament)
70. MAMaster of Arts
71. MBAMaster of Business Administration
72. mdse.merchandise
73. MEAMinistry of External Affairs
74. mgr.manager
75. MHzmegahertz
76. MOmoney order
77. MOUMemorandum of Understanding
78. MPHmiles per hour
79. natl.national
80. NDANational Defence Academy
81. NDANational Democratic Alliance
82. NICNational Informatics Centre
83. NRINon-resident Indian
84. NSSNational Service Scheme
Acronyms and Abbreviations
OX
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85. NSCNational Savings Certi cate

86. OBCOther Backward Classes
87. ONGCOil and Natural Gas Commission
88. opt.optional
89. org.organization
90. OS, o.s.Out of Stock
91. OTCOver the Counter
92. PCOPublic Call Of ce
93. Ph.D.Doctor of Philosophy
94. pkg.package
95. POEPost of Entry
96. POPurchase Order
97. PPParcel Post
98. PSUPublic Sector Unit
99. PTOPlease Turn Over
100. PWDPublic Works Department
101. RADARRadio Detection and Ranging
102. req.requisition
103. RSRajya Sabha
104. R.S.V.P., RSVPrespond, if you please
105. SAARCSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
106. SAILSteel Authority of India Limited
107. SASESelf-Addressed Stamped Envelope
108. SCSupreme Court
109. SC/STScheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes
110. SEBISecurities Exchange Board of India
111. SensexSensitive Index (of the Bombay Stock Exchange)
112. std.standard
113. STDSubscriber Trunk Dialing
114. UNESCOUnited Nations Educational, Scienti c and Cultural Organization
115. UNICEFUnited Nations Childrens Fund
116. WHOWorld Health Organization
117. whsle.wholesale
367
APPENDIX CPROOFREADING SYMBOLS

S.No.
Symbol
Meaning
Symbol
Example
Before correction
After correction
insert matter
given in the
margin
In response to letter of
10th October, 2003, we
are pleased to inform
you
In response to your
letter of 10th October,
2003, we are pleased to
inform you
2.
insert a comma
This machine is new,

accurate and efficient.
This machine is new,

accurate, and efficient.
3.
insert an
apostrophe
Theyve completed the

experiment.
Theyve completed the

experiment.
4.
insert quotation
marks
The Manager said, We

have earned handsome
profits this year
The Manager said, We

have earned handsome
profits this year.
5.
insert a hyphen
These cities are well

connected by road.
These cities are wellconnected by road.
6.
insert semicolon
Exports have increased

both quantitatively and
qualitatively we are no
longer known as the
exporters of traditional
items.
Exports have increased

both quantitatively and
qualitatively; we are no
longer known as the
exporters of traditional
items.
7.
insert colon
The characteristics of
technical reports are as
follows
The characteristics of
technical reports are as
follows:
8.
insert
exclamation
What an expensive item What an expensive

item!
10.
insert period and

one em (one em
suggests a little
space)
FO
OX
9.
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1.
This information
is urgently needed
Write to us as early as
possible.
This information
is urgently needed.
Write to us as early as
possible.
insert the mark

of interrogation
How much discount did How much discount did

you offer
you offer?
11.
insert space
between two
(closed up)
words
The adhesivequality
of the material makes
it suitable for this
purpose.
The adhesive quality

of the material makes
it suitable for this
purpose.
12.
delete the
letter(s) or word
(s)
I shall be a grateful to
you.
I shall be grateful to
you.
13.
delete the
letter(s) and
close up
We cannot maneage
the situation.
We cannot manage the

situation.
Proofreading symbols
369
close up the
spaced letters or
words
Kindly ack nowledge.
Kindly acknowledge.
15.
make a new
paragraph
from this word
onwards
The situation has

become too grave to
be neglected. However,
the solution does
not lie only with the
government.
The situation has

become too grave to
be neglected.
However, the solution
does not lie only with
the government
16.
align
Rising prices are

causing us great
hardship.
Rising prices are

causing us great
hardship.
17.
query the author
Our population might

touch the figure of ten
thousand million at the
turn of the century.
18.
lower the line
It is kind of you.
19.
elevate (raise the

line)
Clarity
It is kind of you.
Clarity
20
move the matter

to left side
Ever since I have

shifted to Delhi, I
have been facing a
number of problems.
Ever since I have shifted

to Delhi, I have been
facing a number of
problems.
21.
move the matter

to right side
The inside address

supplies the name and
the address of the
firm
The inside address

supplies the name and
the address of the firm
22.
set the letters/

word in capitals.
OIL Crisis
OIL CRISIS
23.
set the word(s) in

small capitals
It is pleasure to serve
you.
It is a PLEASURE to serve
you.
24.
set the letters/

word in lower
case, i.e., in small
letters
Send us twenty Pairs of

Tennis Shoes.
Send us twenty pairs of

tennis shoes.
run this line

in the same
paragraph
We have introduced
some totally new
designs.
They are novel and
will be liked by your
customers.
We have introduced
some totally new
designs. They are novel
and will be liked by
your customers.
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14.
25.
set the word(s)

in italic type
Oral communication
has its own advantages.
Oral communication has

its own advantages.
27.
spell out the

word
properly
Give us 4 days to do
this work.
Give us four days to do

this work.
28.
wrong font, i.e.,

the letter is of
wrong size or
font; it is to be
replaced by the
correct letter
These points are

irrelevant.
These points are

irrelevant.
29.
transpose; i.e.,
reverse the
order or change
the place of the
marked words
Expansion of credit
bank has been
spectacular.
Expansion of bank
credit has been
spectacular.
30.
set the word(s) in

bold typeface
Television is nick-named Television is nickas idiot box.

named as idiot box.
31.
let this cancelled

matter stand as
it is
We have to draw your

kind attention to our
letter.
We have to draw your

kind attention to our
letter.
32.
set the word(s)

in normal type
We are thinking of
diversifying our
exports.
We are thinking
or diversifying our
exports.
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26.
Edit and Proofread (Practice Exercise)
OX
FO
As you begin learning to write business letters, memos and reports, keep in mind the variety
of tasks your business writing allows you do to. Remember, too, how important business
writing can be to your current job, to your job search and job promotion and to your ability
to solve business problems. As you enter a specic organization, notice how the company
affects the writing and speaking you do. Consider wheather the organization is primarily
a writing culture or oral culture, and gure out how you can best manage your writing
workload and how can you make use of Computer technology to accomplish your writing
load. Before reading further in this text, think about the skills and experience you may able
to pull on to become a successful business writer.

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Text Supplements

Chapter 8: Effective Presentation Strategies

Chapter 10: Group Communication

Chapter 11: Reading

Chapter 17: Letters, Memos, and Emails

Exhibit C17.12: Order placement letter 2

Exhibit C17.35 Interview Follow-up Letter

Chapter 18: Reports

Sample Incident Report

Chapter 19: Technical Proposals

Chapter 20: Research Paper, Dissertation, and Thesis

Chapter 21: Instructions, Manuals, and Technical Description

Table C24.2 Change of different parts of speech by derivational

Chapter 25: English Grammar

TABLE C5.1 Diversity in the spellingsound relationship

Letter(s) representing the

Letter(s) representing the

Letter(s) representing the

Letter(s) representing the

Letter(s) representing the

Letter(s) representing the

TABLE C5.2 Problematic Fricatives

TABLE C5.3 List of phonetic signs and symbols

Pause or End of a tone group boundary

Full length of preceding segment (e.g., i:, :)

Half length of preceding segment (as in sit [st], bt [bt])

Front, close, unrounded vowel (as in see)

Front, half-close, unrounded vowel; sometimes centralized (met)

Front, unrounded vowel; between half open and open (fan)

Front, open, unrounded vowel; sometimes centralized (park)

Back, half open, rounded vowel (as in hot)

Back, half close, rounded vowel, sometimes centralized (tall)

Back, close, rounded vowel (pull)

Central, half-open, unrounded vowel (cut)

Unrounded central vowel (bird)

Unrounded central vowel (ago)

Voiceless bilabial plosive (pen)

Voiced bilabial plosive (book)

Voiceless dental plosive (tea)

Voiceless velar plosive (kite)

Voiced velar plosive

Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate (chill)

Voiced bilabial nasal (men)

Voiced alveolar nasal (nose)

Voiced velar nasal

Voiced alveolar lateral

Voiced post-alveolar fricative (ride)

Voiceless labio-dental fricative (full)

Voiced labio-dental fricative

Voiceless dental fricative

Voiced dental fricative

Voiceless alveolar fricative (small)

Voiced alveolar fricative

Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative (ship)

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative (pleasure)

Voiceless glottal fricative (house)

Voiced labio-velar semi-vowel (wet)

Voiced unrounded palatal semi-vowel (union)

Effective Presentations Strategies |

CHAPTER 8: EFFECTIVE PRESENTATIONS STRATEGIES

APPLICATION OF MS POWERPOINTDESIGN, LAYOUT, AND COLOUR

The Process of Communication