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ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study investigated the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) among Hutterite preschool children from
different colonies in southwestern Manitoba, Canada.
Methods: Following informed consent from the childs parent, children under 72 months of age underwent a dental screening
examination. Approval was granted by the University of Manitobas Health Research Ethics Board.
Results: A total of 66 children with a mean age of 40.1 20.1 months participated. The prevalence of ECC was 53%, while the
mean decayed, extracted and filled teeth (deft) score was 2.8 4.0 (range 020). A total of 42.4% had severe ECC (S-ECC). There
was no difference in prevalence among the 6 participating colonies. Only 15 children had already been to the dentist, with the
majority of these visits due to decay or dental pain. Of those, the mean age for a first visit was 2.7 0.6 years. Children with ECC
were determined to be significantly older than those who were caries-free (p<.0001). Early childhood caries and higher caries rates
were associated with lower maternal ratings of their childs dental health. Both ECC and increased deft scores were significantly
associated with the number of children in the home.
Conclusions: This is the first study to report the prevalence of primary tooth decay in Hutterite children. Rates were comparable
with other Canadian data for rural dwelling children. Effective and culturally appropriate prevention and health promotion
activities are warranted, including fluoride varnish and early dental visits.
Key words: Canada, dental caries, early childhood caries, preschool child.
A licence to publish this material has been given to James Cook University,
1
Introduction
of community elders.
Today, most Hutterite live in the Midwestern USA and in
Canada and comprise an approximate total population of
50 0008. Their communal way of life is based on the Biblical
verse, Acts 2: 44: And all who believed were together, and
had all things common8. The Hutterite reside in communal
settings known as colonies8. They practice a near-total
community of goods; all property is owned by the colony,
and provisions for individual members and their families
come from common resources8. Each colony consists of
approximately 10 to 20 families, with a population of
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2
Figure 1: Map of Manitoba, Canada, showing the province region where participating Hutterite Colonies were located
(grey area).
Methods
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3
671 months), while the average age for responding mothers was
32.2 5.6 years (range 2143 years). Thirty-four children
average number of adults in the home was 2.1 0.3. Only seven
caries and oral health indicators. Both the prevalence and rates of
case definitions, where ECC was the presence of any caries in the
1,12
that they had heard about ECC or other antecedent terms used to
describe decay in preschool children.
the main reason for this visit was decay or dental pain
suffered from decay and 75.8% (n = 50) rated their childs dental
statistically significant.
Results
All eligible children of the desired age were enrolled into the
study yielding a total of 66 preschoolers. Therefore,
RJ Schroth, PR Dahl, M Haque, E Kliewer, 2010.
http://www.rrh.org.au
A licence to publish this material has been given to James Cook University,
4
children with ECC was 5.2 4.1. For those with S-ECC, the
mean deft was 6.2 4.1.
Considering that most children who had visited the dentist did so
primarily because of caries, it was no surprise that the mean deft
higher than those who had not (6.9 5.2 vs 1.6 2.5, p=.002).
Likewise, significantly more children who had already visited the
dentist had ECC than those who had not visited a dental
scores between males and females (3.0 4.2 vs 2.6 3.7, p=.68).
dental health had a mean deft of 7.5 8.7 and those in fair oral
health had a rate of 5.1 3.5, compared with 2.9 3.7 and
1.1 2.3 in the good and very good groupings, respectively.
who were born prematurely had a higher mean deft score, it did
not statistically differ from the 64 children who were born at term
score for children in this study was 0.67 0.37 and ranged from 0
RJ Schroth, PR Dahl, M Haque, E Kliewer, 2010.
http://www.rrh.org.au
A licence to publish this material has been given to James Cook University,
5
ECC*
n (%)
Yes
6 (35.3)
6 (54.5)
8 (50)
10 (76.9)
0
5 (71.4)
Clearview
Miami (Maple Creek)
Rose Bank
Rose Valley
Skyview
Wingham
No
11 (64.7)
5 (45.5)
8 (50)
3 (23.1)
2 (100)
2 (28.6)
Mean SD
1.9 2.9
0.3 1.2
0.6 1.7
2.8 4.0
Range
0 12
07
08
0 20
did not have significantly lower deft rates than those who did
not have their mouths cleaned (p=.79). Likewise, there was
higher mean debris score for children who brushed their own
teeth approached the threshold of statistical significance
when compared with children who did not brush their own
who did not (4.8 4.3 vs 1.9 3.5, p=.005). There was no
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6
and four children in the household were 1.1, 1.7, and 2.8,
respectively.
older than children who were cavity-free. In fact, this was the
strongest predictor of ECC in the initial multiple logistic
with ECC after for controlling for the other variables (Table 4).
Those with lower ratings and those with more siblings were
significantly more likely to have ECC.
Discussion
overall caries-risk.
What is apparent is that many of these Hutterite children are
not having their current dental needs met, as was
demonstrated by a larger d score when compared with the
overall deft rate (ie, 1.9/2.8). These children are in need of
early access to both preventive care and treatment. The
number of dental providers is often limited in rural and
remote communities, and many dental providers prefer not to
see young children in their practices.
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7
P value
3.49
0.59
95%
Confidence
interval
(1.39, 8.78)
(0.11, 3.13)
1.01
0.89
4.03
4.06
(0.56, 28.98)
(0.071, 23.15)
.17
.11
0.26
1.54
(0.92, 2.59)
.10
Regression
coefficient (b)
Standard error
b
Odds ratio
0.062
-0.53
0.023
0.85
1.39
1.40
0.43
Age
Child brushes
independently
Debris score
Maternal rating
of childs teeth
No. children in
household
.0079*
.54
b, Regression coefficient.
*Significant.
Table 4: Multiple logistic regression for early childhood caries (excluding age)
Variable
Child brushes
independently
Debris score
Maternal rating of
childs teeth
No. children in
household
Regression
Coefficient (b)
Standard Error
b
Odds Ratio
P value
1.57
95%
Confidence
Interval
(0.40, 6.21)
0.45
0.70
1.34
2.01
0.86
0.87
3.80
7.49
(0.71, 20.46)
(1.35, 41.42)
.12
.021*
0.66
0.24
1.94
(1.21, 3.11)
.0057*
.52
*Significant.
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8
The findings from this study also suggest that family size
may have an influence on a young childs oral health. Those
11
province.
lifestyle
tasks11.
Another
explanation
concerns
the
22
23
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Susan Mooney (public health nurse) for
organizing the visits to the Hutterite Colonies, Tijana Stijacic
for her help with interviews and Rachel Dahl for helping
with the study. Thank you to all participating Hutterite
colonies and colony leadership. At the time of this study, Dr.
Schroth was a CIHR Strategic Training Fellow in the
Canadian Child Health Clinician Scientist Program
(CCHCSP). Grant funding to support this project was made
available from the Faculty of Dentistry Endowment Fund.
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A licence to publish this material has been given to James Cook University,
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