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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Heart:
o Chambers, valves and big vessels
o Blood Supply of the Heart
o Function of the Heart
o Cardiac Cycle
Blood Circulation:
o Systemic Circulation
o Pulmonary Circulation
o Portal Circulation
Blood vessels:
o Arteries
o Veins
o Blood Capillaries
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the vessels (arteries,
veins and blood capillaries).
THE HEART
The heart is a muscular pump whose function is to propel blood filled
System
withCardiovascular
oxygen and
nutrients through the blood vessels to the body tissues. It is
made of a special type of muscle fibers which are called the "cardiac muscles".
These muscles contract and relax spontaneously and rhythmically throughout
life.
4 Pulmonary veins
SVC
Lt. atrium
Rt. atrium
Aorta
MV
TV
IVC
Rt. ventricle
Lt. ventricle
Pulmonary Artery
To left lung
To head
To right lung
Pulmonary Artery
From head
Vena cava
Semilunar valves
Right atrium
Vena cava
From body
Tricuspid valve
Septum
Aorta
To body
Pulmonary veins
From lungs
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Tendon supporting
valve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Cardiac muscle
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Figure 6-2: A vertical section through the human heart. Notice that the pulmonary artery and
the aorta arise from the upper part of the right and left ventricles respectively.
Figure 6-3: The anterior surface of the heart. Notice that: (a) the right ventricle form most of
the anterior surface, (b) The aorta appears to the right of the pulmonary artery inspite that it
arises from the left ventricle.
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
LCA
RCA
Vena cava
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A diagram to show the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left coronary artery (LCA) that
supplies the heart with oxygenated blood. Both arteries arise from the ascending aorta, (b)
The coronary arteries and their branching.
The heart muscle is supplied with oxygen from the blood in the coronary
arteries, which leave the aorta just above the semi-lunar valves, and run through
the muscle of the heart wall. Figure (6-4) shows the right and the left coronary
arteries.
Because the heart works continuously throughout life, it needs a constant
oxygen supply, and it is important that the coronary arteries are kept open to
maintain a good flow of blood carrying oxygen. Sometimes these arteries
become narrowed or occluded by a thrombus. This will cut off the blood
supply to an area of the heart muscle, causing severe pain and damage to the
heart muscle. The pain is called Angina.
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Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole
BLOOD CIRCULATION
It is the passage of blood from the heart through the blood vessels to
the different parts of the body and back again to the heart.
Systemic Circulation: It is the passage of blood from the left ventricle through
die aorta to the different parts of the body and its return back to the right atrium
by the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Pulmonary Circulation: It is the passage of blood from the right ventricle
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and its return back to the left atrium
by the 4 pulmonary veins.
Portal Circulation: It is the passage of blood through two sets of capillaries.
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Cardiovascular System 49
What are the differences between the vein and the artery?
Veins
Arteries
Carry blood to the heart
Carry blood from the heart
Tributaries
Branches
Thin wall, collapsed
Thick wall, opened lumen (elastic f)
Valves
No valves
Cross section in cadavers is flaccid & Cross section in cadavers is circular &
contain clots
empty
Some veins do not have names "Venae Have names
comitantes"
Fairly thin outer wall
Thick-outer wall
Very small lumen
Small lumen
An artery
A diagram to show the differences between an artery, a vein and a capillary. Notice that the
artery has a thick elastic wall, the vein has a thinner muscular wall, while the capillary has a
very thin and permeable wall which is formed only of one layer of flattened cells.
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Cardiovascular System
:A diagram to show the branching of an arteriole into capillaries, and then the joining of
capillaries to form venules.