Reproductive system of Horse

Mare
The mare's reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, and lactation, as
well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior. It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae,
although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of the intestines and
distention of the bladder.
The mare has two ovaries, usually 7 to 8 centimetres (2.8 to 3.1 in) in length and 3 to 4
centimetres (1.2 to 1.6 in) thick, that generally tend to decrease in size as the mare ages. In
equine ovaries, unlike in humans, the vascular tissue is cortical to follicular tissue, so ovulation
can only occur at an ovulation fossa near the infundibulum. The ovaries connect to the fallopian
tubes (oviducts), which serve to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. To do so, the
oviducts are lined with a layer of cilia, which produce a current that flows toward the uterus.
Each oviduct attaches to one of the two horns of the uterus, which are approximately 20 to 25
centimetres (7.9 to 9.8 in) in length. These horns attach to the body of the uterus (18 to 20
centimetres (7.1 to 7.9 in) long). The equine uterus is bipartite, meaning the two uterine horns
fuse into a relatively large uterine body (resembling a shortened bicornuate uterus or a stretched
simplex uterus). Caudal to the uterus is the cervix, about 5 to 7 centimetres (2.0 to 2.8 in) long,
which separates the uterus from the vagina. Usually 3.5 to 4 centimetres (1.4 to 1.6 in) in
diameter with longitudinal folds on the interior surface, it can expand to allow the passage of the
foal. The vagina of the mare is 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in) long, and is quite elastic,
allowing it to expand. The vulva is the external opening of the vagina, and consists of the clitoris
and two labia. It lies ventral to the rectum. The mare has two mammary glands, which are
smaller in maiden mares. They have two ducts each, which open externally.

Stallion

Secondary characteristics of a stallion include heavier muscling for a given breed than is seen in
mares or geldings, often with considerable development along the crest of the neck, as shown in
this image.
The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his sexual behavior and secondary sex
characteristics (such as a large crest). The external genitalia include the urethra; the testes, which
average 8 to 12 centimetres (3.1 to 4.7 in) long; the penis, which, when housed within the
prepuce, is 50 centimetres (20 in) long and 2.5 to 6 centimetres (0.98 to 2.36 in) in diameter with

the distal end 15 to 20 centimetres (5.9 to 7.9 in) and when erect, increases by 3 to 4 times. The
internal genitalia accessory sex glands are the vesicular glands, prostate gland, and bulbourethral
glands, which contribute fluid to the semen at ejaculation, but are not strictly necessary for
fertility[18]