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ChurchofEngland
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheChurchofEnglandistheestablishedChristian
church[2][3][4]inEnglandandthemotherchurchof
theworldwideAnglicanCommunion.
Thechurchdatesitsestablishmenttothe6thcentury
GregorianmissioninKentledbyStAugustine.[5][6]
TheEnglishchurchrenouncedpapalauthoritywhen
HenryVIIIbrokewithRometosecureanannulment
fromCatherineofAragoninthe1530s.[7]The
EnglishReformationacceleratedunderEdwardVI's
regentsbeforeabriefrestorationofCatholicism
underQueenMaryIandPhilipIIofSpain.TheAct
ofSupremacyof1558renewedthebreachandthe
ElizabethanSettlementchartedacoursewherebythe
EnglishchurchwastobebothCatholicand
Reformed:
Catholicinthatitviewsitselfasapartofthe
universalchurchofJesusChristinunbroken
continuitywiththeearlyapostolicchurch.
Thisisexpressedinitsemphasisonthe
teachingsoftheearlyChurchFathers,as
formalisedintheApostles',Nicene,and
Athanasiancreeds.[8]
Reformedinthatithasbeenshapedbysome
ofthedoctrinalprinciplesofthe16thcentury
ProtestantReformation,inparticularinthe
ThirtyNineArticlesofReligionandtheBook
ofCommonPrayer.[8]

ChurchofEngland

Abbreviation

CofE

Classification

Anglican

Orientation

Anglicanism

Polity

Episcopal

Supreme
Governor

QueenElizabethII
oftheUnitedKingdom

Archbishop
JustinWelby
ofCanterbury
Region

England
IsleofMan
ChannelIslands
Gibraltar

Founder

AugustineofCanterbury

Origin

597
England

Separatedfrom RomanCatholicChurchin1534

Threecenturieslater,JohnHenryNewman(priorto
hisconversiontoRomanCatholicism)employedthe
ancientRomanphraseviamedia(Middleway)to
describetheAnglicanchurch.

Members

26millionbaptisedmembers (2010)[1]

Officialwebsite churchofengland.org
(http://www.churchofengland.org/)

IntheearlierphaseoftheReformationtherewere
CatholicmartyrsbutsomeradicalProtestantsweremartyredaswell.ThelaterphasessawthePenalLaws
punishbothCatholicandnonconformingProtestants.Inthe17thcentury,politicalandreligiousdisputes
raisedthePuritanandPresbyterianfactiontocontrolofthechurch,butthisendedwiththeRestoration.
PapalrecognitionofGeorgeIIIin1766ledtogreaterreligioustolerance.
SincetheReformation,theChurchofEnglandhasusedanEnglishliturgy.Thechurchcontainsseveral
doctrinalstrands,themainthreeknownasAngloCatholic,EvangelicalandBroadChurch.Tensions
betweentheologicalconservativesandprogressivesfindexpressionindebatesovertheordinationof
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womenandhomosexuality.
Thegoverningstructureofthechurchisbasedondioceses,eachpresidedoverbyabishop.Withineach
diocesearelocalparishes.TheArchbishopofCanterburyisthePrimateofAllEngland,leadingtheChurch
ofEnglandandactingasafocusofunityforthewiderAnglicanCommunion.TheSupremeGovernorof
theChurchofEnglandistheBritishmonarch,currentlyElizabethII,whoseroleislargelyceremonial.The
GeneralSynodisthelegislativebodyforthechurchandcomprisesbishops,otherclergyandlaity.Its
measuresmustbeapprovedbybothHousesofParliament.

Contents
1 History
1.1 EarlyChristianityinEngland
1.2 SecessionfromRome
1.3 Stuartperiod
1.4 19thcentury
1.5 Overseasdevelopments
1.6 21stcentury
1.6.1 Depositionfromholyordersoverturned
1.6.2 Dwindlingcongregations
1.6.3 Lowsalaries
2 Doctrineandpractice
2.1 Worshipandliturgy
2.2 Women'sministry
3 Poverty
3.1 ChurchUrbanFund
3.2 Childpoverty
3.3 Actiononhunger
4 Membership
5 Structure

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5 Structure
5.1 Primates
5.2 Diocesanbishops
5.3 Representativebodies
5.4 HouseofLords
6 Financialsituation
7 Seealso
8 References
9 Furtherreading
10 Externallinks

History
EarlyChristianityinEngland
Accordingtotradition,ChristianityarrivedinBritaininthe1stor2ndcentury,duringwhichtimesouthern
BritainbecamepartoftheRomanEmpire.TheearliesthistoricalevidenceofChristianityamongthenative
BritonsisfoundinthewritingsofsuchearlyChristianFathersasTertullianandOrigeninthefirstyearsof
the3rdcentury.ThreeRomanoBritishbishops,includingRestitutus,areknowntohavebeenpresentatthe
CouncilofArlesin314.[9]OthersattendedtheCouncilofSardicain347andthatofAriminumin360,and
anumberofreferencestothechurchinRomanBritainarefoundinthewritingsof4thcenturyChristian
fathers.BritainwasthehomeofPelagius,whoopposedAugustineofHippo'sdoctrineoforiginalsin.[10]
WhileChristianitywaslongestablishedasthereligionoftheBritonsatthetimeoftheAngloSaxon
invasion,ChristianBritonsmadelittleprogressinconvertingthenewcomersfromtheirnativepaganism.
Consequently,in597,PopeGregoryIsenttheprioroftheAbbeyofStAndrew's(latercanonisedas
AugustineofCanterbury)fromRometoevangelisetheAngles.ThiseventisknownastheGregorian
missionandisthedatetheChurchofEnglandgenerallymarksasthebeginningofitsformalhistory.With
thehelpofChristiansalreadyresidinginKent,AugustineestablishedhischurchatCanterbury,thecapital
oftheKingdomofKent,andbecamethefirstintheseriesofArchbishopsofCanterburyin598.Alater
archbishop,theGreekTheodoreofTarsus,alsocontributedtotheorganisationofChristianityinEngland.
WhilesomeCelticChristianpracticeswerechangedattheSynodofWhitby,theChristianChurchinthe
BritishIsleswasunderpapalauthorityfromearliesttimes.[11]QueenBerthaofKentwasamongthe
ChristiansinEnglandwhorecognisedpapalauthoritybeforeAugustinearrived[12]andCelticChristians
werecarryingoutmissionaryworkwithpapalapprovallongbeforetheSynodofWhitby.

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TheSynodofWhitbyestablishedtheRomandateforEasterandthe
RomanstyleofmonastictonsureinBritain.Thismeetingofthe
ecclesiasticswithRomancustomswithlocalbishopswas
summonedin664atSaintHilda'sdoublemonasteryofStreonshalh
(Streanshalch),latercalledWhitbyAbbey.Itwaspresidedoverby
KingOswiu,whodidnotengageinthedebatebutmadethefinal
ruling.

SecessionfromRome
In1534,KingHenryVIIIseparatedtheEnglishChurchfrom
Rome.[7]Atheologicalseparationhadbeenforeshadowedby
variousmovementswithintheEnglishChurchsuchasLollardy,but
theEnglishReformationgainedpoliticalsupportwhenHenryVIII
wantedanannulmentofhismarriagetoCatherineofAragonsohe
couldmarryAnneBoleyn.PopeClementVII,consideringthatthe
earliermarriagehadbeenenteredunderapapaldispensationand
howCatherine'snephew,EmperorCharlesV,mightreacttosucha
move,refusedtheannulment.Eventually,Henry,although
theologicallyopposedtoProtestantism,tookthepositionof
SupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandtoensuretheannulmentof
hismarriage.HewasexcommunicatedbyPopePaulIII.[13]

Herefordisoneofthechurch's43
cathedralsmanyhavehistories
stretchingbackcenturies

In153640HenryVIIIengagedintheDissolutionofthe
Monasteries,whichcontrolledmuchoftherichestland.Hedisbandedmonasteries,priories,conventsand
friariesinEngland,WalesandIreland,appropriatedtheirincome,disposedoftheirassets,andprovided
pensionsfortheformerresidents.Thepropertiesweresoldtopayforthewars.Bernardargues:
Thedissolutionofthemonasteriesinthelate1530swasoneofthemostrevolutionaryeventsin
Englishhistory.Therewerenearly900religioushousesinEngland,around260formonks,300for
regularcanons,142nunneriesand183friariessome12,000peopleintotal,4,000monks,3,000
canons,3,000friarsand2,000nuns....oneadultmaninfiftywasinreligiousorders.[14]
HenrymaintainedastrongpreferencefortraditionalCatholicpracticesand,duringhisreign,Protestant
reformerswereunabletomakemanychangestothepracticesoftheChurchofEngland.Indeed,thispartof
Henry'sreignsawthetrialforheresyofProtestantsaswellasRomanCatholics.
Underhisson,KingEdwardVI,moreProtestantinfluencedformsofworshipwereadopted.Underthe
leadershipoftheArchbishopofCanterbury,ThomasCranmer,amoreradicalreformationproceeded.A
newpatternofworshipwassetoutintheBookofCommonPrayer(1549and1552).Thesewerebasedon
theolderliturgybutinfluencedbyProtestantprinciples.TheconfessionofthereformedChurchofEngland
wassetoutintheFortytwoArticles(laterrevisedtothirtynine).Thereformationhoweverwascutshort
bythedeathoftheking.QueenMaryI,whosucceededhim,returnedEnglandagaintotheauthorityofthe
papacy,therebyendingthefirstattemptatanindependentChurchofEngland.Duringhercoreignwithher
husband,KingPhilip,manyleadersandcommonpeoplewereburntfortheirrefusaltorecantoftheir
reformedfaith.TheseareknownastheMarianmartyrsandthepersecutionledtohernicknameof"Bloody
Mary".
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Maryalsodiedchildlessandsoitwaslefttothenewregimeofher
halfsisterElizabethtoresolvethedirectionofthechurch.The
settlementunderQueenElizabethI(from1558),knownasthe
ElizabethanSettlement,developedtheviamedia(middleway)
characteroftheChurchofEngland,achurchmoderatelyReformed
indoctrine,asexpressedintheThirtyNineArticles,butalso
emphasisingcontinuitywiththeCatholicandApostolictraditionsof
theChurchFathers.Itwasalsoanestablishedchurch
(constitutionallyestablishedbythestatewiththeheadofstateasits
supremegovernor).Theexactnatureoftherelationshipbetween
churchandstatewouldbeasourceofcontinuedfrictionintothe
nextcentury.

Stuartperiod
Forthenextcentury,throughthereignsofJamesI,whoorderedthe
creationofwhatbecameknownastheKingJamesBible,[15]and
CharlesI,culminatingintheEnglishCivilWarandtheProtectorate
StainedglasswindowinRochester
ofOliverCromwell,thereweresignificantswingsbackandforth
Cathedral,Kent
betweentwofactions:thePuritans(andotherradicals)whosought
morefarreachingProtestantreforms,andthemoreconservative
churchmenwhoaimedtokeepclosertotraditionalbeliefsandCatholicpractices.Thefailureofpolitical
andecclesiasticalauthoritiestosubmittoPuritandemandsformoreextensivereformwasoneofthecauses
ofopenwarfare.ByContinentalstandards,thelevelofviolenceoverreligionwasnothigh,butthe
casualtiesincludedKingCharlesIandArchbishopofCanterburyWilliamLaud.UndertheCommonwealth
andtheProtectorateofEnglandfrom1649to1660,thebishopsweredethronedandformerpracticeswere
outlawed,andPresbyterianecclesiologywasintroducedinplaceoftheepiscopate.The39Articleswere
replacedbytheWestminsterConfession,theBookofCommonPrayerbytheDirectoryofPublicWorship.
Despitethis,aboutonequarterofEnglishclergyrefusedtoconformtothisformofStatePresbyterianism.
WiththeRestorationofCharlesII,ParliamentrestoredtheChurchofEnglandtoaformnotfarremoved
fromtheElizabethanversion.OnedifferencewasthattheidealofencompassingallthepeopleofEngland
inonereligiousorganisation,takenforgrantedbytheTudors,hadtobeabandoned.Thereligiouslandscape
ofEnglandassumeditspresentform,withtheAnglicanestablishedchurchoccupyingthemiddleground,
andthosePuritansandProtestantswhodissentedfromtheAnglicanestablishment,andRomanCatholics,
toostrongtobesuppressedaltogether,havingtocontinuetheirexistenceoutsidetheNationalChurchrather
thancontrollingit.Continuingofficialsuspicionandlegalrestrictionscontinuedwellintothe19thcentury.

19thcentury
BytheFifthArticleoftheUnionwithIreland1800,theChurchofEnglandandChurchofIrelandwere
unitedinto"oneProtestantEpiscopalchurch,tobecalled,theUnitedChurchofEnglandandIreland".[16]
Althoughthisunionwasdeclared"anessentialandfundamentalPartoftheUnion",[17]theIrishChurchAct
1869separatedtheIrishpartofthechurchagainanddisestablishedit,theActcomingintoeffecton1
January1871.

Overseasdevelopments
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AstheBritishEmpireexpanded,Britishcolonistsandcolonialadministratorstooktheestablishedchurch
doctrinesandpracticestogetherwithordainedministryandformedoverseasbranchesoftheChurchof
England.Astheydevelopedor,beginningwiththeUnitedStatesofAmerica,becamesovereignand/or
independentstatesmanyoftheirchurchesbecameseparateorganizationallybutremainedlinkedtothe
ChurchofEnglandthroughtheAnglicanCommunion.

21stcentury
Depositionfromholyordersoverturned
UndertheguidanceofRowanWilliamsandwithsignificantpressurefromclergyunionrepresentatives,the
ecclesiasticalpenaltyforconvictedfelonstobedefrockedwassetasidefromtheClergyDiscipline
Measure2003.Theclergyunionarguedthatthepenaltywasunfairtovictimsofhypotheticalmiscarriages
ofcriminaljustice,becausetheecclesiasticalpenaltyisconsideredirreversible.Althoughclericscanstillbe
bannedforlifefromministry,theyremainordainedaspriestsandcontinuetodrawsalariesorpensions.[18]
Dwindlingcongregations
ThearchbishopsofCanterburyandYorkwarnedinJanuary2015thattheChurchofEnglandwillnolonger
beabletocarryoninitscurrentformunlessthedownwardspiralinmembershipissomehowreversedas
typicalSundayattendanceshavehalvedto800,000inthelast40years:[19]
Theurgencyofthechallengefacingusisnotindoubt.AttendanceatChurchofEngland
serviceshasdeclinedatanaverageofonepercentperannumoverrecentdecadesand,in
addition,theageprofileofourmembershiphasbecomesignificantlyolderthanthatofthe
population...Renewingandreformingaspectsofourinstitutionallifeisanecessarybutfar
fromsufficientresponsetothechallengesfacingtheChurchofEngland...Theageprofileof
ourclergyhasalsobeenincreasing.Around40percentofparishclergyareduetoretireover
thenextdecadeorso.
However,SarahMullally,thefourthwomanchosentobecomeabishopintheChurchofEngland,insisted
inJune2015thatdecliningnumbersatservicesshouldnotnecessarilybeacauseofdespairforchurches
becausepeoplewillstill"encounterGod"withoutevertakingtheirplaceinapew,sayingthatpeoplemight
heartheChristianmessagethroughsocialmediasitessuchasFacebookorinacafrunasacommunity
project.[20]
Lowsalaries
In2015theChurchofEnglandadmittedthatitwasembarrassedtobepayingstaffunderthelivingwage.
TheChurchofEnglandhadpreviouslycampaignedforallemployerstopaythisminimumamount.The
archbishopacknowledgeditwasnottheonlyareawherethechurch"fellshortofitsstandards".[21]

Doctrineandpractice
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ThecanonlawoftheChurchofEnglandidentifiestheChristian
scripturesasthesourceofitsdoctrine.Inaddition,doctrineisalso
derivedfromtheteachingsoftheChurchFathersandecumenical
councils(aswellastheecumenicalcreeds)insofarastheseagree
withscripture.ThisdoctrineisexpressedintheThirtyNineArticles
ofReligion,theBookofCommonPrayer,andtheOrdinal
containingtheritesfortheordinationofdeacons,priests,andthe
consecrationofbishops.[22]Unlikeothertraditions,theChurchof
Englandhasnosingletheologianthatitcanlooktoasafounder.
However,RichardHooker'sappealtoscripture,churchtradition,
andreasonassourcesofauthoritycontinuetoinformAnglican
identity.[23]

CanterburyCathedralhousesthe
cathedraorepiscopalchairofthe
ArchbishopofCanterburyandisthe
cathedraloftheDioceseof
Canterburyandthemotherchurchof
theChurchofEnglandaswellasa
focusfortheAnglicanCommunion

TheChurchofEngland's
doctrinalcharactertodayis
RichardHooker(15541600),oneof
largelytheresultofthe
themostinfluentialfiguresinshaping
ElizabethanSettlement,
Anglicantheologyandselfidentity
whichsoughttoestablisha
comprehensivemiddleway
betweenRomanCatholicismandProtestantism.TheChurchof
EnglandaffirmstheProtestantReformationprinciplethatscripture
containsallthingsnecessarytosalvationandisthefinalarbiterin
doctrinalmatters.TheThirtynineArticlesarethechurch'sonly
officialconfessionalstatement.Thoughnotacompletesystemof
doctrine,thearticleshighlightareasofagreementwithLutheranand
Reformedpositions,whiledifferentiatingAnglicanismfromRoman
CatholicismandAnabaptism.[23]

WhileembracingsomethemesoftheProtestantReformation,the
ChurchofEnglandalsomaintainsCatholictraditionsoftheancient
churchandteachingsoftheChurchFathers,unlesstheseare
consideredcontrarytoscripture.Itacceptsthedecisionsofthefirstfourecumenicalcouncilsconcerning
theTrinityandtheIncarnation.TheChurchofEnglandalsopreservesCatholicorderbyadheringto
episcopalpolity,withordainedordersofbishops,priestsanddeacons.Therearedifferencesofopinion
withintheChurchofEnglandoverthenecessityofepiscopacy.Someconsideritessential,whileothersfeel
itisneededfortheproperorderingofthechurch.[23]
TheChurchofEnglandhas,asoneofitsdistinguishingmarks,abreadthand"openmindedness".This
tolerancehasallowedAnglicanswhoemphasisetheCatholictraditionandotherswhoemphasisethe
Reformedtraditiontocoexist.Thethree"parties"(seeChurchmanship)intheChurchofEnglandare
sometimescalledhighchurch(orAngloCatholic),lowchurch(orEvangelical)andbroadchurch(or
liberal).ThehighchurchpartyplacesimportanceontheChurchofEngland'scontinuitywiththepre
ReformationCatholicChurch,adherencetoancientliturgicalusagesandthesacerdotalnatureofthe
priesthood.Astheirnamesuggests,AngloCatholicsmaintainmanytraditionalCatholicpracticesand
liturgicalforms.[24]ThelowchurchpartyismoreProtestantinbothceremonyandtheology.[25]
Historically,broadchurchhasbeenusedtodescribethoseofmiddleoftheroadceremonialpreferences
wholeantheologicallytowardsliberalProtestantism.[26]Thebalancebetweenthesestrandsof
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churchmanshipisnotstatic:in2013,40%ofChurchofEnglandworshippersattendedevangelicalchurches
(comparedwith26%in1989),and83%ofverylargecongregationswereevangelical.Suchchurcheswere
alsoreportedtoattracthighernumbersofmenandyoungadultsthanothers.[27]

Worshipandliturgy
TheChurchofEngland'sofficialbookofliturgyasestablishedinEnglishLawistheBookofCommon
Prayer.InadditiontothisbooktheGeneralSynodhasalsolegislatedforamodernliturgicalbook,
CommonWorship,datingfrom2000,whichcanbeusedasanalternativetotheBCP.Likeitspredecessor,
the1980AlternativeServiceBook,itdiffersfromtheBookofCommonPrayerinprovidingarangeof
alternativeservices,mostlyinmodernlanguage,althoughitdoesincludesomeBCPbasedformsaswell,
forexampleOrderTwoforHolyCommunion.(ThisisarevisionoftheBCPservice,alteringsomewords
andallowingtheinsertionofsomeotherliturgicaltextssuchastheAgnusDeibeforecommunion.)The
OrderOneritefollowsthepatternofmoremodernliturgicalscholarship.
Theliturgiesareorganisedaccordingtothetraditionalliturgicalyearandthecalendarofsaints.The
sacramentsofbaptismandtheEucharistaregenerallythoughtnecessarytosalvation.Infantbaptismis
practised.Atalaterage,individualsbaptisedasinfantsreceiveconfirmationbyabishop,atwhichtime
theyreaffirmthebaptismalpromisesmadebytheirparentsorsponsors.TheEucharist,consecratedbya
thanksgivingprayerincludingChrist'sWordsofInstitution,isbelievedtobe"amemorialofChrist'sonce
forallredemptiveactsinwhichChristisobjectivelypresentandeffectuallyreceivedinfaith".[28]
TheuseofhymnsandmusicintheChurchofEnglandhaschangeddramaticallyoverthecenturies.
TraditionalChoralevensongisastapleofmostcathedrals.Thestyleofpsalmchantingharksbacktothe
ChurchofEngland'sprereformationroots.Duringthe18thcentury,clergysuchasCharlesWesley
introducedtheirownstylesofworshipwithpoetichymns.
Inthelatterhalfofthe20thcentury,theinfluenceoftheCharismaticMovementsignificantlyalteredthe
worshiptraditionsofnumerousChurchofEnglandparishes,primarilyaffectingthoseofevangelical
persuasion.Thesechurchesnowadoptacontemporaryworshipformofservice,withminimalliturgicalor
ritualelements,andincorporatingcontemporaryworshipmusic.

Women'sministry
Womenwereappointedasdeaconessesfrom1861buttheycouldnotfunctionfullyasdeaconsandwere
notconsideredordainedclergy.Womenhavebeenlayreadersforalongtime.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,
somewomenwereappointedaslayreaders,knownas"bishop'smessengers",whoalsoledmissionsand
ranchurchesintheabsenceofmen.Afterthatnomorelayreaderswereappointeduntil1969.
Legislationauthorisingtheordinationofwomenasdeaconswaspassedin1986andtheywerefirst
ordainedin1987.TheordinationofwomenaspriestswaspassedbytheGeneralSynodin1992andbegan
in1994.In2010,forthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheChurchofEngland,morewomenthanmenwere
ordainedaspriests(290womenand273men).[29]
InJuly2005,thesynodvotedto"setintrain"theprocessofallowingtheconsecrationofwomenas
bishops.InFebruary2006,thesynodvotedoverwhelminglyforthe"furtherexploration"ofpossible
arrangementsforparishesthatdidnotwanttobedirectlyundertheauthorityofabishopwhoisa
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woman.[30]On7July2008,thesynodvotedtoapprovetheordinationofwomenasbishopsandrejected
movesforalternativeepiscopaloversightforthosewhodonotacceptwomenbishops.[31]Actual
ordinationsofwomentotheepiscopatewillrequirefurtherlegislation,whichwasnarrowlyrejectedina
voteatGeneralSynodinNovember2012.[32][33]
On20November2013,theGeneralSynodvotedoverwhelminglyinsupportofaplantointroducewomen
bishops,with378infavour,8againstand25abstentions.[34]
On14July2014,theGeneralSynodapprovedtheaboveplantointroducewomenbishops.TheHouseof
Bishopsrecorded37votesinfavour,twoagainstwithoneabstention.TheHouseofClergyhad162in
favour,25againstandfourabstentions.TheHouseofLaityvoted152for,45againstwithfive
abstentions.[35]ThislegislationhadtobeapprovedbytheEcclesiasticalCommitteeoftheParliament
beforeitcouldbefinallyimplementedattheNovember2014synod.
InDecember2014,LibbyLanewasannouncedasthefirstwomantobecomeabishopintheChurchof
England.ShewasconsecratedasabishopinJanuary2015.[36][37]
InJuly2015RachelTreweekwasthefirstwomantobecomeadiocesanbishopintheChurchofEngland
upontheconfirmationofherelectionasBishopofGloucester.[38]SheandSarahMullally,Bishopof
Crediton,werethefirstwomentobeordainedasbishopsatCanterburyCathedral.[38]

Poverty
ChurchUrbanFund
TheChurchofEnglandsetuptheChurchUrbanFundinthe1980stotacklepovertyanddeprivation.They
seepovertyastrappingindividualsandcommunitieswithsomepeopleinurgentneed.Thisleadsto
dependency,homelessness,hunger,isolation,lowincome,mentalhealthproblems,socialexclusion,and
violence.Theyfeelpovertyreducesconfidence,reduceslifeexpectancypeopleborninpoorconditions
havedifficultyescaping.[39]

Childpoverty
InpartsofLiverpool,ManchesterandNewcastletwothirdsofbabiesareborntopovertyandhavepoorer
lifechances,alsolifeexpectancy15yearslowerthanbabiesborninmostfortunatecommunities.South
Shore,Blackpoolhaslowestlifeexpectancyat66yearsformen.[40]
Thedeeprootedunfairnessinoursocietyishighlightedbythesestarkstatistics.Childrenbeing
borninthiscountry,justafewmilesapart,couldn'twitnessamorewildlydifferingstarttolife.
Inchildpovertyterms,weliveinoneofthemostunequalcountriesinthewesternworld.We
wantpeopletounderstandwheretheirowncommunitysitsalongsideneighbouring
communities.Thedisparityisoftenshockingbutit'scrucialthat,throughgreaterawareness,
peoplefromallbackgroundscometogethertothinkaboutwhatcouldbedonetosupportthose
bornintopoverty.[PaulHackwood,theChairofTrusteesatChurchUrbanFund][41]
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Actiononhunger
ManyprominentpeopleintheChurchofEnglandhavespokenoutagainstpovertyandwelfarecutsinthe
UnitedKingdom.27Anglicanbishopareamong43ChristianleaderswhosignedaletterthaturgeDavid
Camerontomakesurepeoplehaveenoughtoeat.
Weoftenheartalkofhardchoices.Surelyfewcanbeharderthanthatfacedbythetensof
thousandsofolderpeoplewhomust'heatoreat'eachwinter,harderthanthosefacedby
familieswhosewageshavestayedflatwhilefoodpriceshavegoneup30%injustfiveyears.
Yetbeyondeventhiswemust,asasociety,faceuptothefactthatoverhalfofpeopleusing
foodbankshavebeenputinthatsituationbycutbackstoandfailuresinthebenefitsystem,
whetheritbepaymentdelaysorpunitivesanctions.[42]
Benefitcuts,failuresand"punitivesanctions"forcethousandsofUKcitizenstousefoodbanks.The
campaigntoendhungerconsidersthis"trulyshocking".andcallsforanationaldayoffastingon4April
2014.[42]

Membership
Officialfiguresfrom2005showedtherewere25millionbaptisedAnglicansinEnglandandWales.[43]Due
toitsstatusastheestablishedchurch,ingeneral,anyonemaybemarried,havetheirchildrenbaptisedor
theirfuneralintheirlocalparishchurch,regardlessofwhethertheyarebaptisedorregularchurchgoers.[44]
Between1890and2001,churchgoingintheUnitedKingdomdeclinedsteadily.[45]Intheyears1968to
1999,AnglicanSundaychurchattendancesalmosthalved,from3.5percentofthepopulationtojust1.9
percent.[46]Onestudypublishedin2008suggestedthatifcurrenttrendsweretocontinue,Sunday
attendancescouldfallto350,000in2030andjust87,800in2050.[47]
In2011,theChurchofEnglandpublishedstatisticsshowing1.7millionpeopleattendingatleastoneofits
serviceseachmonth,alevelmaintainedsincetheturnofthemillenniumapproximatelyonemillion
participatingeachSundayandthreemilliontakingpartinaChurchofEnglandserviceonChristmasDayor
ChristmasEve.Thechurchalsoclaimedthat30%attendSundayworshipatleastonceayearmorethan
40%attendaweddingintheirlocalchurchandstillmoreattendafuneralthere.[48]NationallytheChurch
ofEnglandbaptisesonechildineight.[49]
TheChurchofEnglandhas18,000activeordainedclergyand10,000licensedlayministers.[50]In2009,
491peoplewererecommendedforordinationtraining,maintainingthelevelattheturnofthemillennium,
and564newclergy(266womenand298men)wereordained.Morethanhalfofthoseordained(193men
and116women)wereappointedtofulltimepaidministry.[51]In2011,504newclergywereordained,
including264topaidministry,and349layreaderswereadmittedtoministryandthemodeagerangeof
thoserecommendedforordinationtraininghadremained4049since1999.[52]

Structure
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ArticleXIX('OftheChurch')ofthe39Articlesdefinesthechurch
asfollows:
ThevisibleChurchofChristisacongregationof
faithfulmen,inwhichthepureWordofGodis
preached,andthesacramentsbedulyministered
accordingtoChrist'sordinanceinallthosethingsthat
ofnecessityarerequisitetothesame.[53]
TheBritishmonarchhastheconstitutionaltitleofSupreme
GovernoroftheChurchofEngland.ThecanonlawoftheChurchof
Englandstates,"WeacknowledgethattheQueen'smostexcellent
Majesty,actingaccordingtothelawsoftherealm,isthehighest
powerunderGodinthiskingdom,andhassupremeauthorityover
allpersonsinallcauses,aswellecclesiasticalascivil."[54]In
practicethispowerisoftenexercisedthroughParliamentandthe
PrimeMinister.

DiocesesoftheChurchofEngland
ProvinceofCanterbury
ProvinceofYork

TheChurchofIrelandandtheChurchinWalesseparatedfromthe
ChurchofEnglandin1869[55]and1920[56]respectivelyandareautonomouschurchesintheAnglican
CommunionScotland'snationalchurch,theChurchofScotland,isPresbyterianbuttheScottishEpiscopal
ChurchisintheAnglicanCommunion.[57]
InadditiontoEngland,thejurisdictionoftheChurchofEnglandextendstotheIsleofMan,theChannel
IslandsandafewparishesinFlintshire,MonmouthshireandRadnorshireinWales.[58]Expatriate
congregationsonthecontinentofEuropehavebecometheDioceseofGibraltarinEurope.
Thechurchisstructuredasfollows(fromthelowestlevelupwards):
Parishisthemostlocallevel,oftenconsistingofonechurch
buildingandcommunity,althoughmanyparishesarejoining
forcesinavarietyofwaysforfinancialreasons.Theparishis
lookedafterbyaparishpriestwhoforhistoricalorlegal
reasonsmaybecalledbyoneofthefollowingoffices:vicar,
rector,priestincharge,teamrector,teamvicar.Thefirst,
second,andfourthofthesemayalsobeknownasthe
'incumbent'.Therunningoftheparishisthejoint
responsibilityoftheincumbentandtheParochialChurch
TheparishchurchofStLawrencein
Council(PCC),whichconsistsoftheparishclergyand
TootBaldonistypicalofmanysmall
electedrepresentativesfromthecongregation.TheDioceseof
Englishvillagechurches
GibraltarinEuropeisnotformallydividedintoparishes.
Thereareanumberoflocalchurchesthatdonothavea
parish.Inurbanareasthereareanumberofproprietarychapels(mostlybuiltinthe19thcenturyto
copewithurbanisationandgrowthinpopulation).Alsoinmorerecentyearsthereareincreasingly
churchplantsandfreshexpressionsofchurch,wherebynewcongregationsareplantedinlocations
suchasschoolsorpubstospreadtheGospelofChristinnontraditionalways.
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Deanery,e.g.,LewishamorRunnymede.Thisistheareafor
whichaRuralDean(orareadean)isresponsible.Itconsists
ofanumberofparishesinaparticulardistrict.Theruraldean
isusuallytheincumbentofoneoftheconstituentparishes.
Theparisheseachelectlay(nonordained)representativesto
thedeanerysynod.Deanerysynodmemberseachhaveavote
intheelectionofrepresentativestothediocesansynod.
Archdeaconry,e.g.,thesevenintheDioceseofGibraltarin
Europe.Thisistheareaunderthejurisdictionofan
archdeacon.Itconsistsofanumberofdeaneries.
Diocese,e.g.,DioceseofDurham,DioceseofGuildford,
MapshowingtheDioceseof
DioceseofStAlbans.Thisistheareaunderthejurisdictionof
GibraltarinEuropewiththe
adiocesanbishop,e.g.,theBishopsofDurham,Guildfordand
archdeaconriescolourcoded
StAlbans,andwillhaveacathedral.Theremaybeoneor
moreassistingbishops,usuallycalledsuffraganbishops,
withinthediocesewhoassistthediocesanbishopinhisministry,e.g.,inGuildforddiocese,the
BishopofDorking.Insomeverylargediocesesalegalmeasurehasbeenenactedtocreate"episcopal
areas",wherethediocesanbishoprunsonesuchareahimselfandappoints"areabishops"torunthe
otherareasasminidioceses,legallydelegatingmanyofhispowerstotheareabishops.Dioceses
withepiscopalareasincludeLondon,Chelmsford,Oxford,Chichester,Southwark,andLichfield.The
bishopsworkwithanelectedbodyoflayandordainedrepresentatives,knownastheDiocesan
Synod,torunthediocese.Adioceseissubdividedintoanumberofarchdeaconries.
Province,i.e.,CanterburyorYork.Thisistheareaunderthejurisdictionofanarchbishop,i.e.the
ArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork.Decisionmakingwithintheprovinceistheresponsibilityof
theGeneralSynod(seealsoabove).Aprovinceissubdividedintodioceses.
Primacy,i.e.,ChurchofEngland.Inadditiontohisspecificauthorityinhisownprovince,each
archbishopis"PrimateofAllEngland"(Canterbury)or"PrimateofEngland"(York)andhaspowers
thatextendoverthewholecountryforexamplehislicensetomarrywithoutthebanns(marriage
licence).
RoyalPeculiar,asmallnumberofchurchesmorecloselyassociatedwiththeCrown,andaveryfew
withthelawandareoutsidetheusualchurchhierarchythoughconformingtotherite.Theseare
outsideepiscopaljurisdiction.
Allrectorsandvicarsareappointedbypatrons,whomaybeprivateindividuals,corporatebodiessuchas
cathedrals,collegesortrusts,orbythebishopordirectlybytheCrown.Noclergycanbeinstitutedand
inductedintoaparishwithoutswearingtheOathofAllegiancetoHerMajesty,andtakingtheOathof
CanonicalObedience"inallthingslawfulandhonest"tothebishop.Usuallytheyareinstitutedtothe
beneficebythebishopandtheninductedbythearchdeaconintothepossessionofthebeneficeproperty
churchandparsonage.Curates(assistantclergy)areappointedbyrectorsandvicars,orifpriestsincharge
bythebishopafterconsultationwiththepatron.Cathedralclergy(normallyadeanandavaryingnumberof
residentiarycanonswhoconstitutethecathedralchapter)areappointedeitherbytheCrown,thebishop,or
bythedeanandchapterthemselves.Clergyofficiateinadioceseeitherbecausetheyholdofficeas
beneficedclergyorarelicensedbythebishopwhenappointed,orsimplywithpermission.

Primates
ThemostseniorbishopoftheChurchofEnglandistheArchbishopofCanterbury,whoisthemetropolitan
ofthesouthernprovinceofEngland,theProvinceofCanterbury.HehasthestatusofPrimateofAll
England.HeisthefocusofunityfortheworldwideAnglicanCommunionofindependentnationalor
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regionalchurches.JustinWelbyhasbeenArchbishopofCanterburysincetheconfirmationofhiselection
on4February2013.[59]
ThesecondmostseniorbishopistheArchbishopofYork,whoisthe
metropolitanofthenorthernprovinceofEngland,theProvinceofYork.
Forhistoricalreasons(relatingtothetimeofYork'scontrolbytheDanes)
heisreferredtoasthePrimateofEngland.JohnSentamubecame
ArchbishopofYorkin2005.TheBishopofLondon,theBishopof
DurhamandtheBishopofWinchesterarerankedinthenextthree
positions.

Diocesanbishops
Theprocessofappointingdiocesanbishopsiscomplexandishandledby
theCrownNominationsCommitteewhichsubmitsnamestothePrime
Minister(actingonbehalfoftheCrown)forconsideration.

Representativebodies

JustinWelby,Archbishopof
Canterbury

TheChurchofEnglandhasalegislativebody,theGeneralSynod.Synod
cancreatetwotypesoflegislation,measuresandcanons.Measureshavetobeapprovedbutcannotbe
amendedbytheBritishParliamentbeforereceivingtheRoyalAssentandbecomingpartofthelawof
England.[60]AlthoughitistheestablishedchurchinEnglandonly,itsmeasuresmustbeapprovedbyboth
HousesofParliamentincludingthenonEnglishmembers.CanonsrequireRoyalLicenceandRoyal
Assent,butformthelawofthechurch,ratherthanthelawoftheland.[61]
AnotherassemblyistheConvocationoftheEnglishClergy,whichisolderthantheGeneralSynodandits
predecessortheChurchAssembly.Bythe1969SynodicalGovernmentMeasurealmostallofthe
Convocations'functionsweretransferredtotheGeneralSynod.Additionally,thereareDiocesanSynods
anddeanerysynods,whicharethegoverningbodiesofthedivisionsoftheChurch.

HouseofLords
Ofthe42diocesanarchbishopsandbishopsintheChurchofEngland,26arepermittedtositintheHouse
ofLords.TheArchbishopsofCanterburyandYorkautomaticallyhaveseats,asdotheBishopsofLondon,
DurhamandWinchester.Theremaining21seatsarefilledinorderofsenioritybyconsecration.Itmaytake
adiocesanbishopanumberofyearstoreachtheHouseofLords,atwhichpointhebecomesaLord
Spiritual.TheBishopofSodorandManandtheBishopofGibraltarinEuropearenoteligibletositinthe
HouseofLordsastheirdioceseslieoutsidetheUnitedKingdom.[62]

Financialsituation
Althoughanestablishedchurch,theChurchofEnglanddoesnotreceiveanydirectgovernmentsupport.
Donationscompriseitslargestsourceofincome,anditalsoreliesheavilyontheincomefromitsvarious
historicendowments.In2005,theChurchofEnglandhadestimatedtotaloutgoingsofaround
900million.[63]
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TheChurchofEnglandmanagesaninvestmentportfoliowhichisworthmorethan8000million.[64]

Seealso
AppointmentofChurchofEnglandbishops
ArchitectureofthemedievalcathedralsofEngland
ChurchofEnglandNewspaper
ChurchofEnglandparishchurch
Mothers'Union
HistoricaldevelopmentofChurchofEnglanddioceses
ListofbishopsintheChurchofEngland
ListofarchdeaconsintheChurchofEngland
Ritualism
Listofthefirst32womenordainedasChurchofEnglandpriests

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3. Fox,Jonathan(2008).AWorldSurveyofReligionandtheState.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.120.ISBN978
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4. Ferrante,Joan(2010).Sociology:AGlobalPerspective.CengageLearning.p.408.ISBN9780840032041.
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6. Delaney,JohnP.(1980).DictionaryofSaints(Seconded.).GardenCity,NY:Doubleday.pp.6768.ISBN978
0385135948.
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Furtherreading
Garbett,Cyril,Abp.TheChurchofEnglandToday.London:HodderandStoughton,1953.128p.
Hodges,J.P.TheNatureoftheLion:ElizabethIandOurAnglicanHeritage.London:FaithPress,
1962.153pp.
Picton,Herv.AShortHistoryoftheChurchofEngland:FromtheReformationtothePresentDay.
NewcastleuponTyne:CambridgeScholarsPublishing,2015.180p.
Rowlands,JohnHenryLewis.Church,State,andSociety,18271845:theAttitudesofJohnKeble,
RichardHurrellFroude,andJohnHenryNewman.Worthing,Eng.:P.Smith[of]Churchman
PublishingFolkestone,Eng.:distr....byBaileyBookDistribution,1989.xi,262p.ISBN185093
1321

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(https://www.churchofengland.org/)
WikimediaCommonshas
HistoricalresourcesontheChurchofEngland
mediarelatedtoAnglican
(http://anglicanhistory.org/england/)
churches.
ChurchofEnglandhistoryintheWestIndies
(http://www.anglican.bb/hist)
TheHistoryFiles:ChurchesoftheBritishIsles
(http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/MainChurchesIndex.htm),agalleryofchurchphotosandinformation.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England&oldid=692999679"
Categories: ChurchofEngland AngloCatholicism AnglicanCommunionchurchbodies Anglicanism
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