PSYCHOANALYTIC

Emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could

potentially influence the mental functioning of adults1.
Viewed that personality is fashioned progressively as the individual
passes through various psychosexual stages. Freud proposed that people
operate from three states of being: the id, which seeks self-gratification;
the superego, which seeks to do what is morally proper; and the ego, the
rational mediator between the id and superego. Involves a series of
psychosexual stages. Each stage poses a unique conflict that the
individual must resolve before passing on to the next stage2.
Composed of a conscious mind, a preconscious mind and an
unconscious mind. The conscious mind has knowledge of what is
happening in the present. The preconscious mind contains information
from both the unconscious and the conscious mind. The unconscious mind
contains hidden or forgotten memories or experiences3.
The mind is like an iceberg; mostly hidden

Psychoanalytic Model has been credible over the years. Some

psychoanalytic theorists built upon Freuds work, although they placed
greater emphasis on the role of ego and still paid greater attention to
social factors in determining behaviour. But this model lacks supportive
scientific data and inadequate in making predictions. I think that Freuds
psychoanalytic may have flaws because its conclusion was, early
childhood is a significant stage but he studied mainly adult patients. Some
have asked, were this psychoanalytic model of Freud, the best of his time
or were they simply incorrect because current research contradicts many
of Freuds specific ideas. Development does not stop in childhood,
development of human nature may happen during teenage years even
though you did have bad childhood; and dreams may not be unconscious
that drives wishes according to the conscious, preconscious and
unconscious mind in the model. And I think, it appears to encourage
analytic and psychodynamic practitioners to overlook great importance of
ordinary common sense. Because psychoanalytic model deals chiefly with
unconscious motives and blocked emotions, common sense is no longer
seems to be applicable. While some other critics believe that it is
increasingly important for analysts to be aware of common sense and the
role that it can, should, and does play in psychoanalysis and
psychoanalytic.
Free association and dreams does not predict behaviour nor traits.
And I, myself, have to contradict with this model because of the penis
envy part of certain stage which have included because of based on the
biases of the male-dominated culture of the Victorian Era of the late 1800s

and maybe this may have been a cover-up of the author of the model for
the rampant child abuse in Victorian Venna that the author may
encountered in his female patients. But nowadays, I really believe that
early development in childhood stage is really important on what would
become with regards to human nature.

BEHAVIOURISTIC
Concerned with the observable behaviour of peoplewhat they actually
do and say. This is in contrast to psychoanalytic theory which focuses on the
mental and emotional processes that shape human personality, and the data it
uses come largely from the self-observations provided by introspection. Use
concepts such as reinforcement, which can be either rewards or punishments, to
shape desired behaviour. Behaviour modification is an approach that applies
behavioural/learning theory to the problem of altering maladaptive behaviour 4.
Human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment. If you
alter a person's environment, you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and
behaviour5.

I believed that the environment determines behaviour. I think people have

consistent behaviour patterns because they have particular kinds of response
tendencies. This means that over time, people learn to behave in particular
ways. Behaviours that have positive consequences tend to increase, while
behaviours that have negative consequences tend to decrease. Unlike other
models, this doesnt think that childhood played an especially important role in
shaping personality. Instead, this model I think, personality develops over the
whole life span. Peoples responses change as they encounter new situations.
One very good example is when youre used in driving fast in rural area. You
developed a liking for fast driving because your friends enjoyed riding with you
and you never got speeding tickets. After moving to the city. Whenever you
drove fast, you got a speeding ticket. Also, your new friends were much more
cautious about driving in fast cars. Now you doesnt like to drive fast and
considers yourself to be a cautious person.
This model also showed that people are more likely to imitate some
models (role models) than others. People tend to imitate models they like or
admire and models they consider attractive and powerful. People are also more
likely to imitate models who seem similar to themselves. Furthermore, if people
see models being rewarded for their behaviour, they will be more likely to imitate
those models. Advertisers often use these research results when they design
ads. One very good example, ads that tries to persuade to purchase a certain
brand of soft drink often show young, attractive models who are being rewarded
with good times for their soda-drinking behaviour.
With some of other models, I think this model may also have flaw.
Behaviourist researchers often do animal studies of behaviour and then
generalize their results to human beings. Generalizing results in this way can be
misleading, since we have complex thought processes that affect behaviour.

They often underestimate the importance of biological factors. By emphasizing

the situational influences on personality, some underestimate the importance of
personality traits.

HUMANISM
Maintains that human beings are different from all other organisms in that
they
actively
intervene in the course of events to control their destinies and to shape the
world around them6.
There is a hierarchy of needs, with each need requiring fulfilment before
the next need becomes relevant. As Frederic Bastiat said, "A man can neither be
a very good lover, nor soldier nor poet unless he has comparatively recently had
something to eat." (No, Bastiat was not a psychologist, he was a French
philosopher.)7
Is a reality based and to be psychologically healthy people must take
responsibility for themselves, whether the persons actions are positive or
negative. The goal of life should always be to achieve personal growth and
understanding. Only through self-improvement and self-knowledge can one truly
be happy8.

Humanism rejected the psychoanalytic and behaviouristic view of human

nature. This model taught us of having a self-actualization, with the saying, Be
all you can be. It includes the focus on both positive nature of humankind and
free will associated with change, unlike the psychoanalytic approach with lack of
power over ourselves, while this model sees the individual as very powerful. And
I think the only bad side of this, is that, it falls short in its ability to help those
with more severe personality. With the right environment, we can reach our full
potential. One must satisfy first the lower needs before he can proceed to higher
needs. Personally, this humanism may have some very practical applications. For
example, after students took the breakfast or lunch (lower needs), they will be
focus more on higher needs such as esteem and achievement. The hierarchy of
needs is one possible explanation for why children in low-income schools often
have lower achievement. Im not saying that this is the only explanation, by any
means. While I believe that unlike other species, we are unique in being
motivated by such needs as approval, recognition, achievement, and being the
best that we can be and having the goal of human development; self-

actualization. This is really contradicting to the behaviour modification ideas that

the teacher, counsellor and parents set goals to be changed about the person
that sometimes referred to as targets or subjects and then you arrange the
environment with the appropriate rewards or punishments.
As what is being taught in humanism, I think some likely or would like to
place themselves on the top self-actualization. I know this may be an easy task
for some, but we cant overlook the struggles with the ups and downs of life. And
for many of us, life is not that straightforward. We often have one foot in one
level and the other foot in the next level, and are reaching at time trying to pull
ourselves up while making sure we dont fall backward at other times. We must
remember that as we climbed to the top, we often make shortcuts but also
notice that two steps forward can mean one step back. Sometimes it even feels
like two steps forward means three steps back. The goal of some, however, is to
keep an eye on the top and to climb as steadily as possible. We may fall at times
and we may leap forward at times. No matter how far we fall backward,
however, the road back up is easier since we already know the way.

EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialism is more recent philosophy that believes that each of us
creates our own nature. Denies any essential human nature. In other words,
there is no fixed, rational purpose or nature. Most influential figure to
existentialism is Jean-Paul Sartre. Sartre believes that we cannot rely on God or
Society to justify ourselves. Sartre stated that there are no truths about what
humans should or ought to be; only that we are free. Friedrich Nietzsche believed
that there is no universal morality or rules that govern us. Emotions are the ways
we freely chose to perceive the world9.
Emphasizes that we are free and conscious, but not necessarily rational or
mechanical beings. Human beings are actually a collaboration of everything they
do, not what they experience10.
It emphasizes the present; it emphasizes what is happening in the client's
world today and how to better live in it11.

After hearing the word existentialism, some may think that its a
complicated thing to study and well make ourselves confused. In my own
personal opinion, this is hard to study than being said that it is easy. But this
model accepts the premise that our choices are limited by external
circumstances, existentialism rejects the idea that our acts are determined.
There are a range of choices available to each of us and we are free to choose
and therefore responsible for our own choices and actions. We must create and
live with our own individual freedom. This model focuses on creating our own
environment. Freedom means "openness, readiness to grow, flexibility, and
changing in search of greater human values. It entails our capacity to take hand
in our own development. Freedom is basic to existentialist understanding of

human nature because it underlies our ability to choose. People are free to
choose among alternatives and therefore have a large role in shaping their
destinies. With freedom, we must also accept the responsibility for directing our
lives. Freedom and responsibility go hand in hand. I think the goal of this model
towards human nature is to enable individuals to accept their personal freedom.
We are encouraged to take seriously our own personal experience in our
world. We are challenged to take responsibility for how we choose to live in our
world. This model seeks to help us to experience our existence as real.
Existentialism helps us face the concern of choosing for ourselves. There are
harder decisions in life that requires a lot of thinking and people never want to
make the wrong decision because they always want to pick the right path in life.
Existentialism also believe that truth is not more than a human creation, but
how do we know that anything is true?
I think that it is important for people to make the right choices in life and
live the life that they truly deserve. We are all responsible for our choices but
even good choices wont always be good ones. You will still feel guilty over failing
to fulfil all the possibilities in your life. Guilt, anxiety or angst is inescapable.
Freedom is hard to find and a constant struggle.

What model best explained the human nature? Explain.

Humanism best explained the human nature. I would make this

generation my standard for making the choices. Nowadays, we are all,
may not be all, but most of us, wants to go to the top as soon as possible
and they sometimes forgot the meaning of self-actualization. But
regardless of that, this model focuses on our own personal growth and
understanding. I believe that with all of us, having this kind of human
nature, will make us or maybe our own country even better. And I also
believe that we should act according to our priorities regarding with the
needs. If you cant get what you need, start at the bottom and slowly
reach your higher needs. This model requires freedom and responsibility,
so we already have choices to make, as with the existentialism as this two
model has similarities, but of course differences too. We are the only ones
who can control our destiny and our world. I, myself, is taking my time for
my own personal growth, still improving my knowledge and fulfilling my
needs for me to feel gratefulness.

I think its too late even with this model, our own human nature
have already been decided. Crab mentality is there, taking advantage of

weak is there, and we forgot that as we go up, as we experience growth

and reach near the top, we forgot to help others, that is I think should be
included in this model, as a human being created by God.

Tyson, Phyllis. (2002). The challenges of psychoanalytic developmental theory.

Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50, 19-52
2, 4,
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http://www.spiritlakeconsulting.com/devpsych/humanist.htm

http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/humanistic/#.VbgrxSGqpHx

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http://hzt4ur.wikispaces.com/Existential+View+of+Human+Nature

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http://home.earthlink.net/~andyda/psych/exist/keyexist.html