ELEVATORS

Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either

drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or
pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.
Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an
above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car.
Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a
certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoist ways.
Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.

TYPES OF ELEVATORS.
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS :
Conventional hydraulic elevators. They use an underground
cylinder, are quite common for low level buildings with 25
floors (sometimes but seldom up to 68 floors), and have
speeds of up to 200 feet/minute (1 meter/second).

PASSENGER ELEVATORS :
Passenger elevators should be located at the circulation core of
the building and be grouped into banks when this is necessary
and desirable.
The required number of elevators is determined by:
Building type
Building height
Number of stops
Floor use
Passenger volume

TRACTION ELEVATORS :

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric

motors. Geared machines use gears to control mechanical
movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a
drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high
speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for
basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min
(2.5 m/s).

STRETCHER ELEVATOR:
Stretcher elevator also cater to the health sector by providing
specialized range of Stretcher Elevators suited for application in
hospitals, health centres and other similar places. A Stretcher
Elevator provides highly stable and smooth operation as it
utilizes inverter control technology and lowest noise
mechanism.

ELEVATOR SHAFT contain building components necessary for

the operation of elevator. Its dimension depends upon elevator
model, door design and type of drive. They must have
ventilation and smoke extracting openings. The cross section of
these openings is generally 2.5% of the shaft floor area, with
minimum cross section stipulated as 0.1m.sq.
SHAFT PIT the bottom end of the shaft is called pit. The depth
of the pit is measured from the top edge of the finished floor at
the lowest elevator stop to the top edge of the finished floor of
the pit floor. The minimum depth of pit is determined by:
Space required for construction
Over run and safety space stipulated by regulations
The pit sits directly on the foundation. Shaft pits that are 1 to
2.5m deep must be equipped with a removable access ladder.
Pits with a depth greater than 2.5m must have a secure access
door to a building floor..
SHAFT HEAD It is the upper section of the shaft, measured
from the top edge of the finished floor at the uppermost stop to
the bottom edge of the shaft ceiling.
SHAFT ACCESS The size of the shaft access points is
determined by the door design, while their location is defined by
shaft symmetry.
MACHINE ROOM - Depending upon the type of drive machine
room is located either at the top above the shaft or at the bottom
next to it.

Escalators

An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people,

consisting of a staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the
surfaces of the individual steps horizontal.
As a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport
passengers up and down short vertical distances, escalators are used around the
world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical.
Principal areas of usage include shopping centers, airports, transit systems,
convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.

Inventor :Nathan Ames, a patent solicitor from Saugus, Massachusetts, is credited

with patenting the first "escalator" in 1859, despite the fact that no working model
of his design was ever built. His invention, the "revolving stairs," is largely
speculative and the patent specifications indicate that he had no preference for
materials or potential use (he noted that steps could be upholstered or made of
wood, and suggested that the units might benefit the infirm within a household

use), though the mechanization was suggested to run either by manual or

hydraulic power.

benefits of escalators :

They have the capacity to move large numbers of people.

they can be placed in the same physical space as stairs would be.

They have no waiting interval, except during very heavy traffic.

they can be used to guide people towards main exits or special exhibits.

they may be weather-proofed for outdoor use.

Operation :Escalators are powered by constant speed alternating current motors and
move at approximately 12 ft (0.30.6 m) per second. The maximum angle of
inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30 degrees with a standard rise up
to about 60 ft (18 m).
Modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or steel steps that moves
on a system of tracks in a continuous loop . Escalators are typically used in pairs
with one going up and the other going down, however in some places, especially
European stores and metro stations, there are no escalators going down; the
escalators only go up. Some modern escalators in stores and shopping malls
have glass sides that reveal their workings. Although most escalators are
straight, some shopping malls use curved versions, also called "spiral"
escalators. Most escalators have moving handrails that approximately keep pace
with the movement of the steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be
permanently the same.

Design and layout considerations :A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical
requirements, location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic
preferences. physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be
spanned must be considered. which determine the pitch of the escalator and its
actual length. The Location is important, it should be situated where they can be
easily seen by the general public. up and down escalator traffic should be
physically separated. Traffic patterns must also be anticipated. In some buildings

the objective is to move people from one floor to another, but in others there may
be a more specific requirement, such as funneling visitors towards a main exit or
exhibit. The carrying capacity of an escalator must match the expected peak
traffic demand. It is preferred that a traditional staircase be located adjacent to
the escalator if the escalator is the primary means of transport between floors. It
may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for
wheelchairs and disabled persons. Finally, consideration should be given to the
aesthetics of the escalator.

Safety :Safety is also major concern in escalator design. Fire protection of an

escalator floor-opening may be provided by adding automatic sprinklers or
fireproof shutters to the opening, or by installing the escalator in an enclosed fireprotected hall. To limit the danger of overheating, adequate ventilation for the
spaces that contain the motors and gears must be provided.

Safety noms :The standard requires:

That the emergency shutoff buttons be at the top and bottom of each
escalator. The button should be on the right side of the escalator when
facing the stairs.

That sidewalls be made of low-friction material so soft-soled shoes cannot

get caught easily.
That "skirt obstruction devices" (which sense the presence of a foreign
object and automatically shut off the escalator) be at the top and bottom of
the escalator.
That side clearance at the edges of steps be no more than 3/16 inch
That warning signs be placed on escalators reminding parents to hold
children's hands and face forward.
That each step has painted foot prints or brightly colored borders.

Safe riding :While some escalator accidents are caused by a mechanical failure, most
can be avoided by following some simple safety precautions. The Elevator
Escalator Safety Foundation is a major advocate for safe riding in the United
States and Canada, and sponsors National Elevator Escalator Safety Week each
year. Some suggestions for safe riding include:

Always step out at the end of the stairs to prevent from falling.

Carry dogs up or down (or use the elevator).

Check for loose garments. These may include: long dresses, scarves,
trench coats, or loose belts. Also, loose shoelaces are particularly
notorious for getting caught in escalator machinery, so make sure that
shoes are tied.
Children under the age of 7 should be accompanied by an adult when
riding. Adults should hold a childs hand.
Do not ride barefoot.
Do not use the escalator when transporting any large package or when
pushing a device with wheels (moving sidewalks and ramps usually
excepted look for signs). This includes: baby strollers, baggage carts,
hand trucks, or shopping carts. Also, the escalator should not be used by
someone with a walker or on crutches.
Face forward.
Hold the handrail.
Keep footwear away from the side panels especially shoes with
traction.
Keep walking after exiting the escalator to prevent a pile-up.
Stand to one side of the escalator to allow others to pass you on wider
escalators.

Components :

Top and Bottom Landing Platforms These two platforms house the
curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears and motors that drive
the stairs. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main
drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These
sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In addition, the
platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a
place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the moving stairs.
This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable
to allow easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is the piece
between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is so named
because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb.
These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This
design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the
landing, which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

The Truss The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower
and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together
with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of
the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or
concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections
connecting the upper and lower sections.

The Tracks The track system is built into the truss to guide the step
chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and
back to the top in an endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for
the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track) and one for the
back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative
positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move
out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss the
tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the
back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it.
This right angle bends the steps into a stair shape. At the top and bottom
of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels
of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a
flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel
around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps
down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing,
where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the
bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once again
assume a stair case configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as
the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

The Steps The steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast

aluminum or steel. Rubber mats may be affixed to their surface to reduce
slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate
their edges. The leading and trailing edges of each step are cleated with
comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top and
bottom platforms. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so
they form a closed loop with each step able to bend in relation to its
neighbors. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to
two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track
and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track.
As described above, the position of the tracks controls the orientation of
the steps.

The Railing The railing provides a convenient handhold for passengers

while they are riding the escalator. It is constructed of four distinct
sections. At the center of the railing is a "slider," also known as a "glider
ply," which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile. The purpose of the
slider layer is to allow the railing to move smoothly along its track. The
next layer, known as the tension member, consists of either steel cable or
flat steel tape. It provides the handrail with the necessary tensile strength
and flexibility. On top of tension member are the inner construction
components, which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to
prevent the layers from separating. Finally, the outer layer, the only part
that passengers actually see, is the rubber cover, which is a blend of
synthetic polymers and rubber. This cover is designed to resist
degradation from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear,

and human vandalism. The railing is constructed by feeding rubber

through a computer controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of the
required size and type in order to match specific orders. The component
layers of fabric, rubber, and steel are shaped by skilled workers before
being fed into the presses, where they are fused together. When installed,
the finished railing is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to
the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

How escalators work :The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of
gears. An electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate the chain
loops. A typical escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to rotate the gears. The
motor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending
between two floors.
Instead of moving a flat surface, as in a conveyer belt, the chain loops move a
series of steps. The coolest thing about an escalator is the way these steps
move. As the chains move, the steps always stay level. At the top and bottom of
the escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. This
makes it easier to get on and off the escalator
Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two
separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are
connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of
the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following
behind the first set.

The individual steps from an escalator

The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always
remain level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a
horizontal position, flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it,
so it will fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.
In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator also
moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped
around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at
exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.
The escalator system isn't nearly as good as an elevator at lifting people
dozens of stories, but it is much better at moving people a short distance. This is
because of the escalator's high loading rate.

Sizes and typical use :Standard escalator step widths

Size

Width
(Between
Balustrade
Panels), in
Millimeters

Width
(Between
Balustrade
Panels), in
Inches

Very
400 mm
small

16 in

Small 600 mm

24 in

Single-step
capacity

Applications

One passenger,
An older design,
with feet
extremely rare today
together
Low-volume sites,
uppermost levels of
One passenger
department stores,
when space is limited

Medium 800 mm

Large 1000 mm

32 in

40 in

One passenger
Shopping malls,
+ one package
department stores,
or one piece of
smaller airports
luggage.
Mainstay of metro
systems, larger
Two passengers
airports, train
one may walk
stations, some retail
past another
usage

operating switches :Emergency Stop Button

Lets passengers or observers stop the escalator (moving walk)
immediately in an emergency situation. Provided with redtransparent plastic vandal proof covering.

Lighting Key Switch

A key switch that turns on and off the Under-Handrail Lighting,
Step (Pallet) Demarcation Lighting, Comb Light, and others.

Stop-Buzzer Key Switch

A key switch used by building personnel to stop the escalator
(moving walk). A warning buzzer sounds immediately before the
installation starts or stops.

Up-Down Starting Key Switch

A key switch for starting the escalator (moving walk) in the desired
direction.

Safety devices:Safety devices are designed to prevent escalator and moving walk accidents
before they happen.
Locations of Key Safety Devices:-

1) Cleat
Grooves in the Step's Floor Plate (and Riser for escalators) designed to prevent
feet or foreign objects from getting caught between the Step (Pallet) and the
Comb, or the Riser and the Step.
2) Drive Chain Safety Device
A safety device that operates to stop the escalator (moving walk) if the Drive
Chain breaks or stretches beyond an allowable limit.
3) Step (Pallet) Chain Safety Device
A safety device that stops the escalator (moving walk) if the Step Chain (Pallet
Chain) breaks or stretches beyond an allowable limit.
4) Curved Rail Safety Device (CRS; escalators only)
A safety device to stop the escalator when a Step has been dislocated on its riser
side due to an object caught between the Skirt Guard and the Step, or between
the Steps, or if an abnormality has been observed in the Step motion.
5) Low-Friction-Coefficient Resin on Skirt Guard
Friction-reducing resin coating on the Skirt Guard to reduce the chance of
passengers stumbling when shoes come into contact with the Skirt Guard.
6) Skirt Guard Safety Device (SSS)
A safety device to stop the escalator (moving walk) if a shoe or other item

becomes trapped in the gap between the Step (Pallet) and Skirt Guard.
7) Inlet Guard
A guard made of soft rubber, which fits over the outside of the handrail where it
enters the Balustrade to keep a persons fingers or hand, or any foreign object
away from the handrail opening, to prevent injury.
8) Emergency Stop Button
A button that immediately stops the escalator (moving walk) in emergency
situations.
9) Handrail Safety Switch
A safety device that stops the escalator (moving walk) when the speed of the
Moving Handrail and the Steps (Pallets) fail to synchronize.
10) Inlet Guard Switch
A safety device that stops escalator (moving walk) when physical contact is made
with the inlet.
11) Fire Shutter Switch (FSS)
A special feature installed only when a fire-prevention shutter is in the vicinity of
the escalator (moving walk). The opening and shutting of the fire prevention
shutter is synchronized with the escalator (moving walk), and the escalator
(moving walk) cannot be started while the fire-prevention shutter is down.

j-type escalators :-

Spiral escalators:-

CASE STUDY :

ELEVATORS & ESCALATORS

ASMA FAROOQ 804

RIZVI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
5TH yr. B.ARCH

Despite being some of Mumbais oldest

inhabitants and landowners, the East
Indians have to play a patient waiting
game to acquire land within the city for a
cultural centre called the East Indian
Bhavan. Fiona Fernandez speaks to
torchbearers whove championed this
project
Its a relaxed Sunday evening. After watching a play that takes the audience to a
scene from an East Indian household in the 1800s, its time to tuck into a spread of
authentic Pork Vindaloo, Mutton Stew, Chicken Moile and Rice Rotis.
In the background, strains of an East Indian song wafts through a homely, charming
restaurant.
(Left, below) Audrey DSouzas outer and inner plans for the East Indian
Bhavan. The complex will represent a traditional East Indian home with
tiled roofs and high ceilings. IMAGES COURTESY/ AUDREY DSOUZA
Now, imagine all of the above as a reality, in the heart of Mumbai. If things go
according to plan, an East Indian Bhavan will be built in the city that will act as a
community centre to showcase the culture, tradition, history and heritage of this
community. We never had such a permanent space despite owning land and
property in Mumbai for centuries. We felt why not build something concrete for our
community? reasons Borivali based architect Audrey Baptista DSouza, whose plans
will help transform this dream into reality.

Community living
The structure, designed to resemble a traditional East Indian home, will house a
cultural centre, a museum to preserve its heritage, a library and research centre, a
500-seater auditorium, a help centre as well as a restaurant that will serve authentic
East Indian cuisine. It will be built like a typical East Indian home, without any
modern facades. We want it to represent our community, and what remains of our
culture for generations to come. The museum inside the Bhavan will showcase all
of it, she shares.
A close-up of a traditional East Indian jewellery showing a fish, reflecting
their ties with the sea
Luckily, inspiration for this project was in Audreys own backyard, literally. I grew up
in Vile Parle (West), in a traditional home that is 90 years old today. It has a garden,
and the roof rises up to 11-12 feet! Its not easy to manage, but we have relatives

who have been looking after it for us, she adds, with a sense of pride, and relief as
well.
a view of the East Indian Museum in Teresa Village, Manori. Pics/Sameer
Markande
Whose land is it?
The idea of the Bhavan germinated in 2009 when we were working on the Mobai
Bhavan Museum that was eventually built in Teresa Village, Manori. We were lucky at
the time that a family offered us the land to build it. However, in case of the East
Indian Bhavan, land remains the single biggest hurdle, rues Alphi DSouza
spokesperson for the Mobai Gaothan Panchayat, a body that is at the forefront of the
communitys rights. For the over three-lakh East Indians spread across Mumbai,
Vasai, Thane and Raigad, the news about this Bhavan has been a bittersweet one.
There is excitement and dejection, he tells us, from his office in Santacruz (E).
When the body approached the state government with their request for land, they
were told to find government land that can be spared for such a project. But only
they (politicians) would know about this land, right? Alphi exclaims. The alternative
was a more tedious one where we would need to buy the land, and then build on
it. This would be a two-fold challenge. We all know how difficult it is to acquire even a
small piece of land from existing owners in Mumbai. It runs into crores, he reiterates;
the irony of the situation echoing in his voice.
For all, by all
Yet, despite these obstacles, Audreys plan for the 15,000 sq-ft complex has been
welcomed by the community. People should spread the word and create awareness
about this project. East Indians who have settled abroad are keen to contribute. After
all, at last, something is being done for us, she admits. Once its ready, everyone
will get a chance to earn a living at the centre too, adds the architect whose
enthusiasm hasnt diminished, and she continues working out permutations and
combinations in case the size and area of the plan needs revision.
We wanted to have it in the city itself, to make it accessible to everyone from within
and outside the community. Its ironic that despite being Mumbais original
inhabitants, we have to face such hurdles to secure land for the Bhavan, reminds
Audrey. Echoing her thoughts is Alphi, who presents the larger picture of how East
Indians being original landowners in the city, must now fight hard to ensure that their
gaothans are not eradicated entirely. In fact, Audreys ancestral property had been
lost to the state in Aarey, Goregaon (East). If my own land is released, it would be
the ideal situation, she maintains, her hope intact. We hope and pray that this
project takes off this year; so much has gone into this project, she trails off.
Alphi and Audrey, like most East Indians, have been fighting for this plan to fructify.
They hope that the government will blink. We are keeping the government option
open. Its our dream. We cant give up on it. Besides, all politicians cant be that
bad, Alphi smiles.

CASE STUDY :
- See more at:
http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-oldest-inhabitants-await-land-for-east-indianbhavan/16343171#sthash.pgP51PJ4.dpuf

LIFT MACHINE ROOM ON THE TERRACE

LIFT SHAFT

LIFT INTERIORS