Practical works IV second cycle

THE EYE OPTICAL SYSTEM

I. The optical system Introduction. Description and alignment of optical system

components
II. The practical use of the optical system:
III. Applications in physiological optics

I. The optical system Introduction. Description and alignment of optical system

components
1. Theoretical part
Lens is called a transparent body bounded by two surfaces (diopters) and at list one of them has
to be curved
A diopter is a spherical interface between two media of different refractive indices and whose
shape is spherical. A diopter spherical is described by two indices of refraction (n1 and n2) and a
radius of curvature (R).
C- Curve centrer
O

O- Optical center of the

lens

Fig. 1 the diopter

The lens is considered thin if its thickness is small compared to the radius of
curvature of its surfaces.

Optical main axis of the lens is the line that passes through the centers (C1- C2) of
diopters.
The intersection points of the main axis with the two surfaces of the lens are
combined in a point O called the optical center.
For a converging lens, the focus is, by definition, the focal point of the parallel ray
beam to the optical axis. It is located on the optical axis at the distance f, called the
focal length. Every lens has two focal points, symmetrical each side of optical center

R2
C1

F1
R1

F2

C2

Fig. 2 Important points on lens

2. Spherical lens
For an convergent lens, any light coming from infinity (parallel with the optical main
axis) , will converge to the image focus F2.
For a diverging lens, any light coming from infinity (parallel with the optical main axis) ,
will diverge having the direction of the F1 .
A converging lens is a lens whose edge is thinner than the central portion A parallel beam
becomes a converging beam after passing through such a lens.
The edge of a diverging lens is thicker than its central part A parallel beam becomes
divergent after passing through such a lens. The focal length of a converging lens is positive
while that of a diverging lens is negative.
Important: take care to represent dotted "all" that is virtual (virtual object or image (the) virtual
radius) and full line "everything" what is real (real object or image (the) real radius) .

F2

F1
F2

F1

Fig. 3 Points for obtaining image in the case of a convergent lens and divergent lens
To simply treat the thin lenses, we place ourselves in the Gauss approximation: we
consider only the light rays and incline near the optical axis (paraxial rays). An optical system
does not meet these conditions this is why are present aberrations.

Convergent lens

Divergent lens

Main beams and construction of images

The geometric construction of the image of an object by the lens
Is performed using the ray from each point of the object, the image point is located at the
intersection of these rays after they pass through the lens or the intersection of extensions of
these rays after the passage of the lens. Usually we use any two radii of the three principal rays
following (the third shelf is useful for checking the construction):
1. without deviation from the radius through the center of the lens.
2. The ray falling on the lens parallel to its optical axis. After refraction by the lens, this
ray or its extension passes through the image focus F2 of the lens.
3. The beam or its extension which passes through the object focus of the lens F1. After
refraction in the lens, this ray is directed parallel to the optical axis.
L

B
O

F1

F2

A
I

Fig. 4 Images of an object using a convergent lens

II. The practical use of the optical system:

1. Determination of focal length of converging lenses;

The focal length of thin lens depends, as one might expect, the index of refraction of the
material and geometrical properties of spherical diopters. A thin lens is a combination of two
such diopters almost together, just add the two contributions to the total convergence. Note that
the first interface is the air passage - glass while the opposite is true for the second interface. We
can rewrite this relationship as recalling that the radius of curvature of a surface is positive if its
center of curvature is located right in the said area, and negative otherwise, the reference
direction being that of incident light.
Called convergence C (or discrepancies, or power) of the inverse of the lens focal length
f:

C =

1
1
1
= (n 1 )
+
f
R2
R1

If the lens is convergent, then C> 0,

If the lens is divergent, then C <0.

n- optical indexof lens

R1, R2 radius for the two diopters
The unit of convergence is the diopter in the international system of units (one diopter = 1 m-1).

Lenses Formula (Descartes) and magnification

The image of an object at a distance x from the optical center of a lens with focal length f,
is formed on the optical axis in a clearly defined position, measured by the distance x ' from the
optical center. This latter distance is obtained experimentally. It is confirmed by the construction
of the image with the principal rays. The lens formula relates the distances x and x ' to the focal
length f:

1 1 1
+ =
x x f (1)

Called lateral or transverse magnification G is the ratio of the size of the image I to the
size of the object O. These quantities are measured perpendicular to the optical axis. It is easily
seen in Figure 5 that the magnification is related to the distances x and x ':

G=

I x
=
O x

(2)

2. Determination of the longitudinal spherical aberration;

The distortions of images in optical systems are called aberrations.
The geometrical aberration (spherical) is the default image that appears in the optical system due
to the use of large beams or beams of monochromatic light inclined.
Chromatic aberration is the image distortion due to the phenomenon of dispersion of the
non-monochromatic light (white) in the lenses of the optical system.
Spherical aberration is an aberration occurring when large geometric beam through a
spherical lens. The image of a point is no longer a point but a circular area with a diameter not
negligible; the rays emitted by the point-object through the lens in various remote areas do not
converge at a single point (printing fuzzy).
In particular, incident rays parallel to the optical axis falling on different areas of the lens
intersect the axis at several distinct points; the home is no longer a point but a line segment FmF0 on optical axis..

Image
Fo

Fm

Fig. 5 Distance () between the paraxial and marginal focus is called longitudinal spherical
aberration.

3. Chromatic aberration
Chromatic aberration is a consequence of the change in the refractive index of the
medium as a function of the wavelength of light (the phenomenon of dispersion). The position of
the focus varies as a function of wavelength. The image of a white light source is shaped
variously colored concentric rings.

blue
red

Fig. 6 Chromatic aberration

1. Determining the focal length of a converging lens by the lens formula:

f =

x x
x + x (3)

Device: Optical bench

An optical bench on which having a scale and allow to drag the different devices:
a lamp illuminating a plate in which an object is cut
support for the lens under study,
support for a screen,
a lens (L) thin convergent
a screen.
Light
source

Screen
Lens

Fig.7 Optical bench

Method:
Place the lens L on the ad hoc support. Choose a position of the lens, set the aperture and
determine the position of the image on the screen. To do this with 3 settings independent of the
screen and calculate the average focal length. Summarized in a table the results obtained.

2. Determining the focal length of a converging lens by the magnification of transverse formula:
1. Measure the size of the object (O). Rate this measure in a table.
At the end of the bench, set the lantern and the object AB.
2. Position the lens (L). Then place a screen (E) so as to form a clear image denoted A'B '.

3. Note the values of x and x 'on the answer sheet.

4. Measure the size of the image A'B '(I).
Using the expression of the relationship transverse magnification (2) and the lens formula (1), we
obtain the relationship for calculating the focal length:
f = x

O
x
=
O + I G + 1 (4)

Presentation of experimental data:

The data are stored in a table like the one below:
x^

No.

Fmean

G
(mm) (mm) (mm)

(mm) (mm)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

3. Determining the focal length of a converging lens by the method of Bessel.

x
B

Ecran

Fig. 8 focal length of a converging lens by the method of Bessel

Let d be the distance between the two positions of the lens gives a sharp image corresponding to
the same subject distance A - screen was:

x + x = A

(5)

et

x x = d

(6)

Replacing these relations in the form of lentils (1), we obtain the relationship for calculating the
focal length:

f =

Relations (7) is called the Bessel formula

A2 d 2
4A
(7)

III. Applications in physiological optics

The anterior part (cornea) of the outer membrane (sclera) is transparent and allows light
to pass. The iris diaphragm is used as the pupil diameter varies between 2 and 8 mm according to
the brightness. The crystalline, transparent disc acts as a convex lens and divides the globe into
two regions: the aqueous humor and vitreous humor. The latter is lined inside with a thin
membrane; the retina consists of light sensitive cells and connected to the brain via the optic
nerve fibers.

Fig. 9 The diagrammatic representation of eye

If the light emitted or reflected by an object reaches the retina, we see this object. This
light stimulates cells in a part of the retina and information is transmitted to the brain. The vision
is the result of complex phenomena. For the perception of a luminous object, the lens acts as a
converging lens of focal length 17 mm for a normal eye. This is substantially the distance that
separates the retina. Thus the image of an object at infinity is formed on the retina in the case of
a normal eye. For the vision of near objects, muscles act on the lens to change shape and make it
equivalent to a more convergent lens: The phenomenon of accommodation of the eye. The

distance-eye near point (NP) is about ten centimeters for an individual 20 years. So for a normal
eye, the vision is clear if the object is between 10 cm to infinity.

FP

NP
Visible distance domanin

Fig. 10. Diagrammatic representation of accommodation of the eye

Thanks to deformation of the lens, the eye can see clearly objects at distances greatly. But
these distances should remain between two limits (which correspond to the limits of deformation
of the lens).The outer limit is the far point. (FP): the far point is seen clearly when
accommodation is at the maximum. The aging of the individual make the lens becomes less
flexible and accommodation is more limited. A clear vision of near objects became impossible:
the distance eye - near point lengthens with age. The corresponding defect is called presbyopia.
It is corrected using converge glasses.
The lens of a myopic eye is far too consistent for the image of a point at infinity is
formed on the retina. A nearsighted person cannot clearly distinguish a distant object because the
image of this object is formed in front of the retina. This defect is corrected by glasses divergent.
The lens of a hyperopic eye is not quite converging: the image of a point at infinity can be seen
clearly because his position is beyond the retina. The hyperopic eye is corrected using glasses
convergent

Fig. 11 Diagrammatic representation of the ways that image can be form on retina

Conclusion:
-

The eye is a lens complex. What parts are implied in forming the image on retina?

Why the image is not seen clear in the case of the lens, what about the eye?

How we correct this problem?