Sheet (3): Pressure Measurements & Transducers.

A) Questions:
1) Briefly define pressure, what are the main units used to express the pressure?
2) Compare between differential, head, absolute and vacuum pressure.
3) What are the different principles (theories) used for measuring pressure?
4) Briefly explain the principles of U-tube manometer.
5) U-tube manometers can be used as a standard for calibration, Explain.
6) Compare between different U-tube manometer constructions?
7) Briefly explain the bourdon tube principles, then mention its advantages?
8) Discuss the different types of pressure measurement devices that convert pressure
to linear displacement.
9) Compare between diaphragms and bellows.
10)

Why are the electrical displacement sensors used for pressure measurement?

11)

Mention the different types of electrical displacement sensors.

12)

How can the piezo electric and piezo resistive effects be used for pressure

measurements, what is the difference while using them?

13)

Briefly explain the force balancing systems principles, Make a comparison

between electrical and pneumatic systems.

14)

Briefly define proof static pressure, overpressure and overload protection.

15)

You have to be the responsible for the installation of pressure measurement

device for an industrial application, Mention the vital precautions for ideal process.
16)

What is the purpose for measuring vacuum pressure?

17)

Compare between Pirani gauge and Ionization gauge principles.

18)

Make a brief comparison between pressure measurement transducers according

to principles, advantages, disadvantages, range, accuracy, shapes.

B) Problems:
1) For the given system shown if the applied forces F1 and F2 were given by these table:
F1 (N)
F2 (N)
H (m)

100
50
1.5

200
100
2.8

300
150
4.2

400
200
6.2

500
250
7.6

600
300
9

700
350
10.4

800
400
12.3

900
450
13.6

1000
500
15.1

- find the mean value of density of the oil and the standard deviation.
2) The ratio of container diameter to tube diameter is 8. When air in the container is at
atmospheric pressure, the free surface in the tube is at position 1. Find the maximum
pressure that can be applied to the container if the liquid density is 1200 kg/m3.

3) For the given differential pressure transducer if the corresponding deflections to

pressures were given by this table:
P1 (Mpa)
P2 (Mpa)
d (mm)

100
20
1.9

130
40
2.2

160
60
2.3

190
80
2.7

220
100
2.95

250
120
3.20

- Find the mean absolute value of spring stiffness (N/mm) and If the true value was
24.5 N/mm find the mean absolute error.
4) Four similar piezo resistors (P-type) of cross section (2.5 mm2) are used for
measuring the pressure output from diaphragm and are arranged as the next graph,
if force exerted on the piezo resistor cross-section was as the following table:
Force (N)

100

120

140

160

180

200

a) Find the ratio of resistance change ( R/R) if the piezo resistors placed parallel to
diaphragm edge (lateral coefficient v = 0.3) .
b) Find the ratio of resistance change ( R/R) if the piezo resistors placed normal to
diaphragm edge (lateral coefficient v = 0.45) .
c) Find the corresponding values of whetstone bridge voltages if (Vs = 9.5 V) then
make a plot for these values for parts (a and b).
(Good Luck)
Eng. Yahya Abdulhameed

Dr. Refaat Khater