Brenk (2011) Hierosolyma. The Greek Name of Jerusalem

"Hierosolyma".
The Greek Name of Jerusalem

Author(s): Frederick E. Brenk
Source: Glotta, Bd. 87 (2011), pp. 1-22
Published by: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41416798
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Hierosolyma.
The
Greek
Name
of Jerusalem
In memoriam Gnter Neumann

By Frederick E. Brenk, Milwaukee
What's in a name?1 Evidently a great deal. It has long been

known that a curious linguistic situation exists in the New
Testament. The New Testament is redolent on a linguistic level
of the double nomenclature characteristic of mixed cultures.
With one exception, 'IepooA,t)|xa is always found for Jerusalem
in Matthew and Mark, while Luke employs the "Hebrew" form,
27 times, to only 4 uses of the Hellenistic form.
epoDaa^fp
Paul, the Roman citizen, employs the Hebrew form in Romans
and First Corinthians , but uses both forms in Galatians. In Acts
3
the Hebrew form appears 36 times and the Greek 23. The
significance of the double nomenclature for Jerusalem is much
disputed. But generally, if not everywhere in the New
Testament, where the two forms are used, the Hebrew either
1 The authoris
verygratefulto ProfessorNeumann,who in the early
I am verygrateful
to Profesthemanuscript.
wentthrough
1990's carefully
sorsPaola Dardanoforlookingover theAsia Minorsection,and Riccardo
The texthere
and suggestions
to theSemiticmaterial.
Continiforcorrections
the same as thatcorrectedby ProfessorNeumann,
remainssubstantially
thoughseveralnoteshave been added. A longerarticle,but notcontaining
The FlavianPeriod:Solyma
thispart,was publishedas "TragicHierosolyma.
in Ashes",in F. E. Brenk,Clothedin PurpleLight.Studiesin Vergiland in
LatinLiterature
,
, Magic, Judaism
, IncludingAspectsofPhilosophy,
Religion
and theNewTestament
Background(Stuttgart
1999) 226-239.
On thetwonamesin theNew Testament
, see, forexample,J.Jeremias,
"IEPOYIAAHM/IEPOZOAYMA"ZNW 65 (1974) 273-276; J. K. Elliott,
in Actsandin theGospels",in J.K. Elliott,Essaysand Studiesin
"Jerusalem
TextualCriticism
New Testament
(Cordoba1992) 113-120(= NTS 23 [1977]
dansl'vangilede
"Les deuxnomsde Jrusalem
462^69); I. De la Potterie,
dansles Actesdes
Luc",RSR 69 (1981) 57-80, "Les deuxnomsde Jrusalem
Aptres",Biblica 63 (1982) 153-187; and D. D. Sylva, "Ierousalemand
Hierosolumain Luke-Acts",ZNWIA (1983) 207-221.
3 The
theeditionused,andpersonal
figuresvarydue to themss.readings,
choice.E.g., De la Potterie( Biblica63 [1982] 153) treatsMatthewand Mark
as alwaysusingtheHellenisticform,withtheexceptionofMatthew23.37.
Glotta
87,1-22,ISSN0017-1298
2011
GmbH
& Co.KG,Gttingen
& Ruprecht
Vandenhoeck
Frederick
E. Brenk
evokes special Jewish connotations or corresponds well with the

context. The theory of appropriateness generally seems to work,
much as a modern speaker might use both "Paris" and "Paree"
(inevitably when Paris is "gay"). The notorious exception to the
Greek form in Matthew is at 23.37, where Jesus exclaims:
Jerusalem,Jerusalem,city thatmurdersthe prophetsand stones
the messengerssentto her! How oftenhave I longed to gatheryour
children, as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, but you
would notlet me.
Here, alone Matthew employs '),.4 Paul, for example,
in Acts 25.15, addressing the governor Festus, appropriately uses
the "Greek" form.
Some scholars hold that the origin of the Hellenistic name,
Hierosolyma, was an attempt to assimilate Jerusalem into the
broader context of the temple cities of the Seleucid kingdom,
many of which received the designation "hierapolis" both in
Syria and Asia Minor.5 Some modern authors speak of the
change occurring precisely in the second century, at the height
of Seleucid success, not long before Jerusalem itself supposedly
was to become a Greek polis.6 But there are problems with such
suppositions. The normal Greek nomenclature should have
produced something like Hierolophos (Holy Hill), Hiera
4 RSV. The
to Jerusaevangelistmayalso have wantedto avoidreferring
lem.themother,
witha neuterplural.
See forexample,M. Hengel,Judaismand Hellenism.Studiesin their
Encounterin PalestineDuring the Early HellenisticPeriod (Philadelphia
undHellenismus[Tbingen21973]) I, 24; II, 18-19, .
1974) (= Judentum
160. Hekataios(Diodoros,40.3 = FGrH 264 F 6 and Ps. Aristeas(84)
describeJudaeaas a templestate;butAristeasdoes notuse thetermethnos.
Eupolemos(FGrH 723 F 2, 11), who knewboth Semiticand Hellenistic
formsforJerusalem,
derivestheHellenisticformfromlepv ZoAa)|icvo.
For theearliestperiod,see also E. Gabba, GreekKnowledgeof Jewsup to
HecataeusofAbdera(Berkeley1980) 1-18.
See, e.g., M. Avi Yonah and M. Stern,"Jerusalem.
Second Temple
Period",EncyclopaediaJudaica XI (2nd ed. 2007) 147-151; . Colpe,
in K. Zieglerand W. Sontheimer,
"Hierosolyma",
eds.,Der kleinePauly II
1967) 1141-1144 (1141). Hierosolymais foundin the mss. of
(Stuttgart
Cicero,Plutarch,
Tacitus,and Suetonius,butIerosolymain somemss.of the
Vulgate(Maccabees I andII, andtheNew Testament
).
TheGreek
ofJerusalem
Name
Hierosolyma.
(Holy Village), Hiera Nesos (Holy Isle), or Hieron Stoma (Holy

Mouth), something like the English "Holyhead".7 In the early
Empire this process went a step further. The humble Hiera
Kome, for example, metamorphosed into the more exalted
Hierokaisareia, was able to bask in Julio-Claudian splendor.
This characteristic of double identity is evident in numismatics as well. For example, on one coin type a Persian goddess is
represented as Artemis beside a deer, accompanied by the
characteristic hier (IEP), while on the reverse she appears in
Persian dress. Further Hellenization manifested itself in the
dedication of the site to Apollon of Klaros, Artemis' brother in
the Greek pantheon. The goddess' real name has vanished. At
best, she is the "Persian Artemis" (Artemis Persike ).8 In other
cases the process of assimilation, during which foreign cities
received Greek names, resulted in double names such as
7On HieraKome (Hierokaisareia),

see Brill'sNewPauly, VI (2005) 301302 (H. Kaletsch); Hierapolis of Phrygia,302-303 (H. Sonnabend);
VI, 303 (H.
HierapolisBambyke,II (2003) 482-483 (T. Leisten);Hierapytna,
Atlas of
Sonnabend).R. J.A. Talbert,R. S. Bagnali,et al. eds., Barrington
theGreekand RomanWorld(Princeton
2000), in theirindexlist10 townsor
citiescalled Hiera, of which6 are qualifiedwitha noun,one of whichis
a local name (Germe); 15 begin withHiera- of which5 are
undoubtedly
calledHierapolis.Thereis also a Hiereia, Hierichous,and a Hierion; 12 are
calledHieron, of which7 have a nounor adjectivequalifier,suchas Stoma
(mouth),Oros (mountain)
(alwaysa Greeknota nativename);thenwe finda
Insteadwe findonly
Hieros (?), Hieros LimenHerakleous
, andHierosolyma.
a few namesbeginningin 1er-:lerabriga, leron (?) Akron
, and lerusalem.
numberof these
is quitewide,buta significant
distribution
The geographical
cities - e.g., Hiera (Lykia), Hierapolis (Phrygia),Hierapolis Bambyke
(Syria),HierapolisKastabala (Kilikia) - were underSeleucid domination.
See also, C. Mller and G. Schmidt,SiedlungenPalstinas nach Flavius
Josephus(Wiesbaden 1976) 103-104; and J. D. Grainger,The Cities of
SeleukidSyria(Oxford1990) 42-45, who believesmanynamesdeveloped
G. Neumann,Phrygischund Griechisch(Vienna 1988) 19,
spontaneously.
arose in
notes that,afterAlexander'sconquest,many new settlements
name
the
formation
from
the
derived
with
names
by
-Kcbjiri
preceded
Phrygia
ofa heroor a god.
For ArtemisPersike,see M. Brosius,"ArtemisPersikeand Artemis
eds.,StudiesinPersianHistory.Essays
Anaitis",in M. BrosiusandA. Kuhrt,
in MemoryofDavid M. Lewis(Achaemenid
History11) (Leiden 1998) 221238.
E.Brenk
Frederick
Hierapolis Bambyke.9 Where double names are absent, the town

often is known simply as Hierapolis or Hiero- followed by the
suitable geographical feature. At first sight, the formation
Hierapytna for a town in Crete suggests the Hierosolyma type
designation, though the name was not very stable (Hiera-pytna ,
-pydna, -pygna, -petra). However, the alternate names, except
for the last, are variations on a pre-Greek word for "rock".
Moreover, the usual name for the town may simply have been
10
Sometimes a change of name such as that from
Hierapolis.
Pambuk or Tambuk into Hierapolis ( Hierapolis Kyrrestike or
Bambyke) or Hierokaisareia could correspond to a refoundation.11
Other cases of somewhat bizarre nomenclature might mistakenly lead to the supposition of a Hierosolyma type formation.
Hierakonopolis in Egypt is one example. The site had a
prominent temple of Horos, represented theriomorphically, in
whole or in part, as a falcon. Presumably the designation
"Falconville" was reinforcedby the similaritybetween Hierakon
(of falcons) and Hie ron (holy). Another example of somewhat
nonsensical nomenclature at firstsight is Hierasykaminos for the
city in Lower Nubia between the first and second cataracts of
9 Also called
Manbogand Mabog (todayMembij).See J. L. Lightfoot,
Ludan. On theSyrianGoddess(Oxford2003) 38-44, esp. 39, who notes
howindigenous
namesoftenoutlivedtheGreekones.
For Hierapolisof Phrygia,
see F. D'Andria,"Hierapolisof Phrygia:Its
Evolutionin Hellenisticand RomanTimes",in D. Parrish,ed., Urbanismin
WesternAsia Minor. New Studies on Aphrodisias,Ephesos, Hierapolis,
RhodeIsland2001) 96-1 15.
Pergamon,Pergeand Xanthos(Portsmouth,
11See L. Robert,Nomsindignesdans Asie-Mineure
I
grco-romaine
(Paris 1963) (non-placenames).Namesbeginningwithlep- do notappear,
except for Ipa, 'Ipaico, related to iepaicpioi (= *1001)
"falcon-raisers"
(192, n. 7), and a few wordswithiepo- ("holy"). In L.
Stdteder nrdlichenSchwarzZgusta,Die Personennamen
griechischer
meerkste
(Prague1955), onlythename'Iepoorvbeginswith'lep- (Olbia,
no. 1032). In Zgusta's KleinasiatischePersonennamen
(Prague 1964), no
namesbeginin ep-. In Lykiaa mannamed*Iyera,is calledpwv inGreek;
see T. R. Bryce,"Hellenismin Lycia", in J.-P. Descoeudres,ed., Greek
Colonistsand Native Populations(Canberraand Oxford1990) 531-541
Nenfunde
seit
(538, table2, N 320.3) (N = G. Neumann,
lykischer
Inschriften
1901 [Ergzbd.TituliAsiae Minoris7] [1979]) no. 320.3 44-45).
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
the Nile, named after the mulberry ( sykaminos) associated with

Isis in the Graeco-Roman period. Next to the temple of Isis and
Serapis stood a smaller sanctuary with the sacred tree.12
Whatever the original name, the Greeks, following their typical
custom, translated the original name into their own language or
created a Greek nomenclature corresponding to the original.
Possible exceptions to the rule, and close to the formations
Ierousalem and Hierosolyma are Hierasos and Hieratis. The
latter,a river of the ancient Dakia, mentioned by Ptolemaios the
Geographer, flows from the Danube into modern Sereth (3.8.2).
Hieratis (modern Busir), a coastal town in Persia discovered by
Alexander's admiral Nearchos appears in Arrian ( Indika 39.1).
But since the nearby canal is called Heratemis, Hieratis might
have replaced, by analogy with other Hiera- towns, the stranger
1a
sounding Heratis.
Study of the Greek names for ancient places in Asia Minor
also confirms the impression that Hierosolyma is an anomaly.
Other names studied recently in some depth include Aspendos ,
Perge , Selge , Sillyon , Side , Argasa , Kolossal , Miletos , and
Sardeis .14 Apparently Greeks created names analogous to
12See W.
ii (WiesbaLexikondergyptologie
Helck,"Hierasykaminos",
den 1977) 1186-1187.
13Words
a Sanskrit
in Greekher-(e.g.,,
por|)can reflect
beginning
de la languegrecque
Dictionnairetymologique
sar orvar:; cf.P. Chantraine,
(Paris 1968) 374-375. Thus, modemand ancientequivalentsof the words
PhristiHierasos (modernSereth,neartheDanube),Heratemis(Phratemis,
nus) fluctuatebetweenher-, hier-,ser-, and var- (phar-). See N. Vulic,
"Hierasus",RE VIII (1913) 1407; F. H. Weissbach,"Hieratis"(1407), and
"Heratemis"
"Hieramai,Hierama,Hieraman"(1403).
(530); andL. Brchner,
A. Heubeck,"Zu einigenkleinasiatischen
Ortsnamen",Gioita 113
(1985) 115-136. The practiceof the authorhas been followedin omitting
ForAspendos
or both,in cases wheretheyareunknown.
,
accents,breathings,
see 115-118. The referencesto numbersfor Asia Minor place names
(Ortsnamen)in this articleare to L. Zgusta,KleinasiastischeOrtsnamen
(Heidelberg1984) (= Zgusta); here (no. 107-1); Perge, 118 (no. 1042-1);
Selge, 118-19 (no. 1187); Sillyon119 (no. 1216-1);Side, 119-22 (no. 1112of
2); Argasa,122-3 (no. 89-1); Kolossai, 123-7 (no.*557). The explanation
thesignscan be foundin Zgusta,679. Theyare: reconstructed
form;////
form;< derived
supposedformof an uncertainparadigm;f non-existent
form;> changed into; ( ) conjecture,emendation,or full formof an
ifms.]).
[athetized
abbreviation;
[ ] addition(ifinscription
E.Brenk
Frederick
familiar Greek objects or places, whether they really existed or

were only part of the literary tradition. Thus, the town known
from coins as 'Ecrcfeivu, 'Ecrcfeivu, Ecrcferu (sometimes
abbreviated) and possibly with a more ancient name,
*'Eoxfet), became the seemingly remote Aspendos}5 What
was the rationale? Possibly the Greek formation was influenced
by the familiar ojtvSco ("pour a libation") or ccpevvri
("sling"). C. Brixhe, who had changed his previous position,
thought there was no convincing explanation for Aspendos, but
came to believe that in these cases we should start with the
Greek word, for example, for "sling", not the epichoric. The
sling or slinger explains the word rather than the epichoric.
Similarly with Selges, he would start with the Greek word for
strigile (axeXyy or variants) a word which may have originated in Anatolia.16 In his view the Hellenisation of an indigenous name often proceeds from the identification of a name with
a radical homophone or quasi-homophone, with, in the second
case, phonetic modification. This habit of popular etymology in
his view creates a very murky situation for Anatolian onomastics, in which the Anatolian cultural heritage has been obscured.
The dominant language, which was Greek, swallowed up the
others. Even if the indigenous name might have been evident in
the spoken language, it might have disappeared in the written.17
The epichoric name of Perge appears on coins as Wanassas,
the name of a goddess (genitive singular of
i.e, favaca,
which
Domiza?)
gave way to Ilpena.18 Other indications
suggest an earlier epichoric name *npya, with the shift
- > -. The normal Greek form, /-|, was a
secondary development, possibly modelled on Pergamon, but
15
Heubeck,115. Zgusta(no. 107-1) also gives */0|.Use of the
ethnikon
seemsto have disappearedafterthe3rdcent.B.C. (Heubeck,115).
See also W. Martini."Asnendos".Brill'sNewPaulv II 2003 170.
C. Brixhe,"Etymologiepopulaireet onomastiqueen pays bilingue",
RPh 65 (1991) 67-81 (68-72).
17
79-80.
Brixhe,"tymologie
populaire",
See R. Turcan,"Artemis
Pergaia",in LIMC II. 1 (1984) 765-766 (765).
The suggestion
"Domiza"is thatofProfessor
Neumann.
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
already existing by the fifthcentury B.C. Similar transformations of barbarous names into elegant Greek are Selge and
Sillyon. Up to 300 B.C., alternates for the "normal form" of the
ethnikon (LeXyevq) were XT,yuu or 'EaxXyivu (with a
number of variants).19Possibly the adjective aeyfi (-oeX,yf|)
("licentious, wanton, brutal") played a role.20 A similar case is
I]iAA,v[ov (also EiXXucov and I.x>XXiov). Coins and a large
- suggesting an
inscription transmit the ethnikon ZeXwuv
indigenous *E.()t>coov.ZXXoq ("ridicule, scorn") or o!X,A,')oq,
-a ("appendage" [?]) may have influenced the formation.21
However, a Greek word beginning ceXy- would be more
convincing than those proposed.
Side and Argasa represent a different procedure. In Et|
("pomegranate") the Greek formation transmitsthe meaning and
approximates the sounds of the native word for "pomegranate"
["-land"].22 Argasa ("Apyaaa), in Karia, probably represents
Karian ( H)argassa -. 'Apyao was, as well, the name of a
mountain in Kappadokia, perhaps related to the Hittite harki-,
meaning "white". The corresponding word apyo ("bright,
gleaming, white") seems to be the base of the name of several
towns in Greek areas.23 Thus, 'Apyao might indicate a "Mount
Blanc", especially if high and covered with snow. Kolossai and
Miletos seem to be more familiarly Greek but also may mask
indigenous names, while Sardeis seems to have nothing to do
19
Heubeck,118-119, suggestsan original*,becomingXxXya,
- became
andthen^.This form,on theanalogyof I Ipeya > Ilpycx
IX.Ycc/-T|.
vonSelge
Die Inschriften
For Selge see also J.Noll and F. Schindler,
the
authors
Ancient
13-16
and
39-41.
IGSK
explained
37) (Bonn 1991)
(
name as "notchaste"(oEyfi)or as "chaste".Therewas a stronglocal
intotheRomanperiod.See also H.
withPisidiannamesremaining
tradition,
Brandt,"Selge",Der NeuePaulyII (2007) 366.
Heubeck.119.
22In
Kallimachos,Hymn5.28, the"Old-Aegean"formZia appearsfor
Side. A townbythatnameexistedin Karia(Zgusta,no. 1207),itselfpossibly
relatedto thePisidiantownZii6ouv8//a//
(no. 1208-2).The latterwouldbe
of Luvian *Sibdawanda-,wherethe suffix-want(a)a slightcorruption
"richin"(Heubeck,121).
signifies
23Heubeck,123, who wrote"hargi Zgusta,no. 89-1. Corresponding
is
foothills.
(no. 89-5) usedforan islandandforsomemountain
"Apyevvov
E.Brenk
Frederick
with Greek at all.24 Miletos (MXrjto - also MiActo, MiA/iycco,

MiA.<xcioi) (Zgusta, no. 809) - appears in the Trojan catalogue
(2.868) as a city in Karia, but in the ship catalogue (2.647) as a
town in Crete.25 In the case of Kolossai, numerous Asia Minor
names beginning in Kol- (Zgusta, no. 550-560) or even Kolo(no. 554-560), along with the typical pre-Greek suffix,suggest a
6
thinlymasked indigenous name.
Often pure chance must have intervened, but some major
tendencies in Greek nomenclature are probably important for
understanding a formation like Hierosolyma. Among those
tendencies are the retention of parts of the native name,
reworking to fit familiar Greek patterns, selection of a name
similar in sound to the indigenous name and with identical
signification (e.g. Side from *Sibdawanda, "pomegranate"), and
a certain reluctance to substitute a totally Greek name for an
indigenous97one, a practice which would have created great
confusion. Thus, one finds Argassa , not Argos ; Perge , not
Pergamon. Miletos most likely preserved the epichoric with a
minimum of change and was influenced by Mycenaean or
24
Accordingto Heubeck, 126-127, KoXocaai (no. 557), with the

suffix-ss(o)-,appearsto be a totallyGreekformation
typically
pre-Hellenic
relatedto koXogg.In thefifthcentury
thewordwouldhave meantonly
"statue"or "figurine".
Koôoaai presumably
suggested"the place of the
like theAsiaticmothergoddess- withthe
i.e, of something
(cult)statues",
formation
similarto 'Afivai,MDKfjvai,etc. He allows thepossibility
of a
-ss-formation
pre-Greek
slightly
changedby theGreeks(123-125); butsee
Zgusta,30.
See Heubeck, 127-131, who believes "a pre-Mycenaean
+miljtos
MiVVatos
/, whichbecame
probablyproduceda Mycenaean+mir-ra2-to
+MAt|toin Ionic" (131). The name is similarto ones in Hittitetexts.
of Minoan
However,he thinksMiletoscould also have been a foundation
Crete,usinga Cretanplace namelaterretained
bytheMycenaeans(132). On
Miletossee also thelong discussionin Zgusta(383-384, no. 809); and on
to do
Sardeis,Heubeck(133-136) (no. 1167-1),whichseemsto havenothing
withGreek.
On Aspendos:Heubeck,115-118 (Zgustano. 107-1);Perge,118 (no.
1042-1);Selge, 118-119(no. 1187); Sillyon119 (no. 1216-1);Side, 119-122
(no. 1112-2); Argasa, 122-23 (no. 89-1); Kolossai, 123-127 (no. 557);
Miletos127-132 (no. 809): Sardeis,133-136(no. 1167-1).
See J.Noll,Side imAltertum.
(IGSK 43) (Bonn 1993) 154-155. Side
was supposedto havebeen thedaughter
of Taurosand thewifeof Kimolos
heroofa Cycladesislandofthesamename).
(eponymous
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
98
Homeric nomenclature. In a world without postal codes, traces
of the epichoric undoubtedly kept too many towns from ending
in the same pigeon hole. Then, there was the problem of
bilingualism. Making the Greek name totally unrecognizable to
the natives would hardly be advantageous. Vive la diffrence!
Still, two words such as iepov and ZA^jioi under some
conditions might combine. The iepov part would be an attempt
to render the native, or supposedly native, meaning by a similar
sounding Greek word, while would be a reformation
along familiar Greek lines of a similar sounding epichoric.29
The evidence of complex factors involved in the change of
the Hebrew epichoric into Hierosolyma is even more compelling
if one takes a larger onomastic sample and combines it with a
study of Homeric names. Zgusta considered the nomenclature of
almost 1500 epichorics in Asia Minor. One is dumbfounded by
how infrequently the native name was approximated to a
28 The name Millawandaor Millawata
(= Milatos) appearsin Hittite
The basic studycan be foundin G. F. Del MonteandJ.Tischler,
documents.
Texten(RGTC 6) (Wiesder hethitischen
Die Orts-und Gewssernamen
baden 1978) 268. See also V. B. Gorman,Miletos,theOrnament
ofIonia. A
A. M.
Arbor
to
400
B.C.E.
the
27-31;
2001)
(Ann
esp.
City
Historyof
Greaves,Miletos.A History(London2002), esp. 65-71; F. Starke,"Miletos",
Brill'sNew Pauly VIII (2006) 884-895 (885-886); . andW.-D., Niemeier,
R. LaffiV. Karageorghis,
"The Minoansof Miletus",in P. P. Betancourt,
in
Studies
Meletemata.
and
W.-D.
eds.,
Niemeier,
Archaeology
Aegean
neur,
(Aegaeum20) (Liege and Austin1999) 543-553, esp. 543-544; and W.-D.
Niemeier,"Minoans,Mycenaeans,Hittitesand Ionians in WesternAsia
in A. Villing,
Minor:New Excavationsin BronzeAge Miletos-Millawanda",
ed., The Greeksin theEast (London 2005) 1-36, esp. 1-3. Accordingto
of Minos,
Ephorosof Kyme,Miletoswas foundedby Sarpedon,thebrother
whocamefromMilatosin Crete(FHG 70, fr.127).
F. Millar,"The Problemof HellenisticSyria",in A. Kuhrtand S.
SherwinWhite,eds., Hellenismin theEast. The Interactionof Greekand
non-Greek
Civilizations
fromSyriato CentralAsia afterAlexander(London
1987) 110-133 (124), notesthatplace names such as "Sykaminonpolis",
"Krokodeilnpolis" and "Boukolnpolis" (Strabon,16.2.27) near Akko
(Ptolemais)reflectPtolemaicinfluence,whileEpiphaneia(Hama), another
ancientcity,presumablygained its name fromAntiochosEpiphanesIV
of the last name possiblywas
(114-16). He suggeststhatthe formation
ofphaneia or haneia and hama.For Sykaminon
,
suggestedby thesimilarity
2YKAMIsee L. Ullmannand E. Galili, "A GreekInscription
Mentioning
N2NDiscoveredofftheCarmelCoast",SCI 13 (1994) 116-122.
10
Frederick
E.Brenk
familiar Greek word. The conquerors apparently made a

concerted effortto retain the distinguishing characteristics of the
epichoric name. Zgusta's list confirms the impression that in
this respect Hierosolyma is an anomaly. Somewhat related are
SoX,- formations: ZXoi (no. 1243), ILokollall (no. 1244-1),
Solenica (no. 1244-2), and SoXcove (no. 1244-3), EoXei
(with no. 1244). A root, solos (possibly, "iron object"), may
indicate iron ore in the region.31 Still the frequent XoX- names,
unlike that for Jerusalem, were not changed into the familiar, but
exotic ZoXdjioi. In the case of Karian epaja (no. 365)
and epajav), an epichoric Iep- may have
(variants epajiai
surrendered
to the more Greek sounding ep- (but not
eventually
lepo-).32 Also, the more unusual ending -man was retained as a
variant. No reconstruction of the underlying epichoric name is
satisfactory, but an initial Yer- or Iyar- has been presumed.33
Here, caution is needed, then, in immediately reading
!0)|, rather than poaA,o)|j,(xinto the Zenon papyri
and other texts. Greeks, at least initially, felt no compulsion to
30
(no. 409), Kcc/ova
Amongsuch namesare Koc,avo////
(variants,
thansomefamiliar
GreekKaXXK,ocdv//cc//,
Kcdvo[no.414-2]) rather
formation;
lodjiccK (no. 1150-1) and Iod|iavioc (no. 1150-3)ratherthan
Zcctaxji.In othercases an analogousGreek name or word offeredno
temptation:
Ayapcc(no. 26), Mvaua (no. 763) (neuterplural),00////
could
(no. 1006), ///
(or ////)
(no. 1039). 00////
easily have been changedinto a riap0ev- formation.
ThoroughlyGreek
namesinvariably
indicatea Greekfoundation,
whichnostalgically
borrowed
a namefromthe mothercountry(forexample,'A0fjvcci,
probablywithno
relationto an indigenous
name.
Zgusta,582, underno. 1243. G. Neumannand J.Tischler,Glossardes
eitherin sol-orin ier-.
Lykischen
(Wiesbaden2007) giveno wordsbeginning
thenameas Hieramai(Brchner,
RE
StephanosofByzantiontransmits
VIII (1913), 1403).
Zgusta(no. 365) rejectsan underlying
Iyaruwa()da- suggestedbyE.
Laroche, "Etudes de toponomieanatolienneasianique",Revue Hittiteet
Asiaque 59 (1961) 57-98 (62) - takingepajia (ethnic,epajae [location
unknown])as purelyGreek,based on iep, like toc|ito ixri("bold")
Personennamen
in griechischen
In(fromejii). W. Blmel,"Einheimische
schriften
aus Karien",EpigraphicaAnatolica 20 (1992) 7-33, gives no
namesbeginning
in lep-: Del Monteand Tischler,Die Orts-undGewssernamender hethitischen
Texten(.RGTC 6) and Supplement
(6/2)(Wisebaden
1992) list no names beginningwithHier-, Her-, or Hir-. Nor is there
anything
-olyma.
resembling
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
''
initiate a name with lepo-. Possibly until the end of the classical
world, judging by fluctuation in Latin texts between Hierosolyma and lerosolyma, there was some option in the
pronunciation.34
A peculiarity of the Hierosolyma formation is its combination
of two words, one evidently Greek and the other an apparent
reworking of a foreign word which also belongs to epic vocabulary. In particular the 0,> part is mysterious. The use of
Homeric place and personal names for cities in Asia Minor,
especially from the catalogues in the Iliad, may offera clue. One
difficulty,though, is in the real continuityof a particular place in
Zgusta's list with that in Homer. Another problem is whether
Homer or the epic tradition created personal names for Trojans,
or even Greeks, by borrowing and hellenizing the toponomy of
Asia Minor?
First of all, both identical and similar names appear in
Zgusta's list and the Homeric poems, but with surprisinglyless
frequency than one might expect.35 For example, Avo (no. 28;
4.520), a frequent name for towns in the Greek world, was a
town in Karia, opposite Rhodes, but in the Iliad it was a locality
in Thrace, fyipa (no. 353-2; 10.430) was the name of a town,
and of a plain near Ilion; 0U|_ipia (no. 353-3) a place in Karia;
0i)|ipiov (no. 353-4) a border region between east Phrygia and
Pisidia; and finally, 0t>|j,poaoq (no. 353-6, a variant of no. 353-
34Some editionsof the

e.g., Rahlfs',includinghis Gttingen
Septuagint,
editions- do notuse accentsor
texts- in contrastto thenewerGttingen
Hebrewnames.E. Hatchand H. A. Redpath,A
fortransliterated
breathings
Concordanceto the Septuagintand the OtherGreek Versionsof the Old
III (Oxford1906) 81, indexthenamewiththesmooth
Testament.
Septuagint
as
breathing, 10/).U. Wagner-Luxand H. Brakmann,"Jerusalem
I.A.II", RAC 132/3(1995) 633-718 (634-635), notethatthepracticeof at
times writinglerosolymaand Hierusaleminstead of Hierosolymaand
and in somemodern
lerusalemcontinuesin Vulgatemss.,Christian
writers,
andeditions.
citations
When two referencesare given in the textor notes,the firstis to
thesecondto theIliad,unlessotherwise
Ortsnamen,
Zgusta,Kleinasiastische
stated.
12
E.Brenk
Frederick
5) is a Trojan in Iliad 10.320.36 The fyipiq (no. 353-6) was a

river associated with a shrine of Apollon 0u|ipoo<;, and the
0>(j$pio, a river flowing into the Skamandros (no. 353-5).
KctDva (variants, KXauvS/Ax//,KcXdvo) (no. 414-2) was a
city in western Lykia on the border with Karia, while islands
called K,Dvou (2.677) are mentioned in connection with Kos.
MeServ in the Greek catalogue (2.501) is a town in Boiotia, but
Mcov in 2.727 is the bastard son of Oi'leus. The name
Mieiov (no. 807-1) (variants, MiSiov, Mi5f|iov, etc.), was a
town in Asia Minor - which is not a total surprise, coming from
the land of King Midas. It was not recast into Meev or
anythingsimilar.
Local names that are identical or similar to Homeric personal
names also are a clue to Greek nomenclature. "Aa (neuter
plural) a town in Karia (no. 2-1) resembles "Aa<;, the name of a
Trojan slain by Diomedes (5.148). Avo (no. 28), the name of
several towns in the Greek world, is also a town in Thrace
(4.520), while Avio is an unfortunate Paionian slain by
Achilleus (20.210).38 In two late sources the variant ava
36For
see L. Jonnes,The Inscriptions
Thymbrion,
of theSultanDagi I:
(Philomelion,Thymbrion/Hadrianopolis,
Tyraion)(IGSK 62) (Bonn 2002)
41, 117.
Some othernamescan be noted.nf|5<xaa(no. 1054-1,a neuterplural
form;variant,15) in the mountainsnear Halikarnassosresembles
nfiaoo (possiblythesameplace), a cityin Agamemnon'sdomain(9.152,
294). The cityof thesame namein theTroad,is "loftyPedasos" (21.87). A
horse of Achilleusis also Pedasos - similarin sound to Bellerophon's
Pegasos- besidesbeinga Trojan(16.152,467; 6.21). (neuterplural,
no. 1053-1) possiblyrepresents
the same townas |8. |5 (no.
Pitassa.>("fiery
1054-1;variant,
) mayrelateto thecuneiform
red")(no. 1115) appearsin severalplacesin Asia MinorandtheGreekworld,
while the more foreignsoundingnpaao, surprisingly,
is a town in
Thessalia(2.695). ZgustatreatstheAsia Minornameas purelyGreek.The
somewhatsimilarindigenous
namenpivSo(no. 1114-1)maybe relatedto
thecuneiform
Puranda'andthereis also H/pvo
(no. 1114-2).
38 The ethnikon
,,withthe possible variant,AKceâveu,
belongsto thetown v8//a//
(no. 415-1), while' in theIliad is
theson of theTrojanAntenor(2.823, and elsewhere4 times).BoSeia (no.
166) recallsBoSeiovin Thessalia,a cityoftheMyrmidones,
companionsof
Achilleus(16.572). So Nonnos(13.512), butZgusta(127) doubtsit existed;
if so, thatthenamemightbelongto BeSog (no. 149) or to Homer'sBou-
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
13
appears for Pa va (no. 1377-1), a city in Kilikia "because of

0OC,the king". The bilocating Thoas appears in the Greek
catalogue both as an Aitolian, the son of Andraimon (2.638),
and as the founder or most famous personage of Lemnos
(14.230 and elsewhere), while in later sources he is the fatherof
Hypsipyle. The same person, apparently, appears further on,
39
receiving a silver mixing bowl from Phoenicians (23.745).
The similarity between Medeon, a town in Boiotia, Medon,
the son of Oi'leus, and a city, Medaion, was already noted. In the
Iliad, Achilleus slays the Trojan Mvfjao and M'>8cov, a
Paionian (21.209-10); but MScov is also a Pamphlagonian, the
squire and charioteer of Palaimenes (5.580). Agamemnon slays
nepYoccrj (5.535), a name which relates well to ////
(variant ////) (no. 1039), a city in Lydia. There may
also be a connection here with an 'ArcoAAcovn[y]yccaeiTr| (or
n[Ep]yaaeiTr|, as Zgusta would prefer).40
Only a few cases from the Odyssey are pertinent. "Iocgo
(no. 358), a Karian city on the sea,
(later also written aoa)
was also a town in Arkadia and elsewhere.41 Odyssey 18.246
deion. (no. 235) recalls ,a Trojan killed by Achilleus
(12.183, whereHomerpunson thename).Zgustaregardsit as pureGreek.
Relatingto thewarriorKoo in theGreekcatalogue(2.676) are: a town,
Kaoci (no. 455-1) in the interiorof Pamphylia,KaGocio//v//
(no. 455-2),
Kaof| (Kari) (no. 455-3), Kaaaicapa (no. 455-4), KaoaX,//a//
(Kaaaai//a//) (no. 445-5), (no. 455-6), Kaapa (Kaooap//a//)
(no.
(no. 445-8), notto mention//<;//
(no. 455-7), and []////
456). Thus,Kas- is notonlya verypopularepichoricopeningbutproducesa
hellenizations.
number
ofvivela diffrence
On Tyana, see D. Berges and J. Noll, Archologisch-historische
zumsdwestlichen
KappadokienII (IGSK 55) (Bonn 2000)
Untersuchungen
19, pl. 3, 297-464. The name,Graecizedas Tyana, was a neuterplural,
Tava, withfew exceptions,but in Latin became a femininesingular
(315) 314-316. The name,also seenas ava (315), probablygoes back to
Hittite(in Persian,Dana). Stephanosused Tbava as a modelforsimilar
formations
"Aava, c7tava,Koaava,
(somewhatlike Hiepoao/jjxx):
, "Ouava, npava Xpiya, "Yoicava (315).
of an
reconstruction
However,the names depend upon a difficult
inscription
(Zgusta,482).
the East
Zgusta (191) takes the Asia Minor name for Greek,like
- ifit really
Cappadociantown(Ptolemaiosv 6.21) aaa (variant,ac
vonlasos (IGSK 28.1-2) (Bonn
existed).See also W. Bliimel,Die Inschriften
1985) 143.
14
Frederick
E.Brenk
describes the city Argos as "Iasian" ("Iaaov "Apyo), apparently

from the name of its great hero, 'Ifjccov (mentioned in 12.72 as
piloting the Argo, and dear to Hera). Neoptolemos - so Achilleus
is told - slew many Trojan allies, among them Euryplos, with
his comrades, the Kf|teioi (11.521). In historical times, the
Kf)xeioi (under no. 495) lived in Teuthrania, part of the Kilikian
countryside. Another region was called Kfjxi, and the river
named Kf|xeio flowed among a tribe called, naturally, Kexoi or
Kir|Toi (accents unknown).42 The "lofty citadel" of the Odyssey
(10.81), Aqio, is a river of Kilikia in Zgusta's list (no. 681-6)
(not surprisingly, since the word means "mud", "slime"). The
name probably is a purely Greek formation but may be an
epichoric-Greek mix.
The examples cited here raise one of the most complicated
problems in linguistic pre-history, that of geographical names
found both in Greece and in Asia Minor.43 How much are they
the result of pure chance, how much from influence going one
way or the other, or of a common source? The Homeric epics,
undoubtedly drawing upon Greek names which were derived
from Asia Minor epichorics, created suitable epic names for
peoples and places, especially those in the Trojan sphere.
Conversely, the Homeric names, either of real or imaginary
places and persons, must have contributed later, particularly in
the Hellenistic period, to the formation of Greek nomenclature
for native toponomy. But the occurrence of this type of nomenclature is so infrequent, only a handful out of over 1400 names
42Not relatedto the
Greeksea-monster
of thesame nameaccordingto
Zgusta(495); butperhapsto Kocixoc
(= Doric Kaia) kccicctcc,
kcciet
(all nominativesingulars:"hollow","gulf', "fissurescaused by an earth5.3.6 [233]; 8.5.7 [367]); cf.Chantraine
quake","withcaverns"(Strabon,
(n.
"
17) 528. See also F. E. Brenk, Vnumpro multiscaput: Myth,History,and
Latomus43 (1984) 776SymbolicImageryin Vergil'sPalinurusincident",
801 (778); rpt.in F. E. Brenk,Clothedin PurpleLight.Studiesin Vergiland
LatinLiterature
, IncludingAspectsofPhilosophy,
, Magic, Judaism
,
Religion
and theNewTestament
Background
(Stuttgart
1999) 34-59.
See, e.g., E. Laroche,"Toponymeset frontires
en Asie
linguistique
Mineure",in E. Jacoband J. Schwartz,eds.,La toponymie
antique(Leiden
1977) 205-218,esp. 206-207.
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
'5
in Zgusta's list, that it is the exception that makes the rule. The
normal Greek practice was to respect the individuality of the
epichoric. Even if on rare occasions the Greeks used an Homeric
personal name to create a neologism, there is no evidence for a
double name like Hiero-Solyma.
We do find an analogy in some Lykian names. In contrast to
the practice of Christian Scriptures in reproducing Hebrew
names, Lykian ones are regularly allotted to a Greek morphological class. An interesting case, from Karmylessos ( 1.6,
late IV) is Purihimeti, which is rendered >1 (gen.
EtopiiaaTio), while the same name in a bilingual from Tlos is
given as *rivpi<XTT|q(gen. ;). In this case the name,
which has been Hellenized and changed to reproduce two Greek
words, is allotted to a more sophisticated morphological class.
The result is that the firstelement draws attentionto the fact that
IlDpi- is also analyzable in Greek (cf., nupi,[X7rr|in nearby
Rhodes).44 In general Greek names in Lykia fit into the category
of the heroic or propitious, such as we find for Hierosolyma.
However, in the case of *>^ it was not necessary to
change the initial element into another form, as was the case for
Hierosolyma. The second element, however, has been changed
quite radically, even if involving only the change of one letter.
The application of these linguistic phenomena to the Hierosolyma formation suggests a tentative hypothesis. In the early
Hellenistic period Greeks probably transmitted the name for
e
Jerusalem (Ye rshalem, Y rshalayim) in more than one form.
Yerushalem could have been transliterated as Ierousalem,
probably pronounced by some speakers as Yerusalim, or even
44See S.
Colvin,"Namesin Hellenisticand RomanLycia",in S. Colvin,
East. Politics,Culture,Society,YCS 31 (Cambridge
ed., The Greco-Roman
"InterI. Rutherford,
and
formoregeneralprinciples,
44-84
(66-67);
2004)
in
in Lycian-Greek
Some Patterns
ferenceor Translationese?
Bilingualism",
J.N. Adams,M. Janse,and S. Swain,eds.,BilingualisminAncientSociety.
Text(Oxford2002) 197-219,esp. 209Language Contactand the Written
wherethetwonames,indigenousand Greek,seemto
210 on nomenclature,
havethesamemeaning.
16
E. Brenk
Frederick
Yerushalim, seeing that Greek lacked a letter for sh.45 At the

same time, another form existed, one more appropriate to the
Greek language and grammar, lerosolyma or Hierosolyma
(IspoGODîoc), which, at least in the beginning, may have been
46
As such, the Greek name still
pronounced Yerosolyma
retained, if we can presume that the initial iota was pronounced
as "y", all the consonants of the Hebrew word. The change of
vowels is not so important,since in West Semitic languages the
vowels tend to be ratherfluid and often not written.
A number of towns in the neighborhood of Miletos, like
Didyma, have terminations in -yma41 Perhaps the name of
Jerusalem entered the Greek world through Ionians, in particular, through Milesians, who chose a familiar termination,and at
a very early date. When should they first have known about
Jerusalem? The oldest Greek artifact so far discovered in
Palestine is a fragment of protogeometric ceramic datable to
around 925 B.C. It was found at Tell Abu Hawan, on the north
end of Mount Carmel. Thus, by the tenth century, Greek ships
might have reached the Palestinian coast. Samaria was already a
flourishingcommercial center in the eighth century.48
45See now K.
in Brill's New Pauly 6 (2005)
Bieberstein,
"Jerusalem",
1169-1178; and S. Abramskiand S. Gibson,"Jerusalem.
Name",Encyclopedia JudaicaXI (2nd ed., New York2007) 144. The namefirstappearsin
the ExecrationsTexts
, 19th-18thcenturies,spelled w mm and probably
In a letterat Tel el-Amarna(14th century),the
pronouncedrushalimum.
name appearsas Urussalim
, and in Assyrianas Ursalimmu(,Sennacherib
Inscription).
Accordingto Abramskiand Gibson,in theHebrewBible it was
written
yrushlmand sometimesyrushlym
(pronouncedyerushalayim
("the
cityof Salem"), and thatprobablythe originalname was Irusalem
, from
, thenameof theWestSemiticgod. See my
yarah, "to found"and Shulmanu
forJewishexplanations
ofthename.
article,"TragicHierosolvma",
T. Ilan,"Namesand Naming",in L. chiffman
and J.C. VanderKam,
eds.,EncyclopediaoftheDead Sea ScrollsII (Oxford2000) 596-600 (598),
notesthatthe orthography
of GreeknamesforJewsremainedsurprisingly
consistent.
7 For contactbetween
DidymaandtheMycenaeans,see T. G. Schattner,
"Didyma,einminoisch-mykenischer
Fundolatz?"AA (1992) 369-372.
Therewas apparently
no Greekemporionin thestrictsense- as was
Naukratisin Egypt- in places like Al-Minain NorthSyria.Thereis no
convincingevidenceforresidentGreekciviliansin the Levantbeforethe
secondhalfof the7thcentury,
butmercenaries,
i.e. theelitedrivenoutof
TheGreek
Name
ofJerusalem
Hierosolyma.
17
Of the indigenous names in Zgusta's Asia Minor list, 50 end

in -|ia, but only 4 in -): At>|xa and "10>, (also 'I5i)|if| or
Sfyua) (Karia), (Lykia), and on the coast
opposite Rhodes.49 In the Latin list only Sama ends in -ma. The
- endings appear in areas settled by Karians. This again
suggests that the name Ierosolyma, or Hierosolyma, came into
the Greek world through Karian or Milesian traders and much
earlier than historians have thought.
Investigation of -ma endings in Jewish nomenclature does not
suggest any irresistible urge to create a form like Hierosolyma.
Out of more than 8,000 proper names in the Septuagint, 43 end
in -, but of these, 7 are variants of more common forms.
Invariably the Greek form represents a Hebrew -ma ending,
never an -im ending. Outside of the very rare use of Hierosolyma, the form -> does not appear in the LXX. Nor are XoXformations common; only 4 appear. The nearest forms to our
- which
!0, are SoD|ia,
interestingly,like
in
the
New
has
neuter
Testament,
10)(
plural and
feminine endings
seem to be the exceptions that make the
rule.50 Names like , XoXo|X(bv,Zo,(0|_icb,
are hauntingly
theirhomeland,weretherein the8thcentury.
See W.-D. Niemeier,"Archaic
Greeksin the Orient:Textualand ArchaeologicalEvidence",BASOR 322
(2001) 11-32 (11); and G. Lehmann,"Al Mina and theEast: A Reporton
Researchin Progress",in A. Villing,ed., The Greeksin theEast (London
2005) 61-92.
See Zgusta,KleinasiastischeOrtsnamen
Index",680, "Rcklufiger
692; no. 264-2; no. 364-1; no. 1213. Like !),the- formations
are all neuterplural.Names in - appear 11 times.. K. Weis, Das
des ApollonvonDidyma(Ludwigsburg1983) 12-13, adds
Orakelheiligtum
in Greek",in Z. Stewart,
ed.,
K|h)}i(x.See also A. D. Nock,"Word-Coinage
Essayson Religionand theAncientWorldII (Oxford1972) 642-52 (643) (=
11
ConiectaneaNeotestamentica
in theHermeticWritings",
"Word-Coinage
[1947] 163-78), for nouns ending in - and compoundwords like
epo0aiov beingverypopular.
50For theJewishuse of double names,see M. Williams,"The Use of
JSJ38
Names by Diaspora Jewsin Graeco-RomanAntiquity",
Alternative
outside
(2007) 307-327, who notesthattheywere muchmoreinfrequent
Palestinethanwithin.G. H .R. Horsley,"The Use of a Double Name",in G.
H. R. Horsley and S. R. Llewelyn,New DocumentsIllustratingEarly
and PapyriI (1981) 89-96
A Reviewof theGreekInscriptions
Christianity.
(94), noteshowJames,speakingtoPeterinActs15.14,addresseshimwiththe
18
Frederick
E.Brenk
close to familiar Greek formations. Still, like similar ones, they

perversely hang on to smooth breathings and accented final
syllables, often accepting variants with doubled consonants or
doubled a. At least 14 words similar to Shalim do not become
ZX,D[i(xor 0.)01.In the relatively popular Zo- combinations
(41 instances), in fact, the seems to representjust about every
Hebrew vowel transmittedin the Masoretic text.
The name of the ethnographer Hekataios of Miletos (ca.500
B.C.) springs to mind. If he spoke of Jerusalem, he might have
used lerosolyma or Hierosolyma. Long before the firstnotice in
extant Greek literature, Jerusalem should have been known to
traders and other Greeks, along with some acquaintance with
Judaism. Trade between Palestine and Greek cities began in
remote antiquity, was considerable in the Greek bronze age, and
not interrupted by the invasions at the end of the Second
Millennium.51 A Solymoi identification would have played no
role at all.52 As time went on, assisted by the disregard for
breathings in contemporary writing, 1er- probably changed to
Hier- on the analogy of so many Hier- cities.53 Finally, it is not
Hebrewname,"Symeon",whereasthe authorwritesthat"Petros"rose to
speak.
See forexample,M. Smith."Hellenization",
in M. E. Stone and D.
Satran,eds., EmergingJudaism.Studieson theFourthand ThirdCenturies
B.C.E. (Minneapolis 1989) 103-28 (104). J. Elayi, however,believed
historians
had overstated
thepresenceof Greeksin Phoenicia,especiallyat
Al Mina; cf. "La prsencegrecquedansles citsphniciennes
sous l'empire
perse achmenide",REG 105 (1992) 305-27, esp., 316-320 - citingher
Pntrationgrecqueen Phniciesous l'Empireperse (Nancy 1988). M. R.
Popham,"Precolonisation:
Early GreekContactwiththe East", in G. R.
Tsetskhladzeand F. De Angelis,The Archaeologyof GreekColonisation
(Oxford1994) 11-34, held thatAl Mina was an important
tradingcenter
involvingEuboians,at leastas traders,
by 800 B.C. ifnotearlier,in spiteof
recentargumentsmakingthis at least a half centurylater (26). A. M.
Snodgrass,'The Growthand StandingoftheEarlyWesternColonies",1-10,
however,disagrees(6).
For theidentification
of theJewswiththe Solymoi,see my 'Tragic
and now,M. Gonzales,"The Oracleand Cultof Aresin Asia
Hierosolyma",
Minor",GRBS 45 (2005) 261-283. eso. 261. 265-271.
However,T. Ilan, Lexicon of JewishNames in Late Antiquity
I.
Palestine330 - 200 CE (Tbingen2002), showsno namesbeginning
in
Hier-,The sameholdsforW. Ameling,ed.,Inscriptiones
JudaicaeOrientis
ofJerusalem
TheGreek
Name
Hierosolyma.
'9
impossible, as several scholars have suggested, that early Jews,

taking advantage of some loopholes in Greek nomenclature,
invented for themselves, or at least adopted a glorious pseudoetymology.54 Some Jews also believed in a common origin for
Hebrew and non-Hebrew words, but evidence seems lacking for
Hierosolyma .55
But there is something against this theory. Openings with lerin the Hebrew names of the LXX are quite common, suggesting
that 1,)| might have been pronounced Yerosolyma
rather than Hierosolyma. Besides 8pot>occA,ii|i, 56 proper
names in the LXX begin with ep- if we except derivatives of
spoDoocA,i|a. Of these 7 are declinable, but 4 of these are
apparently variants. To this one could add 234 other names,
which begin with Ye- and were transliteredas e-.56 The opening
ep- appears 24 times, with epoc- and epo- 5 times, and
epot>- twice.57 'lepo- opening would have strikingly called
II. Kleinasien(Tbingen2004) (also no lepo-or Iep-names),andforD. Noy,

JudaicaeOrientisI. Eastern
A. Panayatov,and H. Bloedhorn,Inscriptiones
Europe (Tbingen2004). In D. Noy, and H. Bloedhorn,Inscriptiones
Judaicae Orientis.Ill Syria and Cyprus(Tbingen2004) 270, we find
Hieriuspio. W. Horburyand D. Noy, JewishInscriptionsof GraecoRomanEgypt(Cambridge1992) 326,giveepcc.
Onlya fewnamesin RomanPalestinebeganwith'Iep-: epi%db(also
spelled'Epixcb,'Iepi|io')6, and epuo^co; see M. Avi-Yonah,Gazetteerof
RomanPalestine, QEDEM 5 (Jerusalem1976) 68-70. In theLXX, among
Greekwordsbeginningwithier- only thoserelatedto "holy",and epoc|
which
Of the3 Hebraicisms
(falcon)appear,alwayswiththeroughbreathing.
appear,two,epe|i (or iepija) and epo')6, beginwitha roughbreathing.
However,over 430 appearancesof epe and 100 of ep undoubtedly
felton Hierosolyma
madetheirinfluence
; see Hatchand Redpath(I 678-683
andn. 33).
See H. B. Rosn,L'hbreuet ses rapportsavec le mondeclassique
(Paris 1979) 27, whocitesas an exampletheGreekettoor acpeinterpreted
as Hebrew'epes.
56HatchandRedpath,III. Supplement
, 77.
57See Hatchand
, 80-82. Theygive a smooth
Redpath,III. Supplement
, whichonly appears in the apocryphalbooks (I
breathingto Ierosolyma
Esdras, Tobiah, I-IV Maccabees), sometimesnot in all the mss. (the
Alexandrinusseemingto favor epoa,D|ia while the Sinaiticuslikes
with8poa,u|ioc
and in some books alternates
(I Esdras, I
'IepoDoaX/niJ,),
Maccabees).
20
Frederick
E. Brenk
attention to the name of the Holy City.58 Hierosolyma , then, is

not as recognizable a patternas one might think.59
Unlike many of its sister hierapoleis , Jerusalem, though
perhaps with a population of no more than 20,000 inhabitants in
the Hellenistic period, was the relatively important capital of a
considerable ethnic group. In this respect it differed from many
other remote towns with not much more than a sanctuary for
indefatigable pilgrims and sightseers.60Finally, the shiftin name
could not have occurred late, for example in the second century
B.C. in connection with events at Jerusalem under Antiochos
Epiphanes. The Hellenistic name is testified in the historian
Hekataios of Abdera (ca. 300 B.C.), and in the Zenon Papyri
(260-ca. 246 B.C.), even if it appears only late in the Septuagint
and in other Hellenistic authors.
It "may well be more than a fortuitouspiece of nomenclature;
it may be a deliberate Greek interpretation made by early
Jewish-Hellenistic circles, which is connected with the Homeric
tradition."61If so, eager to endow themselves with an honorary
58Jerusalem
was referred
to as the"holycity",withayio alwaysbeing
usedin theLXXwithJerusalem
or nXiqto translate
theHebrewqadesh,e.g.
Nehemiah11.1,Isaiah 13.9,52.1,66.20; andMaccabees 2.9.14 for.
59None of theHebrewnames
givenin Actsis eithera Hiero-or a Solformation.
See M. Williams,"Palestinian
JewishPersonalNamesin Acts",in
R. Bauckham,ed., The Book ofActsin Its PalestinianSetting( TheBook of
Actsin itsFirstCentury
SettinsIV) (GrandRapids,Michigan.1995) 79-113.
The estimategoes fromanywherebetween10,000to 200,000 stable
inhabitants
in Jerusalemin the 1st century.B. McGing,"Populationand
How ManyJewsWereTherein theAncientWorld?",in J. R.
Proselytism:
Bartlett,
ed., Jewsin theHellenisticand Roman Cities(London and New
York2002) 88-106, arguesthatall theseestimatesare veryproblematic.
He
suggestsat themost100,000andprobablymuchless (101).
61M. Hengel,Jews,Greeksand Barbarians.
Aspectsof theHellenization
Judaism
in thePre-Christian
Period (London 1980) 119-120. See also
of
172,n. 47, citingtheZenonPapyri, PCZ 59004 (= CPJ 2a/col.I,3) andPCZ
59005 (= CPJ 2b). Forthepapyrisee V. A. Tcherikover
andA. Fuks,Corpus
PapyrorumJudaicarumI (Cambridge,Mass. 1957) 121-122. Papyrus2a
containsa list of eleven townsvisitedby Zenon in Palestineand Jordan,
among them Iepooo^^jia. Papyrus 2b also mentionslpoooX,D|ia,in
connectionwith a baker and "wheat flourfromToubias". For papyri
, see also A. Calderiniand S. Daris,Dizionariodei
mentioning
Hierosolyma
nomigeograficie topografici
III. 1 (Milano 1978)
dell'Egittogreco-romano
TheGreek
ofJerusalem
Name
Hierosolyma.
21
pedigree within the Greek world, certain Hellenistic Jews flew

in the face of Homeric scholiasts and geographers. This
explanation would fit the Jewish intellectual history sketched
out for this period by Momigliano, but it needs some
clarification. Given with no supporting evidence, the Jewish
origin of the Solymoi connection remains only an educated
guess.63 As formulated by Momigliano, in the early Hellenistic
period Jews made clumsy attempts to integrate themselves
within Greek culture, something which led to ridicule by their
Greek counterparts. Only later were they able to achieve a
higher degree of sophistication in this venture.64 This view,
however, has been challenged by Gruen, who sees the Jews as
looking upon themselves as more advanced in learning and
wisdom than the Greeks.65 At least educated Greeks should not
have identified the Jews with the Solymoi. They had a precise
location for them, and a sanctuary existed there even in Roman
of thecitybeingmentioned
22. For thepossibility
by Alkaios,see Hengel,
Judaismand HellenismI. 13 withn. 55, II. 8 (citingAlkaios,fr.50 [Diehl]),
of
and E. Gabba, Greek Knowledgeof Jews, 13 (n. 12). The fragment
Hekataiosof Abdera( FGrH 264 F 5.3]) appearsin Diodoros40,fr. 3.3, but
theGreekformof thenamecould have been substituted
by eitherDiodoros
or Photios,fortheHebrewform;see M. Stern,Greekand LatinAuthorson
Jewsand JudaismI (Jerusalem
1974) 20^44.
62A. Momigliano,
AlienWisdom.TheLimitsofHellenization
(Cambridge
- alongthelinesof
1975) 92-94, putstheoriginof themythical
etymology
Hekataiosof Abdera(ca. 315 B.C.) - in themid-2ndcent.B.C. See also E. J.
the
Bickerman,"OriginesGentium",CP 47 (1952) 65-81, who attributed
to a Jewishauthorin theHellenisticperiod(79, n. 32).
Solymoietymology
See . P. Jones,KinshipDiplomacyin TheAncientWorld(Cambridge,
seem to have associatedthe
Mass. 1998) 73-74. The mainGreektraditions
JewswithIndianphilosophers
(Klearchos)or Egypt(Hekataios).Jonesdoes
notmentiontheSolymoi.Colvin,"Namesin Hellenisticand RomanLycia",
in Lykiaof thenamesof Sarpedon,whosegrandfather
notestheprominence
Bellerophondefeatedthe Solymoi, and of Glaukos, the companionof
Sarpedon,and also a grandsonof Bellerophon(44^5, 63, 68). Therewas a
cultofSarpedonat Xanthos.
in J.N.
see Janse,"Aspectsof Bilingualism",
On theLXX translation,
Adams, M. Janse,and S. Swain, eds., Bilingualismin AncientSociety.
Text(Oxford2002) 332-392.
LanguageContactand theWritten
123 (1993)
E. Gruen,"CulturalFictionsand CulturalIdentity",
of theJewish
1-14, esp. 11; and Heritageand Hellenism.The Reinvention
Tradition
(Berkeley1998) 268-270.
22
E.Brenk
Frederick
times.66 The incredible reluctance of Jews to transformJewish

names into Greek ones beginning with Hiero- suggests they
would not have done something like this. The Hiero- formation
probably was eventually inevitable, by analogy with the names
of other towns. Even if they did not invent the word, however,
few Jews (except for some of the prophets?) would object to
someone calling theircity"holy".67
66The modernlocationis
Furuncuk.
Besidesthenoticesin theBarrington
Atlas, these ancient sites can be found at the Pleiades website
of the AncientWorldMappingCenterat the
http://pleiades.stoa.org/name
ofNorthCarolinaat ChanelHill. U.S.A.
University
See note58 above.

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"Hierosolyma".

The Greek Name of Jerusalem

In memoriam Gnter Neumann

What's in a name?1 Evidently a great deal. It has long been

evokes special Jewish connotations or corresponds well with the

(Holy Village), Hiera Nesos (Holy Isle), or Hieron Stoma (Holy

7On HieraKome (Hierokaisareia),

Hierapolis Bambyke.9 Where double names are absent, the town

the Nile, named after the mulberry ( sykaminos) associated with

familiar Greek objects or places, whether they really existed or

with Greek at all.24 Miletos (MXrjto - also MiActo, MiA/iycco,

Accordingto Heubeck, 126-127, KoXocaai (no. 557), with the

familiar Greek word. The conquerors apparently made a

34Some editionsof the

5) is a Trojan in Iliad 10.320.36 The fyipiq (no. 353-6) was a

appears for Pa va (no. 1377-1), a city in Kilikia "because of

describes the city Argos as "Iasian" ("Iaaov "Apyo), apparently

Yerushalim, seeing that Greek lacked a letter for sh.45 At the

Of the indigenous names in Zgusta's Asia Minor list, 50 end

close to familiar Greek formations. Still, like similar ones, they

impossible, as several scholars have suggested, that early Jews,

II. Kleinasien(Tbingen2004) (also no lepo-or Iep-names),andforD. Noy,

attention to the name of the Holy City.58 Hierosolyma , then, is

pedigree within the Greek world, certain Hellenistic Jews flew

times.66 The incredible reluctance of Jews to transformJewish

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