Gigabit Ethernet Roll-Out

by Jos M. Caballero

jose.caballero@trendcomms.com

Presentation extracted from the book:

Gigabit Ethernet Roll-Out
ISBN 84-609-4420-4
see at wwww.trendcomms.com

Ethernet: A Success Story

Ethernet has become the de facto standard in LAN

Ethernet received the support from manufactures, service providers and users

Ethernet refers to a family of technologies for LAN, Campus and Metro Networks

Ethernet has been redefined many times, to adapt to the market needs

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A Brief History of Ethernet

Lihue

Honolulu

Kahului

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Pacific Ocean
Hilo
0

500 km

Naalehu

1968: ALOHA

1973: Bob Metcalfe CSMA/CD

1983 IEEE 802, 1986 Fibre Optic link, Repeater, etc.

1990 10BASE-T, 1994: 100BASE-T, 1997: Gigabit Ethernet, 1999:1000BASE-T, etc.

2002: 10 Gigabit Ethernet, 2004: Local Loop Ethernet

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Ethernet Architecture

Section

Half-Duplex CSMA/CD
5

1
(a)
(b)

(k)

(j)

(a)

(j.2)

6
(c)

(a)
(b)

7
(c)

(c)

(i)(j) (k)

(h)

Frame 1
Frame 2
(a)

(i)

(a)

Collision
Jam

In half-duplex mode, two or more stations may attempt to transmit at about the same time,
and a collision may occur.

If there is a high number of collisions, network efficiency is severely affected.

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802.3 MAC Frame Formats

DIX frame (1970):
8

46 u p to 15 00

P reamble

DA

SA

Type

LLC Data

FCS

bytes

Data Link Encapsulation

Physical Layer Encapsulation

IEEE 802.3 frame (1983):

bytes

Preamble SDF

DA

SA

Length

46 u p to 15 00

LLC Data

Pad

FCS

Data Link Encapsulation

IEEE 802.3x frame (1997):

bytes

Preamble SDF

DA

SA

46 up to 15 00

Type/Length LLC Data

Pad

FCS

u p to 448

Extension

Min. 64 bytes / Max. 1518 bytes

Preamble: Synchronization pattern

SDF: Start Frame Delimiter (10101011)
DA: Destination Address
SA: Source Address
Type: Indicates the nature of the client protocol *IP, IPX, AppleTalk, etc.
Length: Number of bytes of the LLC data
LLC data: Information supplied by the LLC layer
Pad: Bytes added to ensure a minimum frame size of 46 bytes
Extension: Only for Gigabit, ensures a minimum frame size (depending on the version)
FCS: Frame Check Sequence CRC code based on all the fields except Preamble and SDF
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Address Coding

OUI
bit 1

Vendor
24 25

48

Last bit transmitted

0 = Unique address
1 = Locally unique address
0 = Unicast physical address
1 = Multicast logical address
all 1s = Broadcast address all the recievers must process the fram e
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier), IEEE adm inistrated code
Vendor Code administrated by the manufacturer

The layer-2 MAC addresses are not hierarchical

To get a full addressing capability, a layer-3 address is required

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Full-Duplex Operation
>9 6 bit

Tx buffer

Rx buffer
Frame

Frame

gap

gap

Frame

Frame

gap

Frame

gap

Pause

Frame

gap

Interface

gap

MAC

Frame

Physical

Physical

MAC

Interface

Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx
Tx buffer

Rx buffer

Pre

SDF

DA

SA

Length Opcode

42

Timer

Reserved

FCS

PAUSE

Opcode: indicates PAUSE frame (hexa value) = 0001

Pause time: time is requested to inhibit transmission

Full-duplex (FDX) operation enables two-way transmission without contention

A gap must be allowed between two consecutive frames

FDX may need flow control, PAUSE, to request the transmitter to stop transmitting

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Virtual LAN

Pre

SDF

DA

SA

VLAN Id Tag Control Length Data

Pad

FCS

VLAN Id: frame indicator for VLAN

Tag Control: contains transmission priority and VLAN Id

VLANs provide the segmentation independently of the physical configuration

Two distant stations could be part of the same virtual segment

VLANs address scalability, security, and network management

VLAN routers provide broadcast filtering, addressing, and traffic flow management

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Auto-Negotiation
0

10 11

12 13 14

15

S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 RF Ack NP

Priority Resolution
Highest
1000BASE-T full duplex
1000BASE-T
100BASE-T2 full duplex
100BASE-TX full duplex
100BASE-T2
100BASE-T4
100BASE-TX
10BASE-T full duplex
10BASE-T
Lowest

Selector Field
00001 - IEEE 802.3
00010 - IEEE 802.9
00011 - 802.5

Auto-Negotiation Base Page

10/100/1000BASE-T

Next Page present

Acknowledgement
Remote Fault Indicator
Reserved
Asymmetric PAUSE (full duplex only)
PAUSE (full duplex only)
100BASE-T4 Half-Duplex
100BBASE-TX Full-Duplex
100BASE-TX Half-Duplex
10BASE-T Full-Duplex
10BASE-T Half-Duplex

Some of the many Ethernet versions can talk to each other by means of Autonegotiation:
1.

Inform the far end on which Ethernet version and options have been implemented

2.

Acknowledge features that both stations share, and reject those that are not shared

3.

Configure each station for highest-level mode of operation that both can support

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From Shared to Dedicated Media

Hub

Shared media

Dedicated media

Switch
Bridge

Segment A

Segment B

Switch

Switch

Segment C

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From Physical to Logical partitioning

Router
Hub

Router
Switch

Hub

Hub

Logical segmentation with VLAN

Physical segmentation

Metro

1000
BA SE Router
/X

Core
Ethernet

Switch

Switch

Fibre o
pt ic

Switch

FDX

10BASE-T
10/100BASE-T

Server

UTP

VLAN

10/100 Mbit/s
10 Mbit/s

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Topology diversity and evolution

Bus (not used anymore)

Point-to-point

Access
Tree
Point-to-multipoint

Campus
Hybrid

Trend Communications

SDH

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Gigabit Ethernet Architecture

IEEE 802.3ab

IEEE 802.3z

IEEE 802.3z

Fibre Channel

LLC

LLC (802.2)

LLC

FC-4

MAC

MAC (802.3)

Higher Layers

CSMA/CD or FDX

Gigabit MAC (802.3z)

GMII (optional)

GMII
PCS - 4 x PAM5
PMA
Auto-negotiation

PCS

PCS - 8B/10B

Phy Coding Sublayer

PMA
PMD

PMD
MDI

4 x UTP Cat.5

MDI
Medium Dependent I/F

CX
MDI

LX
MDI

2 x STP

Single-mode
Multi-mode

FC-2
FC-1
Codification

FC-0

Autonegotiation

Phy Med Dependent

Connection Services

Signalling

PMA

Phy Med Attachment

FC-3

SX
MDI

Medium Interface

Multimode

The IEEE 802.3z-specified 1000BASE-X is based on the same physical layers as the existing fiber channel technology

The IEEE 802.3ab-specified 1000BASE-T uses UTP cable for compatibility and easy migration from 10/100BASE-T installations

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8B/10B is the 1000BASE-X Line Coding

...

/I2/ /I2/ /S/

extension
extension

Frame 1

8B/10B codification

gap

Distinguish data from control information unambiguously

8B/10B has excellent error detection capabilities

Provides reliable synchronization and clock recovery

GFP-T can map 8B/10B directly onto NG SDH envelopes

Trend Communications

5C hex =

010

11100

Idle

/R/ /R/ ... /R/ /R/ ... /R/ /S/ 8B/10B codification /T/ /I2/

Frame 2

= /Dx.y/ = /D28.2/

abcdei

...

fghj

Idle

001110 0101

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4D-PAM5 is the 1000BASE-T Line Coding

1000BASE-T

UTP Cat. 5 or better

T
R
T
R
T
R
T
R

Clock distribution

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

125 Mbaud

R
T

R
T

R
T

R
T

Simultaneous bidirectional transmission

Master clock

Slave clock

Clock distribution

The four data lines (4 UTP wires) are used simultaneously to transmit/receive

A sophisticated DSP is used to filter and equalize the received signal

Each pair achieves 250 Mbit/s using baseband at 125 Mbaud: total 1 Gbit/s

Coding leaves 113 codes for control, such as idle, start of packet, end of packet

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GigE Migration
VLAN

Metro/Core cabling

Metro
Core

Giga Switch

Fiber SMF/MMF 1 Gbit/s

Giga Switch

1000 Mbit/s

10/100
Server

METRO

Fiber SMF

1Gbit/s
Copper / Fiber

Router

Access/Campus cabling

Campus

Copper / Fiber MMF

Vertical cabling
switch

Server

switch

Server

Hub
UTP
UTP
10/100/1000 Mbit/s
10/100/1000 Mbit/s

UTP

Horizontal cabling

LAN
10/100/1000 Mbit/s

Horizontal cabling Cat.5e or better: cable can power IP phones, cameras, etc. - fibre cant

Vertical cabling, mixture of multimode and single-mode devices and cabling

Campus & Access cabling, multimode or single mode fibre using existing base

Metro & Core single-mode fibre is the best option: hi-speed and future-proof

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10 Gigabit Ethernet

Interface

Fiber Type

Wavelength

Range

10GBASE-LX4

MMF

~ 1300 nm

2 ~ 300 m

10GBASE-LX4

SMF

~ 1300 nm

2 ~ 10 km

10GBASE-SR
10GBASE-SW

MMF

850 nm

2 ~ 300 m

10GBASE-LR
10GBASE-LW

SMF

1310 nm

2 ~10 km

10GBASE-ER
10GBASE-EW

SMF

1550 nm

2 ~40 km

Trend Communications

Application
Take profit of legacy fiber
installation working in the second
transmission window
Ethernet over dark fiber in the MAN
Take profit of legacy fiber
installation working in the first
transmission window
Ethernet over dark fiber for MAN.
The 10GBASE-LW allows easy
internetworking with SDH/SONET
Ethernet over dark fiber for
MAN/WAN. The 10GBASE-EW
allows easy internetworking with
SDH/SONET

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Internetworking of 10GbE with SDH

The W interfaces implement
the WIS sublayer that allow
simplified internetworking
with SDH.

MAC Sublayer
MAC F rame

MAC F rame
H DR
Pay load

H DR

Pay load

PCS Sublayer

The WIS:

Implements a reduced set

of SDH functions and overhead

STM-64 / O C-192

Pointer

Fixed Stuff

Implements standard SDH

framing and scrambling

WIS Sublayer

Simplified POH

66 bits block

S
im
R pl
S i fi
O ed
H

Makes the rate of the interface compatible with SDH

S
im
M pl
S ifie
O d
H

VC4-64c / STS-192c SPE

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Applications to MAN and WAN

Ethernet over dark fiber
Giga Switch

Giga Switch
fiber

Switch or
Router

Switch or
Router

Substitutes the standard MAN/WAN by a

dedicated 10GbE fiber link
Expensive
Difficult to scale to more customers

Ethernet over dark wavelength

OADM
Switch or
Router

DWDM
Optical Network

Switch or
Router

10GbE links are integrated in a DWDM MAN

More scalable
Still expensive

OADM
O ADM

The native Ethernet solutions for MAN and WAN are difficult to scale to many customers
maintaining the necessary QoS and security guarantees

While is standarized the native Ethernet WAN, EoS and MPLS can be used

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Next Generaration Resilence

Failure can be restored by Ethernet
Failure can be restored by RPR
Failure can be restored by SDH

Voice

Ethernet
Switch/Router

RPR
access ring

Data

Video

NG SDH

MSSP
DSLAM

Internet

Ethernet
Voice

DSL

Data

Voice

A failure can be restored at different layers: Ethernet, RPR ring and SDH

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Next Gen. SDH Born for Ethernet

FRL
FRL

Mobile
3G

MPLS
VPLS

ISDN

xDSL

Services

3play
VoD

Circuit

VPN

Tele
phone

VoIP

Internet
TV
SAN

IP
DVB
PDH

ATM

MPLS

VLAN

Fibre Channel
ESCON
FICON

10/100/1000 Ethernet

Transport Network
HDLC/PPP/LAPS
GFP-F

Contiguous Concatenation

SDH/SONET NG

Transmission Media
Trend Communications

GFP-T

Virtual Concatenation
LCAS

WDM - Dark Fiber - Coax - Wireless - OTN

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Carrier-Class Ethernet
Throug hput
UNI
Metro Ethernet

CPE

max
Vt

CPE
Users

Traffic level

UNI
UNI

Users
CPE

EBS

Yellow

EIR

CBS

R ed

CI R

Green
t

Frame rate

Green

t0

Green

Yellow

Red

tc

Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) has defined a bandwidth profile based on four parameters:
Committed Information Rate (CIR), Committed Burst Size (CBS), Excess Information Rate
(EIR), Excess Burst Size (EBS)

The aim is to accelerate the adoption of optical Ethernet in metro networks, offering specific
profiles of services equivalent to Carrier services rather than best effort

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Generic Services by Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF)

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

UNI

E-line service

UNI

E-LAN service

E-line service is used to create:

Private-line Services (equivalent to Frame Relay)

Internet access

Point-to-point VPN

E-LAN service is used to create:

Multipoint VPN

Transparent LAN service

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Services Types and Features

Type

Topology

EPL

Point-to-point

EVPL

Point-to-point

EPLAN

Multipoint

EVPLAN

Multipoint

Trend Communications

SLA
Jitter, Availability, Loss,
Protection, Latency
Availability, Loss,
Protection, Latency,
CEIR, EIR
Availability, Loss,
Protection, Latency,
CEIR, EIR
Availability, Loss,
Protection, Latency,
CEIR, EIR

Bandwidth

How

Resilience

Dedicated

TDM, WDM, NG
1+1 APS
SDH

Shared

Encapsulation, Spanning
Labeling
Tree, RPR

Dedicated,
multi/broadcast

TDM, WDM, NG Spanning

SDH
Tree, RPR

Shared,
multi/broadcast

Encapsulation, Spanning
labeling
Tree, RPR

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Ethernet over SDH/SONET fundamentals

Native Ethernet

Direct Bridging
SDH/SONET based

MPLS over SDH/SONET

Ethernet MAC

Ethernet MAC

Ethernet PHY

Ethernet MAC
MPLS
Adaptation

Adaptation

SDH/SONET

SDH/SONET

The Idea behind EoS is the substitution of the normal Ethernet layer 1 by SDH/SONET

IEEE Ethernet is packet based, SDH/SONET is not. Adaptation (i.e. GFP, ATM) is needed

Direct Ethernet bridging in MAN/WAN is problematic (MAC table explosion problem, insufficient VLAN tagging space, QoS provision, security).

MPLS solves the above mentioned problems segregating and managing each type of traffic

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Multiprotocol Label Switching

Input
Label

Port
2
.....

175
.....

Output
Port
Label
3
.....

26
.....

Operation
Swap
.....

CPE

1
2

CPE

Output
Label Operation
1
175 Push
.....
.....
.....

Port

CPE

LSR
3

LSR

LSR
1

3
LER

Port
2
.....

3
.....

LER

CPE

Input

Input
Port
Label

MPLS Path or Label Switched Path

LSR

2
.....

Pop
.....

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switched Router
CPE: Customer Premises Equipment

2
1
LER
CPE
Input

MPLS

26
.....

Output
Operation
Port

Port
3
.....

Label
26
.....

Output
Label Operation
Port
1
155 Swap
.....
.....
.....

Similar to ATM: Labels are pushed by the first MPLS router and are poped by the last MPLS
router of the MPLS domain

Only the labels are used to switch packets inside the MPLS domain, no IP switching/routing!

It is connection oriented, the the traffic follows a defined Label-Switched Path (LSP).

MPLS improves security and can provide QoS on a LSP basis

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Bridged WANs and NG SDH

MAC address in a WAN

Users

Users

CPE

CPE

MAC

Ethernet
ADM

MSSP

STM-16
MSSP

DXC

STM-16

MSSP

MSSP

SDH/SONET

Only the edge nodes have to be upgraded to NG to become MSSPP

MSSP would be able to manage traffic by means of VLAN

It is like a big LAN, equivalent benifits and issues, i.e. it is efficient butdoes not scalate well

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Gigabit Ethernet roll-out

Section

The Testing Challenge

Metro Gigabit

100/1000 Switch
100
1000BASE-X

1000
SDH NG

Campus Network
Access Switch
Hub Gigabit Switch
100

1000BASE-T

10/100 Ethernet

10BASE-T

Gigabit Switch

Metro Gigabit

1000BASE-X
10/100 Switch

VLAN

TeraRouter

10BASE-T

Enterprise Ethernet Virtual LAN

Approval and Acceptance test, to compare equipment and to verify their correctness

Installation test, to bring-into-service segments or nodes connected to the links

Performance test to evaluate the capacity of the network

Maintenance to guarantee correct network operation, fixing faults and verifying SLA

Monitoring, analyzing traffic and statistics, enables re-engineering and troubleshooting

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Acceptance Test
DUT
Ethernet tester

Physical media
BER test

Physical loop

This is a benchmark test to verify that a product performs the required functions and meets
specified operational parameters. It should include:
1.

Physical interfaces: Optical and/or electrical interfaces and frequency tests

2.

Cabling test: Fibre Optic or UTP cabling test

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Installation test
Near-end

MAC frame
Far-end

MAC address

MAC address
Metro / Core
(GiGE, NG-SDH)

IP address

IP packet

IP ping
Trace Route

IP address

address, time

IP address

address, time

IP address
Application(s)
address, time

The operations involved are configuration of nodes, continuity and interconnections:

1.

Configuration, includes protocol set-up, IP addresses, networks and subnetworks, masks,

routing tables, mappings, and encapsulations.

2.

Continuity test at:

Physical layer, by means of a BER test

MAC layer, by means of MAC frame generation/analysis

IP layers, by means of Ping and Trace Route

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Wiremap Testing for 1000BASE-T

Correct

Discontinuity

Crossed

Reversed

Short

Split

Wiremap is used to identify installation wiring errors, and it should indicate:

proper pin termination at each end

continuity to the remote end

shorts between any two or more conductors

crossed pairs or polarity swap, split pairs, reversed pairs or pair swap

shorted pairs and any other miswiring

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UTP Cat. 5e Certification

MHz
dB

Insertion Loss

Return Loss

dB

40

30

30

FAIL

20
10
0

20

40

PASS
60

10
80

100 MHz 0

20

FAIL
40
60

50
40

50
40

30

30

20

80

100

dB

10

20

NEXT

70

PASS

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

FAIL
20

40

PSNEXT

70

60

80

100

20

40

60

80

80

10

100MHz 0

dB

ACR

80

FAIL
20

40

60

80

100

Power Sum ACR

60

PASS

50
40

50
40

30

30

20

20

10
100 0 0

PASS

70

60

FAIL
20

60

70

PASS

40

PSELFEXT

20

FAIL

80

80

dB
80
70
60

PASS

dB

80

PASS

20

dB

20

70
60

dB

40

ELFEXT

80

10

FAIL
20

40

PASS

60

80

0
100 MHz0

FAIL
20

40

60

80

100

Migration from 10/100BASE-T requires a new certification of the UTP cabling

for the new 1000BASE-T applying the new Cat.5e masks
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Performance Test by Means of RFC-2544

Ethernet
NG SDH

GigE tester

Next Gen. SDH tester

The RFC-2544, designed to verify the performance of LAN devices,

has been adopted to verify network performance by means of the following parameters:

Throughput: number of bits transmitted per second without losing frames

Latency: average time that elapses between sending traffic and receiving it

Frame loss: percentage of the maximum rate at which no frames are lost

Burstability or back-to-back: max. number of frames that can be sent in a fixed period of
time without frames being dropped

Recovery: characterizes how quickly the network recovers from an overload condition

Reset, time at which a network or station recovers from a reset

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Performance Parameters
Throughput

Rx

VoIP: > 10 kbps

Video: > 20 kbps

Frame Delay

Tx

Telephony: < 150 ms

Video: < 250 ms

Rx
delay

Frame Jitter

Rx

Frame Loss

Rx

Frame Sync

t < > t

Audio < 10 ms
Video < 5 ms
VoIP < 1%
Video < 0.5%

Audio
Video

Skew < 250 ms

: Ethernet packets

Performance parameters affect the service quality experienced by the subscriber.

The MEF has defined availability, frame delay, frame jitter and frame loss

The objective is to offer a QoS equivalent to the existing data services, FRL or ATM, in order
to support data services and voice, video or triple play as well

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GigE
traffic

G.826

Monitore d
second

ES
SES
US
BFE

Performance by Means of G.826-Like Test

time
(sec.)

no
Frame lost?
yes
ye s

SES

%FL

30

no
ES

Available
path?
ye s

no

no

Available
path?
yes
ES=ES+1
BFL=BFL+FL

ES=ES+1
SES=SES+1
End

Time
1 frame lost
< 30% frames lost/sec.
> 30% frames lost/sec.

Trend Communications, matching blocks to frames, has created a 826-like test to measure
the performance of Gigabit Ethernet, Errored Seconds (ES), Severely Errored Seconds (SES),
Unavailable Seconds (US) and Background Frame Error (BFE).
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Maintenance Test
Constant Traffic

Throughput

Burst Traffic
Max

Vt
li n e

utilization

Max

used
e
it ra t
b
e
ag
av er

... n

frame rate
frame gap

frame size

Throughput

burst gap

Ramp Traffic

first step

frame size

last step

min.
t

frame rate
frame size

max

burst size

frame gap

burst gap

A number of tests that allow for the verification of carrier-class services, SLA, and
troubleshooting of faults once the network is in service
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Monitoring Test

Traffic statistics are an important source of information to plan

and re-engineer services.
The Ethernet level can include a large number of parameters,
such as Common Address, Packet sizes, Pattern, Counts,
Sizes, Errors, Delays, Utilization, etc.

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Approval and Acceptance

These tests help operators to compare devices from different vendors, with a view to choosing
one, and to confirm that they work properly before purchasing them.
Tests can include:

Physical-Layer Interoperability testing

Auto-Negotiation testing

Flow Control and Pause protocol testing

PCS and PMA testing, including synchronization

MAC layer testing, including error management and full-duplex verification

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Higher-Layer Testing
FRL

Mobile
3G
xDSL

MPLS
VPLS

ISDN
ISDN
Circuit

DNS

3play
VoD

BGP

Applications

VPN

Telephone

FTP

VoIP

HTTP

Internet

SMTP

TCP

TV

Telnet

SNMP

TFTP

IP layers

UDP

ICMP

OSPF

IP

There are many hardware and software tools that can carry out all types of tests
on the higher layers based on TCP/IP. These tests vary from simple connectivity tests,
such as IP ping, up to detailed traffic statistics and tracing.
Trend Communications

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ICMP analysis
Router

Router

Tester

Router

CPE

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works closely with the TCP/IP
used for error reporting and analysis, transferring messages (not data!) from
routers and stations, and for reporting network configuration and performance problems.
The most popular ICMP applications are:

IP Ping

Trace Route

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Observer: Network Monitoring and Troubleshooting

Observer can monitor Ethernet (10/100/1000), providing measurements,

traffic filtering on- and off-line, by MAC/IP address, IP address range, name,
protocol type, or by any value at byte offset, capture and trending for both shared
and switched environments. It can be attached to a remote probe,
and this way you can manage remote networks.
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Ethereal: a Freeware Solution

You can use Ethereal for both capture and analysis. Network administrators can use this tool
to troubleshoot their network, developers might use it to debug protocol implementations, and
if you work in network security, you can use this tool to solve security problems.

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Conclusions

Section

Could it Be the Universal Telecom Service?

Easy to use
- Well understood
- Highest availability

Cost effective
- A lot of competition, which means low cost
- Elder equipment can be re-developed

Flexible
- Packet-oriented: best granularities
- High scalability from 10 Mbit/s, up to 10 Gbit/s
- Many topologies, point-to-point, multipoint, LAN, MAN, WAN

Market-driven standard
- During the past 30 years
- New standards continuously appearing, i.e. local loop, carrier class, etc.
- Why Carrier-class? > To occupy the PDH, FRL and ATM markets.

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Ethernet Main Services

Application

IP
Telephony

Host/Server
Storage

IP
VPN

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Datacom

Internet
Access

Transport
DSLAM

E-line and E-LAN

Service
Infrastructure

Video
on Demand

Ethernet
over fibre

Ethernet
over DWDM

Ethernet
over RPR

Ethernet
over MPLS

Ethernet
over NG SDH

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Ethernet Services Infrastructures

Ethernet over NG SDH/SONET

48%
Ethernet
over Fiber/DWDM
3%

Ethernet
over Fiber
22%

Ethernet
over MPLS
27%

(Source: Heavy Reading, May 2005)

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Ethernet Cost Evaluation

CAPEX (Capital Expenditure)
Ethernet Router/Switches TDM

Depreciation (OPEX)

Ethernet over NG SDH

Native Metro Ethernet
Ethernet over MPLS

Supply (OPEX)

Roll-out (OPEX)

Maintenance (OPEX)

Capex: Equipment cost, software, acceptance test, cabling, upgrading

Opex: Depreciation: low capex results in low depreciation, and high capex in high depreciation
Supply: licences, leased lines and networks, contracts
Set up: installation, cabling certification, synchronization, etc.
Maintenance: Monitoring, troubleshooting
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77%

Frame loss
Latency
Jitter

13
18

68%

25

64%
58%

28
29

4
5

82%

slightly

37%

Security
Bandwidth

important

58%

Good, But Still Some Challenges Ahead

critical

6
8
13

(Source: Heavy Reading)

Ethernet is the choice for a large number of customers - for any size of business and budget
The best benefits are mentioned above, however, some features are still under way:

Market penetration in Metro and WAN

Services Management including proper O&AM

Carrier-class services

SLA monitoring

End-to-end restoration

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