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Lecture L29
Creep2
Lecture L29 - 1
Summary
In this lecture we will investigate stress
relaxation, i.e., time-dependent decrease in
stress at constant strain. We will also investigate
a couple of mathematical models of creep used
in analysis of material creep behaviour.
Lecture L29 - 2
Stress relaxation
Defined as a decrease in stress, with time, at constant
strain
Stress relaxation commonly occurs in tightened bolts at
high temperatures
Stress relaxation curves typically mirror image creep-strain
time curves
Hysteresis including
stress relaxation
Lecture L29 - 3
Stress relaxation
Procedure for relaxation testing:
Load specimen to an initial stress to generated some specified
strain, e.g., 0.15%.
Stress is then adjusted with time so that the specified strain is
maintained
Relaxation of
stress with time at
constant strain and
temperature
Lecture L29 - 4
Stress relaxation
Consider a bolted flanged joint at high temperature
0 = c +
E
Differentiating with respect to time
OR
0=
d c 1 d
+
dt E dt
c =
1 d
E dt
Lecture L29 - 5
Stress relaxation
The creep rate, in terms of stress, is modelled as
c = B n , thus
1 d
B =
E dt
n
Therefore
dt =
1 d
EB n
1 t d
t=
EB 0 n
Therefore
1 t d
t=
EB 0 n
thus,
1
1 $ 1
1 '
t=
&
)
EB (n 1) % tn 1 on 1 (
(1)
Lecture L29 - 6
1
1 $ 1
1 '
t=
&
)
EB (n 1) % tn 1 on 1 (
%
(
1
1
1
*
10,000 = 9
'
2
2
34
6
*
100 10 48 10 2 ' (t 10 6 )
400
10
(
)
&
)
1
1
19.2 10 7 = 2
t 400 2
t = 349.8 MN /m 2
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Lecture L29 - 7
c = f ( ,t )
Strain hardening
c = g( , c )
Lecture L29 - 8
Lecture L29 - 9
Lecture L29 - 10
Lecture L29 - 11
1 = 1
(1)
2 = 2
(2)
Applied stress = 1 = 2
Total strain = 1 + 2
(3)
1
1
= 1 + 2
OR
1
1
= +
(4)
Governing Equation
Creep
If a constant stress, 0, is
applied, then equation (4)
becomes, after integration:
1
1
= +
(t) =
0 0
+ t
(5)
E(t) =
=
(t) + t
Lecture L29 - 13
Relaxation
1
1
0 = +
(6)
assuming =0 at t = t0:
(t) = 0e
(t) = 0e
t
TR
Relaxation
time constant TR =
Lecture L29 - 14
Recovery
1
1
= + = 0
CONCLUSION
Lecture L29 - 15
1 = 1
(7)
2 = 1
(8)
Applied stress = 1 + 2
(9)
Total strain = 1 = 2
Thus, using equations (7-9)
= 1 + 2
OR
= +
(10)
Governing Equation
Creep
If a constant stress, 0, is
applied, then equation (10)
becomes
0 = +
This non-homogeneous
second order ODE can be
solved to give:
t*
0 '
(t) = )1 e ,
(
+
(11)
t ) 1
&
0
E(t) =
= (1 e T R +
(t)
('
+*
TR =
Lecture L29 - 17
(ii) Relaxation
If the strain is held constant,
then equation (10) becomes
0 = +
=
(12)
Lecture L29 - 18
Recovery
0 = +
(t) = #e
i.e., an exponential
recovery of strain which is
the reversal of the predicted
creep
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Lecture L29 - 19
Lecture L29 - 20
= 1 + 2 + k
t
2 *
0 0t 0 '
(t) =
+
+ )1 e 2 ,
1 1 2 )(
,+
0 0 22
=
+ e
1 2
Lecture L29 - 21
Lecture L29 - 22
4
5
Lecture L29 - 23
Lecture L29 - 24
Example
A solid circular horizontal
rod, 0.15 m in length, is
clamped at one and, with
the other end subject to a
vertical load of 25 N.
Determine a suitable
diameter for the rod for a
limiting creep strain of
2% in one year.
Lecture L29 - 25
ANSWER
#d&
M% (
My
$2'
=
=
# d 4 &
I
%
(
$ 64 '
32 3.75
d3 =
17.1 10 6
d = 0.013107m = 13.07mm
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Stress
F r = 25(0.15) = 3.75Nm
Lecture L29 - 26
WL3
=
3EI
The appropriate value of the modulus may be obtained from
the isochronous curve at 2% strain; hence,
17.1
E(t) =
= 855 MN /m 2
0.02
Therefore,
25 0.15 3 64 10 3
=
= 23 mm
3 855 10 6 0.01307 4
Alternatively, one could obtain the design stress from a plot of a
2% isometric curve - reading off the stress at 1 year
Lecture L29 - 27
Lecture summary
In this lecture we investigated stress
relaxation. We also looked at the creep in
plastics, and various mathematical models of
this material behaviour
Lecture L29 - 28