The image cannot be displayed.

Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

MCEN90029
Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28
Contact4

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 1

Summary
In this lecture we will study the effects of friction on
objects sliding relative to one another. We will
assume that the objects are in line contact

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 2

Principal stresses
For contact problems, such as the ball bearing-race
example, the three principal stresses are compressive,
and very large!
The maximum shear stress must be less than half the
maximum principal stress
max =

E.g., in the previous example,

1
( min )
2 max

max = 2315MPa; min = 1000MPa

1
1
max = ( max min ) = [ 2315 (1000)] = 657MPa
2
2

From charts,
when B/A=1: c = 0.32c
cG = 0.30c

when B/A=100:

c = 0.30c
cG = 0.27c

Complications: sliding friction, lubricants, repeated

work hardening etc.

loading,
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 3

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

When two bodies are in contact along a straight line, they
are said to be in line contact.
In the cases below, the radii perpendicular to the page are
infinite, i.e., R1" = R2" =

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 4

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

In these cases, the 1/R1", 1/R2" terms vanish and angle =0.
From
1# 1
1
1
1& 1
B= % +
+
+ (+
4 $ R1 R2 R1" R"2 ' 4

2
*# 1
#1
1& # 1
1 &1 &# 1
1& 2
( / 4% (%
( sin
,% ( + %
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R"2 '
"
"
"
$
'
$
'
$
'
$
+ 1
1
2
2 .
1
1
2

1# 1
1
1
1& 1
A= % +
+
+ (
4 $ R1 R2 R1" R"2 ' 4

2
*# 1
#1
1& # 1
1 &1 &# 1
1& 2
( / 4% (%
( sin
,% ( + %
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R"2 '
"
"
"
$
'
$
'
$
'
$
+ 1
1
2
2 .
1
1
2

thus,

1" 1
1%
B = $ + ',
2 # R1 R2 &

Also, from

A = 0,

B
=
A

"1%
$ ' E ( k() K ( k()
B # k2 &
=
,
A
K ( k() E ( k()

k=0

(In the case of two bodies in

line contact just touching)

b
k
=
, we assume a is infinitely large and b approaches zero
Since
a

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 5

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

Now, assume that a distributed load w (force per unit
length) is applied to cylinder
The result is a long narrow rectangle of width 2b in x-dir
and length 2a in y-dir
New equations for stresses along z-axis need to derived.
We assume k = 0
NOTE: elliptic functions not required!
w

2a

x
2b

y
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

z
Lecture L28 - 6

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

Stresses on the z-axis:
*
$ z '2 z - b
yy = 2v , 1+ & ) /
% b ( b /.
,+
*
$ z '2 z , 1+ & ) /
% b( b / b
,
xx = ,
$ z '2 /
, 1+ & ) /
,+
% b ( /.
*
,
/
1
,
/b
zz = ,
$ z '2 /
, 1+ & ) /
,+
% b ( /.

When k = 0,

(1)

(2)

b=

2w

(4)

where w is the load per unit

length of the contact area, and
#1 v12 1 v 22 &
=
+
%
(
#1
1 & $ E1
E2 '
% R1 + R2 (
$2
2 '
1

(3)

R1 and R2 as per figure

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 7

(5)

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

The maximum principal stresses (k = 0) occur at the
surface, or when z/b = 0
%b(
b
b
xx = ; yy = 2v' *; zz =
&)

(6)

The maximum shear stresses (k = 0)

1
( zz )
2 xx

Substitute equations (2) and (3), take

first derivative of with respect to z.
Equate to zero, and solve for z (at max)

zs
= 0.7861
b
%b(
%b(
(v)b
xx = 0.1856' *; yy = 0.9718
; zz = 0.7861' *;
&)
&)

Thus,

(7)

&b)
1
xx zz ) = 0.300( +
(
'*
2

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 8

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

The maximum octahedral shear stress (k = 0) occurs at
the same point as the maximum shear stresses
To find the maximum octahedral stress, substitute the maximum values
of xx, yy, zz (equations 7) into
oct

2
2
2
1
= (1 2 ) + (1 3 ) + ( 2 3 )
3

Thus, oct(max) = 0.27

1/ 2

NOTE:
from charts, coefficients for

determining max , max , oct(max), zs

for B/A>50 are 1.00, 0.30, 0.27, 0.78,
which are the same for line contact
between two bodies.

Thus, when B/A>50 , the area of contact

approaches a long narrow rectangle
MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 9

Friction
Defined as the resistance encountered when one body is
moved over another
The relation between normal load (W) and friction force
(F) is
F
=

Where , the coefficient of

friction, describes the

friction
magnitude

= 0.001: lubricated bearing under light load

= 10: clean metal contact in a vacuum

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 10

When the tangential force Fapp overcomes the

frictional force between two surfaces then the
surfaces begins to slide relative to each other.

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 11

Friction

The Laws of Friction

(1)
(2)
(3)

F= W. Thus, is independent of the normal load

Friction force is proportional to the true contact area
Friction force is independent of sliding speed

Steel sliding on unlubricated aluminium

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 12

Friction

Causes of friction
(1)

Adhesion: arises from attractive forces operating between

asperities.

Model of atomic behaviour of nickel (top) with gold (bottom). Initially, surfaces
are atomically clean and in a vacuum. Right figure shows adhesion of gold
atoms on nickel, and displacement of gold atoms during nickel displacement

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 13

Friction

Causes of friction
(2) Deformation: occurs due to physical interactions (sliding)
between asperities
Asperities plough their way through the surfaces of the other metal, leading to
a groove. This often occurs when one partner is significantly harder than the
other

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 14

Friction
NOTE:
Friction may cause
junction growth
Work hardening may
lead to a higher
adhesion component
of friction

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 15

Lubrication

>0.5 (typical for unlubricated metal) generally leads to

huge energy losses
Lubricants form a layer of lower shear strength than
sliding surfaces

May totally separate sliding surfaces

May reduce interaction (junction formation)

Viscosity of lubricant essential

Friction coefficient changes with
speed. Friction coefficient plotted as
a function of viscosity multiplied by
tangential velocity, and divided by
the normal load (U/W)

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 16

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

In practice, normal force is typically accompanied
by tangential (frictional) force in the contact area
- e.g. rotating shaft on bearings
Friction increases magnitude of principal stresses
Normal force alone? Principal stresses
compressive
How do cracks spread and cause failure?

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 17

Stresses for two bodies in line contact

Answer: Friction causes 2 of 3 principal stresses
to have tensile components
Large friction coefficient = large tensile forces
Friction changes the location of point of maximum
shear stress (when >0.1, max on contact
surface)
Tension occurs behind friction force
Direction of roll

Location of tensile forces

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 18

Roller on a plane

Consider a long roller that rests on a flat surface

Roller subject to distributed load w
Contact rectangle width is 2b.
Lateral sliding load f = w
Maximum principal stress
f = w
(from equation 6) is

zz =

(vertical)

Therefore, maximum
shear stress is

zx =

Shear stress distributed

elliptically

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 19

Roller on a plane
Smith and Liu (1953) derived the equations for the stresses zz, xx, yy,
zx, at any point in the contacting body
b
z(b1 x 2 ) + z 2 2

*
b 3 ' b 2 + 2z 2 + 2x 2
2
2x
x 06
xx = 4 z)
1
3x 2 , + /(2x 2 2b 2 3z 2 ) 2 +
+ 2(b 2 x 2 z 2 ) 1 2 7
.
5 (
b
b
b
b 18
+
*
2vb 3 ' b 2 + 2z 2 + 2x 2

x
x 06
4 z)
yy =
1 2x 2 , + /( x 2 b 2 z 2 ) 2 +
+ 2(b 2 x 2 z 2 ) 1 2 7
.
5 (
b
b
b
b 18
+
06
b 3
z
2z
zx = 4 z 2 2 + /(b 2 + 2z 2 + 2x )
3xz 2 27
.
18
5
b
b

zz =

Where,

1 =
M=

(M + N)
MN 2MN + 2x 2 + 2z 2 2b

; 2 =
2

(M N)
MN 2MN + 2x 2 + 2z 2 2b 2

(b + x ) 2 + z 2 and N = (b x ) 2 + z 2

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

(8)

NOTE: Equations do
not depend on y (in/out
of page), since
assume plane strain
relative to x-z plane

Lecture L28 - 20

Roller on a plane
Equations (8) give zz, xx, yy, zx.
We can assume yy is a principal stress, where
yy= 3
However, why are xx and yy not principal stresses?
Answer: because of the presence of shear!
Can compute remaining principal stresses (1, 2)
using a Mohrs circle approach

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 21

Roller on a plane, = 0.333

Principal stresses presented as a function of x and b on the
contact surface (z=0) and below the surface at z = b/4
Assuming = 0.333

1
3

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 22

Roller on a plane
Principal stresses 1 and 2 are in tension near the edges of
b
b

=
0.667
;

=
0.167
the contact area! Max tension: 2
3

From these charts of principal stresses as a function of x

and b, we can read off the maximum principal stresses

With friction
= 0.333
(from charts)

1 = 1.4

b
3 = 0.53

2 = 0.72

Without friction
(from equations 6 )

b
2 =

1 =

b
3 = 0.5

A coefficient
of friction = 0.333 increases
the maximum

principal stress by 40%

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 23

Lecture summary
In this lecture we found that when two objects
are in contact, and free of friction, all three
principal stresses are compressive
When two objects are in contact, and in the
presence of friction, two of the three principal
stresses have tensile components. This has
more serious implications in fatigue failure

MCEN90029 Advanced Mechanics of Solids

Lecture L28 - 24