Alkaline Surfactant Polymer in Alberta

WCSB Gas Liquids &
Light Oil Fairways
Jurassic
Colorado Group
Lower
Nordegg
Charlie Lake
Halfway
Doig
Montney
Turner
Valley
Mississippian
Shunda
Pekisko
Exshaw
Winterburn
Leduc reef
Nisku
Leduc
Woodbend Gp
Beaverhill
Lake Gp
Wabamun
Blueridge
Majeau Lk.
Swan
Hills
Geothermal Gradient
Banff
Bakken/Exshaw
Wabamun
Winterburn
Banff
Crossfield
Ireton
Duvernay
Woodbend
Duvernay/Muskwa
Cooking Lk.
Waterways
Slave Point
Beaverhill Lake
Upper
Rundle Gp
Debolt
Elkton
Lower
Mississippian
Lower
Upper
Cretaceous
Lower
Mannville Group
Sawtooth
Charlie Lake
Halfway
Doig
Montney
Upper
U. Mannville
Wilrich
Bluesky/Glauconitic
L. Mannville
Swift
Ellis Group
Upper
Lower Mannville
Middle Upper
Jurassic
Viking
Upper Mannville
Wilrich
Bluesky / Glauconitic
Nordegg
Devonian
2nd White Specks
Triassic
Cardium
2nd White Specks

Viking
Middle
Canadian Discovery Ltd. has developed a comprehensive

atlas detailing gas liquids and light oil fairways for
western Canada. Using data from over 750,000 oil and
gas analyses and 300,000 temperature measurements,
the atlas comprises:
Belly River
Belly River
Cardium
Ft. Vermilion
Gilwood
(
(
Elk Point
Contact Rapids
Middle
Elk Point Gp
Muskeg
Keg River
Pre-Devonian
Lotsberg
Cold Lake
Two Geothermal Gradient maps

Six Isotherm maps for the dominant shale intervals
A suite of 12 maps for each of 24 productive
intervals spanning the stratigraphic column
Hard copy Extended Executive Summary
PDF of complete report and all maps and
supplemental charts
QI: The Future of Geophysics
Era
Stage
ASP Flooding in Alberta
Stratigraphic Name Interval Name
Deep-Cut Yield
Contact Cheryl Wright for more information

T 403.269.3644 E cwright@canadiandiscovery.com
Canadian
Discovery Ltd.
integrated geosciences
www.canadiandiscovery.com
Canadian
Discovery Ltd.
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding in Alberta

QI: The Future of Geophysics
explor a tion r eview

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding in Alberta
Small Amounts of the Right Chemicals Can Make a Big Difference
by Marc Charest, M.Sc., P.Geol., Senior Exploration Analyst
Much of the oil and gas industry, particularly in North America, is currently focused on investing money, time and effort in
maximizing hydrocarbon extraction from shales and other tight rock resource plays, largely thanks to long-reach horizontal
drilling and multi-phase completion technology. There remains, however, incredibly large volumes of known residual oil
resources in countless conventional reservoirs. Secondary recovery methods, like waterflooding, have been proving their
worth in extracting incremental oil for decades in fields the world over. Now tertiary methods, or enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) schemes, are increasingly making their mark in extracting more resources from conventional reservoirs. Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) chemical flooding, which is one of these methods, has been applied in many parts of the world (e.g.
Alberta, Saskatchewan, Wyoming, China and India) for over 20 years. The objective of this Canadian Discovery Digest
review is to focus on some recent Alberta ASP schemes and the geological contexts in which they are situated.
EXPLORATION REVIEW
Photo Overleaf
Looking from west to east at the Zargon Little Bow gas plant/oil battery . The water injection facility is in the middle
and right foreground. The larger blue building on the left, east of the water injection facility is the gas plant.
Photo courtesy Zargon Oil & Gas Ltd.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a self-explanatory term,
also known as improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery.
In the US, EOR accounts for about 13% of total US annual
oil production (Green Car Congress, April 2012). Primary
recovery of oil occurs as a result of oil naturally flowing to
surface through a wellbore due to pressure. This pressure
may be caused by the expansion of solution gas/associated
gas cap and/or the upward migration of a water-oil interface
as oil is produced. Artificial lift of oil through devices such
as pump jacks also falls under primary production, as does
cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS). Secondary
recovery goes a step further, involving the localized injection
of water or gas (including CO2, N2, hydrocarbon gases) or
the large-scale flooding of the reservoir with water, which
physically pushes out residual oil. This operation results
in reservoir pressure maintenance that continues to move
oil to the surface. A reservoir may be subjected to water
or gas injection from the beginning of its productive life,
in order to maintain pressure and effectively maximize oil
production rates and recovery. Together, however, both
primary and secondary recovery phases may only ultimately
recover a small fraction of the original oil-in-place (OOIP)
or petroleum initially in place (PIIP), a figure that varies
depending on a number of reservoir properties. For example,
the two production stages can leave up to 75% of the oil
in the [ground] (http://www.rigzone.com/). Another source
(California Energy Commission - http://www.energy.ca.gov/)
states that primary and secondary methods can recover 20
to 40% of OOIP. In any case, significant proven oil often
remains in the reservoir.
Tertiary recovery, or enhanced oil recovery (EOR), is just that:
an attempt to economically squeeze out additional increments
of residual oil from the reservoirs. Tertiary methods are divided
into thermal and non-thermal. Many tertiary methods will
actually change physical/chemical properties of the reservoir
and its hydrocarbons, principally through the addition of heat,
gas (principally CO2) or chemicals (or even micro-organisms). These changes often imply lowering the viscosity of the
20 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST
residual oil and thereby improving its flow into the borehole.
EOR may also be applied at the initial stages of production.
Thermal tertiary methods involve the injection of steam
(most widely applied) or hot water, mostly in heavier crudes
or bitumen in Canada. Fire flooding, or in-situ combustion
through the injection of air or oxygen, is another thermal
method the object of which is to reduce oil viscosity, but
which may also crack some of the higher molecular weight
oils into smaller more easily moveable molecules. Tertiary gas
injection technology (a non-thermal method) usually involves
carbon dioxide (CO2), which is injected under supercritical
(pressure + temperature) fluid conditions, and thus acts
like a liquid to displace residual light oils by mixing with
them (miscible flood). Nitrogen (N2) and hydrocarbon gases
have also been used in miscible oil displacement. Finally,
chemical injection introduces various compounds, usually as
dilute solutions. For example, the addition of long-molecular
chained water-soluble polymers can increase the efficiency
of a traditional waterflood by increasing the viscosity of
the injected water, which in turn leads to a more efficient
displacement of the oil. Less than 1% of all EOR methods
used in the US are chemical injections (http://www.rigzone.
com/), chiefly due to costs. But consistently high oil prices
and better technology are changing the equation.
Chemical Injection in EOR
Largely because of high costs, tertiary chemical injection
methods are not used as much, or on as large a scale as other
EOR methods. A host of chemicals, individually or in various
combinations, can be introduced or flooded into the reservoir,
in an effort to move and extract more oil. These chemicals
include water-soluble polymers, polymer gels, surfactants
(natural or artificial), alkalis, and combinations of these,
which in turn include alkali-polymer (AP), surfactant-polymer and alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP). The objectives of
these chemical additions are to increase volumetric efficiency
(area times thickness of pay zone) and displacement efficiency
in the reservoir.
ASP Floods in aLBERTA

Of course, a proposed EOR project may not be viable for
economic reasons. A myriad of factors and variables must be
taken into account. For example, surfactants and polymers
are very expensive. Also, drilling new wells for a chemical
injection project instead of using existing wells may not be
cost effective.
applications, in an extremely small concentration (0.005%)

can reduce the surface tension of pure water from 73 dyne
per centimetre (dyn/cm), or 73 E3N/m in SI units, to just 30
dyn/cm (30 E3N/m). In contrast, ethanol at a concentration
of 40% would be required to obtain the same reduction in
surface tension (http://www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htm).
The chemical formula for Softanol 90 is :
Oil recovery by injection is a function of: Ea x Ev x Ed

where,
where,
Ea = Areal sweep efficiency
Ev = Vertical sweep efficiency
Ed = Displacement efficiency
The product of areal and vertical sweep efficiency (Ea x Ev)
is referred to as Volumetric Conformance. It is the fraction of
the reservoir volume that is contacted by the injected fluid.
Vertical sweep efficiency is generally a function of rock
property variations between different reservoir layers (high
permeability layers will take more of the injected fluid,
generally leading to a lower vertical sweep efficiency).
Areal sweep efficiency is influenced by permeability trends,
pressure distribution, differences in the viscosity of injected
and displace fluids, relative permeability effects etc. (thanks
are due to engineering leadership at Zargon Oil & Gas [TSX:
ZAR] for additional information on volumetric conformance).
Interactions between the introduced chemicals, and between
these chemicals and reservoir components can be very complex
and can even, if not done carefully and knowledgeably, result
in more harm than good, or less than anticipated oil recovery
results. At the very low concentrations used in an ASP flood,
the chemicals are not toxic to the environment.
A surfactant (surface active agent) is defined, in brief, as a
substance, which when used in very low concentrations, can
greatly reduce the surface tension of water. Surfactants have been
used for EOR for over 80 years. Foaming agents, emulsifiers
and dispersants are surfactants, which suspend, respectively,
a gas, an immiscible liquid and a solid in liquid (water or
other liquid) - http://www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htm.
For example, Softanol 90 (polyoxyethylene or polyoxyethylenealkylether), a common surfactant agent with multiple
n + m = 9~11, x = 3-20 (average = 9)

A non-ionic ethoxylate (see below), thus without an electrical
charge, Softanol 90 is liquid at 25C and its pour point is
8C. It is soluble in hydrocarbons, but only poorly soluble
in water.
In a system with water and oil, a surfactant will reduce the
interfacial tension between the two liquid phases, which
liberates residual oil held by capillary forces, i. e. a reduction
of capillary pressure in the reservoir, leaving it water-wet.
This liberated oil can now be more easily mobilized and
produced. (http://www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htm).
Surfactant molecules are composed of a hydrophobic (water
insoluble) non-polar component at one end, which will latch
on to oil hydrocarbons (oleophilic), and a hydrophilic (water
soluble), polar component at the opposite end of the molecule
( schematic page 22). Surfactants can be of natural origin
(oleochemicals) or synthesized from petroleum (petrochemicals).
The nature of the hydrophilic portion of the molecule yields
the primary classification of surfactants, which are anionic,
cationic or non-ionic. In all cases, the hydrophilic end of
each surfactant molecule is strongly attracted to the water
molecule (a dipolar molecule) at the water surface or inside
the water volume, while the hydrophobic end orients itself
or is squeezed away from the water.
Many light oils do not contain sufficient amounts of the
components that react with alkali to reduce the oil-water
interfacial tension sufficiently to overcome capillary forces
trapping the oil. Blending [a small quantity of 0.05% to
0.5%] surfactant with the alkali overcomes this barrier.
WWW.CANADIANDISCOVERY.COM 21
EXPLORATION REVIEW
(US-based chemical EOR firm Surtek http://www.surtek.
com/technologies/alkalisurfactantpolymer.html).
The use of alkali in a chemical flood is beneficial in many
ways and has been used for over 80 years. Alkali significantly
reduces the absorption of the surfactant on the reservoir
rock. It also forms in-situ surfactant by reacting with acidic
components of the oil. In addition, alkali makes the reservoir
rock more water-wet. Finally, alkali is relatively inexpensive.
Common alkaline agents include sodium hydroxide (NaOH,
or caustic soda) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, or soda ash)
at low concentrations, usually < 2% (http://www.surtek.com/
technologies/). Softened injection water is required in ASP
and AP flooding, i.e. very low concentrations of divalent
cations (hardness) such as Ca+2 and Mg+2. Otherwise, these
cations react with the alkali agent and form a precipitate (e.g.
hydroxides), which could plug the pores of most reservoirs
(http://www.surtek.com/technologies/). Higher salinity of
the water phase can also be undesirable; it can decrease the
solubility of surfactant molecules in the water. In essence, the
alkali, usually caustic soda, reacts with components present in
some oil to form soap. That process is called saponification,
which in the right environment reduces the interfacial tension
enough to overcome capillary forces retaining the oil.
Finally, adding a polymer to flood water is aimed at improving

the volumetric sweep efficiency of the reservoir (i.e. increasing
the volume of the reservoir contacted). Water-soluble polymers
are also known as viscosifiers as they seek, at relatively
low concentrations (measured in parts per million or ppm),
to significantly increase the viscosity of the injected water
and thus lower the mobility ratio (M) for displacing oil. That
mobility ratio is defined as the mobility of the injected fluid
over that of the reservoir oil, where, in turn, mobility is the
ratio of relative permeability over viscosity. By increasing the
viscosity of the injected fluid through the addition of a small
volume of polymer, the mobility ratio will be lowered and the
sweep efficiencies, both vertical and areal, will be increased.
This relationship has been shown experimentally (Habermann
[1960], cited in http://www.belgravecorp.com/chemical-injection : Calgary-based EOR technology firm Belgrave Oil
and Gas), where, in a quarter of a five-point well pattern at
higher M values, viscous fingers of injected fluid developed
leaving large bypassed oil volumes at breakthrough in the
producing well ( schematic opposite page). Ideally, a mobility
ratio of about one or less is considered favourable. To be
effective, polymers, which are non-toxic and non-corrosive,
must remain stable for a long time at reservoir conditions.
The two most frequently used polymers in polymer flooding
A surfactant molecule is made up of a water soluble (hydrophilic)

and a water insoluble (hydrophobic) component.
Hydrophobe
Hydrophile
Schematic of surfactant
molecules in water
The internal group of surfactant molecules is referred to as a micelle (m).
Schematic of surfactant molecules in water

From http://www.chemistry.co.nz/surfactants.htm

are polysaccharide biopolymers and synthetic polyacrylamides (http://www.belgravecorp.com/chemical-injection).
resumes. The three, generally non-toxic (in dilute solution)

chemicals act together, or synergistically, to effectively sweep
more petroleum than if they were used as lone components.
Stated another way, the ASP chemicals reduce interfacial
tension and scrub the reservoir, releasing some of the oil
which remains locked in the reservoir after waterflooding.
(Zargon Oil & Gas website; the companys ASP project at
Little Bow is discussed below). As intimated above in the
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer flooding, or ASP flooding, is
a relatively new and still evolving chemical enhanced oil
recovery technology. The process was developed in the early
1980s as a lower-cost alternative to micellar/surfactant/polymer
flooding (Belgrave website). In essence, a predetermined
volume or slug mixture of ASP is injected into the reservoir,
often followed by an additional injection or push of polymer,
which help to reduce the slope of the oil production decline
and thus extends the production period (Denver-based EOR
products and services firm TIORCO: http://www.tiorco.
com/tio/products/asp-sp.htm). Regular waterflooding then
P.V.
description of individual ASP phase components, only small

percentages of each additive are necessary to effectively carry
out the sweep; the formulation typically consists of about
0.5-1% alkali, 0.1% surfactant and 0.1% polymer. (http://
www.tiorco.com/tio/products/asp-sp.htm).
P.V.
P.V.
B.T.
0.7
B.T.
B.T.
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.2
0.05
M = 0.151
B.T.
M = 1.0
M = 2.40
B.T.
B.T.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.15
0.05
M = 4.58
Producing Well
XX Injection Well
M = 17.3
M = 71.5
P.V. = Injected Pore Volume
M = Mobility ratio
B.T. = Breakthrough
Areas: quarters of
five-spot patterns
Displacement fronts for different mobility ratios

and injected pore volumes until breakthrough
From Habermann (1960) in: http://www.belgravecorp.com/chemical-injection
EXPLORATION REVIEW
A schematic diagram from Zargons website illustrates the
process of ASP chemical flooding ( below). Another generic
diagram, from EOR chemical services firm Surtek (http://
www.surtek.com/technologies/ ), demonstrates possible
effects of waterflood and ASP on residual oil production
( schematic opposite page).
happen that a proper ASP formulation or recipe cannot be

achieved to procure sufficient oil displacement for a given
reservoir to be economically viable (http://www.belgravecorp.
com/chemical-injection).
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flood
Technology in Alberta
The Alberta government announced, in June 2004, the Innovative
Energy Technologies Program (IETP), to which it is committing
$200 million in terms of royalty adjustments (Alberta Energy
website, http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/1797.asp). The principal
objective of the IETP is to invest in research, technology and
innovation that creates commercial value while achieving
high environmental standards. Specifically, innovative pilot or
demonstration projects, which are responsibly and efficiently
used to achieve increased recoveries of existing petroleum
and natural gas reserves (including in-situ bitumen resources),
can be assisted by this fund. So far (December 2012), 37
projects (33 projects counted in the list published by Alberta
Conceptually, ASP technology is relatively simple, but it

can be very complicated in design and application. Field
implementation of an ASP flood, as with other EOR projects,
requires in-depth research and testing in the laboratory, which
of course adds to the bottom line. An integrated approach
to this application also includes reservoir engineering and
geological studies, numerical simulations, facilities design,
and ongoing monitoring. Typical implementation of (A)
SP in the field (pilot scale) take about 3-4 years. (http://
www.tiorco.com/tio/products/asp-sp.htm). The currently
sustained high commodity price environment likely helps
in the go-ahead decision for many EOR projects, but it can
Trapped
Oil
Water
Injection
Alkali &
Surfactant
Solution
Water
a) Water Injection:
More than half of oil is trapped
Mobilized Oil
b) Alkali / Surfactant
Mobilizes trapped oil
Alkali and Surfactant act together to mobilize oil trapped in the reservoir.
The injected fluids must contact the trapped oil to be effective.
Injector
Rock
Rock
Producer
Polymer
Solution
Water
Producer
Injector
Increased
Contact
Volume
a) Water Injection
b) Polymer Injection
Polymer thickens the injected fluid to increase the volume of reservoir contacted.
ASP Chemical Flooding Recovers bypassed oil

From Zargon website, December 2012

Energy) have been approved and announced since 2005, in
five rounds of applications; a sixth round closed at the end
of September 2011 (Alberta Energy website). Assuming full
subscription to IETP, government and industry may commit
over $800 million to new technologies. Industry participants
in the program are required to submit an annual progress
report on their respective project(s) by the end of June of each
year. By the end of December 2012, annual and final reports
for 2009 were publicly available, as later reports submitted
to Alberta Energy remain confidential for two years. 2010
reports, which were submitted by June 30, 2011, will be
released in 2013.
Among approved IETP projects, two are Alkaline-SurfactantPolymer (ASP) flood schemes. These projects are summarized
in a table( top of page 27). The link to Alberta Energys
compilation of IETP reports and other program information
is: http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/768.asp. There are several
ASP project schemes, which are approved or in progress

toward approval in Alberta ( map page 26) Three of these
schemes, at Taber South (Warner) and Little Bow in southern
Alberta, and at Mooney in Northern Alberta, were selected
for examination in this review. In addition, a polymer flood
at Seal in northern Alberta was examined.
Husky Energy ASP at Taber South Mannville B Pool
The Taber South Mannville B Pool (T. 7, R. 16W4) was
discovered 50 years ago, in 1963, in a vertical well drilled
by Canadian Pacific Oil & Gas (now Encana TSX, NYSE:
ECA) at 16-20-7-16W4, which was drilled 1,038m to the
Mississippian Madison Group. The well was completed in
the Cretaceous Sunburst Member (Mannville Group), as
were most later wells in the Mannville B Pool (the other
producing zones in the same pool are listed as Mannville
and, more rarely, Glauconitic sandstone). Initially, ~ 4m in
the upper part of the reservoir were completed (perforation)
Mechanisms
Injection
Oil Bank
Water
ASP
Polymer
Water
Production
Waterflood Residual Oil
Ultimate Residual Oil
SURTEK
effects of waterflood and asp flood on oil recovery

From Surtek Website
EXPLORATION REVIEW
Grande Prairie
Alberta
Mooney
(BlackPearl)
July 2011
Bluesky A
Saskatchewan
Edmonton
Coleville
(Penn West)
Feb. 2011
Strathmore
(Terrex)
Suffield
(Cenovus)
Apr. 2007
Calgary
R15W5
* T83,
Seal (Murphy)
Oct 2010
Bluesky
Polymer flood
pilot in progress
Bone Creek
(Husky)
Taber (Husky)
Jan 2008
Glauconitic K Lethbridge
Taber South (Husky)
May 2006
Mannville B
In Progress
Fosterton
(Husky)
Little Bow (Zargon)

Mannville I & P
Battrum
(Hyak Energy)
Gull Lake
(Husky)
2009
Medicine Hat
Grand Forks
(CNRL)
Instow
(Talisman)
2007/11
Scheme Approved
canadian asp projects

From Zargon, January 2013
in the well; then, an additional ~ 6m, located below, were
completed (perforation + acid squeeze) about 3.5 years later;
finally, more acidizing + fracturing of the whole ~10m interval
was performed in 1970. In all, ~10m of the total 15m gross
thickness of the clean, blocky (cored; no analysis) reservoir
interval, which lies unconformably on the Jurassic Rierdon
shale, were completed. Since going on stream in January
1967, and to August 2012, the 16-20 discovery well has
produced 208.0 E3M3 (1.31 million barrels) of oil and only
3,633 E3M3 (129 mmcf) of gas. Also, 2,251.0 E3M3 (14.2
million barrels) of water were produced. Water influx in the
well, which started in July 1970, was high almost from the
onset. No apparent bottom-water leg was seen in logs; the
two nearest water injectors did not begin injecting until much
later, in 1997 and 2006, respectively.
From April 1963 to August 2012, the Mannville B Pool (78
oil wells/32 injection wells) accumulated 3,171 E3M3 (20.0
million barrels) of medium to heavy 19.4API crude, 28,117
E3M3 (177.0 million barrels) of water and 57.8 E6M3 (2.0
bcf) of sweet solution gas. The Mannville B Pool has been
under water injection since the beginning of production, and
has responded well to that secondary scheme.
International integrated major Husky Energy (TSX: HSE),
which operates (100%) the Mannville B Pool, is about 70%
oil-weighted in terms of production. At its foundation, the

Project Name
Project #
(Alberta Energy)
Taber S Mannville B Warner

ASP Flood
01-023
Husky Oil
Operations
2005
2009
Implemented
May 2006
Taber Glauconitic K Advanced

ASP Process Process (Crowsnest)
03-055
Husky Oil
Operations
2008?
2009
Implemented
January 2008
Operator
Year
Last Year
Year
Approved Report Avail. Completed
Comments
alberta ietp alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood (asp) projects

From Alberta Energy website, January 2013
company has a vast historic asset base in western Canada,
consisting especially of significant heavy oil production and
facilities. Growth Pillars for Husky are in oil sands, the
Canadian Atlantic region and the Asia-Pacific region.
In western Canada, in addition to heavy oil (Cretaceous clastics
and Upper Devonian carbonates), oil sands and resource plays,
the company has important conventional oil and gas properties,
from which it seeks to maximize hydrocarbon extraction and
recovery, especially oil, by evaluating enhanced recovery
options. Toward that goal, Husky is applying enhanced
recovery techniques such as alkaline surfactant polymer
(ASP) floods (Husky website).
Husky implemented the first field-wide ASP flood in
Canada in May 2006. Information about this EOR scheme
was obtained largely through the companys participation in
Alberta Energys IEPT (see above and http://www.energy.gov.
ab.ca/768.asp). The report for calendar year 2009 is the latest
information available as of mid-September 2012. In its first
annual report to Alberta Energy about its Taber South ASP
scheme, which was submitted in June 2006, the company
said that it expected to recover 1,003 E3M3 (6.31 million
barrels) of incremental oil from the Taber South Mannville B
Pool (a.k.a Warner ASP Project the actual Warner Field is
centred on T. 4-5, R. 18-19W4), an incremental volume which

is equivalent to 14.5% of the original oil-in-place (OOIP).
Husky anticipated using, in its Warner project, existing well
bores (as much as possible) in areas of higher residual oil
volumes, at the same time optimizing the placement of ASP
flooding. Much work had to be coordinated and performed
by the operator on existing wells (including clean-outs,
reactivations and conversions to obtain the desired injector/
producer pattern) and facilities (including pipeline clean-out/
replacement) in this old oil pool, to ready it for ASP flooding.
A few new injectors/producers were also drilled (seven in all,
initially, focused on sections 16 and 21-7-16W4, which have
highest reservoir quality/OOIP). The spacing and pattern is a
combination of peripheral injection and a modified line drive.
This injector strategy is preferred in this reservoir, which has
a high vertical to horizontal permeability ratio (Kv/Kh) ratio.
In addition, previous injectors situated in structurally high
positions were converted to producers, to take advantage
of gravity effects (Alberta Energy, 2005-2012: Husky 2005
report). A map ( page 28) shows the distribution of ASP
injectors and producers. Initially, injector wells were divided
into four groups (A to D) to better meet injection targets in the
four regions of the project reservoir area, which are defined
as each having about equal pore volume. In the 2009 report
(submitted June 25, 2010), the Mannville B Pool is divided
Formation
Glauconite
Initial Pressure
9,950 kPa
Lithology
Sandstone
Current Pressure (2006)
9.000 kPa
Mean Depth
985m TVD
Bubble Point
4,606 kPa
Porosity
24%
Permeability
Reservoir Temperature
35C
>1,000 mD
API Gravity
19.1
Swi
18%
Oil Viscosity
40 cp (at res. temp.)
Avg. Net Pay
7.1m
Rsi
Primary Drive
Fluid Expansion
Secondary Drive (current)
Waterflooding
16.7 M3/M3
PVF
1.05 RM3/SM3
Basic Reservoir Properties, Taber South, Mannville B Pool

From Husky Oil, IETP Annual Report 2005 (June 2006)
EXPLORATION REVIEW
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B
J
B
B
S
J
B
Warner
4-20 oil
battery J
B
E
J
G
B
B
J
C
(water source)
S
M
B
E
B
J
B
J
B
D
E
18 B
E
B
J
B
VV
I
B
G
J
B
E
B
E
B
I
S
B
S
E
VE
B
E
B
EUU
B
I
B
E
G
E
B
EE
B
I
B
B
E
B
E
B
E
B
U
K
J
B
I I
E
S B
S
E
E
S B
B
B
S
U B
S
U
S
G
E
M
GU
I
G
E
B
I
D
B
Section 4:
Poor
5 Reservoir
Quality
E
B
(chemical
G
retention
likely
higher)
G
BB
E
E
E
E
B
B
E
B
E
B
UI
SG
I
GJ
D
F
S
B
G
G
R17
G
G
West-East Cross-section,
see pages 36-37
G
G
U
G
G
G
G
U
G
G
U
I
U
J
UU
J
EU
U
E
G
I
B
I
E
G
10
S
B
S
I
B
G
GU
EU
U
T7
G
03/10-9:
injector
drilled
in Jul. 2010
9
E
B
E
J
S
E B
S
B
E
I
G
E
B
T7
15
Injector Group B
F
0/2-16
3/7-16
0/14-16
E UU
S
B B S
B
S
11-16 water injection

Satellite or header
G
S
B
S
EU
B
E
J
S
B
B
S
B
UJ
3
I
103/ 11-16:
re-drill
(2009)
S
B
S
I
I
UE
B
B
B
D
B
E
B
S
B
S
EUU
B
S
G
B
S
C
E
B
E
B
6-13-6-17 W4
Etzikom Creek
ASP Plant
S
MS
B
B
I
B
22
103/4-21: re-drill GG
(2009)
IE
B
F
E
B
E
K
B
E
B
EU
B
EU
B
Injector Group C
2/13-16
2/5-21
21 2 / 9 - 2 0
A'
L East
E
B
SS
B
S
B
S
E
U
B
M
B
A G
E
UE
B
I B
I
S
B
S
West
E
B
I
B
B
B
IU
B
I
I
B
B
6
S
B
S
F
M
B
V
U
VV
E J
LE
D
S
B
S
E U
B
I
B
V
M
G
E
B
8 2/3-9 0/11-9
0/8-9 0/3-16
2/9-9
G
B
E
V
E US
S
B
B
E
B
E
B
Injector Group A
D
B
V
G
Injector Group D
3/16-20 2/10-29
0/1-29
2/15-29
27
2 / 2 - 2 9 28 3 / 1 1G- 2 9
4/6-29
Taber South (a.k.a Warner
5 0/ 16-20
Field)
Mannville B
G
DISCOVERY
D
Pool Boundary
WELL
E
B
G
UU
B
S
U 3/5-21
I
B
I
I
U
G
Log 17 U E BE
I
B
G B B
E
Analysis
E
I
KB
J
S
B
B
S
D
J
B
U
D
U
M
B
G
M
B
B
U
G
U
I
G
B
I
B
U G
I
G
J
G
B
B
D
B
U G
E
B
AU C
S
B
S
G
U
C U
B 20
I
I
B
B
U
S B
S
E
B
B
S
S
I
U G
B
U
U EU
S
B
S
E
B
E
F
B
S
B
S
E
G
E
B
I
B
S
C
B
S
E
V
E
B
S
B
S
M
B
I
B
B
S
G S
S
B
S
S
B
S
I
I UB
E B
E
B
B
I
I
E
B
B
S
E
I
B
S
U
I
BUB
E
I
S
B
B
S
J
B
E
B
J
B
I
B
UU
UU
S
B
S
E
B
S
B
J S
B
E
B
U
DE
J
C
34
G I
33
UU
I
B
I
S
EUU U B
E
B
S
B
B
U
I
U
B
U
E
U
U
U
J
BB
BS
S
UE
UB
E
30
B
E
E
E
I
U
B
EV
B
B
B
V
D
U UUU E
G
S
J
S
GU S
E
B GE U
E
J
UEB
L
B
B
I B
B
S
B
U
B
M
UB
E
E
E
B
B
B
E
U
V
B
U
E
S
B
B
S
U
V
U
S
S
E
E
S
S
A
J 7
B
B
B
B
B
S
S
S
S
E U
E
B
B
M
B
G
UU U
S
B
S
I
E B
B
I G
B
I
B
VV
32
UUU
E
B
E
B
U I
G
J
E
B
I
B
J
S
S
I
E
B
R16W4
R16W4
31
UUU U
Injector Groups A to D:
Original Flood Plan
G
Injection Areas 1 to 7:
Revised Flood Plan
R16W4
* Injector drilled to counter most severe reduction in injectivity in Area 2, in 10m

pay (2009 Report). In contrast, Areas 3, 4 and 5 had the best injectivity, recovery
rates (>10%) and voidage replacement ratios (VRR) (2009 Report).
Created in AccuMap, a product of IHS
Husky Licenses
N Husky Licenses 2004
and later
N Encana Licenses
N Glauconitic Production
N
N
S
Sunburst Production
Injectors 2005-2006
ASP Flood
Injector Wells
Freehold
Producers 2005-2006
ASP Flood
Husky Crown Land
Base map generated with AccuMap
Taber south (warner) mannville b activity

From Husky IETP Application 01-023 Annual Report 2005,
Attachment 6: Injectors and Producers, 2005-2006 ASP Flood

into seven groups or areas (1 through 7), from south to north,
to allow for easier monitoring of chemical response as well
as to help balance voidage replacement and pore volume
injected (Alberta Energy, 2005-2012: Husky 2009 report).
In its 2005 annual IETP report (June 30, 2006), Husky mentions
that the 45 wells, which are producing and 18 injector wells
(all vertical or directional completions), are contained within
an area spanning about four sections ( map opposite page)
of the Mannville B Pool.
A table ( bottom page 27) summarizes the pools principal
reservoir properties, as compiled in Huskys first annual IETP
project report (2005 - submitted June 2006).
Also listed in the 2005 report are the components of the
ASP solution for the Mannville B Pool (note the very small
quantities required). These proportions, or ASP system, were
obtained through lab testing conducted by Colorado-based
Surtek (http://www.surtek.com/home.html ) in May 2005:

Alkali: 0.75 weight % sodium hydroxide (NaOH),
Surfactant: 0.15 weight % ORS-97HF (a petroleumbased ASP surfactant - di or mono alkyl aryl sulfonate
structure, manufactured by Oil Chem Technologies,
http://www.oil-chem.com/msds.htm),
Polymer: 1,200 ppm Flopaam 3630 (conventional
polymer, produced by private giant SNF Floeger - http://
www.snf-oil.com/SNF-s-presentation.html ), which is
blended in softened formation water produced from
0/4-20-7-16W4 - no water analysis (see below).
Project costs had increased significantly between when the
EUB (now the ERCB) injection applications were approved
in September 2005, and May 2006, when injection began.
Produced water from the oil battery at 4-20-7-16W4, which
is used as a water source, is transported by pipeline to the
Etzikom Creek 6-13-6-17W4 Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer
(ASP) blending plant, where it is first filtered and softened
before the ASP chemicals are added. However, the May
2005 Surtek lab report states that the total dissolved solids
for samples of both produced and injected water were similar
and rather low, each bordering on soft water, at 5,070 mg/L

and 4,405 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, hardness is low
for both waters with a total divalent cation [Ca + Mg] content
of [30 mg/L and 70 mg/L, respectively], which means that
softening requirements for the injection water should be
minimal (Surtek, 2005). Softening the formation water
created a buffer between the hard water and the NaOH (alkali)
in the ASP solution, with the goal of preventing obstructing
precipitate from forming at perforation sites. In addition, as
mentioned by Surtek in its report, the presence of Ca and Mg
ions is intolerable for many surfactants, greatly reduces the
polymer solution viscosity, and accelerates the rate of polymer
degradation.. No CaCO3 precipitate or sulphate scaling was
expected to form out of either produced or injected water
compositions, according to Surtek (see Huskys 2009 Report
discussion, below).
The ASP solution is sent by pipeline to the 11-16-7-16W4
injection satellite in the ASP Flood area, from where it is
distributed to the project injector wells (18, as counted in
September 2012), which were initially (2005-2006) distributed
among four project regions of approximately equal pore
volume, each having a pump with 900 M3/d injection capacity.
The ASP injection began on May 17, 2006. In that month,
total Mannville B Pool oil production was 60 M3/d of oil
(376 bopd) and water production was 3,525 M3/d (22,183
bpd) (IHS data). The ASP injection target at the time was
3,600 M3/d (22,643 barrels/d) of solution. ASP injection
was planned for two years, from May 2006 to June 2008
(end of ASP injection later extended to October 2008 see
below). After that, and until September 2010, the injection
of polymer alone was anticipated (Husky IETP 2005 Annual
report); polymer injection was later extended to the end of
2012 (Husky IETP 2009 Annual report).
A Summer 2010 investor presentation by junior Pacific
Paradym (TSX-V: PPE) mentions that a small Taber Glauconite
consistently clean and highly porous and permeable mature
reservoir (2m-5m pay) centred around sec. 24-10-16W4
(Taber Glauconite D), which is under primary production
with an oil gravity of 27API, is being explored for tertiary
recovery opportunities with ASP (March 2012) with partner
Strategic Oil & Gas (TSX-V: SOG). Pacific Paradigm goes
on to mention that a similar reservoir at Little Bow has
been contemplated by Zargon Oil & Gas (TSX: ZAR) as
This left a net write off of 600 mbbls of reserves. Incremental reserves decreased from 14.1% to
12.7% OOIP for the unrisked production, and a drop from 11.4% to 11.3% for the risked
production. Figure 2 shows the production to the end of March 2010 with the new production
EXPLORATION
REVIEW
forecasts (risked and unrisked). Table 5 outlines the current reserves information.
Figure 2: Actual production and revised forecast vs date
400
Probable Production Rates

(PROB) - unrisked
350
Daily Rate (m3/day)
300
250
March
2010
200
150
Actual Production
Rates
100
50
Proved Developed Producing (PDP)

- risked
Base Case
0
May-06
May-07
May-08
May-09
Actua ls
May-10
Ba se
May-11
May-12
PDP
May-13
May-14
May-15
PROB
Table 5: Reserve Summary for the Taber S Mannville B pool

Percent of OOIP
Oil Volume
Production Values as of March 2010
3 3
Actual
Production and revised forecast vs. 10
date,
taber south, mannville
b pool
m (MMBO)
(%)
From Husky Warner ASP Flood, 20096,992
Annual(44.0)
Report, p. 6
Original Oil in Place (OOIP)
Cumulative Production to date (CTD)
2,928 (18.4)
41.9%
an ASP scheme
candidate
(see below
for Zargon Little Bow
scale and
reduced
injectivity being 39.4%
the largest contributing
Waterflood
Ultimate
Oil Production
2,756
(17.3)
discussion).
factors.3,648
Scaling
and its remediation have
of course increased
ASP Forecast Ultimate Oil Production
(22.9)
52.1%
costs. Also
injection, which was
ASP Risked Forecast (Proven Reserves)
3,548during
(22.3)that year, polymer
50.7%
In its 2009
Annual Report
(submitted
June 25, 2010), Husky
expected222
to continue
Incremental
Production
(CTD)
(1.4) to the end of 2012,
3.2% was increased to
Remaining
670
(4.2)from 30%. This increase
9.6% is economically
reviewed
the project Incremental
and its many Production
challenges to(unrisked)
date. ASP
40% pore
volume
Incremental
Oilcommissioning
Production from
ASP
892
12.7%
injectionTotal
occurred
from project
in May
2006
supported
by(5.6)
current high oil prices.
Incremental reserves
to October 2008 when the project switched to polymer-only
Husky
Oil Operations
Limitedincluded surfactant andPage
6 of 16
injection.
Earlier
challenges
alkali
(caustic) force majeure in 2006-2007 and 2007, respectively.
Two producers and three injectors were drilled (infill) during
the first half of 2008. The first half of 2008 was also marked by
carbonate (calcite) scale in some wells, a problem apparently
addressed by the injection of a scale inhibitor. From the time
of the switch to polymer-only injection to the date of the 2009
report (i.e. into 2010), silicate (silica) scale has plagued
the project, with very frequent well servicing required
and chemical companies working toward a solution to this
problem (more recent advances have improved run times). In
January 2009, water softening was stopped after a soft water
buffer was injected following the switch to polymer-only.
Finally, Q4 2009 saw the re-drilling of wells (two, see below)
plugged up with scale. In 2009, production rates continued to
be substantially lower than original estimates, with silicate
estimates have varied significantly over the years, not

2009also
Annual
Report
only because of operational issues, but
due
to lack of
analogous projects. In brief, at the onset of ASP injection,
these reserves estimates were 1,002 E3M3 (6.3 million
barrels) or 14.5 % of OOIP (unrisked). By calendar year-end
2009, the estimates had decreased to 890 E3M3 (5.6 million
barrels), or 12.7% of OOIP (unrisked), principally because
of aforementioned scale and injectivity issues (costly and
difficult remediation) ( table bottom opposite page). To
December 31, 2009, Huskys total net capital spending on
the Taber South ASP Project was $88.4 million.
Areas of higher reservoir pressures compounded the difficulty
and added to the danger of well servicing. The dozen wells
identified as problems are also the best producers (with
large areas swept, large volumes of silica are dissolved),
which has dramatically affected production.
UPPER MANNVILLE
(undifferentiated)
UUL MEMBER
UNDIFFERENTIATED
UPPER MANNVILLE+
UC
O
FM NITE
.
SHERWIN, 1996
GL
A
CALCAREOUS
MEMBER
TABER
WOOD & HOPKINS, 1988
ELLERSLIE
LOWER
MANNVILLE
GLAUCONITIC
MEMBER
SUNBURST
ROSENTHAL, 1988
GLAUCONITIC
E
MBR.
D
C**
C
B OSTRACOD
OSTRACOD
A
MEMBER
A*
B**
Limestone
Shale
(Bantry)
SUNBURST MEMBER
PALEOZOIC
** Quantzose shoreface sandstones
OSTRACOD
MEMBER
BASAL
QUARTZ
DETRITAL
PALEOZOIC
* Feldspathic shoreface sandstones
GLAUCONITIC
MEMBER
ELLERSLIE
PALEOZOIC
hic l
Lit ne
an
Ch
itic
on
uc nel
Gla han
C
UPPER
MANNVILLE
GLAISTER, 1959
PALEOZOIC
+ Ineludes feldspathic channel and shoreface sandstones
Stratigraphic nomenclature in southern and central alberta

From Sherwin (1996), p. 54
One of the two late 2009 re-drills (twins) of plugged wells
(03/4-21-7-16W4) was cored as was the original 00/4-21 well,
allowing interesting comparisons. The bottom 3m of the new
core (12.5m total pay) showed possible signs of clay and
chert dissolution (as well as possible signs of amorphous
silica precipitation and some dolomite cement), which
seemed to diminish with increased oil saturation.
Production, from the beginning of the project to the end of
March 2010, has been 261.5 E3M3 (1.6 million barrels) of
oil and 3,750 E3M3 (23.6 million barrels) of water, with a
Production Values as of March 2010
cumulative voidage replacement ratio (VRR) of 0.95 (target

is 1.0). The production rate, which was 50 M3/d 315 bopd
(1.5% oil cut OC) at project start, peaked at 290 M3/d
1,824 bopd (8.4% OC) in October 2008 when polymer-only
injection began. Since late 2008, however, the overall rate
has declined. At the end of March 2010, production was 230
M3/d 1,447 bopd but with a higher OC of 10.5%, which
is closer to prediction despite recent operational obstacles.
This higher OC is an encouraging indication to Husky that
the flood is working, but that it will take longer to recover
the predicted reserves, at least in some of the seven areas of
OIl Volume
E3M3 (million barrels)
OOPI (%)
Original Oil-in-Place (OOIP)
6,992 (44.0)
Cumulative Production to Date (CTD)
2,992 (44.0)
41.9
Waterflood Ultimate Oil Production
2,756 (17.3)
39.4
ASP Forecast Ultimate Oil Production
3,648 (22.9)
52.1
ASP Risked Forecast (Proven Reserves)
3,548 (22.3)
50.7
Incremental Production (CTD)
222 (1.4)
3.2
Remaining Incremental Production (unrisked)
670 (4.2)
9.6
Total Incremental Oil Production from ASP
892 (5.6)
12.7
Current Reserve Summary for the taber s mannville b pool*

*As 2009 Annual Report to Alberta Energy
From Husky Warner ASP Flood, 2009 Annual Report, p. 6
EXPLORATION REVIEW
the flood (e.g. Areas 2 and 6). By contrast, the recovery in
the central part of the pool, Areas 3, 4 and 5, remains near
original expectations. An oil rate (Actual to March 2010/
revised [risked and unrisked] forecast) versus time is shown
( graph top page 30). A table ( page 31) shows the most
recent reserve numbers published by Husky Oil for the Taber
South (Warner) Mannville B under waterflood and ASP.
Both injector and producing wells are monitored regularly
or as needed for a host of variables, to ultimately determine
response or breakthrough in producing wells. For example,
polymer concentration in the produced water is one of the
easiest and most reliable components [Husky] monitor[s]
for assessing flood response in production wells. Polymer
concentrations will tend to jump to approximately 100 ppm
just prior to a jump in production and oil cut. (Husky 2009
Annual Report, p. 9). Another example is the recent use of
the pH of the produced fluid to predict scaling tendencies
in a well. In general, pH values between 9 and 11 denote a
possible tendency toward silicate scale issues. With a pH over
11, silicate tends to be kept in solution, while a value below
9 means not enough silicate was dissolved in the reservoir to
be a problem, or solution occurred, but silicate precipitation
took place in the formation and not in the well.
Significant decreases in the injection rates since going to
polymer-only in late 2008 have resulted from the increased
viscosity of the injected fluid and the aforementioned silicate
scaling issue. As a consequence of loss of injectivity, a pool-wide
cumulative (from project start) voidage replacement ratio
(VRR) of 0.95 has been maintained since the previous year
(2008), which is somewhat less than the ideal target VRR of
1.0. Injection support is key to the success of these floods
(Husky 2009 Annual Report, p. 12).
Finally in Huskys 2009 report, it is stated that facilities for
the current flood will be in operation until at least 2013. A
Phase 2 flood could be developed, and could target another
pool in the area. Optimally-placed high quality injection
wells is one of the most important lessons learned so far
(2009/2010) through the ASP flood of the Mannville B Pool
in the Taber South (Warner) Field.
Geology of Taber South Mannville B Pool

The regional paleogeographic context in which the Taber South
Mannville B Pool (widely recognized as Glauconite-age)
clastics were deposited was a series of generally northwesttrending fluvial channels transporting sediment across a northwesterly-prograding (pulse regression toward central Alberta)
coastal plain (Jackson, 1984: Fig. 22) ( map page 34). This
progradation culminated in the formation of the SW-NE trending
Hoadley Barrier Island Trend (regressive sequence - stillstand)
in central Alberta ( map opposite page). In southern Alberta,
the Glauconite (Glauconitic) Sandstone Member is stratigraphically at the base of the Upper Mannville Group, which marks
the regressive part of the major Mannville cycle (Jackson,
1984) ( stratigraphic chart page 31). Underlying much of
the Glauconitic of southern Alberta is the Ostracod marine
shale/silt member of the uppermost Lower Mannville, which
represents the maximum southward extent or transgression
(flooding) of the Boreal Sea (Jackson, 1984). It is locally
known, in southern Alberta, as the Bantry Shale Member. Over
wide areas of central and southern Alberta, a thin Calcareous
Member occurs at the top of the Ostracod Member.
Resumption of major regressive conditions marks the base
of the Upper Mannville with deposition of the Glauconitic
Sandstone. The term Glauconitic is generally restricted to
central and southern Alberta (Glass, 1990). The stratigraphic
unit is called Glauconitic Formation by some (e.g. Rosenthal,
1988; Sherwin, 2001). The Glauconitic is a major producer of
hydrocarbons in central and southern Alberta. Conventional
oil reserves have been exploited for many years from a series
of channels or incised valley systems (sea level drop) and
related shoreface complexes (Sherwin, 2001). Hayes et al.
(2008) describe Glauconitic Member sandstones at Taber
South as clean, fine- to medium-grained sublitharenites,
exhibiting excellent reservoir quality, with substantial
lateral continuity (estuarine channel).
Sherwin (1996) proposed a stratigraphic nomenclature for the
Glauconitic-Ostracod interval that is compared with that of
other selected authors and contains most of the names used
in the geological discussion of this part of the present review
( stratigraphic chart page 31). Note the various interpretations. The term Glauconite Formation, was proposed by
Rosenthal (1988) and includes the Ostracod Member.

R10
R10
R1W5
R20
R 20
R1W5
R10
R 10
R1W4
R1W4
T60
T60
WABASCA
COMPLEX
S H AL LO W
TORRENS
MEMBER
COMPLEX
EDMONTON
MARINE
T50
T50
WAINWRIGHT
RIDGE
HODLEY
HOADLEY
HD
BARRIER
COMPLEX
BH
T40
T40
T30
T30
HK
PROVOST
HACKETT
HIGH
CO N T I N E N TA L
KINDERSLEY
HIGH
Mannville
Deformation
Front
CALGARY
COASTAL
HS
JENNER
HIGHSTAND
SHORELINE
T20
SH
C
Regression
T20
PLAIN
ALD
LB
MEDICINE
HAT
HIGH
GF
T10T10
Taber
South
T1
ALBERTA
U.S.A.
T1
(Montana)
Glauconitic channels in green, Lithic channels in orange; major fields: T-Taber,

GF-Grand Forks, LB-Little Bow. ALD-Alderson, C-Countess, SH-Shouldice,
HS-Hussar, HK-Halkirk, BH-Bellshill Lake, HD-Hoadley.
Paleogeography, Glauconitic Times

From Sherwin (2011)
The Glauconitic channel facies and valley trends have been
extensively identified and mapped by Petrel Robertson Consulting
from Township 14 south to the Montana border, and by Mike
Sherwin (http://www.geoedges.com/, Sherwin, 1996) from
Township 14 north to the Hoadley and Pembina barriers (~ T. 50).
The paleotopography of the underlying pre-Cretaceous erosion
surface, of course, has had a major controlling influence on
the facies distribution. Sherwin subdivides the Glauconitic
channel facies into Glauconitic quartzose and post-Glauconit-
ic Lithic or feldspathic channels [e.g. Little Bow-Turin area

Sherwin, 1996] ( stratigraphic chart page 31) Quartzose
channels, where quartz grains dominate, suggest a possible
crystalline Canadian Shield origin (from east and south) for
the sediment, while lithic content (chert + feldspar + volcanic
fragments) may indicate a western cordillera source. The
Lithic channels fed the Torrens Member (Upper Mannville
basal Gates Formation/lowermost Falher member, a. k. a.
Bigoray barrier beach) shoreface complex ( map above).
EXPLORATION REVIEW
Glancing at the regional Glauconitic paleogeographic map, it
would appear that the dominant channel type at Taber South
might be the Lithic variety.
Furthermore, Sherwin distinguishes the Quartzose and Lithic
sandstones on the basis of reservoir quality. The Quartzose or
true Glauconitic sandstone channel facies form excellent
reservoirs. Clean, porous and permeable, they often and typically
R20
R20
R18
R18
include a shale fill (plug) component. In contrast, Lithic

channel sandstones have poor reservoir quality because of the
abundant feldspars and lithic grains, which, when compacted
and altered to clays, reduce porosity and permeability. Both
channel types followed similar trends toward their ultimate
destinations of the shoreface complexes, with the Lithics often
crosscutting, or even totally eroding, the older Quartzose
R16
R14
R16
R12
R14
R10W4
R12
R10W4
Little Bow
Mannville
I&P
ASP
Flood
Area
T15
T15
T15
T13
T13
T11
T11
T11
T9
T9 T9
T7
T7 T7
T13
Taber South
Mannville B
ASP Flood Area
T5
T5 T5
T3
T3 T3
T1
T1 T1
Sunburst
Sandstone
Glauconitic
Channel Trends
Lithic
Channel Trends
Southern alberta regional

sunburst/ glauconitic/ lithic channels

channels. Lower porosity Lithic channels can form traps
when they cut older, porous Quartzose channels.
Lower Mannville Sunburst sandstone fluvial channel facies

(also mapped by Sherwin), graphically illustrates how complex
(and open to interpretation) the continental stratigraphic
picture can be with just three channel facies. Also, interpretations will vary depending on available data (well control,
seismic), and interpreters bias and stratigraphic model.
The stratigraphic complexity in the undifferentiated Upper

Mannville mentioned above also extends to the Lower Mannville
below the Ostracod. The generically-named Taber South
Mannville B Pool, which is the object of the ASP flood, is
described by Husky as Glauconitic channel in its 2005
Annual Report to Alberta Energy (see above). Furthermore, the
reservoir is of high quality ( table page 31), which would be
a prerequisite for an experimental ASP flood. From that brief
reservoir description, it is deduced that the targeted Mannville
B Pool is largely composed, at least in the ASP flood area,
of Quartzose or true Glauconitic sandstone channel facies
as defined by Sherwin. A regional map showing selected
Mannville channels facies distribution ( opposite page),
which reproduces the two Glauconitic-age channel facies
mapped by Sherwin ( map page 33) plus the underlying
0
125
0
GR
( GAPI )
150
HCAL
325
Vs h
100
( mm )
(%)
Res
Pay
.2
.2
950
Adding to the already complex picture, the producing strata

in the Mannville B Pool, which was discovered in 1963,
is identified as the Sunburst Sandstone. The discovery
well at 16-20-7-16W4 shows a 15m-thick (gross), typically
blocky fine to medium clean sand as sitting unconformably
on the Jurassic Rierdon, in the heart of the Mannville B ASP
project. This contrasts with Huskys description, almost 40
years later in its ASP flood submission, which interprets the
same sand as a Glauconite Channel, also lying directly on
the Rierdon. In other places in the Mannville B project area,
there appears to be at least a thin Lower Mannville section
RT_In 2000 30
PhiDc
0 30
Bvw
Cus tom Lith
RXO8 2000 30
PhiNc
0 30
Bvxo
Lithology Components
Vsh Sand PhiE
30
PhiE
( OHMM )
( OHMM )
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
100
0 .01
Sw
(%)
100 Core _SW

(%)
0 .01
Ki
( MD )
10000
KM ax 10000
( MD )
Core _Poros ity

30
0
MD
10%
1:500
Meters
MANNVILLE
975
SUNBURST
SANDSTONE
C
o
r
e
1
RIERDON
1000
HUSKY 5A TABERS
3/5-21-7-16W4
Parameters: Sunburst
(Glauconitic) Sandstone
Rw at 25C: 0.577
Averages:
Effective : 25.1%
Water Sat: 17%
Net pay: 12.9m

Porosity Source: Neutron/Density Crossplot
Water Sat. Source: Modified Simandoux
A: 1.0 M: 2.0 N: 2.0
Log Analysis generated with HDS Petrophysical Software
3/5-21-7-16w4 sUNBURST Petrophysical Analysis
EXPLORATION REVIEW
(undifferentiated) underlying the Glauconite, as interpreted
in well log analyses submitted by Husky (Husky 2005 IETP
annual report June 2006). A short stratigraphic cross-section
across the channel trend and including Glauconite regional
prograding sand-shale coastal plain (non-channel) facies
serves to illustrate the typical aspect of the project target
( cross-section below). One vertical well at 3/5-21-7-16W4,
which is situated only about 250m south of the short west-east
stratigraphic section ( map page 28 ), was selected for
log analysis ( page 35) as representative of the Mannville
B reservoir. The development well was drilled by Husky to
the Rierdon at the end of 2005 and went on production in
December (Sunburst [Glauconite] completion), recording an

initial production (IP) rate of 7.8 M3/d (49 bopd). In October
2012, the producer was still putting out about 0.7 M3/d of
oil (~ 4.5 bopd), but with 82.7 M3/d of water (520.4 bwpd).
The 14m gross reservoir interval was cored almost entirely,
retrieving mostly fine to very fine sandstone, in places medium
grained, with very high porosities (geometric average: 26%)
and permeabilities (geometric average, Kmax: 2,946 mD).
Husky had chosen to display an analysis of 3/5-21 in its first
IETP report (June 2006) to Alberta Energy (and http://www.
energy.gov.ab.ca/768.asp ). The company has reported a
positive surprise when analysing that well. It found that the
Regional
Facies
Glauc. Cha
West
CPOG TABER S
00/08-20-007-16W4/0
KB: 3045.9 ft
TD: 3370.1 ft [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
RENAISSANCE 8D TABER S
03/08-20-007-16W4/0
KB: 928.3 m
TD: 1038.0 [TVD]
Mode: Pump
RR: 1965-02-01
FormTD: MADSN
Fluid: N/A
RR: 1996-09-07
FormTD: MADSN
Fluid: Oil
< 128.8 m >
RENAISSANCE
00/05-21-007
KB: 3044.9 ft
TD: 3387.1 ft [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
3020.00
3025
(19.9)
925
(3.3)
3050
(-4.1)
930.00
3050
(-5.1)
3075
(-29.1)
3075
(-30.1)
3100
(-54.1)
BRIDGE PLUG CA
3100
(-55.1)
950
(-21.7)
3125
(-79.1)
3125
(-80.1)
3150
(-104.1)
3150
(-105.1)
3175
(-129.1)
3200
(-154.1)
975
(-46.7)
SUNBSTSS
(Glauconite)
3225
1
(-179.1)
PACKER-BRIDGE
3175
(-130.1)
DATUM
SUNBSTSS
3213.9 (-168.0) [TVD] <S>
SUNBSTSS
979.0 (-50.7) [TVD] <S>
3200
(-155.1)
JET PERFORATION
JET PERFORATION
SUNBSTSS
(Glauconite)
SUNBSTSS
3211.0 (-166.0) [TVD] <S>
3225
(-180.1)
RIERDON
RIERDON
984.0 (-55.7) [TVD] <S>
3250
(-204.1)
3250
(-205.1)
RIERDON
3262.1 (-216.2) [TVD] <S>
RIERDON
3275
(-229.1)
RIERDON
3269.0 (-224.1) [TVD] <S>
1000
(-71.7)
3300
(-254.1)
25 m
< 241.6 m >
3025
(20.9)
SAWTH
3315.9 (-270.0) [TVD] <S>
3275
(-230.1)
3300
(-255.1)
SAWTOOTH
3325
(-279.1)
SAWTOOTH
SAWTH
1010.0 (-81.7) [TVD] <S>
SAWTH
3330.1 (-285.1) [TVD] <S>
3350
(-304.1)
MADSN
3357.0 (-311.0) [TVD] <S>
MADISON
3370.00
MADSN
1022.0 (-93.7) [TVD] <S>
1025
(-96.7)
1030.00
No prod.
Sept. 96 - Jul. 2012

10,629 M3 oil
191,320 M3 water
See map page 28
Stratigraphic cross-section, mannville b

Glauconitic channel, taber south field
AccuLogs Cross-section, IHS
3325
(-280.1)
3350
(-305.1)
MADISON
MADSN
3365.2 (-320.2) [TVD] <S>
3375
3380.00
(-330.1)
Jan. 65 - A
63,825 M
92,871 M3

reservoir in this well had not been swept by the waterflood
as expected, but that instead there was a large un-swept
portion at the top of the sand.
overlies the Ostracod, is typically characterized by one or

more coarsening-upward successions, from mudstone to
fine-grained sandstone, often capped by a thin carbonaceous
zone (Sherwin, 1996). The Glauconite and non-Glauconite
channels are incised into this regional facies and often into
the underlying Lower Mannville.
A regional stratigraphic section from Sherwin (1996) shows

several channels relative to one another (both fine to mediumgrained) and the strata they transect ( page 38), in the
Queenstown-Jumpbush-Lathom region (T. 19-20W4). While
Glauconite sand channel facies typically show a blocky
gamma ray signature, with or without shale fill (younger,
Lithic channel fills look less clean due to relatively high
radioactive mineral contents), the regional Glauconitic, which
Zargon Oil & Gas ASP at Little Bow

Calgary-based Zargon Oil & Gas (TSX: ZAR) has stated that
its core business is oil exploitation - targeting increased oil
recovery from existing oil production (company website). Its
foray into tertiary recovery is a relatively recent endeavour
Regional
Facies
Glauc. Channel
East
ABER S
W4/0
9-07
MADSN
RENAISSANCE TABER S
00/05-21-007-16W4/0
KB: 3044.9 ft
TD: 3387.1 ft [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
RENAISSANCE 5D TABER S
02/05-21-007-16W4/0
KB: 927.7 m
TD: 1035.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Inj.
RR: 1996-09-07
FormTD: MADSN
Fluid: Water Injection
< 241.6 m >
CPOG TABER S
00/08-21-007-16W4/0
KB: 3041.0 ft
TD: 3444.9 [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
RR: 1994-01-21
FormTD: MADSN
Fluid: Water Injection
< 1041.5 m >
< 263.4 m >
3020.00
3020.00
3025
3025
(16.0)
(19.9)
940.00
3050
(-5.1)
3075
(-30.1)
3050
(-9.0)
3075
(-34.0)
950
(-22.3)
BRIDGE PLUG CAPPED W/CEMENT
3100
(-55.1)
3100
(-59.0)
3125
(-80.1)
3150
(-105.1)
3125
(-84.0)
PACKER-BRIDGE PLUG
3150
(-109.0)
975
(-47.3)
3175
(-130.1)
3175
(-134.0)
PACKER-BRIDGE PLUG
3200
(-155.1)
JET PERFORATION
JET PERFORATION
SUNBSTSS
(Glauconite)
ACID SQUEEZE
CHEMICAL
SQUEEZE
JET PERFORATION
SUNBSTSS
3211.0 (-166.0) [TVD] <S>
3225
(-180.1)
RIERDON
3250
(-205.1)
RIERDON
3269.0 (-224.1) [TVD] <S>
3275
(-230.1)
SUNBSTSS
(Glaconite)
SUNBSTSS
989.5 (-61.8) [TVD] <S>
JET PERFORATION
JET PERFORATION
PERFORATION
JET
FRACTURED
FRACTURED
RIERDON
995.0 (-67.3) [TVD] <S>
ACID SQUEEZE
CEMENT JET
SQUEEZE
PERFORATION
1000
(-72.3)
SUNBSTSS
(Glauconite)
SUNBSTSS
3209.0 (-168.0) [TVD] <S>
3225
(-184.0)
RIERDON
RIERDON
3241.1 (-200.1) [TVD] <S>
JET PERFORATION
RIERDON
SAWTH
3303.1 (-262.1) [TVD] <S>
1025
(-97.3)
SAWTOOTH
MADSN
3365.2 (-320.2) [TVD] <S>
3375
3380.00
(-330.1)
Jan. 65 - Aug. 74
63,825 M3 oil
92,871 M3 water
3250
(-209.0)
SUNBSTSS
(Glauconite)
RIERDON
3300
(-259.0)
SAWTOOTH
3325
(-284.0)
MADISON
MADSN
1024.0 (-96.3) [TVD] <S>
1030.00
3350
(-305.1)
MADISON
DATUM
3275
(-234.0)
SAWTOOTH
SAWTH
1015.0 (-87.3) [TVD] <S>
SAWTOOTH
3325
(-280.1)
Upper
Mannville
3200
(-159.0)
3300
(-255.1)
SAWTH
3330.1 (-285.1) [TVD] <S>
RR: 1965-05-07
FormTD: MADSN
Fluid: Gas
MADSN
3350.1 (-309.1) [TVD] <S>
MADISON
3350
(-309.0)
MADISON
3375
(-334.0)
Jan. 94 - Jan. 2006

26,050 M3 oil
761, 670 M3 water
Feb. 2006: water injector
3400
(-359.0)
3410.00
No prod.
(Bow Island target)
EXPLORATION REVIEW
(see below), however. In a typical Alberta Plains South
Mannville oil reservoir, primary production brings only
about 15 percent of the original oil-in-place to the surface.
The implementation of a waterflood improves recoveries, but
still only captures approximately 40 percent of the original
oil-in-place. Tertiary floods, based on chemicals, can increase
the recovery of oil by at least another 10 percent (Zargon
website).
In addition to six conventional oil exploitation properties
(December 2012), the company has one ASP tertiary recovery
project in preparation. It is situated in the Alberta Plains South
core region, which also includes Taber South assets (Lower
Cretaceous Sunburst Member sandstone). Currently under
an expanding waterflood using horizontal wells, Zargons
Little Bow (Glauconitic Member) ASP enhanced recovery
scheme is of major importance to the company. In its Q3
2012 report, Zargon stated that this developing EOR project
was expected to contribute an incremental average of 223
M3/d of oil (1,400 bopd) between 2017 and 2019 (Q3 2012
press release), significantly more than if polymer alone was
injected. An incremental figure of over 239 M3/d of oil (1,500
bopd) in 2017 is estimated, as posted in a December 2012
company presentation. In a February 20, 2013 communiqu,
the company says that the capital budget for 2013 was set at
$78 million, of which an estimated $38 million was earmarked
for the ASP project. The capital for the ASP project at the
Little Bow I Pool will be spent over two phases: Phase 1

(2013-2017) for a total of $72.1million for facilities and
chemicals, and Phase 2 (2016-2019) for an additional $37.9
million ( map opposite page).
By the end of Q3 2012, front-end engineering and design
studies (FEED) had been completed, and key alkaline and
polymer components had been selected. The ERCB has
approved the scheme, and final sanctioning of construction
(Phases 1 and 2) by Zargon was announced on February 20,
2013, the ninth ASP project in Canada, which could lead to
chemical injection starting in January 2014 (ASP injection is
expected to last two years). Incremental production, in turn,
would start appearing during 2014. Early in 2013, Zargon
will carry out well workovers and pipeline upgrades, which
should also benefit existing waterflood operations in the near
term. At year-end 2012, McDaniel and Associates Consultants
had assigned 698 E3M3 (4.39 million barrels) of probable
undeveloped oil equivalent reserves, under phases 1 and 2
of the Little Bow ASP project (100% Zargon WI). McDaniel
estimated a 10% incremental ASP recovery factor. Zargon, in
its February 20, 2013 news release, posted a 12% recovery
factor over the base waterflood from phases 1 and 2, based
in part on the Husky Taber South analog (see above), which
translates into an internal reserve evaluation of 774 E3M3
(4.87 million barrels) of oil. Zargon also has plans for Phase
3 and 4 ASP projects to the south of the I pool, which may
20 m.
Shale Fill
Shale Fill
Ost. Lime
Datum
(Ostracod)
Glauconite Channels
Lithic Channels
Stratigraphic cross-section, qUEENSTOWN-JUMPBUSH-LATHOM REGION


R19 R19
G
U
R18W4R18W4
FU
G
G
J
G
UU
G
K
D
I
UEU
Mannville
I
I UJ
G
U
U
G
C
J
S
G
J
DK
UL
G
G
I
E
VC
U
G
Paleovalley
Trend
US
B
I
G
E
E
U I
I
UI
S S
B
B
SJI
SJ
B
J
C
V
F
I
U
EV
V
U
E
J
R19
C
E
I
U
E
VI
B
S
EU
E
E
E
C
E
E I
I
C G
J
D
C
I
S S
I
I
S
I
C
G
V
ASP
Phase 2
J
V
J
L
G
L
G
D
E
E
B
E SV
B
I
M
E IIE
SC
G
B
I
Upper Mannville S
E V
II J
oil
S
V
V
G
VS E
VC
T14
B
B
V V (Crescent Point
C IV
EE
V
V
G
IEE
E
UU
J
M
UU I G
J
S
U
G
J
V
VV
E E EV
E VV
EVVVVV E
F
K
F
CVVEE
G
V G
E VVK
M
VVI E E K
V U E
V E G EC
V I
I J
E
E
ES
C
LIC
GU V
E
E
E
G
G
D E
J
VV
V
S
G
BII K
I
E S
J
G
I
DI
I
CU I
EI
I
L
C
G
U
BB
F
J
V
I
F
G
U
RETLAW
Mannville
J H9H
G
(Zargon interest)
S
Upper Mannville I
S
B
E
S
G UU
E E EU
Wood and
HopkinsG
G (1989)
E
T15
G
L
MF
T15
G
G
E
G
L
F
GI E L D
ASP
Phase 1
V
UE
G
G U
BOW
B JDG
G
L
G
G
LITTLE
K G
U
I
G
G
J G
F
G
U
G
UG
I
T14
G
K
J
L
G
G
D
U
UG
J
ASP
Phase 2
T15
UU
Upper
K
G
A
L
G
G
VV
Energy)
T14
R18W4
Note: For the regional cross-section (W-E) reproduced from Sherwin (1996), which runs just
south of the map area, see page 38. For the local cross-section (A-A') reproduced from
Wood and Hopkins (1989), see page 42.
Injection Wells
Freehold
Zargon Licences
Zargon Crown Land
Ashton Oil & Gas Licences
Ashton Oil & Gas

Crown Land
Upper Mannville I Pool,

Little Bow Field
Upper Mannville P Pool,
Little Bow Field
Little Bow Activity

From IHS AccuMap/ Zargon Website: Mannville I & P pools and land
add an incremental 11% recovery. In brief, the injection
schedule will be as follows: an ASP blend followed by a
polymer push capped by a terminal waterflood.
In February 2013, Zargon reported that it had updated its
reservoir simulation model of Little Bow to optimize the
ASP flood design. That study was nearing completion, with
runs predicting the recovery of up to 1.1 E6M3 (7.0 million
barrels) of incremental oil.
The Little Bow Upper Mannville I (T. 14-15, R. 18W4) and

P (T. 15, R. 19W4) pool properties were aquired by Zargon
through the acquisition of public Masters Energy in April
2009 and through a significant property acquisition in May
2010. As an analog to its Little Bow ASP, Zargon is using
Husky Energys Taber South Mannville B project (Glauconite
Formation), which began ASP injection in May 2006 (see
discussion, above) and is located about 70 km south of Little
Bow. A table ( page 40) posted on the Zargon website
(December 2012) shows how analogous the Taber South and
Little Bow Mannville pools are, and how both meet or exceed
EXPLORATION REVIEW
Property
Lithology
Taber South
Mannville B
Little Bow U. Mann.

I&P
ASP Screening
Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone
Oil gravity (API)
19
21
>15
Mean depth (m)
983
1,085
<1,829
Average Permeability (mD)
1,000
900
>100
Reservoir temperature (C)
31
33
< 82
Viscosity (cp)
40
21
< 200
Successful waterflood
Yes
Yes
Yes
6,836**
6,200**
Large
25
23
>15
DPIIP* (E3M3)
Average porosity (%)
164.3
234.0
Net pay (m)
Original porosity (kPa)
7.0
11.3
Initial water saturation
22
21
Selected reservoir and fluid properties comparison, taber

south mann. b and little Bow U. mann. i & p Pools
From Zargon website, December 2012. *Discovered Petroleum Initially In Place. **ERCB
key ASP screening criteria. Furthermore, the Mannville pools
have analogous production histories and have been under
waterflood for a considerable time (mature production), with
Huskys Taber South Mannville B under ASP flood since
2006 ( graph opposite page). Finally, the Mannville pools
selected for ASP flooding have other desirable features such
as a water-wet reservoir, and minimal gas caps or water legs.
Also, they are shallow enough that temperature-sensitive
chemicals will be minimally or not affected.
Zargons ASP follow-up development after the Little Bow
I and P pools project would include Mannville pools in the
north of the large Retlaw Field ( map page 39) see also
review of Little Bow-Retlaw Geology, below.
Geology of Little Bow Upper Mannville Pools
In broad terms, the geology of the Cretaceous reservoirs,
which are scheduled for ASP flooding in the Little Bow
Field, is similar to that of the reservoirs at Taber South (see
above). Basically, acceptable candidates for ASP flooding are
porous and permeable sandstone bodies containing medium
gravity crude. Also, their size, extent and properties are as
well defined as possible thanks to previous drilling and careful
modeling of spatial properties obtained through seismic.
Also, these reservoirs have been waterflooded for some
time. The channel facies identified in the Upper Mannville
I and P pools at Little Bow fit the bill according to Zargon
( table above). The Upper Mannville I pool, which was
discovered in 1974 (on stream in October), currently has 18

producing wells and eight active water injectors (Zargon,
January 2013). The pool has been on injection since November
1983 and is at the heart of Phase 1 of the upcoming ASP
flood. To October 2012, the pool has produced 1,912 E3M3
(over 12 million barrels) of 21API oil and 244 E6M3 (over
8.6 bcf) of gas, as well as 13,432 E3M3 (85 million barrels)
of water. The smaller Upper Mannville P Pool, which has
two active producers and two operating injectors (Zargon,
January 2013), was found in 1979 and put on stream in July
of that year. It had only one producing well until March of
1996. Water injection did not start until December 2003.
To October 2012, the pool has produced 183 E3M3 (1.2
million barrels) of 21 API (ERCB incorrectly reports 32.3
API) oil, 19 E6M3 (690 mmcf) of gas and 853 E3M3 (5.4
million barrels) of water. According to Wood and Hopkins
(1989), high water cuts as well as viscous interfingering
are common in lower gravity pools that, consequently, could
benefit from ASP flooding (see above).
Wood and Hopkins (1989), in a detailed Glauconitic Member
pool study centred on T. 14, R. 19W4 in the Little Bow
Field (actually, at the junction of the Little Bow and Retlaw
fields), focused on three Upper Mannville pools, which they
describe as three parallel, elongate sandstone bodies within
an estuarine valley fill. The authors, who were aiming at
better modeling these Glauconitic sandstone bodies, went
on to describe a paleovalley that is 2.0 to 2.5 km wide and 4
Zargon Little Bow Production History

100%
Oil Cut
Injection
1,000
100
1972
Data to July 2012
100,000
1%
Oil Rate
0%
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
Husky Taber Production History
100%
Injection
10%
10,000
Oil Cut (%)
Oil Production & Water Injection (bpd)
10%
10,000
Oil Cut (%)
Oil Production & Water Injection (bpd)
100,000
Oil Cut
1%
1,000
Oil Rate
100
1964 1968
Data to July 2012
0%
1972
1976 1980 1984 1988
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

Husky ASP Flood
Initiated
Mannville pools analogous production history

From Zargon website, December 2012
EXPLORATION REVIEW
A
Ostracod
Beds
Units
Glauc.
Shale
Lithofacies
Only
See map page 39

Limestone
Sandstone
Sandstone/ Shale
Shale
Stratigraphic cross-section, little bow/ retlaw - countess - enchant region

From Wood and Hopkins (1989), p. 1366
to 30m thick, which has been mapped over a 55 km length.
The three hydrodynamically-separate reservoir bodies it
contains, where logs, pressure histories, original oil-water
contacts and seismic interpretations indicate are separated by
100 to 200m wide shales, are 3 to 4 km long, 300 to 500m
wide and up to 22m thick. These shales are interpreted as the
fills of mud-prone estuarine channels. In turn, the reservoir
sandstone bodies are interpreted as longitudinal sand bars.
Shale and shaly units provide the reservoir seals.
Wood and Hopkins (1989) produced three short stratigraphic

cross-sections that are mostly confined to the northeastern
quarter of T. 14, R. 19W4 ( map page 39) and cut across the
three subject pools. One of these sections (A A) is reproduced
in this review ( cross-section above) as representative of
the authors interpretation of the pools appearance in logs
and their separate nature. Compare this section with the more
regional view of the same stratigraphic interval where the
focus is on channel facies ( cross-section top opposite page).
A modern analog believed by the authors to match the

Glauconitic facies at Little Bow is the broad (~ 4-6 km wide)
middle zone of the mud-dominated Gironde estuary on the
Atlantic coast of France, downstream from Bordeaux. There,
sand is deposited in the form of longitudinal bars (15 km long
by 0.5 to 1.0 km wide by over 5m thick) and outer marine
bodies near the mouth of the estuary. The bars, which quickly
aggrade/degrade vertically, do not migrate much laterally,
being limited horizontally by active mud-filling channels. The
authors believe that similar penecontemporaneous muddy
channels in the Little Bow estuarine system played a major
role in limiting the lateral migration of adjacent longitudinal
sand bars. (Wood and Hopkins [1989], p. 1,379). Various
shale units, as well as the tight Ostracod facies, stratigraphically trap the hydrocarbons in the Glauconitic reservoirs
( cross-section above). A structural element to trapping was
created by differential compaction.
BlackPearl Resources at Mooney

Calgary-based BlackPearl Resources (TSX: PXX, OMX
[Stockholm]: PXXS) is heavily focused on three Cretaceous
heavy oil projects, two in Alberta and one in Saskatchewan
near the Alberta border. Onion Lake, in Saskatchewan near
Lloydminster, which produced most of the companys heavy
oil (conventional) in 2011, has a major future SAGD project
planned. Blackrod, which is located in the Athabasca region
of Alberta, is BlackPearls largest project and has the potential
for a large SAGD development.
The companys third and final core area (operated 100%) is

a compact conventional heavy oil property centred on the
small, but expanding, Cretaceous Bluesky-dominated Mooney
Field. As of December 1, 2012, the Bluesky A Pool had 53
producing wells and 26 injectors. Discovered in 1986, the
17API Bluesky A Pool was developed initially using primary

West
East
Shale Fill
Shale Fill
Ost. Lime
Datum
(Ostracod)
20 m.
Lithic Channels
Glauconite Channels
Stratigraphic cross-section, little bow/ retlaw - countess - enchant region

79
Oil; Waste; Water Injection
Abandoned; Disposal; Injection; Pumping;
Abandoned Zone...
BLUSKY; GETH; BANFF

MOONEY (902)
304001
1986-05 to 2012-10
3718956.3 bbl
5232109.4 mcf
4691567.8 bbl
65 wells
48 wells
9 wells
4 wells
2 wells
1 well
July
2011:
Large
water
injection
volumes
begin
(ASP
flood)
IHS, 1991 - 2013 Created in AccuMapTM Datum: NAD27
Avg Dly Oil (bbl/d)
Page 1/1
Avg Dly Gas (mcf/d)
Printed on 16/01/2013 9:57:12 AM
Avg Dly Wtr (bbl/d)
Nbr of Wells
Rate vs. time, mooney bluesky a

From IHS AccuMap
EXPLORATION REVIEW
R10
R10
R9
R9
R8
R8
R7
R7
C
F
G
G
J
UC
CF
E
IU EEU
G C
E
G
FG
G
G
S
33
G
T72
S
S
G
S
J
S
G
S
(Phase 3)
V
G
V
S
G
S
T73
T73
G
E
D
I
LAKE
BlackPearl
6-8 Gas Plant
Phase 1 Active
ASP Flood
G
S
Phase 2B
E
G
A
S
G
S
V S
E
E
S
AS
AGE
S
S
S
U S
UV C
G
G
ES
E
E
S
G
US
AS
S
S
IV VS
VI S
I S
S
S
S
E
EV
V
S
S
ES
S
E
AS
C
CS
S
S
S
S
E
ES
S
S
S
G
S
S
E
E
S
S
E S
C
CS
S
S
GS
V
G
V
V
V
E
EV
V
S
S
J
D
J
M
S
S
S
E
S
ESE
S
S
S
S
E
S
S
DS
G
S
S
DV V S
G
S
S
S
K
J
D
E
E
J
V
G
G
SS
S
AS
S
S
SE
S
E
VG S
S
S
S
S
G
S
J S
S
EVG
E S JVS
V K
G
S
S
S
DD S
S
GS
S
S
S
E
S
I
D
S
S
JVVJ J
I
A
S
S
E
S
S
S
E
G
S
S S
AC
S
S
VS
S
E
CC
S
EG A' S
S
S
E
S
E
S
S
S
S
CE
E
V
S
S
S
S
S
E
C
S
G
E ES
S
S
S
E
S
E
S
S
S
S
G
E
S
Dev 14-18
LOG
ANALYSIS
C
V
BlackPearl
6-18 Oil Battery/
Gas Plant/ ASP/ Injection
Facility/ Disposal Facility
G
G
G
T71
G
G
E
S
G
G
T71
T71
G
U
G
T70
GG
R10
G
G
T72
T72
Phase 2A
Bluesky A Pool
(BlackPearl)
F
C
MG
J
SLAVE
G
I
G
1/2
BlackPearl
9-24GOil Battery/
Oil Loading
Facility (rail)
G
K
C
K
K
C
G G
U
LESSER
T73
F
C
R6W5
R6W5
R9
R8
R7
T70
T70
R6W5
Roads
N
S
BlackPearl Licences
Bluesky Production
BlackPearl Land
cross-section A-A' see pages 48-49

Area Phases 1& 2 Outlines: BlackPearl website Jan/2013
mooney Activity
production techniques. Limited water injection, which started
in April 1989, began in earnest in August 2006. In 2011, an
ASP flood was initiated. In July of that year, very large water
volumes began to be injected (up to 4,071 M3/d of water
25,621 bwpd [September 2011]) ( graph bottom page 43).
Initiated in Q3 2011, the 8.5-section Phase 1 of the ASP flood
( map above) involved the conversion of 25 existing wells
to ASP injectors. Initial response from repressurization was
seen in Q2 2012. Significant response from Phase 1 of the
flood was expected by late 2012. Prior to the implementation
of the full Phase 1 ASP flood, a polymer flood pilot was run
for about 18 months resulting in about 18% recovery of the
oil-in-place. Conventional primary recovery rates without

ASP flooding would typically be 3% to 5%. Recovery factor
for the ASP project is expected to be an incremental 25% perhaps even as high as 30% (BlackPearl website).
As additional ASP flood phases (2 and 3, so far) are developed
on the property, the company estimates that over 1,113
to 1,590 M3/d of oil equivalent (7,000 to 10,000 boe/d)
could be produced (BlackPearl website). As at December
31, 2011, Sproule estimates 2P reserves of 2,544 E3M3 of
oil equivalent (16 million boe) and a contingent resource
(2C) of 5,882 E3M3 of oil equivalent (37 million barrels)

10,000
(bopd)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2054
2051
2048
2045
2042
2039
2036
2033
2030
2027
2024
2021
2018
2015
2012
2,000
Year
Reserves
Resources
Mooney production profile

As per the Sproule reserves and best estimate contingent resource reports dated December 31, 2011
From BlackPearl website, November 2012
- best estimate recoverable resource, through BlackPearls
horizontal ASP flood.
to ASP, an additional 636 to 954 M3/d of oil (4,000 to 6,000

bopd) is expected.
In 2012, the company planned on spending about $146

million in total (November 7, 2012 news release). At Mooney,
Phase 2 of the ASP will continue in 2013 with the drilling of
20 to 25 horizontal wells (15-20 wells Q4 2012/Q1 2013).
Conversion to ASP injection flooding will commence in
late 2013/early 2014 ( map opposite page). Already, the
companys total year-over-year production increase in Q3
2012 has been attributed mainly to the initially successful
ASP flood response (Phase 1) and last falls Phase 2 drilling
at Mooney (November 7, 2012 news release). Also in Q3
2012, output from the ASP flood area has increased over
200% to 134 M3/d of oil (843 bopd) since the flood was
initiated in 2011 (over 191 M3/d of oil [1,200 bopd] on
average in November 2012). Peak production of 477 to 636
M3/d of oil (3,000 to 4,000 bopd) in Phase 1 is expected in
2013 (company website). Once phases 2 and 3 are converted
Mooney is a 40+ years project. BlackPearl stated that the

closest analog to Mooney, in terms of depositional setting
and development method (e.g. 200m inter-well spacing), is
Cenovus (TSX, NYSE: CVE) Lower Cretaceous Wabiskaw
reservoir (Bluesky equivalent in northeastern Plains of Alberta)
at Pelican Lake. At Pelican Lake (~T. 82-83, R. 17-22W4),
which is near the southeastern edge of the Wabiskaw/McMurray
oil deposits area, Cenovus has applied waterflooding and
polymer injection with horizontals, and is expanding polymer
injection. In addition, the company is evaluating the use
of surfactants to supplement the polymer technology.
Cenovus estimates a 32% recovery factor at Pelican Lake
(BlackPearl website), likely using polymers alone. Mooney is
also similar to other EOR projects with significant long-life
oil pools ([Upper Paleozoic] Swan Hills, Midale) (BlackPearl
website). A cumulative oil production versus time profile
EXPLORATION REVIEW
shows the expected relative contributions of conventional
reserves and the resource in the Bluesky at Mooney
( graph page 45).
disposal in March 2006, and it retains that status to this day

(November 2012). The water is injected into a 7m thick
clean and very porous, but wet, Gething Formation sand
about 1,000m deep.
Bluesky Geology at Mooney

In brief, the Bluesky Formation at Mooney and area is
formed of shallow marine, relatively clean and continuous
shoreface sands. A schematic section ( below) places
the Bluesky in its stratigraphic context. A short, five-well
cross-section ( pages 48-49), which cuts across the Phase
1 ASP flood area, clearly demonstrates the continuous nature
of the thin (~5-7m gross), shallow (average 908m), relatively
clean and generally shoaling-upward nature of the Bluesky
reservoir. These reservoir properties make the uppermost
Bluesky interval at Mooney a good candidate for systematic
exploitation by horizontal ASP flood. One of the wells on the
cross-section was analysed ( opposite page): Development
14-18-72-7W5, which was drilled at the end of 1987, produced
oil sporadically from January 1988 to March 2001, recording
a low initial production (IP) rate of about 5.0 M3/d (~ 31
bopd) and producing a total of 8,426 M3 (53,000 barrels)
of oil before being abandoned. A core describes in brief the
gross reservoir interval as porous (avg. geometric porosity:
21%) and permeable (avg. geometric permeability: 246 mD)
fine to medium-grained sandstone. By any definition, this
reservoir is conventional. The well was converted to water
NW
Murphy Oil Polymer Flood at Seal

Another tertiary recovery project involving a chemical flood
in the Bluesky is in progress at Seal (T. 83, R. 15W5). This
scheme, which is operated by Murphy Oil (wholly-owned by
Murphy Oil Corporation NYSE: MUR and headquartered
in Eldorado, AK), involves the injection of polymer alone. The
company has provided some details about its first polymer
flood pilot project at Seal.
Murphy Oils integrated international parent is focused, in
its North American onshore portfolio (60% oil-weighted),
on light oil production in the Eagle Ford Shale (EFS) of
Texas and at Seal in northern Alberta (November 14, 2012
presentation), a focus that reflects the current interest in oil
prospects. In 2013, Seal is scheduled to consume 7% of the
companys US$3.5 billion worldwide development budget
(development of Murphys Canadian Syncrude holdings will
consume 5%). At year-end 2011, Seal accounted for 10% of
the total resource base (~ three-quarters oil and other liquids)
of Murphy Oil Corporation. Like EFS, Seal production is
expected to increase (~ double) through 2015.
SE
Boyer Field (Bluesky)

Rigel Field (Gething)
Wapiti Field (Cadomin)
Peco Field (Gething)
Spirit River Formation
Bluesky Formation
Gething Formation
Pembina
Highlands
Continental
Deltaic
Cadomin (Alluvial, Fluvial)
Jurassic
Devonian
Mississippian
Continental Conglomerate
Shoreface Sands
Incised Valley Fill/ Fluvial

Shoreface Sands
Continental Conglomerate
Incised Valley Fill/ Fluvial
Non-marine Silts, Shales
Modified from Warters et al, Fig 15, 1997
Marine Shales
Non marine Silts, Shales
Marine Shales
Play schematic: bluesky-gething-cadomin - sands

From Modified from Warters et al., Fig. 15, 1997

Field Name: MOONEY
125
375
CALX
( mm )
125
0
CALY
375
GR
150
Vs h
100
( mm )
( GAPI )
(%)
Res
Pay
.2
.2
ILD
2000 30
GL: 841.7 meters

0 35
PhiDc
Bvw
RFOC
2000 30
PhiNc
0 35
Bvxo
35
PhiE
( OHMM )
( OHMM )
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
State / Province: ALBERTA

100
0
Sw
Lithology Components
Vsh Sand PhiE Coal
(%)
100
Core _Sw
(%)
35 Core _Poros ity 0

(%)
MD
10%
1:500
Meters
925
MANNVILLE
BLUESKY
900
950
C
o
r
e
1
GETHING
925
975
BLUSKY
*
950
1000
C
o
r
e
1
GETH
1025
975
GULF ET AL MOONEY
14-18-72-7W5
Parameters: Bluesky
Rw at 25C: 0.198
Averages:
Effective : 27.8%
Water Sat: 30.2%
Net pay: 3.5m

Porosity Source: Neutron/Density Crossplot
Water Sat. Source: Modified Simandoux
A: 1.0 M: 2.0 N: 2.0
in Gething Formation: Records from various operators licensed in the area indicated that it
* Water
could be very economical to take water from the Gething Formation and use it for the Bluesky water
injection system. Because both formations in the area have approximately the same TDS (Total Dissolved
Solids) quantity and composition, the Gething water could be suitable for Bluesky injection.
Log Analysis generated with HDS Petrophysical Software
14-18-72-7W5 Bluesky Petrophysical Analysis
EXPLORATION REVIEW
A
ATLAS ET AL RWE MOONEY
00/08-14-072-08W5/0
KB: 762.7 m
TD: 895.0 [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
RR: 2005-03-06
FormTD: GETH
Fluid: N/A
RWE MOONEY
00/08-24-072-08W5/0
KB: 792.8 m
TD: 975.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Susp
GULF ET AL
00/14-18-0
KB: 845.2 m
TD: 1045.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Abd Zone
RR: 1988-10-02
FormTD: BANFF
Fluid: Oil
< 2312.1 m>
< 1246.1 m>
850
(-57.2)
860.00
920.00
850.00
850
(-87.3)
925
(-79.8)
875
(-82.2)
BLUSKY
870.0 (-107.3) [TVD] <S>
BLUESKY
BLUSKY
885.1 (-92.3) [TVD] <S>
875
(-112.3)
2
1
Diamond, conventional
CONDENSATE SQUEEZE
JET PERFORATION
JET PERFORATION
PERFORATION
JET
JET
PERFORATION
BLUSKY
940.2 (-95.0) [TVD] <S>
2
1
950
(-104.8)
900
(-107.2)
GETH
911.9 (-119.1) [TVD] 
900.00
Bluesky
7m gross
GETH
967.0 (-121.8) [TVD] <S>
975
(-129.8)
925
(-132.2)
PACKER-
25 m
1000
(-154.8)
950
(-157.2)
BANFF
958.0 (-165.2) [TVD] <S>
970.00
1025
(-179.8)
975
(-182.2)
Bluesky
5m gross
BANFF
1033.6 (-188.4) [TVD] <S>
1050.00
1050
(-204.8)
Blues
7m gr
see map page 44
stratigraphic cross-section, Mooney basal cretaceous

AccuLogs Cross-section, IHS
Murphys considerable land base at Seal (
map page 51),

which includes holdings from the recent Shell Canada Energy
(subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell) agreement which the
company considers a long-term oil project, contains 930
E6M3 (5.85 billion barrels) of oil-in-place in the Cretaceous
Bluesky-Gething interval (May 2012, November 14, 2012
presentations). Less than 5% of that total (4.3 E6M3 - 27
million barrels) is currently classed as proven reserves, while
a further 2.4 E6M3 (15 million barrels) are categorized as
probable (November 14, 2012 company presentation). Expected
ultimate recovery (EUR) for the present and proposed polymer

projects alone is 7.2 to 11.9 E6M3 (45-75 million barrels) of
oil. The current polymer scheme, a seven-well (3 injectors/4
producers, all horizontal) pilot scheme implemented in the
southern half of T. 83, R. 15W5, started injection in July 2010.
First response was obtained in July 2011. The polymer pilot
project has exceeded expectations ( graph page 50); in
May 2012, Murphy reported that it had 60.4 M3/d (380 bpd)
of incremental oil production from four wells, which is in
the upper portion of the targeted range of response for the
EY
8W5/0
KB: 800.0 m
TD: 935.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
GULF ET AL MOONEY
00/14-18-072-07W5/0
KB: 845.2 m
TD: 1045.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Abd Zone
8-10-02
D: BANFF
il
NDENSATE SQUEEZE
JET PERFORATION
JET PERFORATION
PERFORATION
JET
JET
PERFORATION
A'
ATLAS RWE MOONEY

00/13-08-072-07W5/0
RR: 2006-01-14
FormTD: GETH
Fluid: N/A
ATLAS RWE MOONEY

00/12-16-072-07W5/0
KB: 793.1 m
TD: 930.0 m [TVD]
Mode: Abnd
RR: 1987-12-16
FormTD: BANFF
Fluid: Oil
RR: 2007-01-13
FormTD: GETH
Fluid: N/A
840.00
< 1246.1 m>
< 2012.0 m>
< 1799.8 m>

850
(-50.0)
840.00
850
(-56.9)
Mannville
920.00
925
(-79.8)
BLUSKY
940.2 (-95.0) [TVD] <S>
875
(-75.0)
2
CEMENT SQUEEZE
JET PERFORATION
BLUESKY
BLUSKY
888.7 (-88.7) [TVD] 
BLUESKY
BLUSKY
875.1 (-82.0) [TVD] 
GETHING
GETH
902.7 (-109.6) [TVD] 
875
(-81.9)
Not specified
BLUESKY
DATUM: TOP OF BLUESKY
950
(-104.8)
900
(-100.0)
GETHING
GETH
967.0 (-121.8) [TVD] <S>
975
(-129.8)
900
(-106.9)
GETH
915.9 (-115.9) [TVD] 
GETHING
925
(-125.0)
PACKER-BRIDGE PLUG
940.00
Bluesky
6m gross
JET PERFORATION
1000
(-154.8)
925
(-131.9)
930.00
Bluesky
5m gross
1025
(-179.8)
BANFF
1033.6 (-188.4) [TVD] <S>
BANFF
1050.00
1050
(-204.8)
Bluesky
7m gross
project. The incremental oil recovery from polymer injection

is estimated to be 5-10%. Positive results from this polymer
pilot project has resulted in government approval of Phase
1 of a commercial polymer flood in Q2 2012 (approval of
Phase 2 is expected in Q4 2012). Phase 1 polymer injection
began in August 2012.
Murphys current EOR focus at Seal also includes thermal
projects. Present schemes include a vertical steam pilot and a
one-well cyclic steam pilot, both in T. 85, R. 17W5. Another
contemplated EOR scheme is polymer-thermal. The companys

total production at Seal is expected to be over 1,430 M3/d of
oil equivalent (9,000 boe/d), once the Shell transaction (see
below) is completed, most of it conventional primary heavy
oil production (November 13, 2012 Murphy news release).
On November 13, 2012, Murphy announced an agreement,
which was expected to take effect in Q4 2012, to purchase major
assets at Seal from Shell Canada Energy. This arrangement
includes operatorship, production, plant and equipment,
EXPLORATION REVIEW
700
Start of Polymer
Injection
600
(October 2010)
BOPD
500
400
Targeted range of response
300
200
Start of Area 1
Injection
100
(August 2012)
0
10
tOc
-1
c
De
-11
b
Fe
-11
r
Ap
11
un
-11 ct-11 c-11 b-12 r-12 n-12 g-12 ct-12

O
Ap
O
Ju
De
Fe
Au
g
Au
production rate vs. time, seal polymer pilot

From Murphy wesite, November 2012
and about 60,108 net hectares, which raises the companys
total land holding in the Seal core area to over 133,951 net
hectares. Some of the agreement land was previously held
50:50 by Shell and Murphy.
Incidentally, Shells holdings at Seal, among other assets,
had been purchased from private BlackRock Ventures in
2006. Former BlackRock senior management eventually
went on to lead BlackPearl Resources (see discussion on
Mooney, above).
Murphy expects to drill and complete 78 horizontal wells
at Seal in 2012 (BMO Energy Daily, 15 November, 2012).
Beyond Conventional Resources Extraction

As titled in a recent issue of the Oil & Gas Inquirer (January/
February 2013), which is published by JuneWarren-Nickles Energy Group, secondary methods of recovery such
as waterflooding are now aiming to make horizontally-exploited unconventional tight oil reservoirs, good to the last
drop, notably in the Beaverhill Lake, Bakken, Shaunavon,
Viking and Cardium in the western Canadian provinces. The
future could eventually see production-enhancing tertiary
recovery schemes for tight reservoirs, as the worlds economy
inexorably continues to grow and petroleum self-sufficiency
remains the mantra in the US, and even Canada.

R19
R19
R18R18
T86
T85
T84
T83
T82
T81
T80
R17R17
K
M
G
G
G
G
R16
R16
R15
R15
R14
R14
R13
R13
R12
R12
R11W5
R11W5
G
E E
G
AGE G
G GG
GJ
CI IG
J
E G
J
G
G
G J I
J
D
IE J
G
I
G
I
J
E
G
GG GG J G G
G
GC
G
G
JG G
G G
G G
GJ
J
K
G
G
E
G
G
J
E
C
G
G
G G G G G
CG G
J
E
J
K
E
G
G
J
J
E
A
G
G
AJ
G
G
G
G
J
G
G
G
G
G
G
A T86
G
GC
GG C
A
I
J
M
F
C A
C
C
J
AG
GG G L
G
G
J
G
E G
L
G
GG
A
CGG G
C
C
G
G
GG J
A I
M J G
G J
EE D
G G
G
G
G
G
G
A
G
G
E
G
G
G
K
G
G
G
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R19
R18
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R17
R16
R15
R14
R13
R12W5
Bluesky
Production
Freehold
Shell Canada Licences

First Nations
Murphy Oil Licences
Shell Land
(now Murphy)
Murphy Land
Seal Activity
EXPLORATION REVIEW
selected references
Alberta Energy, 2005-2012. Innovative Energy Technologies Programs (IETP). Annual and final reports prepared and
submitted by approved projects. http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/Oil/768.asp
Glass, D.J., ed., 1990. Lexicon of Canadian stratigraphy, Volume 4 Western Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum
Geologists.
Hayes, B., Griffith, L. and Carey, J., 2008. Glauconitic oil reservoirs in southern Alberta Creating the correct geological
model to guide development drilling. Extended abstract, 2008 CSPG, CSEG and CWLS Convention Core Conference, 5 p.
Jackson, P.C., 1984. Paleogeography of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group of western Canada. In: J.A. Masters, ed.
Elmworth Case Study of a Deep Basin Gas Field. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 38, pages 49-78.
Rosenthal, L.R.P., 1988. Wave dominated shorelines and incised channel trends: Lower Cretaceous Glauconitic Formation,
west-central Alberta. In: Sequences, stratigraphy, sedimentology; surface and subsurface, James, D.P. and Leckie, D.A. (eds.).
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 15, pages 207-220.
Sherwin, M.D., 2001. Mannville paleotopography and depositional trends in the Glauconitic Formation, southern and central
Alberta. Extended abstract, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists convention, Calgary, June 18-22, 2001. 4 p.
Sherwin, M.D., 1996. Channel trends in the Glauconitic Member, southern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,
vol. 44, no. 3, pages 530-540.
Warters, W. J., Cant, D. J., Tzeng, H. P. and Lee, P. J., 1997. Mannville gas resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 517, 101 p.
Wood, J. M. and Hopkins, J. C., 1989. Reservoir sandstone bodies in estuarine valley fill: Lower Cretaceous Glauconitic
Member, Little Bow Field, Alberta, Canada. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol. 73, no. 11, pages
1361-1382.

Alkaline Surfactant Polymer in Alberta

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WCSB Gas Liquids &

Light Oil Fairways

2nd White Specks

2nd White Specks

Canadian Discovery Ltd. has developed a comprehensive

Two Geothermal Gradient maps

QI: The Future of Geophysics

ASP Flooding in Alberta

Stratigraphic Name Interval Name

Contact Cheryl Wright for more information

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding in Alberta

explor a tion r eview

20 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST

ASP Floods in aLBERTA

applications, in an extremely small concentration (0.005%)

Oil recovery by injection is a function of: Ea x Ev x Ed

n + m = 9~11, x = 3-20 (average = 9)

Finally, adding a polymer to flood water is aimed at improving

A surfactant molecule is made up of a water soluble (hydrophilic)

The internal group of surfactant molecules is referred to as a micelle (m).

Schematic of surfactant molecules in water

22 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST

ASP Floods in aLBERTA

resumes. The three, generally non-toxic (in dilute solution)

Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) Flooding

description of individual ASP phase components, only small

P.V. = Injected Pore Volume

Displacement fronts for different mobility ratios

happen that a proper ASP formulation or recipe cannot be

Conceptually, ASP technology is relatively simple, but it

ASP Chemical Flooding Recovers bypassed oil

24 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST

ASP Floods in aLBERTA

ASP project schemes, which are approved or in progress

Waterflood Residual Oil

Ultimate Residual Oil

effects of waterflood and asp flood on oil recovery

Little Bow (Zargon)

canadian asp projects

26 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST

ASP Floods in aLBERTA

Taber S Mannville B Warner

Taber Glauconitic K Advanced

alberta ietp alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood (asp) projects

centred on T. 4-5, R. 18-19W4), an incremental volume which

Current Pressure (2006)

40 cp (at res. temp.)

Avg. Net Pay

Secondary Drive (current)

Basic Reservoir Properties, Taber South, Mannville B Pool

11-16 water injection

* Injector drilled to counter most severe reduction in injectivity in Area 2, in 10m

Husky Crown Land

Base map generated with AccuMap

Taber south (warner) mannville b activity

28 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST

ASP Floods in aLBERTA

Alkali: 0.75 weight % sodium hydroxide (NaOH),

and rather low, each bordering on soft water, at 5,070 mg/L

Probable Production Rates

Daily Rate (m3/day)

Proved Developed Producing (PDP)

Table 5: Reserve Summary for the Taber S Mannville B pool

30 VOLUME 1 2013 CANADIAN DISCOVERY DIGEST