Material Science Ultimate Practice

TEAMS Competition 2012
Scenario 2:
Biomechanics Joint Replacement
Hip Prosthesis
Introduction
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint.
The spherical head of the femur (ball)
ts snugly into the socket of the pelvic
girdle, called the acetabulum. The surfaces
of both the femur and the acetabulum
have cartilage tissue at the joint interface
to allow for smooth movement of the
joint. When the hip joint is diseased
or damaged, doctors may perform hip
replacement surgery depending on the
severity of the impairment.
Osteoarthritis is one of the top
reasons for hip replacement surgeries
in the United States. Each year,
doctors perform between 200,000 and
300,000 of these surgeries, replacing
a damaged joint with a prosthetic.
Given the number of replacement
procedures performed, the design of a
hip replacement device is a prominent
challenge in biomedical engineering.
Chemical, biomedical, and mechanical
engineers play important roles in
understanding the mechanics of the joint
and studying the change in joint function
in injury and disease. Materials engineers

and biomedical engineers design and
develop joint replacement devices that
are used in cases of osteoarthritis or
injury-induced damage.
Background
The structure of the hip joint is shown in Figure 2-1.
The range of motion is determined by the angle
between the shaft of the femur and the femoral head.
Normally, this angle varies between 90 and 135. This
angle can decrease as a person ages, affecting the loadbearing capability of the joint. The hip joint has three
degrees of freedom: extension, rotation, and torsion.
These degrees of freedom allow people to perform
a wide range of actions, such as walking, running, and
twisting.
Femoral
Head
Femur
Figure 2-1: Detailed view of the hip joint.
The ideal biomaterial for a hip joint is one that can withstand the forces, provide range of motion, and not interact
with biological materials present in the body. In the early
1920s, surgeons experimented with various materials to
develop hip prostheses. One of the chosen materials was
glass, which proved to be too fragile. In the 1940s, implants
were coated, which also proved unreliable, and patients
continued to have pain. Finally, in the late 1960s, materials
such as cobalt chrome alloy or titanium alloy were used for
hip prosthesis.
The hip joint supports the body and experiences a wide

variety of forces during walking, running, and stretching.
The forces experienced by the hip joint are rather large
and are one reason why this joint is susceptible to pain.
Force balance in the hip joint involves two forces acting on
the body: the weight of the body acting downward and a
normal force acting upward. A force balance is shown in
Figure 2-2.
Femoral
Head
Femur
N ! Wb
Wleg
Figure 2-3: X-ray showing a hip replacement device.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement; Public Domain
Assumptions and Givens

Figure 2-2: Forces acting on a hip joint.
Titanium is a light metal that does not corrode easily and

does not react with biological materials; it is lighter and
stronger than stainless steel. For these reasons, it is the
preferred biomaterial for designing a hip joint. The material
properties of the titanium alloy used are:
Choice of material is critical when designing a hip replacement device. From an engineering basis, the idea of a
replacement is simple: A shaft and a ball with a hinged joint
that provides the same range of motion and withstands
forces similar to a hip joint should work in a simple prosthetic device. However, challenges in implementation begin
with identifying the type of material suitable for a device.
11/12 Level
Youngs modulus ! 116 GPa

Shear modulus ! 44 GPa
Bulk modulus ! 110 GPa
Poisson ratio ! 0.32
Technology Student Association (TSA)
Additional Assumptions and Givens
Questions
11. Determine normal stress acting on

the cross section of the titanium tube.
a.
normal stress ! 0.3 MPa
b. normal stress ! 179.58 MPa

c.
normal stress ! 18.32 MPa
d. normal stress ! 65.36 MPa

e. normal stress ! 217.86 MPa
12. If the tube is stretched by 2.5 cm,

what is the strain experienced? What
Additional Notes
is the nal diameter of the tube?

a.
The cross-sectional diameter of the tube is 2.84 cm.

The length of the prosthesis is 48 cm.
Force acting on the end of the tube is 0.3 times the weight
of the body.
The person receiving the implant weighs 65 kg.
Axial strain is the strain along the length of a rod and radial
strain is the strain across the cross section of a rod. Radial
Strain ! Poissons Ratio # Axial Strain.
The angle between the femoral head and the shaft is 70.
Poisson ratio is the ratio of radial strain to axial strain.
Given the angle, torque is calculated as T ! lFsin$, where l is
the length of the femur and F is the force applied.
Torsion is dened by torque divided by the radius of the shaft.
strain ! 0.05;
nal diameter ! 2.89 cm
b. strain ! 2.5;
c.
strain ! 0.95;
d. strain ! 45.5;
e. strain ! 0.05;
13. Calculate the amount of torque and
torsion generated in a prosthesis,
when a person walks with a torque
angle of 70.
a.
torque ! 179 N;
torsion ! 372 N/m
b. torque ! 179 N;
torsion ! 12.6 " 103 N/m
c.
torque ! 86.2 N;
torsion ! 6,070 N/m
d. torque ! 86.2 N;
torsion ! 179.3 N/m
e. torque ! 191.1 N;
torsion ! 13,457 N/m
11/12 Level
10
Questions
14. To design an implant that will mimic
the functions of the hip joint, which of

these characteristics must the implant
possess? (Choose all that apply.)
(I) a ball to replace the femoral head
(II) a socket to mimic the acetabulum

(III) a rigid joint
The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that the

material can resist before fracture.
The ultimate tensile strength of some biomaterials commonly
used are:
porcelain ! 55 MPa
hard steel ! 827 MPa
rubber ! 2.1 MPa
titanium ! 1,040 MPa
polypropylene ! 0.91 MPa
Youngs modulus of bone ! 1.72 " 104 MPa
Additional Notes
(IV) a liner inside the ball and socket

(V) a rough femoral head
a.
I only
b. I and II
c.
d.
I, III, IV, and V
e.
I, II, III, IV, and V
I, II, and IV
15. Which of these biomaterials would

your team choose for designing a hip
implant, if the ultimate tensile strength
of bone is 109 MPa? (There can be
more than one choice.)
(I) titanium
(II) hard steel
(III) rubber
(IV) polypropylene
(V) porcelain
a.
I only
b. I and II
c.
d.
I, III, IV, and V
e.
I, II, III, IV, and V
I, II, and IV
Notes
11/12 Level
11
Questions
16. What is the stress needed to stretch

the femur to a strain of 1%? What
is the stress needed to stretch the
titanium alloy tube to the same extent?
a.
femur ! 1.72 " 104 MPa;

titanium ! 116 GPa
b. femur ! 0.96 " 102 MPa;
titanium ! 58 GPa
c.
femur ! 1.72 " 102 MPa;

titanium ! 1.16 GPa
d. femur ! 1.72 " 106 MPa;

titanium ! 116 " 102 GPa
e. femur ! 0.96 " 104 MPa;
titanium ! 58 " 102 GPa
The ultimate tensile strength of bone is 162 MPa.

The diameter of the bone is 2.84 cm.
The area moment of inertia for a solid cylindrical beam is
%a4
Ia ! ___
4 , where a is the radius of the beam.
&FI
Bending moment is dened as MB ! ____
2 , where F is the force
and l is the length.
The formula relating bending moment, radius of curvature,
&YIa
and moment of inertia is MB ! ____
R , where R is the radius
of curvature, Ia is the area moment of inertia, Y is the Youngs
modulus, and MB is the bending moment.
For small angles, shear strain is given by tan($).
Length of the titanium beam ! 48 cm
Diameter of the beam ! 2.84 cm
UTS of titanium ! 1,040 MPa
Shear modulus is dened as shear stress over shear strain:
F
__
sheer stress ___
A
FL
_________
S ! sheer strain !
! ____
'x
A'x
___
L
Additional Notes
17. What is the maximum tensile stress

that a bone can withstand before
fracture?
a.
100 MPa
d.
300 MPa
b. 162 MPa
e.
1,040 MPa
c.
200 MPa
18. Calculate the load per unit length of

the titanium rod just before fracture.
Assume that the load is uniformly
distributed.
a.
106.2 MPa/m
b. 1,040 MPa/m
c.
1,066.66 MPa/m
d. 2,166.66 MPa/m
e. 3,150 MPa/m
Notes
11/12 Level
12
Additional Notes
Questions
19. A force of 150 N is applied on the
midpoint of a titanium beam. Calculate
the bending moment and radius of
curvature at equilibrium.
a.
bending moment ! 72 N m;
radius of curvature ! 205 m
b. bending moment ! 36 N m;
radius of curvature ! 1,020 m
c.
bending moment ! 150 N m;

radius of curvature ! 9 " 10&4 m
d. bending moment ! 36 N m;
radius of curvature ! 102.9 m
e. bending moment ! 72 N m;
radius of curvature ! 102.9 m
20. If the shear angle is 10, calculate the
shear strain and shear stress of the
titanium alloy.
a.
shear strain ! 10;

shear stress ! 44 GPa
b. shear strain ! 0.176;

shear stress ! 7.76 GPa
c.
shear strain ! 0.2;

d. shear strain ! 0.176;

e. shear strain ! 0.1;
shear stress ! 4.4 GPa
Notes
11/12 Level
13

Scenario 3:
Biomechanics of Knee Prosthesis
Introduction
The knee joint supports the weight of
the body and transmits forces to the
ground; it also allows for a large range of
motion between the tibia and the femur.
The surface where the femur and tibia
meet is covered in articular cartilage
and acts as a well-lubricated connection,
allowing for smooth movement of
the joint. The knee joint may lose its
functionality in response to diseases, such
as osteoarthritis, or because of injury. In
such cases, a joint replacement is a widely
accepted option. The basic idea of joint
replacement surgery is to replace the
diseased or damaged articular surface
with a synthetic material. According to
the American Academy of Orthopedic
Surgeons, more than 500,000 knee
replacement surgeries are conducted
every year. Chemical engineers, biomedical
engineers, mechanical engineers, and
materials engineers work together to
design effective and long-lasting joint
replacements.
Background
The anatomy of a healthy knee joint is shown in
Figure 3-1. The knee joint is a compound joint
consisting of three smaller joints: tibiofemoral joint,
patellofemoral joint, and the tibiobular joint, where
the tibia is the shin bone, the femur is the thigh bone,
and the bula is the calf bone. When people refer to

the knee joint, they primarily refer to the tibiofemoral
joint, which is the articular joint between two of the
longest and strongest bones in the bodythe tibia and
the femur. This joint is classied as a double condyloid
joint, or a modied hinge joint, which contains both
a hinge joint and a pivot joint. A hinge joint is a joint
that only operates backward and forward, like a door
opening and closing. A pivot joint allows rotation;
the tibiofemoral joint, a pivot joint, has the ability for
rotation, in addition to its hinge motion. The joint
surface is covered by a layer of smooth tissue called
cartilage, which allows for bones of the joint to slide
on one another.
Quadriceps
muscles
Femur
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella (normally
in center of knee)
Articular
cartilage
Lateral condyle
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Lateral collateral
ligament
Medial collateral
ligament
Meniscus
Patellar tendon
(Ligament)
Fibula
Tibia
Figure 3-1: Healthy knee joint showing the structure of the joint and the
articular cartilage surface.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knee_diagram.svg;
Public Domain
The knee joint is susceptible to injury because of the

large mechanical demands on it and the reliance on
soft articular cartilage for support. In osteoarthritis the
cartilage is worn, resulting in friction and pain at the
joint surface. Figure 3-2 illustrates the anatomy of a joint
with arthritic damage.
Worn Articular
Cartilage
Bone Spurs
Torn Meniscus
Figure 3-2: Anatomy of a knee with osteoarthritis where the meniscus is torn,
the articular cartilage is worn, and bone spurs have formed.This condition
results in chronic knee pain.
Figure 3-3:Total knee replacement hardware.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knieprothese.png; CC BY 3.0;
Graichen
The knee joint supports the body and experiences a wide

variety of forces during walking, running, and stretching. The
movements at the knee joint are exion (bending toward
the body), extension (straightening away from the body),
and internal and external rotation (turning in, toward, and
away from the midline of the body, respectively). The normal
range of movement in the knee joint is approximately
130145 in exion and 12 in extension.
chromium-based alloys are often chosen for metal parts, and

high molecular weight polyethylene is used for plastic parts.

Titanium is a light metal that does not corrode easily and
does not react with biological materials. Also, it is lighter
and stronger than stainless steel. Therefore, it is the
preferred biomaterial for designing a knee joint. The material
properties of titanium alloy are:
The knee joint is very complex. However, for design

purposes, the rst implants were built as hinge joints.
Modern designs mimic the movement of the knee joint
more closely by including rolling and gliding motions as
the knee bends. Now, knee implants come in more than
250 designs and include gender-specic implants. Implants
are designed using metal and plastic components, with the
metal always rubbing against the plastic to provide smooth
movement. Components of implants can include metal parts
for the lower end of the femur, the top part of the tibia, and
the back surface of the knee cap (patella). Figure 3-3 shows
the image of a knee implant used to replace a worn joint.
The properties of human cortical bone are:
Choosing a material for designing knee implants depends

on several factors. The material must be biocompatible and
not elicit a rejection response from the immune system.
Longevity of the implant is important; the prosthesis
must be able to retain strength and shape for a long time.
The material also must mimic the load-bearing patterns
observed in a knee jointweight bearing ability, exibility,
and frictionless smooth movement. Titanium or cobaltTEAMS Competition 2012
11/12 Level
Youngs modulus ! 116 GPa

Shear modulus ! 44 GPa
Bulk modulus ! 110 GPa
Yield strength ! 940 MPa
Youngs modulus ! 17.4 GPa

Shear modulus ! 3.51 GPa
Articular cartilage is an important part of a knee joint. It is

a soft tissue with strength, so it is important to note its
creepthe tendency of solids to permanently deform when
subjected to stress and strength.
15
Strength ! 15 MPa
Creep modulus ! 80 MPa
Additional Notes
Questions
21. Determine peak normal stress acting
on the end of a patients femur during
normal walking.
a.
30 Pa
b. 3.3 KPa
c.
d. 76 KPa
e. 302 KPa
31 KPa
22. If the patient in Question 21 has a

knee replacement with a titanium
component of the same knee diameter,
would the prosthetic be able to
withstand the applied normal stress?
a.
No, the normal stress is less than

the yield strength.
b. Yes, the normal stress is less than

the yield strength.
c.
No, the normal stress is greater

than the yield strength.
d. Yes, the normal stress is greater

than the yield strength.
e. No, the normal stress is applied
perpendicular to the rod surface.
23. What is the minimum diameter that a
titanium rod in a prosthetic could have
and still function during the patients
normal use of his or her knee?
a.
0.4 mm
b. 0.8 mm
c.
d. 8 mm
e. 10 mm
1 mm
Notes
11/12 Level
16
Questions
24. Calculate the amount of torque
generated in a prosthesis, if the angle

at the knee joint is 17.
a.
23 N m
d. 105 N m
b. 48 N m
e. 360 N m
c.
During normal walking, the peak weight on the end of a

patients femur is 45 kg.
The cross section diameter of the femur is 4.31 cm.
Poisson ratio is the ratio of radial strain to axial strain.
Given the angle, torque is calculated as T ! rFsin("), where r
is the length of the femur and F is the force applied.
Additional Notes
58 N m
25. What is an ideal interaction surface

for a knee joint replacement?
a.
metal-metal
d. metal-rubber
b. metal-plastic
e. plastic-rubber
c.
plastic-plastic
26. The patient is an avid golfer with a

prosthetic knee that must hold up
to forces experienced during a golf
game. Assuming an engineering safety
factor of 1.5 and the patients weight
of 80 kg, will the polyethylene-titanium
prosthetic knee work for this patient?
a.
No, the polyethylene part does not

meet specs.
b. No, the titanium part does not

meet specs.
c.
No, both the titanium and the polyethylene parts do not meet specs.
d. Yes, both the titanium and

polyethylene parts meet specs.
e. The answer cannot be determined
from the information given.
Notes
11/12 Level
17
Questions
27. What is peak strain experienced by

the titanium and plastic components
Youngs modulus of tibia bone ! 20.1 GPa

The chart below shows the compressive forces experienced
by a knee during a golf swing. The y-axis is given in multiples
of body weight.
of the patients prosthetic knee?

Compressive Knee Force during a Golf Swing
titanium 3.9%, polyethylene 2.3%

Compressive Force in xBody Weight
a.
b. titanium 0.97 # 10$4%,

polyethylene 2.3 # 10$2%
c.
titanium 9.7%, polyethylene 9.3%
d. titanium 3.9 # 10$3%,

e. titanium 0.39%,
28. When a patient is squatting, the creep
modulus of the articular cartilage is
80 MPa. If the force of the patients
b. 5 # 10 %
c.
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
Figure 3-4: Chart of compressive knee forces during a golf swing.
cartilage if it is 3 cm in diameter?
$7
Time (s)
300 N, what is the strain on the
1.3 # 10$7%
4.5
weight on the articular surface is
a.
d. 0.3%
e. 0.5%
0.13%
29. The presence of a knee cap increases
The titanium portions of the prosthetic have a diameter

of 4 cm.
The polyethylene portions of the prosthetic have a diameter
of 8 cm.
The yield strength of polyethylene is 27 MPa; the Youngs
modulus of polyethylene is 1.2 GPa.
the moment arm of the joint. If
Additional Notes
M ! 300 N, calculate the compressive

force acting on the knee cap.
a.
20.5 N
b. 30 N
c.
d. 95.7 N
e. 205.2 N
86.7 N
Notes
11/12 Level
18
Additional Background
Questions
the direction of applied force.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface and allows for

smooth movement of the knee joint. Over time, creep and
wear cause damage to the cartilage; only brous cartilage
can be used for replacement purposes, and it does not
perform as well as hyaline cartilage. Loss of joint function
and pain occurs.
a.
30. For an applied force of 300 N,

calculate the stiffness of a piece of
cartilage that elongates by 0.1 cm in
3 N/m
b. 300 N/m
c.
d. 30,000 N/m
e. 300,000 N/m
3,000 N/m
Notes
Creep modulus is equal to the constant applied stress

divided by the total strain at a specic moment in time.
M is the muscle force acting on the knee joint.
The compressive force on the knee cap is
Equation 3-1
cos ! $ cos "

F ! ___________
M,
cos #
where
sin " $ sin !

% ! 45, & ! 5, and # ! arctan ___________
cos ! $ cos "
Additional Notes
11/12 Level
19

Scenario 5:
Engineering and Biomechanics
of Dental and Facial Implants
Introduction
With life spans increasing due to better
medical treatment, effective dental
implants are important for a good quality
of life. Engineers play signicant roles in
developing dental implants, from choosing
implant materials to designing and
manufacturing implants. Materials engineers
create alloys that can withstand the harsh
environment of a mouth and the intense
biting forces of which teeth are capable.
jaw and then becomes fused with the

bone (called osseointegration), as shown
in Figure 5-1. An articial replacement
tooth is placed on top of the implant. An
implant can serve as a base for one or more
replacement teeth. The most common
materials used for dental implants are
titanium alloy (a metal) and zirconium
dioxide (a ceramic). Zirconium dioxide is
more aesthetically pleasing and less likely to
cause an allergic reaction than titanium alloy,
but it is more expensive than titanium alloy.
The task of your engineering team is to
develop a dental implant.Your team will
need to consider the forces acting on the
implant and make sure that the material
chosen can withstand these forces.
Other considerations include effects of
temperature changes, hardness, reactivity
with food, and resistance to corrosion.
Figure 5-1: Dental X-ray showing implant in second spot from the right.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_implant; CC BY-SA 3.0;
Drosenbach
Background
A dental implant can replace a missing tooth

or a group of teeth. A patient can eat and
speak more effectively when an articial
replacement is provided for a lost tooth.
A missing tooth contributes to bone loss
in the jaw, so one lost tooth can lead to
additional problems with teeth and jaws
if it is not replaced. A dental implant is a
post that is placed into the bone of the
Two important quantities that engineers use to analyze

forces on an object are stress and strain. Stress is dened
as the force divided by the cross-sectional area over
which it acts. Stress (!) is a measure of the internal forces
on an object and is dened by the following equation.
Equation 5-1
F
! " __
A
The cross-sectional area on which the force, F, acts is denoted by

A in Figure 5-2. By normalizing the force with the cross-sectional
area, the stress over any section of an object can be computed
as long as the composition of the object is uniform. The force
can have a component that is parallel and perpendicular to the
cross-sectional area. Stress due to the perpendicular component
of the force is also known as the pressure.
!L
A pair of forces can be either compressive or tensile. If the forces

are pulling away from each other, then the object is in tension,
as shown in Figure 5-2. Compression forces are in the opposite
direction, pushing toward each other. Some materials, such as
ceramics, are much stronger in compression than in tension.
Figure 5-3: Sketch showing the small deformation as a result of an applied force.
A graph of stress as a function of strain can give useful

information about the behavior of the material when a force is
applied. One type of stressstrain diagram is shown in Figure 5-4.
Many materials have a linear relationship between stress and
strain for small values of stress. The slope of the line related to
this relationship is called Youngs modulus (E) and it is a property
that represents the materials stiffness. In the linear region,
Equation 5-3
!
stress __
E " _____
strain " "
Figure 5-2: Internal strain is caused by an external force.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_stress; CC BY-SA 3.0;
David Richeld
Stress
B
1
The forces on an object cause it to change shape, although

these changes are often too small to notice. When you sit on
a mattress, it deforms or changes shape. If you sit on a tree
stump, you are pushing the top of it closer to the bottom
with your weight. The amount that the tree stump shortens
is related to strain. If a force is not too large, then an object
will return to its original shape when the force is removed. If
you stretch a rubber band, it will usually return to its original
shape. However, if you stretch the rubber band excessively, it
will break. The stress that causes the rubber band to break is
called the ultimate strength. Another important value of stress
is called the yield strength, which is the maximum amount of
stress a material can withstand and still return to its original
shape. If the object goes back to its original shape when the
force is removed, then the force causes an elastic deformation.
If the object does not go back to its original shape, then the
object undergoes a plastic deformation. Strain is often denoted
by the symbol and is dened by the following equation.
3
2
Strain
Figure 5-4: Stress vs. Strain curve for structural steel. Reference numbers are:
* 1 - Ultimate Strength * 2 - Yield Strength(elastic limit) * 3 - Rupture *
4 - Strain hardening region * 5 - Necking region * A: Engineering Stress.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength; CC:
BY-SA 3.0; David Richeld
Location 2 in Figure 5-4 is called the elastic limit. If the applied

stress is greater than this, then the material will not return
to its original shape. The stress at the elastic limit is called
the yield strength (point 2 in Figure 5-4) and the ultimate
tensile strength is shown at point 1 in Figure 5-4. Since plastic
deformation is not acceptable in a dental implant, the stress
on the implant must remain below the yield strength.
Equation 5-2
#L
___
!" L
where #L is the change in length of an object due to a stress,

and L is the original length of the object
11/12 Level
27
Force on teeth due to biting " 1,200 N

Contact area of the teeth " 30 mm2
1 Pa " 1 N/m2
1 kPa " 1 $ 103 Pa, 1 MPa " 1 $ 106 Pa, 1 GPa " 1 $ 109 Pa
Questions
41. Assuming the conditions given, what is

the stress on the teeth due to biting?
a.
7.5 MPa
d.
40 MPa
b. 16 MPa
e.
120 MPa
c.
Stress on dental implant, ! " 25 MPa

Length of implant " 10 mm
Youngs modulus, E " 110 # 109 N/m2
Additional Notes
30 MPa
42. The force on the implant from a

person biting down on it will cause
the implant to compress. What will be
the change in the size of the implant
due to this force?
a.
0.0002 mm d.
b. 0.002 mm
c.
e.
0.2 mm
2 mm
0.02 mm
43. Can a titanium alloy implant 4 mm in

diameter hold up to a 1,000 N force
exerted by the teeth?
a.
Yes, the stress due to the force is

less than the yield strength.
b. Yes, the stress due to the force is less

than the ultimate tensile strength.
c.
No, the stress due to the force is

beyond elastic region.
d. No, the stress due to the force is in

the plastic deformation region.
e. No, the stress due to the force is
beyond the fracture point.
Notes
11/12 Level
28
Questions
Material
44. Why would a titanium alloy implant

be preferred over a stainless steel
implant according to the information
Aluminum
in Table 5-1?
a.
Stainless
steel
Titanium
alloy
Because titanium alloy has a

greater yield strength
b. Because titanium alloy has a lower
68 MPa
95 MPa
110 MPa
200 MPa
500 MPa
860 MPa
110 MPa
730 MPa
900 MPa
23.1 ! 10"6
8.6 ! 10"6
Table 5-1: Properties of some materials used in dental implants.
Youngs modulus
c.
Youngs Yield
Ultimate Coefcient
Modulus Strength Tensile
of thermal
Strength expansion
(K!1) at 20C
Because alloys have more favorable

material properties
Stress on dental implant due to normal biting forces, # $ 25 MPa

Diameter of implant $ 4 mm2
Additional Notes
d. Because the ultimate tensile

strength of stainless steel is not
large enough to withstand biting
forces
e. Because stainless steel has a high
Youngs modulus
Notes
11/12 Level
29
Questions
One of the newer materials used for dental implants is

zirconium, often in the form of zirconium dioxide. Unlike
titanium alloy, zirconium is a ceramic and its color is similar
to that of natural teeth. Zirconium has some advantages
over titanium. It is believed to be stronger and less likely to
cause allergic reactions than titanium dioxide. On the other
hand, it is a much more expensive material. The processing
of zirconium has a signicant effect on its properties. Your
team has been asked to examine zirconium dioxide to
assess its suitability for dental implants.
45. Compute Youngs modulus for

zirconium dioxide.
a.
70 MPa
b. 100 MPa
c.
d.
70 GPa
e.
100 GPa
700 MPa
Notes
46. A patients implant is bent out of

shape as a result of a force of 3,750 N.
Several implants were mislabeled before testing. Your team

needs to determine the kind of materials used for the
implants.
What material is the implant?

a.
aluminum
b. natural tooth
c.
stainless steel
d. titanium alloy
e. zirconium dioxide
Notes
Tooth dimensions are approximately 5 mm length, 5 mm

width, and 10 mm depth
In a laboratory, elastic deformation of a zirconium dioxide
implant was observed up to a maximum force of 1,750 N
pushing down vertically on the tooth.
Elastic deformation as a result of the above force ! 0.007 mm
Zirconium dioxide is a ceramic, which fractures before it
yields.
Dimensions of the implants are approximately 5 mm length,

5 mm width, and 10 mm depth
Force ! 3,750 N
Additional Notes
11/12 Level
30
Questions
A change in temperature can cause a deformation in an

implant and, therefore, contribute to a strain similar to that
in Equation 5-2. A coefcient of thermal expansion (!) gives
a measure of the amount of deformation due to a change
in temperature. This coefcient is a function of temperature,
but over a relatively small temperature range, it can be
considered constant.
47. A dentist has not decided whether

to use a zirconium or titanium alloy
implant. What is the largest possible
change in volume caused by the
patient drinking hot tea?
a.
0.001 mm3 d.
b. 0.017 mm3 e.
c.
The expression for the change in volume of an object

due to a change in temperature is given by the following
equation.
0.054 mm3
0.15 mm3
0.036 mm3
Equation 5-4
48. A dental implant should have which of
"V
___
the following properties?

a.
V = ! # "T
Low E, low !, and low yield stress
b. High E, low !, and high yield stress

c.
Low E, high !, and low yield stress
d. High E, high !, and low yield stress
e. High E, high !, and high yield stress
Notes
Coefcient of thermal expansion

of zirconium, ! $ 5.7 # 10%6 K%1
of titanium alloy, ! $ 8.6 # 10%6 K%1
Assume these coefcients of thermal expansion are valid for
the temperature range in this problem.
Body temperature $ 37C
Temperature of hot tea $ 87C
Implant is a cylinder of diameter 4 mm and length 10 mm
Additional Notes
11/12 Level
31
Questions
Normal stress is perpendicular to the tooth surface.

However, internal forces can also be parallel to the crosssectional area of interest, causing shear stresses.
49. What is the magnitude of the shear

stress in Figure 5-7?
Engineers use free body diagrams to examine the forces

on an object. A free body diagram of a simply supported
beam is shown in Figure 5-5. This sketch shows the applied
force F as well as the forces on the beam from supports
at either end. From this diagram, you can compute the
following because the sum of all the forces on the beam
must equal zero.
Shear
Support B
Figure 5-7: Free body diagram of a section of bridge

showing the forces acting on it.
Equation 5-5
Hint: Suppose you slice the bridge
F ! Support A " Support B
at the location where you want to

compute the internal shear stress
(between the leftmost and middle
teeth). The unknown shear is

expressed as a force on this section of
the bridge, as shown in the free body
diagram in Figure 5-7.
a.
0 Pa
d.
7.5 MPa
b. 7.5 kPa
e.
30 MPa
c.
Support A
Support B
Figure 5-5: Free body diagram of a simply supported beam.
Figure 5-6 shows a dental bridge, which can be used to

replace a missing tooth. The end tooth on the implant ts
over actual tooth and the middle part replaces a missing
tooth. Model the bridge as a simply supported beam to
simplify the calculations. In actual practice, the forces at the
supports include other components and not just the vertical
component.
1.9 MPa
Notes
Figure 5-6: Photo of bridge used to replace a lost tooth.The middle tooth is
the one that is missing and the teeth on either side support the bridge.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_bridge; CC: BY-SA 3.0; Russ
Wagoner
11/12 Level
32
Cross-sectional area of the dental bridge is approximately

square with dimensions 4 mm # 4mm.
Questions
Engineers can improve the design of current implants by

examining the causes of failure. One common cause of
failure is not osseointegrating properly. Statistical analysis
helps engineers discover the conditions under which failure
is most likely to occur. Here is some initial data that will help
focus engineers efforts in searching for problems.
50. What is the ratio of the percentage of

total failures of titanium alloy implants
to the percentage of total failures of
stainless steel implants?
1:1
d. 14:1
b. 8:1
e. 19:1
a.
c.
13:1
Total
Total
Titanium Stainless
Titanium Stainless Implants Steel
Implants Steel
Failed
Implants
Implants
Failed
48
80
5
Ofce #1
1
Ofce #2
4
21
138
1
Notes
Table 5-2: Rate of failure of titanium and stainless steel dental implants. Data
was taken from two different dental ofces over a period of 2 years.
Additional Notes
11/12 Level
33

Material Science Ultimate Practice

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TEAMS Competition 2012

in injury and disease. Materials engineers

The hip joint supports the body and experiences a wide

Figure 2-3: X-ray showing a hip replacement device.

Assumptions and Givens

Titanium is a light metal that does not corrode easily and

TEAMS Competition 2012

Youngs modulus ! 116 GPa

Technology Student Association (TSA)

Additional Assumptions and Givens

11. Determine normal stress acting on

normal stress ! 0.3 MPa

b. normal stress ! 179.58 MPa

normal stress ! 18.32 MPa

d. normal stress ! 65.36 MPa

12. If the tube is stretched by 2.5 cm,

is the nal diameter of the tube?

The cross-sectional diameter of the tube is 2.84 cm.

TEAMS Competition 2012

Technology Student Association (TSA)

Additional Assumptions and Givens

14. To design an implant that will mimic

the functions of the hip joint, which of

(II) a socket to mimic the acetabulum

The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress that the

(IV) a liner inside the ball and socket

I, III, IV, and V

I, II, III, IV, and V

15. Which of these biomaterials would

I, III, IV, and V

I, II, III, IV, and V

TEAMS Competition 2012

Technology Student Association (TSA)

Additional Assumptions and Givens

16. What is the stress needed to stretch

titanium alloy tube to the same extent?

femur ! 1.72 " 104 MPa;

b. femur ! 0.96 " 102 MPa;

femur ! 1.72 " 102 MPa;

d. femur ! 1.72 " 106 MPa;

The ultimate tensile strength of bone is 162 MPa.

17. What is the maximum tensile stress

18. Calculate the load per unit length of

TEAMS Competition 2012

Technology Student Association (TSA)

bending moment ! 150 N m;

shear strain ! 10;

b. shear strain ! 0.176;

shear strain ! 0.2;

d. shear strain ! 0.176;

TEAMS Competition 2012

Technology Student Association (TSA)

TEAMS Competition 2012

and the bula is the calf bone. When people refer to

The knee joint is susceptible to injury because of the

Figure 3-3:Total knee replacement hardware.

The knee joint supports the body and experiences a wide

chromium-based alloys are often chosen for metal parts, and

Assumptions and Givens

The knee joint is very complex. However, for design

The properties of human cortical bone are:

Choosing a material for designing knee implants depends

Youngs modulus ! 116 GPa

Youngs modulus ! 17.4 GPa