Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
5.1.06
-00
Related topics
Diffraction spectrometer, spin, angular momentum, spin-orbital angular momentum interaction, multiplicity, energy level,
excitation energy, selection rules, doublets, parahelium, orthohelium, exchange energy, angular momentum, singlet series,
triplet series, selection rules, forbidden transitions.
Principle
The well-known spectral lines of He are used for calibrating
the diffraction spectrometer. The wave-lengths of the spectral
lines of Na are determined using the spectrometer.
The prism spectrometer is calibrated with the aid of the He
spectrum. The wavelengths of the spectral lines of Hg, Cd and
Zn are determined.
Equipment
Spectrometer/goniom. w. vernier
Diffraction grating, 600 lines/mm
Spectral lamp He, pico 9 base
Spectral lamp Na, pico 9 base
Spectral lamp Hg 100, pico 9 base
Spectral lamp Cd, pico 9 base
Spectral lamp Zn, pico 9 base
Power supply for spectral lamps
Lamp holder, pico 9, f. spectr. lamps
Tripod base -PASS-
35635.02
08546.00
08120.03
08120.07
08120.14
08120.01
08120.11
13662.97
08119.00
02002.55
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tasks
1. Calibration of the spectrometer using the He spectrum, and
the determination of the constant of the grating;
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
25106-00
LEP
5.1.06
-00
n l = d sin a; n = 0, 1, 2
red
yellow
green
greenish blue
bluish green
blue
667.8
587.6
501.6
492.2
471.3
447.1
nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
e2 Zeff 1r2
V1r2
4 pe0 r
me2
1
8U2 1n mnl 2 2
(1)
1.35
0.85
0.01
0.00
0.00
1
1
` ... ` l ` ,
2
2
H = K (r) S l
The calibration curve of the diffraction spectrometer (Fig. 2) is
plotted for the first order (n = 1) and the measured angles a.
d = 1684 nm.
This value may vary for different gratings.
2. The excitation of the Na atoms is produced by electron
impact. The energy difference produced by the return of electrons from the excited level E1 to the original state E0 is emitted as a photon, of frequency f, given by:
hf = E1 E0
where
h = Plancks constant
= 6.63 10-34 Js.
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1
1j 1j12 S1S12 l 1l12 2
2
1
1
Enlj l Enlj l 12l 12 jnl .
2
2
The following lines of the Na atom were measured in the first
order spectrum:
red
yellow
yellowish green
green
greenish blue
617.2
588.4
567.7
514.1
498.7
nm
nm
nm
nm
nm
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
LEP
5.1.06
-00
The separation of the yellow D-line was determined in the second-order spectrum. First of all, the wavelength of the shorter
sodium D-line in the second order spectrum was dermined:
l1 = 588.6 nm.
Fig. 4: Experimental set up for measuring the spectra of Hg, Cd and Zn.
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
25106-00
LEP
5.1.06
-00
E 0n,m
me2
8h2
a1
1
b
m2
m = 1, 2
The interaction term remores out the angular momentum
degeneray of the pure hydrogen spectrum and the exchange
energy degeneracy. There results an energy adjustment:
e2
E 1nl ,fnla ` S S ` fnla - Cnl A nl
0 r r 2|
H
where U
h
,
2p
d2
d2
d2
2
2
2
dxi
dyi
dzi
ri
is the Laplace operator, and is the position of the i-th electron. The Spin-orbit interaction energy
%J = 0, 1
applies except where
J = 0 J = 0 .
e
0S
r 1S
r 2|
E 0n,m
%S = 0
Z4
4 11372 2
Eso r
me
8h2
1
1
2b
2
n
m
%L = 0, 1
applies.
n, m = 1, 2, 3, .
25106-00
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
LEP
5.1.06
-00
J=L+S
Colour
l/nm
Transition
red
red
red
yellow
green
green
blue
blue
blue
violet
violet
violet
violet
violet
706.5
667.8
656.0
587.6
504.8
492.2
471.3
447.1
438.8
414.4
412.1
402.6
396.5
388.9
3 3S 2 1P
3 1D 2 1P
He II
3 3D 2 3P
4 1S 2 1P
4 1D 2 1P
4 3S 2 3P
4 3D 2 3P
5 1D 2 1P
6 1D 2 1P
5 3S 2 3P
5 3D 2 3P
4 1P 2 1S
3 3P 2 3S
Relative
intensity
5
6
46
10
2
4
3
6
3
2
3
5
4
10
Colour
red
red
red
red
yellow
l/nm
690
624
611
608
578
green
blue-green
blue-green
blue
violet
548
496
492
435
408
Transition
8 3P2 7 3S
9 1P 7 1S
8 1P 7 3S
8 1P 7 1S
6 3D2, 6 3D1
6 1D2 6 1P1
7 3S 6 3P1
Hg II
8 1D 6 1P1
7 1D 6 1P
7 1S 6 3P1
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
25106-00
LEP
5.1.06
-00
Colour
red
red
green
green
blue
blue
violet
M/nm
645
633
517
509
480
469
441
Transition
6 1D2 5 1P1
5 3D1 5 1P1
7 1S0 5 1P1
6 3S1 5 3P2
6 3S1 5 3P1
6 3S1 5 3P0
6 1S0 5 3P1
25106-00
Colour
red
yellow
yellow
M/nm
636
589
579
green
green
green
blue
blue
blue
violet
violet
534
519
508
481
472
468
463
429
Transition
4 1P1 4 1D1
ZN II
5 3S1 7 3P2
5 3S1 7 3P1
5 3S1 8 3P0
4 1P1 6 1S0
5 3S1 93P1
4 3P2 5 3S1
4 3P1 5 3S1
4 3P0 5 3S1
4 1P1 f 1D2
4 3P1 5 1S0
4 1P1 7 1S0
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen