Catamaran

This article is about a type of boat or ship. For the pharmacy benet management company, see Catamaran Corporation.
A catamaran (cat for short) is a multihulled watercraft

The Salem Ferry Catamaran approaching its dock o Blaney

Street in Salem, Massachusetts, United States

consisting of two parallel hulls of equal size.

A catamaran is geometry-stabilized, that is, it derives
its stability from its wide beam, rather than having a
ballasted keel like a monohull. Being ballast-free and
lighter than a monohull, a catamaran can have a shallower
draught. The two hulls can have a narrower combined
width of entry than that of a monohull, allowing for reduced form drag. The catamarans wider footprint on the
water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion,
compared with a monohull.

Two catamaran sailboats, leaving Saint-Vaast Harbour

catamarans in sailing competition prompted competitors to seek disqualication of catamarans pitted against
monohulls.[1]

The structure connecting a catamarans hulls may be a 1 History

simple frame, often with webbing to support the crew,
or incorporate cabin space into a bridging superstructure. 1.1 Polynesian catamarans
Catamarans range in size from small sailing or rowing
vessels to ships. Catamaran ships include car ferries and While 17th-century English adventurer and buccaneer
naval vessels.
William Dampier was traveling around the world in
Although the catamaran conguration was rarely used for search of business opportunities, he found himself on the
Western vessels before the 19th century, it has long been south-western coast of India. He was the rst to write in
use by the Tamil people, in Tamil Nadu, South India. English about a kind of vessel he observed there. It was
Catamarans were developed independently in Oceania, little more than a raft made of logs.
where Polynesian catamarans and outrigger canoes allowed seafaring Polynesians to voyage among distant PaOn the coast of Malabar, he wrote in
cic islands.
1697,[2] they call them Catamarans. These are
but one Log, or two, sometimes of a sort of light

The superior speed of newly introduced 19th-century

1

HISTORY

remained relatively unknown in the West for almost another 160 years, until the 1820s or 1830s, when Englishman May Flower Crisp built a two-hulled merchant ship
called Original at Rangoon. Crisp described it as a fast
sailing ne sea boat; she traded during the monsoon between Rangoon and the Tenasserim Provinces for several
years.[5]

A Polynesian catamaran

Wood ... so small, that they carry but one Man,

whose legs and breech are always in the Water.

Later, an American, Nathanael Herresho, began to

build catamaran boats of his own design in 1877 (US
Pat. No. 189,459), namely Amaryllis, which immediately showed her superior performance capabilities, at
her maiden regatta (The Centennial Regatta held on June
22, 1876, o the New York Yacht Clubs Staten Island
station).[1] It was this same event, after being protested
by the losers, where catamarans, as a design, were barred
from all the regular classes[1] and they remained barred
until the 1970s. This ban relegated the catamaran to being a mere novelty boat design for many years.

The vessels described by Dampier are still in use today on

the coasts of South India. kattumaram in Tamil literally means logs tied together. Todays kattumarams have
about four logs tied together in a shallow arc to make a
raft. The logs are usually from a local, brous palm tree.
Typically the raft is untied and logs are scattered to dry
out before reuse.
Although the name came from Tamil, the one-hullballasted sailboat variant is from South Pacic. English
visitors applied the Tamil name catamaran to the swift,
stable sail and paddle boats made out of two widely separated logs and used by Polynesian natives to get from one
island to another.

1.2

Early modern catamarans

Polynesian Concepts yacht designed and built by Buddy Ebsen

In 1936 Eric de Bisschop built a Polynesian double canoe in Hawaii and sailed it home to a heros welcome in
France. In 1939, he published his book Kaimiloa, which
was translated in English in 1940.
A present sweep row training on catamaran

Early modern Europe's rst documented catamaran was

designed by the polymath and Royal Society member
William Petty in 1662. It was designed to sail faster, in
shallower waters, with less wind & crew than other vessels of the time, but the unusual design met with scepticism and was not a commercial success.[3][4] The design

In 1947, surng legend, Woodbridge Woody Brown

and Alfred Kumalae designed and built the rst modern ocean-going catamaran, Manu Kai, in Hawaii. Their
young assistant was Rudy Choy, who later founded the
design rm Choy/Seaman/Kumalae (C/S/K, 1957) and
became a fountainhead for the catamaran movement.
The Prout Brothers, Roland and Francis, experimented
with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat

3
factory in Canvey Island, Essex (England), to catamaran
production in 1954. Their Shearwater catamarans won
races easily against the monohulls. Yellow Bird a 1953built Shearwater, raced successfully by Francis Prout in
the 1960s, is in the collection of the National Maritime
Museum Cornwall. Inspired by de Bisshops Kamiloa, in
1955 James Wharram built a utilitarian catamaran and
sailed across the Atlantic with a crew of two German
girls. In Trinidad he built another one and returned via
the North Atlantic, west to east, pioneering catamaran
cruising (maritime). James Wharram designs are a reference for simple, not too expensive self-built boats. Not
needing a keel catamarans are more suitable for DIY
construction.[6]

Maxi Catamaran Orange II

a maker of surfboards, Hobie Alter produced the 250pound (110 kg) Hobie 14 in 1967, and two years later the
larger and even more successful Hobie 16. The Hobie 16
remains in production, with more than 100,000 made in
the past three decades.[7]

A Hobie catamaran sailboat

For 30 years, the Tornado catamaran was an Olympicclass sailing catamaran, with a crew of two. Designed in
1967 by Rodney March of Brightlingsea, England, with
help from Terry Pierce, and Reg White, it was built for
the purpose of becoming the Olympic catamaran. At the
IYRU Olympic Catamaran Trials, it easily defeated the
other challengers. It was redesigned in 2000, and remains
one of the fastest double handed catamarans.

The speed and stability of these catamarans soon made Important builders of transport catamarans are Austal and
them a popular pleasure craft, with their popularity really Incat, both of Australia and best known for building large
taking o in Europe, and was followed soon thereafter in catamarans both as civilian ferries and as naval vessels.
America. Currently, most individually owned catamarans
are built in France, South Africa, and Australia.
In 1970, Les Thompson began work in Inverloch, Aus- 2 Usage and application
tralia, to single-handedly build the Llinase, a 70-tonne,
24-metre (79 ft) steel ketch motor-sailer which was subsequently launched in 1980. The vessel was able to 2.1 Faster boats
walk up any suitable beach using a shunting system loLightweight catamarans may have higher maximum
cated under the wing and powered by hydraulic rams.
speeds than monohull boats for some conditions. They
can be slower in some conditions because of the added
friction drag from the additional wetted surface area. In
1.3 Sailing and transport
moderate winds and smooth seas they are usually faster,
In the mid-twentieth century, the catamaran inspired an depending on the type of craft and its operating parameeven more popular sailboat, the Beachcat. In California, ters, such as sail area and weight of stores.

All non-planing displacement hulls have an exponential

growth in resistance with speed. The only exception to
this is if the boat is light enough and has enough lift from
the hull to plane. A catamaran usually has slender hulls
which are easier to push through the water at a given
speed.

USAGE AND APPLICATION

trimarans are more prone to pitchpole, while catamarans can ip sideways. Either way, it is caused by
sail overpowering (and not moving weight aft fast
enough for smaller vessels). Trim a monohull for
the lull, ride the pu; trim a multihull for the pu,
wait the lull.

Sailing catamarans are typically lighter for performanceoriented goals. They don't rely on a low center of grav2.3
ity as a monohull sailboat does, since righting moment is
derived from the spacing between multiple hulls. Catamarans have a wider beam (the distance from one side
of the boat to the other), which makes them more stable and therefore able to carry more sail area per unit of
length than an equivalent monohull. However, in strong
gusty conditions, a sailing catamaran should signicantly
reduce sail to prevent the risk of the boat being blown
over. The greater initial stability means that the sail is
more likely to stay upright in a gust without developing a
heel, which warns the crew of the force of the wind.

Catamaran sailing

A catamaran reaches its maximum speed in moderate

wind and in sheltered conditions. Wave action can be
very detrimental to catamaran speed. Pitching of light
weight catamarans is signicant sailing to weather. Catamarans are especially favourable in coastal waters, where
the often-sheltered waters permit the boat to reach and
maintain its maximum speed.

2.2

Catamarans peculiarities

Although the principles of sailing are the same for both

catamarans and monohulls, there are some peculiarities
to sailing catamarans. For example:
Catamarans can be harder to tack if they don't have
dagger boards or centre boards.[8] All sailboats must
resist lateral movement in order to sail in directions
other than downwind and they do this by either the
hull itself or else leeboards (including Bruce foils),
dagger boards, centre boards, or other systems like
hydrofoils. Also, because catamarans are lighter in
proportion to their sail size, they have less momentum to carry them through the turn when they are
head to wind. Correct use of the jib sail (backlling the jib to pull the bow around) is often essential in successfully completing a tack without ending
up stuck in irons (pointing dead into the wind and
sailing backwards, see: No-Go Zone).
Catamarans are slower turning than monohulls as
hull spacing is increased and hulls are narrowed to a
more needle like shape.
Catamarans are less likely to capsize in the classic
beam-wise manner but often have a tendency to
pitchpole insteadwhere the leeward (downwind)
bow sinks into the water and the boat 'trips over forward, leading to a capsize. Other sources state that

A Formula 16 sailing catamaran

Small recreational catamarans are typically designed to

be launched and landed from a beach. They will come
to rest on their keels without heeling over like a monohull. Additionally, their rudders can be retracted to the
depth of their keels, which protects the fragile rudders
from damage when the vessel is run aground.
Larger catamarans make good cruising and long distance
boats: The Race (around the world, in 2001) was won by
the giant catamaran Club Med skippered by Grant Dalton.
It went round the earth in 62 days at an average speed of
18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h).
For the 33rd Americas Cup, both the defender and the
challenger built 90-foot (27 m) long multihulls.[9] Socit
Nautique de Genve defending with team Alinghi Challenger sailed a catamaran. BMW ORACLE Racing, with
a trimaran, replaced its soft sail rig with a towering wing
sail the largest sailing wing ever built. In the waters o
of Valencia, Spain in February 2010, the BMW ORA-

2.5

Mega-catamarans

5
well over 400 nautical miles (460 mi; 740 km) per day. In
addition, they don't heel more than 10-12 degrees, even
at full speed on a reach.

2.5 Mega-catamarans
One of the biggest developments in the yachting arena has
been the rise of the super catamaran: a multihull over
100 feet (30 m) in length. Various international manufacturers are leading the way in this area including Incat,
Blubay, Yapluka, Blue Coast Yachts, Sunreef Yachts, Lagoon and Privilege.
The emergence of the super or mega catamaran is a relatively new event akin to the rise of the mega or super
yacht, used to describe the huge growth in luxurious, large
CLE Racing trimaran with its powerful wing sail proved motor yachts on the French Riviera and Florida Coast.
to be superior. This represented a break from the tradiOne of the reasons for increased mega catamaran contional monohulls that had always been sailed in previous
struction was "The Race", a circumnavigation challenge
Americas Cup series.
which departed from Barcelona, Spain, on New Years
On San Francisco Bay, the 2013 Americas Cup was Eve, 2000. Because of the prize money and prestige assailed in 72-foot (22 m) long AC72 catamarans (craft set sociated with this event, four new catamarans (and two
by the rules for the 2013 Americas Cup). Each yacht had highly modied ones) over 100 feet (30 m) in length were
hydroplaning hulls and a wing sail. The regatta was won built to compete. The largest, "PlayStation", owned by
9-8 by Oracle Team USA upon completion of the 19th Steve Fossett, was 125 feet (38 m) long and had a mast
race in the series against the challenger, Emirates Team which was 147 feet (45 m) above the water. Virtually all
New Zealand. Oracle Team USA had started the regatta of the new mega cats were built of pre-preg carbon ber
with a 2-point penalty.[10]
for strength and the lowest possible weight. Top speeds
of these boats can approach 50 knots (58 mph; 93 km/h).
Lagoon 380 showing her keels

2.4

Cruising sail catamarans

Below a minimum size, about 8 metres (26 ft), the cata- 3 Powered catamarans
marans hulls do not have enough volume to allow them to
be used as living space. At the same time, the bridgedeck 3.1 Cruising powered catamarans
area isn't suciently sized to make eective live-aboard
space either.
A recent development in catamaran design has been the
introduction of the power catamaran. The 'power' verThere are a lot of folks doing long-distance osion incorporates the best features of a motor yacht and
shore cruising in monohull yachts of 9m (30 ft)
combines it with the characteristics of a multihull.
and less. No responsible designer or multihull
Usually, the power catamaran is devoid of any sailing apsailor would recommend this for a multihull.
paratus as demonstrated by one of the top-selling models
12m (40 ft) is the minimum recommended LOA
in the United States, the Lagoon Power 43. This vessel
and 15m (50 ft) is preferred. This size allows
has now been introduced to a number of charter eets in
adequate storage for necessary cruising equipthe Caribbean and the Mediterranean and is becoming an
ment and still give you a good turn of speed in
increasingly common sight.
comfort and safety. ... If 15m (50 ft) sounds
Smaller powered catamarans are becoming quite comenormous, remember that the weight of a mulmon in the United States with several manufacturers protihull, of this length, is probably not much more
ducing quality boats. A small cat will almost certainly
than half the weight of a monohull of the same
have 2 engines while a similar sized mono-hull would only
length and it can be sailed with less crew efhave one engine. All mid-size and larger cats will have 2
fort.[11]
engines.
While more popular in Europe and Australia, they are
gaining popularity in the US as well. These boats can
maintain a comfortable 300 nautical miles (350 mi; 560
km) per day passage, with the racing versions recording

The Swiss-registered catamaran, Tranor PlanetSolar,

which was launched in March 2010, is the worlds largest
solar powered boat. It completed a circumnavigation of
the globe in 2012.

3.2

4 VARIATIONS

Passenger transport

Expeditionary Fast Transport catamarans which are

owned by the U.S. Navy.[15] These are used for the high
speed transport of military cargo and are able to get into
shallow ports due to a small draft.
The Makar-class is a class of two large catamaran-hull
survey ships built for the Indian Navy. As of 2012, one
vessel INS Makar (J31) was in service and the second was
under construction.

The Stena Voyager was the worlds largest catamaran ferry[12]

that provided a high-speed service across the Irish sea. She was
scrapped in 2013.[13]

An increasing trend is the deployment of a catamaran as a high-speed ferry. The use of catamaran for high-speed passenger transport was pioneered
by Westermoen Hydrofoil in Mandal, Norway, who
launched the Westamaran design in 1973. The Westamarans, and later designs, some of them consisting of a catamaran hull resting on an air cushion between the hulls, became dominant for all high-speed connections along the
Norwegian coast. They could achieve speeds comparable
to the hydrofoils that it replaced, and were much more
tolerant of foul water and wave conditions.

INS Makar, a large survey catamaran of the Indian Navy.

The Indonesian Navy is the process of procuring 4 X3K

trimaran missile boats from North Sea Boats. The rst
of these, the KRI Klewang was launched in August 2012.
However, after three weeks of sea trials, the boat caught
re in port and the program was temporarily put on hold.
An updated version of the class is now in development for
the Indonesian Navy.

Since the 1970s, the length of catamarans increased from

20 metres (66 ft) up to 115 metres (377 ft) long.[14] The First launched in 2004 at Shanghai, the Houbei class mishigh-speed Stena (HSS) is the worlds largest fast ferry, sile boat of the PLAN utilizes a catamaran hull designed
traveling at a speed of 46 miles per hour (74 km/h), al- to accommodate the vessels stealth features.
though it is capable of doing over 70 miles per hour (110
km/h).
There is a list of catamaran ferry routes documenting the
growing number of routes.

3.3

4 Variations

Military catamarans

Basic Catamaran

Two main types of catamaran exist: the regular catamaran and the open catamaran, which features a trampoline
between the hulls instead of plating. The normal catamaran multihull, powered or not, consists of two Amas
separated by two Akas, which may suspend a platform or
US Naval Ship Spearhead (JHSV-1) during sea trials in 2012.
trampoline between them. They can be of various sizes
Military Sealift Command currently operates several and, recently, have become very large.

4.3

Catamaran kits

Hydroairy or Pontoon type

SWATH type

joined by a load carrying platform, which carries the superstructure.

4.1

Invented in 1952 by a Minnesota farmer,[16] in the rural

town of Richmond, MN. Ambrose Weeres had an idea
that if you put a wooden deck on top of two columns of
steel barrels welded together end to end, you would have
a sturdy deck that would be more stable on a lake than
a conventional boat. This was Ambrose Weeres, walking the same idea paths as the early Polynesians, while
proving that the ideas behind the multihull are not all that
counter-intuitive.

SWATH

The Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) is a hull

form used for vessels that require a ship of a certain size
to handle in rough seas as well as a much larger vessel. An
added benet is a high proportion of deck area for their
displacementin other words, large without being heavy.
The SWATH form was invented by Canadian Frederick
G. Creed, who presented his idea in 1938 and was later
awarded a British patent for it in 1946. It was rst used in
the 1960s and 1970s as an evolution of catamaran design These sorts of boats are cheap and easy to make, require
for use as oceanographic research vessels or submarine no ballast, and thus have good performance. Although
this design is almost exclusively restricted to power boats,
rescue ships.
it is still essentially a catamaran. No displacement is lost
Catamarans provide large, broad decks. It also allows for towards ballast, therefore yielding huge operational ea design that greatly reduce water resistance (the part that ciencies.
generates waves) by moving as much displacement vol[17]
ume as possible to the lower hull and narrowing the wa- An unconventional design is the MAR Proteus.
terline cross-section sharply, creating the distinctive pair
of bulbous hulls below the waterline and the narrow struts
4.3 Catamaran kits
supporting the upper hull. This design means that the
ships otation runs mostly under the waves, like a subOne factor following the rise of popularity in catamarans
marine (the smooth ride of a sub was the inspiration for
is the popularity of catamaran kits. Most popular are
the design). The result is that a fairly small ship can run
materials such as woven breglass fabrics and foam, balsa
very steadily in rough seas. A 50-metre (160 ft) ship can
or paper-honeycomb cores. These materials are pressed
operate at near full power in nearly any direction in waves
to create panels which are then often cut to specic
as high as 12 metres (39 ft).
shapes and parts for construction by amateurs or profesThe S.W.A.T.H. theory was further developed by Dr. sionals.
Thomas G. Lang, inventor of improvements to the semisubmerged ship (S3) in about 1968. Basically, a SWATH
vessel consists of two parallel torpedo like hulls at- 5 See also
tached to which are two or more streamlined struts which
pierce the water surface and support an above water plat Hawaii Superferry
form. The US Navy commissioned the construction of
a SWATH ship called the Kaimalino to prove the theory
Hklea
as part of their ship research program. The Kaimalino
International Catamaran Challenge Trophy
has been operating successfully in the rough seas o the
Hawaiian islands since 1975.
International C-Class Catamaran Championship

4.2

Pontoon boat or hydroairy ship

Main article: Pontoon (boat)

The hydroairy ship appears to be nothing more than an
upgraded and enlarged pontoon boat with a formed and
shaped underplatform. The general architecture is identical, consisting of two otation chambers, for the Amas,

SWATH, another twin hull design

Hydrocopter
The Hirondelle
Pentamaran
Turtling (sailing)

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
James Wharram
Beachcat

C. A. Marchaj. Seaworthiness:The Forgotten Factor.

Tiller Publishing. p. 372. ISBN 1-888671-09-2.

Notes

[1] L. Francis Herresho. The Spirit of the Times, November 24, 1877 (reprint)". Marine Publishing Co., Camden,
Maine. Retrieved 2014-12-02.
[2] Dampier, William (1697). A New Voyage Round the
World. ISBN 1933698047.
[3] Model of a twin-hulled ship - William Petty. Royal Society. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
[4] 22 September 2000 (2000-09-22). Sailing with an
Achilles keel | General. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
[5] B R Pearn A History of Rangoon, Corporation of Rangoon 1938 page 136; M F Crisp A Treatise on Marine
Architecture Maulmein 1849 p94
[6] Harvey, Derek, Multihulls for Cruising and Racing, Adlard Coles, London 1990 p. 16, ISBN 0-7136-6414-2
[7] Hobie 16 2012 Class Report 2012 (PDF). Retrieved
2015.
[8] Frequently Asked Questions on Multihulls.
[9] 11. MULTIHULL BATTLE - 35th Americas Cup.
Americascup.com. Retrieved 2014-08-08.
[10] 35th Americas Cup. Americascup.com. Retrieved
2014-08-08.
[11] Jim Howard, Charles J. Doane. Handbook of oshore
cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising. Sheridan House, Inc. p. 280. ISBN 1-57409-093-3.
[12] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/
forget-the-tunnel-all-the-talk-on-the-high-seas-is-of-50mph-super-ferries-and-britain-doesnt-make-any-of-them-1345677.
html
[13] Stena-katamaran till tervinning. Sjfarts Tidningen, 29
April 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
[14] InCat, one of the largest wave-piercing catamaran builders
[15] Strategic Sealift (PM3)". www.msc.navy.mil. Retrieved
2015-11-01.
[16] Weeres History - An Idea that Started an Industry
[17] WAMV Proteurs images

Bibliography
C. A. Marchaj. Aero-Hydrodynamics of Sailing.
Tiller Publishing. ISBN 1-888671-18-1.
C. A. Marchaj. Sail Performance. McGraw Hill. p.
400. ISBN 0-07-141310-3.

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Catamaran Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran?oldid=693434293 Contributors: Tarquin, Andre Engels, William Avery,

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Mario Mikac, Sunreef ewa, Drsrisenthil, Arjayay, 7&6=thirteen, Matthew Concepts, Tom.ashwell, SoHome, Kakofonous, Thingg, BrettFairbairn, Slayerteez, BodhisattvaBot, Dthomsen8, Kotakkasut, Addbot, Sailinginnovation, MartinezMD, Bahamut Star, AndersBot, Debresser, Veg108, Lightbot, Garygibber, WikiDreamer Bot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, Newportm, PMLawrence, Kumslee, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Xufanc, Sunreef-yachts, B137, Materialscientist, Telion, Catamarans editor, Jsmckay, Rasnaboy, Johnpea, GaryJGolden, GliderMaven, Skcpublic, FrescoBot, Sunreef PR, KSWarrior8, Charles Edwin Shipp, Haeinous, Gregor11, Zennetsolutions, Maraboutee, Jonesey95, Mahnut, Tinton5, RedBot, Tupsumato, Orenburg1, TheStrayCat, Cincoutprabu, WPPilot, Beyond My Ken, EmausBot, GoingBatty,
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Laurelaura, Smileymartin, Dobie80, JYBot, T.rosanbo, 93, Reatlas, Jdtho, Jayasreeshakti, Tentinator, BoatsBoats, Pvpoodle, Samatict,
Bhcyachts, Majo statt Senf, Filedelinkerbot, Howardlhoman, Co9man, Renamed user ea6416fc, Sarr Cat, Kamarada82749213, Rigid
Dirigible, 15tinybirds, DavoT12, MarlinespikeMate, Tamiltamilan and Anonymous: 258

8.2

Images

File:20091109-TurboJET_Barca.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/20091109-TurboJET_Barca.jpg

License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SoHome Jacaranda Lilau
File:Acap.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Acap.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: F l a n k e r
File:Base-sous-marine-Lorient-ca.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Base-sous-marine-Lorient-ca.
jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original
artist: No machine-readable author provided. Pline assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Bladef16-1up.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Bladef16-1up.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Jupiter405 assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Bodensee_Katamaran_Ferdinand_in_Konstanzer_Hafen.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/
Bodensee_Katamaran_Ferdinand_in_Konstanzer_Hafen.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rizzo
File:Catamaran.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Catamaran.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Syed Atif Nazir
File:Catamaran_Victora_Clipper_IV.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Catamaran_Victoria_
Clipper_IV.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Geo Swan using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: H at English Wikipedia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Hsc_halunder_jet.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/Hsc_halunder_jet.jpg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Hsc_tarifa_jet.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Hsc_tarifa_jet.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:gomera-b. Original artist: Original uploader was
Maddmaxx at en.wikipedia
File:INS_Makar_-_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/INS_Makar_-_2.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 in
Contributors: http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0,11 Original artist: Indian Navy
File:Katamaran-wiosla.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Katamaran-wiosla.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Julo

10

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Lagoon-380_haulout.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Lagoon-380_haulout.jpg License: CC

BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: Autopilot at English Wikipedia
File:Neue_Planet_von_vorn.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Neue_Planet_von_vorn.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dr. Lothar Ginzkey
File:Polynesian_Concepts_yacht_designed_and_built_by_Buddy_Ebsen_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Polynesian_Concepts_yacht_designed_and_built_by_Buddy_Ebsen_photo_D_
Ramey_Logan.jpg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: WPPilot
File:Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/3e/Priests_traveling_across_kealakekua_bay_for_first_contact_rituals.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Artist: John
Webber, artist aboard Cooks ship. Original artist: User:Makthorpe
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:STA70273.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/STA70273.JPG License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:SWATH_pilot_boat_and_bulk_carrier.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/SWATH_pilot_boat_
and_bulk_carrier.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.portpictures.nl Original artist: Danny Cornelissen
File:SWATH_pilot_boat_in_Rotterdam.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/SWATH_pilot_boat_in_
Rotterdam.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.portpictures.nl Original artist: Danny Cornelissen
File:Salem_Ferry.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Salem_Ferry.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fletcher6
File:Serpentine_solarshuttle_3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Serpentine_solarshuttle_3.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Oxyman
File:Ship_SWATH-svg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Ship_SWATH-svg.svg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Majo statt Senf
File:Ship_catamaran-svg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Ship_catamaran-svg.svg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Majo statt Senf
File:Ship_hidroairy_mikrotehna.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Ship_hidroairy_mikrotehna.jpg
License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Mikrotehna - Hydroairy Ship Original artist: Mikrotehna d.o.o.
File:Ship_hydroairy-svg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Ship_hydroairy-svg.svg License: CC BYSA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Majo statt Senf
File:St-Vaast_Catamaran_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/St-Vaast_
Catamaran_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Benh LIEU SONG
File:USNS_Spearhead_(JHSV-1)_-_1.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/USNS_Spearhead_
%28JHSV-1%29_-_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: US Navy Military Sealift Command: http://www.msc.navy.mil/msfsc/
news.asp?show=1340737045&edition=072012/ Original artist: US Navy

8.3

Content license

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