2011UNWaterGLAASCountrySurvey

RawOutputofWrittenCommentsProvidedbyCountryRespondents

June08,2012

Thiswrittencommentcompilationincludesresponsesfromthefollowingcountries:

Afghanistan,Angola,Azerbaijan,Bangladesh,Benin,Bhutan,Bolivia,Brazil,BurkinaFaso,Burundi,Cambodia,Cameroon,
CentralAfricanRepublic,Chad,Colombia,Congo,CotedIvoire,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,DominicanRepublic,
Egypt,ElSalvador,EquatorialGuinea,Ethiopia,Fiji,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,GuineaBissau,Haiti,Honduras,India,
Indonesia,Iran,Jordan,Kenya,Kyrgyzstan,LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic,Lebanon,Lesotho,Liberia,Madagascar,
Malawi,Maldives,Mali,Mauritania,Mongolia,Morocco,Mozambique,Myanmar,Nepal,Niger,Nigeria,Oman,Pakistan,
Panama,Paraguay,Philippines,Rwanda,Samoa,Senegal,SierraLeone,SouthAfrica,SouthSudan,SriLanka,Sudan,
Tajikistan,Thailand,TimorLeste,Togo,Uganda,Uzbekistan,VietNam,YemenandZimbabwe(75countries).

Contents
01.General:UrbanandRuralDefinitions....................................................................................................................................2
02.General:ImprovedAccessDefinitions.................................................................................................................................17
03.Question3:PoliciesandInstitutions ...................................................................................................................................51
04.SectionB:SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy ....................................................................................................97
05.Question5:Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation............................................................................................................106
06.Question6:BudgetingandExpenditure............................................................................................................................135
07.Question7:ParticipationandEquity .................................................................................................................................171
08.Question7kand7l:ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers...............................................................................................199
09.Question8:Outputs...........................................................................................................................................................209
10.Question9:Sustainability ..................................................................................................................................................222
11.Question9jand9l:SlumsandClimateChangePlanning/Programs .................................................................................253
12.Question10:HumanResources.........................................................................................................................................264
13.Questions8,9,and10:HygienePromotion .......................................................................................................................291
14.Questions12and13:HygienePromotion .........................................................................................................................312
15.QuestionD.1:AdditionalDetailonFinancialManagementorAidManagementSystems ...............................................329
16.ObservationsonSustainabilityOfServiceProvision .........................................................................................................338

Pleasereferto2011UNWaterGLAASCountrySurveyQuestionnaireforprecisewordingofquestions.
Disclaimer:Theresponsesprovidedhereinrepresentunedited,originalcommentsmadebycountryrepresentativesparticipatinginthe2011UNWater
GlobalAnalysisandAssessmentofSanitationandDrinkingwater.Thisinformationisbeingdistributedwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedor
implied.Theresponsibilityfortheinterpretationanduseofthemateriallieswiththereader.InnoeventshalltheWorldHealthOrganizationbeliablefor
damagesarisingfromitsuse.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

01.General:UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Afghanistan

Urbanareadefinition:
Urban:Highpopulationareas,wherepeoplecouldproduceand
haveaccessestotheirbasicneedsandcanfulfil
theinitialneedsofthelife.

Angola

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareascongregatesettlementsatprovincialcapitals,
municipalitiesandcommunasatmainsettlements

Azerbaijan

Urbanareadefinition:
Anurbandistrictisanadministrativeandterritorialunit
establishedbydividinglargecitiesintoseveralsectorswitha
viewtopromotingcitydevelopment,includingmeetingsocial,
culturalanddailylifeneedsofthegeneralpublicandsecuring
lawandorder.

Bangladesh

Urbanareadefinition:
Allareasdeclaredasmunicipalarea(Paurashavas)includingthe
citycorporations,districtheadquartersandupazila
headquarters.

Benin

Urbanareadefinition:
Lesdiffrentesstratgiesnontpasclairementdfinice
concept

Bhutan

Urbanareadefinition:

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Urbanareadefinition:
reaurbanaesaquellaciudadquecuentaconunapoblacin
concentrada;2.000habitantes.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Rural:remoteplacesoutofthecity,wherepeoplehaveaccessto
landsandothernaturalresources.Districtsin
Afghanistanstillcouldbecountedastheruralareasratherthanbethe
Urbanarea.

Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareascongregatesettlementsatcommunalvillages.Itisall
nationalterritorynotincludedwithinUrbanclassification

Ruralareadefinition:
Aruraldistrictisthesameadministrativeandterritorialunitasan
urbandistrict,butherethemajorityofthepopulationisengagedin
agriculturalactivities.

Ruralareadefinition:
Areanotundertheurbanareaistermedasruralarea.

Ruralareadefinition:
Lesdiffrentesstratgiesnontpasclairementdfiniceconcept

Ruralareadefinition:

Ruralareadefinition:
rearuralesaquelcentropobladoconmenosde2,000habitantes.

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01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Brazil

Urbanareadefinition:

BurkinaFaso

Urbanareadefinition:
Lemilieuurbainreprsentelensembledeschefslieuxdes49
communesurbainesdupayssanslesvillagesquiysont
rattachs.

Burundi

Urbanareadefinition:
LaZoneurbaineestdfinieparlexistencedunevoirie
structure,unealimentationeneaupotable,unrseau
dassainissement,unrseaudlectricit.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
RuraldeacordocomoIBGEInstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiae
Estatstica:Localidadesituadaemrealegalmentedefinidacomo
rural,ondeexistamunidadesdomiciliaresqueconformemum
conjuntodeedificaesadjacentes(50moumenosdedistnciaentre
si)comcaractersticasdepermanncia.Osaglomeradosruraisso
classificadosem:Aglomeradoruraldotipoextensourbana:rea
situadaforadopermetrourbanolegal,desenvolvidaapartirda
expansodereasurbanasdecidadesouvilas.Podeserloteamento,
conjuntohabitacional,ououtroncleodecaractersticaurbana.
Povoado:umaglomeradoruralsemcarterprivadoouempresarial,
novinculadoaumnicoproprietriodosolo,cujosmoradores
exercematividadeseconmicas,querprimrias,terciriasou,mesmo,
secundrias,noprprioaglomeradoouforadele.Opovoado
caracterizadopelaexistnciadeumnmeromnimodeserviosou
equipamentosparaatenderaosmoradoresdoprprioaglomeradoou
dereasruraisprximas.Ncleo:umaglomeradoruralvinculadoaum
nicoproprietriodosolo(empresaagrcola,indstria,usina,etc.),
dispondoounodosserviosouequipamentosdefinidoresdos
povoados.Outrosaglomerados:soaglomeradosquenodispem,
notodoouemparte,dosserviosouequipamentosdospovoadose
quenoestovinculadosaumnicoproprietrio(empresaagrcola,
indstria,usina,etc.).Muitasvezes,adefiniopolticoadministrativa
doIBGEnosuficienteparacaracterizaroquesejarural,pois
atualmenteasrelaesentreourbanoeoruraltmumadinmica
diferentede,pelomenos,quatrodcadasantes.Nohmaisum
isolamentoscioeconmicoeculturalcomoemtempospassados.Na
maioriadasvezes,hoje,hinterdependnciaentreoruraleourbano
emseusdiversosaspectosdavidadomunicpio,daregioedopas.A
abordagemdeterritorialidadetraz,atualmente,umanova
compreensodoquesejaurbanoourural.Quantoaorural,h,hoje
emdia,umaexplicitaodecertossegmentoscomo:populaes
tradicionais(indgenas,quilombolas)extrativistas,ribeirinhos,
assentadosdentreoutros.Aindafalandodepopulaorural,costuma
sedelinear:povosdafloresta,povosdasguasepovosdaterra.

Ruralareadefinition:
Lemilieururalreprsentelensembledescommunesruralesetles
villagesrattachsauxchefslieuxdecommunesurbaines

Ruralareadefinition:
Cestunezonenonviabilise(oilnyapasdevoiriestructure,une
alimentationeneaupotable,unrseaudassainissementetc)

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01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Cambodia

Urbanareadefinition:
Usingdatafromthe1998CensusofPopulation,theNational
InstituteofStatistics(2004)developedanewurban
classificationusingcommuneleveldata,ratherthandistrict
leveldataaswasusedinthepreviousclassification.Communes
wereclassifiedasurbanif:

a)Populationdensityexceeded200inhabitantspersquare
kilometre;andif
b)Thetotalpopulationofthecommuneexceeded2,000
inhabitants;andif
c)Lessthan50percentofemployedmaleswereemployedin
agriculture.

Cameroon

Urbanareadefinition:

Unezoneurbaineestunregroupementdespopulationsdans
unespacedisposantounondunplandirecteurdurbanisme
avecdesstructurestatiques,sociales,conomiquesetayant
latteuneautoritadministrativeoumunicipale.

CentralAfricanRepublic

Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbaineregroupetousleschefslieuxdesprfectureset
leslocalitsdontlapopulationestsuprieureougale10000
habitants

Chad

Urbanareadefinition:

Zonepopulationsuprieureougale1200personnes(semi
urbaineeturbaine)

Colombia

Urbanareadefinition:
Secaracterizaporestarconformadaporconjuntosde
edificacionesyestructurascontiguasagrupadasenmanzanas,
lascualesestndelimitadasporcalles,carrerasoavenidas
principalmente.Cuentaporlogeneral,conunadotacinde
serviciosesencialestalescomoacueducto,alcantarillado,
energaelctrica,hospitales,colegios,entreotros.Enesta
categoraestnincluidaslasciudadescapitalesylascabeceras
municipalesrestantes.(DANE,
www.dane.gov.co/files/inf_geo/4Ge_ConceptosBasicos.pdf)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
AlltheremainingareasinthecountrywithouttheNISclassification
abovearetreatedasrural.

Ruralareadefinition:

Unezoneruraleestuneinstallationtraditionnelleancienneen
borduredesroutesounondespopulationsdansdesvillagesose
succdentdesgnrations.

Ruralareadefinition:
Zoneruraleenglobetoutesleslocalitsdontlapopulationestende
de10000habitants

Ruralareadefinition:
Zonepopulationinfrieure1200personnes

Ruralareadefinition:
Secaracterizaporladistribucindispersadeviviendasyexplotaciones
agropecuariasexistentesenellas.Nocuentaconuntrazadoo
nomenclaturadecalles,carreteras,avenidasydems.Tampoco
disponeporlogeneraldeserviciospblicosyotrotipodefacilidades
propiasdezonasurbanas.Estconstituidaporcentrospobladosy
zonaruraldispersa.
(DANE,www.dane.gov.co/files/inf_geo/4Ge_ConceptosBasicos.pdf)

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01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Congo

Urbanareadefinition:
Lacommunauturbaineestunecirconscriptionadministrative
constitueparuneagglomrationurbainedhabitants
comportantuncertainnombredequartiersvoisins
appartenantunemmeentitadministrativeet
gographiqueconnaissantunminimumdedveloppement
conomique,social,etculturel.Cf:Loi3.2003du17/01/2003.

Cted'Ivoire

Urbanareadefinition:
ElleestappelecommuneUrbainelorsquelleestsitueau
niveauducentreVilleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectele
Prfet.

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareareferredtoanagglomerationwithinacapitalcityof
anyProvinceandatownorcityofatleast100000inhabitants,
forwhichthestatusofcityhasbeenlegallygivenperdecreeby
thePrimeMinister.

DominicanRepublic

Urbanareadefinition:
EnRep.Domlapoblacinurbanaesaquellaquehabitamasde
lamitadenlacabeceradelosmunicipiosydistritosmunicipales

Egypt

Urbanareadefinition:
IstheRegion,whichislocatedwithintherangeofservices
providedbytheState(education,healthcare,etc)

ElSalvador

Urbanareadefinition:
Eslaquetienemsde2000habitantesyciertogradode
planificacin

EquatorialGuinea

Urbanareadefinition:
readonderesidemasentre50100milhabitantes,asicomo
lascapitalesdeprovinciasylasdistritos

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Autermedelaloisuscite,lacommunautruraleestune
circonscriptionadministrativeconstitueparungroupement
dhabitantsdunemmeagglomrationruraleayantunniveaude
dveloppementcaractrisparlaprsencedunminimum
dinfrastructuresdebaseetdeservicespublicstelsque:
Etablissementscolaire;
Etablissementsanitaire;
Centresecondairedtatcivil;
March.

Ruralareadefinition:
ElleestappeleCommuneruralelorsquellesetrouveauniveaudela
zoneruraleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectelesousPrfet.

Ruralareadefinition:
AnyagglomerationforwhichthePremierMinisterhasnotlegally
giventhestatusofcityisconsideredaspartofruralarea.

Ruralareadefinition:
Eselrestodelapoblacinquenoresidaenelreaurbana.

Ruralareadefinition:
IstheRegion,whichislocatedoutsidetherangeofservicesprovided
bytheState(education,healthcare,etc)

Ruralareadefinition:
eslamenora2000habitantesyestdispersa,nopresentaninguna
planificacindefinida..

Ruralareadefinition:
reaconsideradascomomunicipiosypoblados

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Ethiopia

Urbanareadefinition:
Populationgreaterthan:
200020,000smalltowns
20,00150,000mediumtown
>50,001bigtowns

Fiji

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasareconsideredtobetheinnercitiesandtownsin
additiontobuiltupenvironments.Moreorlessadeveloped
area.

Gabon

Urbanareadefinition:
Zonedontlapopulationestgaleousuprieuremille(1000)
habitants

Gambia

Urbanareadefinition:
Settlementsofmorethan5,000inhabitantswithahealth
centreandelectricity

Ghana

Urbanareadefinition:
Areawithpopulation5000andabove

Guinea

Urbanareadefinition:
ElleestappelecommuneUrbainelorsquelleestsitueau
niveauducentreVilleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectele
Prfet.

GuineaBissau

Urbanareadefinition:
Localitsavecinfrastruturesameliresparexempleun
rseaudunadductionsommaire,coleetcentredelasant,
avecunagglomerationdepopulationssuprieure10.000
habitantsetquipossdentunepositionstratgiquepourle
developpementrgional.

Haiti

Urbanareadefinition:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Populationlessthan2,000

Ruralareadefinition:
Areontheoutskirts/declaredboundariesofcitiesandtowns,remote
andunderdeveloped.

Ruralareadefinition:
Zonedontlapopulationestinfrieuremille(1000)habitants

Ruralareadefinition:
Settlementsoflessthan5,000inhabitantswithorwithoutthesocial
amenitiesmentionedabove.

Ruralareadefinition:
Areawithpopulationbelow5000

Ruralareadefinition:
ElleestappeleCommuneruralelorsquellesetrouveauniveaudela
zoneruraleavecpourtutellerapprochedirectelesousPrfet.

Ruralareadefinition:
Localitssansinfrastructuresdebasemodernesavecune
agglomrationdepopulationsinfrieure1500habitants.

Ruralareadefinition:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Honduras

Urbanareadefinition:
reaUrbanasontodosaquelloslugarespobladosquetienen
lascaractersticassiguientes:
2,000habitantesoms,Serviciosdeaguadetubera,
Comunicacinterrestreoservicioregularmartimo,Escuela
primariacompleta,Correootelgrafoy,Queposeanporlo
menosunodelosserviciossiguientes:Alumbradoelctrico,
AlcantarilladooCentrodesalud.
Fuente.InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticasdeHonduras(INE)

India

Urbanareadefinition:
(a)allplaceswithaMunicipality,CorporationorCantonment
orNotifiedTownArea
(b)allotherplaceswhichsatisfiedthefollowingcriteria:
(i)aminimumpopulationof5,000.
(ii)atleast75%ofthemaleworkingpopulationwas
nonagricultural.
(iii)adensityofpopulationofatleast400sq.Km.(i.e.
1000persq.Mile)

Indonesia

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasisavillageleveladministrativeareasthatmeet
certainrequirementsintermsofpopulationdensity,
percentageofagriculturalhouseholds,andanumberofurban
facilities,suchasroads,meansofformaleducation,public
healthfacilities,andsoon.

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Urbanareadefinition:
BasedonStatisticalCentreofIrandefinitioneachareathathas
amunicipality
andhasbeenapprovedbytheIranianMinistryofInterioris
definedasUrban
area

Jordan

Urbanareadefinition:
Populationcentreswithmorethan5,000persons

Kenya

Urbanareadefinition:
Anareawithanincreaseddensityofhumancreatedstructures
incomparisontotheareassurroundingandhasapopulationof
200andabove(KenyaNationalBureauofStatistics)KNBS
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
reaRuralsontodosloslugarespobladosquenotienenlas
caractersticasdeterminadasparaelreaurbana.
Fuente.InstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticasdeHonduras(INE)

Ruralareadefinition:
Areasotherthanurbanarea.

Ruralareadefinition:
Villageisaunitofterritoryoccupiedbysomeresidentsasa
communityunitincludesaunitofcommunitythathasthelowest
governmentorganizationsanddirectlybelowthesubdistricthead,
theyhavearighttoorganizethemselveswithintheboundsof
domesticunitaryRepublicofIndonesia(RI).Thespecificcharacteristic
isthevillageheadmanelectionbythelocalcommunity.

Ruralareadefinition:
BasedonStatisticalCentreofIrandefinitioneachareathatisoutof
urbanarea
zoneandhasbeenapprovedbytheIranianMinistryofInterioris
definedas
urbanarea

Ruralareadefinition:
Populationcentreswithlessthan5,000persons

Ruralareadefinition:
Alargeisolatedareaofopencountry(noforest)oftenwithlow
populationdensity.(KNBS)
7

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Kyrgyzstan

Urbanareadefinition:
UndertheLawoftheKyrgyzRepublicOntheAdministrative
andTerritorialArrangementoftheKyrgyzRepublic,asofApril
25,2008,#65,cityisanadministrativeandterritorialunitin
formofacityoftherepublican,oblast(region)andrayon
(district)subordinance,aswellastheurbantypevillagewhere
thelocalcommunityperformsthelocalselfgovernanceinthe
procedureestablishedbytheConstitutionandlawsofthe
KyrgyzRepublic.
Article6.Thecategoryoftherepublicansubordinancecanbe
classifiedassettlementswithspecialnationalsignificanceor
whichistheadministrative,economicandculturalcenterof
nationalsignificance,withtheindustrialandsocial
infrastructureandpopulationofatleast250thousandpeople.
Specialarrangementoflocalgovernancemaybeestablishedin
suchcities.Thepowersoflocalauthoritiesinthesecitiesmay
bedifferentfromthoseofthelocalselfgovernmentbodiesof
othersettlementsandtheirrelationswithpublicauthoritiesare
ofspecificcharacter.
Thestatusofacityoftherepublicansubordinanceshallbe
establishedbylaw.
Thecategoryofoblastsubordinancecanbeclassifiedasthe
settlements,whicharetheadministrative,economicand
culturalcenter,withindustries,utilitiesandhousing,a
developednetworkofeducational,cultural,educational,
medicalandcommercialinstitutions,withthepopulationofat
least20thousandpeople.
Thecategoryofrayonsubordinancecanbeclassifiedasthe
settlements,whicharetheadministrative,economicand
culturalcenterwiththeindustrialandsocialinfrastructure,a
developednetworkofeducational,cultural,educational,
medicalandcommercialinstitutions,withthepopulationofat
least10thousandpeople.
Thecategoryofurbansettlementscanbeclassifiedas
settlementswiththeeconomicallyimportantentities(industrial
plants,constructionsites,railwaystations,etc.),andlocatedin
areasthathavetherapeuticvalueiftheyhavereachedcertain
levelofaccomplishment,withthepopulationofatleasttwo
thousandpeople.
Inexceptionalcases,thesettlementswithsmallerpopulations,
butwhicharetheadministrative,economicandcultural
centersandhavingcloseprospectoffurthereconomic
developmentandpopulationgrowthmaybereferredtothe
categoryoftherelevantsubordinance,urbantypevillages.

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Urbanareadefinition:
nocleardefinitionexistrefertoJMPdefinitiononly

Lebanon

Urbanareadefinition:
Nodifferentiationbetweenurbanandruralareasandno
definitioninanylegislativetextforurbanareasorruralareas.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Ayil(village)isasettlementhavingreachedcertainlevelof
accomplishment,withthepopulationofatleast50people,including
thoseengagedinagricultureandtheirfamiliesmakingatleasthalfthe
population.Theails(villages)categorymayincludethesettlements
havingreachedcertainlevelofaccomplishment,withthepopulation
ofatleast50people,includingtheworkersemployedinagricultural
productionandtheirfamiliesthatmakeatleasthalfthepopulation.
KashtyksandKonushesmaybeformedaspartofthevillage.
Inexceptionalcases,thecategoryofvillagesmayincludetheremote
andhardtoreachcommunitieswithsmallerpopulations.

Ruralareadefinition:
nocleardefinitionexistrefertoJMPdefinitiononly

Ruralareadefinition:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Lesotho

Urbanareadefinition:
urbanareameansanareadefinedanddeclaredbythe
Ministerundersection3oftheLocalGovernmentAct1997to
beanareaunderthejurisdictionofeitheranUrbanCouncilor
aMunicipalCouncil.(definitionfromLandAct2010)

Liberia

Urbanareadefinition:
+5000persons

Madagascar

Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbaineoumilieuurbain,cesontleschefslieuxdes
rgionsetleschefslieuxdeDistricts,sauflesdistrictsde
catgorieII(cf:manueldeprocduresdusecteurAEPHA)

Malawi

Urbanareadefinition:
AnareadeclaredbytheMinisterresponsibleforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopmentandbyorderpublishedin
agazetteasatownship,oramunicipality.(LocalGovernment
Act1998).Someofthecriteriausedinclude:1.Levelof
Infrastructure,2.DependenceonnonFarmingactivities,3.
Populationsize.

Maldives

Urbanareadefinition:

Mali

Urbanareadefinition:
ZoneUrbaine:nombredhabitantssuprieur10000
Zonesemiurbaine:nombredhabitantscomprisentre2000et
10000

Mauritania

Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneurbainecestolapopulationestsuprieure5000
habitants.aveclacceptationdetouteslescapitalesrgionales

Mongolia

Urbanareadefinition:
InaccordancewithMongolianUrbanizationLawspecifies:
Urbanismorethan15,000residents,dominantpercentof
themworkatservicingandfactorysectorsandthereis
developedurbaninfrastructurewhichismadecityup.
Therefore,urbaniscentralizedandhasownadministration.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
ruralareameansanareawhichisnotanurbanarea

Ruralareadefinition:
15000persons

Ruralareadefinition:
Lazoneruraleoumilieurural,cesontlesautresqueleszones
urbaines(cf:manueldeprocduresdusecteurAEPHA)

Ruralareadefinition:
AnareanotdeclaredbytheMinisterresponsibleforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopmentandbyorderpublishedina
gazetteasatownship,oramunicipality.

Ruralareadefinition:

Ruralareadefinition:
Zonerurale:nombredhabitantsinfrieur2000

Ruralareadefinition:
Lazoneruralecestolapopulationestinferieur5000habitants.

Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralarea50015000residents,developedoneofthelineof
businessagriculture,industry,tourism,healthresort,transportand
trade.Therefore,ruralislocalizedandhasownadministration.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Morocco

Urbanareadefinition:
Lalistedescommunesurbainesetruralesestpubliedansle
bulletinofficieletmisejourpriodiquement.
Ladfinitionmarocainedicteledcoupageadministratifdu
Maroc,cedcoupagedterminedeuxtypesdecommunes,
urbaineetrurale.(Voirannexe:Notesurladmarchede
reclassementdeslocalitsurbainesetrurales)

Mozambique

Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanareaisthelandwithinaperimeterofMunicipalities,
Villages,andlegallyinstitutionalisedsettlements.
Urbanizedareaistheconsolidatedoccupiedland,wherethe
buildingsoccupiesexclusivelytheirownlotswithoutdisputing
withotherbuildingsofsomeoneselseownershipandthat
thesebuildingareasareintegrateinaplannedareafor
urbanization.Source:RegulationofUrbanLandissuedbythe
GovernmentofMozambique(26/12/2006).

Myanmar

Urbanareadefinition:
Anareaconnectedwithatownorcity

Nepal

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareasdefinedas:settlementwithapopof5000andpop
densityofatleast10personsperhectorandatleast50%of
popdependonnonagriculturaleconomicactivitiesitincludes
all;Metropolitancities(pop>300,000andrevenue>NRs100
million)Submetropolitancities(pop>100,000andrevenue
>NRs50million),municipalities(pop>20,000andrevenue>
NRs2million)intermediatetownswithpop10,00050,000and
smalltownswithpop5,00010,000(UWSSpolicy2009)

Niger

Urbanareadefinition:
Lazoneestdfinieicientermesdelalimentationeneau
potableenmilieuurbain.Ainsi,lHydrauliqueurbaineestle
domainedelalimentationeneaupotableenglobantle
primtreconcd,nontransfrableauxCollectivits
Territoriales.Leprimtre(centresurbains)estsousla
responsabilitdelasocitdepatrimoinedeseauxduNiger
(SPEN)socitdedroitpublic.
Ladlimitationentrelessoussecteursdelhydrauliqueurbaine
etruraleestvolutive.En2009lesoussecteurdelhydraulique
urbainecomporte52centresurbains.Pourlhorizon2020,40
nouveauxcentressontprvusdtreintgrsauprimtre
concd

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Lemilieururalenglobelensembledelapopulationetduterritoire
descampagnes,c'estdiredeszonessituesendehorsdes
communesurbaines.(voirNotesurladmarchedereclassementdes
localitsurbainesetrurales)

Ruralareadefinition:

Ruralareaisapartofnationalterritorywhichlaysoutsidethe
perimeterofMunicipalities,Villages,andlegallyinstitutionalised
settlements.Source:RegulationforTerritoryPlanningissuedbythe
GovernmentofMozambique(01/06/2008).

Ruralareadefinition:
Anareaconnectedwithorlikethecountryside

Ruralareadefinition:
Allsettlementsotherthanabovefallsunderruralareas

Ruralareadefinition:
Aloppos,lHydrauliquerurale,cestdomainedelalimentationen
eaupotableenglobantleprimtrenonconcd,transfrableaux
CollectivitsTerritoriales.

10

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Nigeria

Urbanareadefinition:
23865.000,00

Oman

Urbanareadefinition:
Theareasandhabitationswhicharehighly/denselypopulated
andhavebeenprovidedwithallthebasicinfrastructural
facilitiesrequiredforcommunityliving,atparwithcertain
internationalstandards.Suchinfrastructuresincludemodern
permanentbuildings,permanenthouseholds,fulltime
uninterruptedelectricitysupplies,safepotablecontinuous
pipedwatersupplysystemwithmeteredhouseconnections,
wastewatercollectionsystem,telephone,internet,mobile
phonefacilities,pavedroadswithwalkways,trafficcontrol
systems,publictransportationsystem,basicandhigher
schools,hospitals,Masjids,postoffices,banks,government
offices,policestations,privatesectoroffices,shoppingmalls,
markets,tradecentres,parksandgardensandotherpublic
entertainmentcentresetc.

Pakistan

Urbanareadefinition:
Sanitation
Thesanitationpolicyprimarilyfocusesonsafedisposalofliquid
andsolidwastes;andpromotionofhealthandhygiene
practicesinthecountry.Thetermsanitation,however,extends
tocovercleanliness,hygiene,propercollectionofliquidand
solidwastesandtheirenvironmentallysounddisposal.Inthis
endeavour,theneedforwastereduction,reuse,recycle(3Rs)
andchangesintheattitudetowardsconsumptionand
productionpatternsareotherimperativesforachievinggoals
ofsustainableenvironment(NationalSanitationPolicy2006)

Urban
Thoseareasthatenjoythedesignationofmunicipal
corporations,municipalcommitteesorcantonmentboardsare
consideredurbanareas(NationalPopulationCensus1998)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:

Communityofpopulationlessthan5,000

Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralareasaresmallconglomerationcomprisingoffewhousesand
lesspopulatedareasorupcominghabitationsthatarelocatedawayor
farfromtheurbanareasasdetailedabove.Thesemaynothaveallthe
infrastructurefacilitiesmentionedaboveforurbanareasbutmay
havebasicamenitiesinsmallscalelikeunpavedgradedroads,
primaryhealthcentre,limitedelectricity,limitedpotablewaterfacility
withpubliccollectionpoints,lessshopsandentertainmentareasand
notmuchofGovernmentofficesandprivatessectoroffices.Onthe
wholeItwillhaveallthebasicneedsforlivingbutinprimaryand
limitedscale.Formajorrequirements,theurbanareasneedtobe
approached.

Ruralareadefinition:
Anythingthatfallsoutsidetheurbanjurisdictiondefinedaboveis
consideredrural

11

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Panama

Urbanareadefinition:
Sonaquellascomunidadescuyapoblacinesmayora1,500
habitantesy
cuentaconserviciosdeaguapotableydealcantarillado
sanitarioounaforma
sanitariadedisponerexcretasyaguasservidas.
Arethosecommunitieswithpopulationsgreaterthan1,500
peopleandhas
potablewaterserviceandsewersorsanitarywaytodispose
excretaand
sewage.

Paraguay

Urbanareadefinition:
Loslimitesdereaurbanaserndeterminadosporordenanza
desacuerdoalossgtescriteriosa)Distribucinydensidaddela
poblacin)losequipamientosyserviciosdisponiblesy
proyectados)laexpansinurbanaproyectada;yd)loslimites
fsicosnaturalesoartificialesydeberajustarsealasnormas
tcnicasquedicteporresolucinelServicioNacionalde
Catastro.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Sonaquellascomunidadescuyapoblacinesmenora1,500
habitantes,con
poblacindispersaconalgnsistemadeaguapotable,sinserviciode
alcantarilladosanitarioperoconletrinasocontanquesspticos.

Arethosecommunitieswithpopulationslessthan1,500inhabitants,
witha
dispersedpopulationwithdrinkingwatersystem,nosewerservicebut
with
latrinesorseptictanks.

Ruralareadefinition:
Sontodaslasdemsquenoestnestablecidascomourbanas.

12

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Philippines

Urbanareadefinition:
RefertoNEDABoardResolutionNo.12,1995

Urbandefinitionincludesthecriteriaontheeconomicand
socialfunctions
ofbarrios,poblaciones,andcentraldistrictsasfollows:

1.Intheirentirely,allmunicipaljurisdictionswhich,whether
designatedas
charteredcities,provincial,capitalornot,haveapopulation
densityofatleast
1,000personspersquarekilometer.

2.Poblacionesorcentraldistrictsofmunicipalitiesandcities
whichhavea
populationdensityofatleast500personspersquare
kilometer.

3.Poblacionesorcentraldistricts(notincludedinnos.1and2)
regardless
ofpopulationsizewhichhavethefollowing:

a.Streetpattern,i.e.,networkofstreetineitheratparallelor
rightangle
orientation;
b.Atleastsixestablishments(commercial,manufacturing,
recreational
and/orpersonalservice);and
c.Atleastthreeofthefollowing:

i)atownhall,churchorchapelwithreligiousservicesatleast
onceamonth;
ii)apublicplaza,parkorcemetery;

iii)amarketplaceorbuildingwheretradingactivitiesare
carriedonatleast
onceaweek;and

iv)apublicbuildinglikeschool,hospital,puericultureand
healthcenteror
library.

4.Barrios/barangayshavingatleast1,000inhabitantswhich
metthe
conditionssetforthinno.3above,andinwhichtheoccupation
ofthe
inhabitantsispredominantlynonfarming/fishing.

Rwanda

Urbanareadefinition:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
RefertoNEDABoardResolutionNo.12,1995

RuralAreaallareasnotfallingundertheurbanclassification.

Ruralareadefinition:

13

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Samoa

Urbanareadefinition:
AccordingtoSBScensusdefines;wholeofdistrict2and3
(VaimaugaWestto
FaleataEast)asApiaUrbanArea(AUA)ifusinginternational
definitionofurban
>400person/kmthenAUAwillstandat600persons/kkm

Senegal

Urbanareadefinition:

AuSngallazoneurbainenerenvoiepasaudcoupage
administratifmaisunprimtreaffermgrparlasocit
fermire(SDE)encontratdaffermageaveclaSONES(socit
concessionnaire).Ceprimtreestdcoupen66centreso
onretrouvedeslocalitsadministrativementurbaines
(majoritdelaclientle)etplusde400localitsrurales.

SierraLeone

Urbanareadefinition:
Anurbanareaisasettlementwithaminimumof5,000people
separatelyfromtherest

SouthAfrica

Urbanareadefinition:
StatisticsSouthAfrica(StatsSA)isintheprocessofformulating
theNationalurbandefinition.NoofficialSouthAfrican
definitionexists.However,DWAhasidentified6urban
typologieswhicharespatiallyreferenced,usingaflexible
systemthatisabletoincorporatetheotherlocaland
internationaltypologies.

SouthSudan

Urbanareadefinition:
InabsenceofanationaldefinitionofanUrbanAreaisaplace
wheresettlementfollowapatternthatisorganizedby
governmentadministration,inclusiveofplannedroads;housing
schemes;publicsquares(includingschools,hospitals
playgroundsmarketplaces,recreationzones)alongwhichthe
provisionofpublicgoodssuchassafewater,electricity,
seweragesystem,etcarealigned.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
Areasnotcoveredabove

Ruralareadefinition:

Lazoneruraleestconstituedelapartiedupayssituehorsdu
primtreaffermlaSDE.Ilsagitdetouteslesautreslocalits
(urbainesoururales)quinesontpasdesserviesparlerseaugrpar
laSDE;ellessontainsiapprovisionnessoitparlesrseauxAEPgrs
parlaDirectiondelExploitationetdelaMaintenance(oudans
quelquescaspardesoprateursspcifiques),desforagesquipsde
pompesmotricithumaineetdespuitsmodernes.

Ruralareadefinition:

Aruralareaisasettlementwithamaximumof5,000people
separatelyfromtherest

Ruralareadefinition:
ThereisnoofficialSouthAfricandefinition.However,DWAhas
identified5ruraltypologieswhicharespatiallyreferencedusinga
flexiblesystemthatisdesignedtoincorporatetheotherlocaland
internationaltypologies.

Ruralareadefinition:
Inabsenceofanationaldefinitionofaruralarea,thisisconsideredto
beasettlementadministeredbynativeleaderswheremyriadsof
countrysidecommunalactivitiessuchascultivation;fishing;animal
rearing;hunting;etcaredominant,followingtraditionalnorms

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UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

SriLanka

Urbanareadefinition:
AllmunicipalandurbancouncilsandPradeshiyaSabhas
(smallestpoliticalunitinperiurbanandruralareas)having
morethan6,000

Sudan

Urbanareadefinition:
Alltownsareconsideredasurbanareas

Tajikistan

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanpopulationismorethen40.000

Thailand

Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanareainThailandcoversBangkokmetropolitan,Pattaya
cityand
municipalityarea

TimorLeste

Urbanareadefinition:
a.UrbanArea:Alldistrictcapitalwereconsideredasurban
areasandareaswhichhasthefollowingcharacteristicsas
urban:
Haveapopulationofabout2000peopleormore
Havelessthat50%ofitspopulationemployedin
agriculture/fishingandtheremainingpeopleinthemodern
sector
Haveelectricityandpipedwater
Haveaccesstoschools,medicalcareandrecreational
facilities

b.Improveddrinkingwatersource:isthedrinkingwaterthat
camefrompipedwithinhousehold,publictap,tube
well/borehole,protectedwellorspring,bottlewaterand
rainwatercollection
c.Improvedsanitationfacility:isthesanitationfacilitythathas
pitlatrinewithslab,ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine(VIP)and
pourflushtoseptictank/pit

Togo

Urbanareadefinition:
Estdsignezoneurbaine,touteagglomrationpeuplequiest
uncheflieudeprfectureoudesousprfecture.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Ruralareadefinition:
PradeshiyaSabashavingpopulationlessthan6,000

Ruralareadefinition:
Otherthanthetownsareconsideredasurbanareas

Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralpopulationislessthen10.000

Ruralareadefinition:
ruralareainThailandcoversanyareaexcludingBangkokmetropolitan,
Pattaya
cityandmunicipalities

Ruralareadefinition:
RuralArea:areasthatdidnotmeetthecategorizationabovewere
classifiedasrural.

Ruralareadefinition:
Estdsignezonerurale,toutelocalitdontlapopulationest
infrieure1500habitants.

15

UNWaterGLAAS201112

01.UrbanandRuralDefinitions

Uganda

Urbanareadefinition:
Gazettedcities,municipalitiesandtowncouncilsasperthe
LocalGovernmentAct2002,whileearliercensusesincludedun
gazettedtradingcentreswithmorethan1,000peopleaspart
oftheurbanpopulation(UBOS,2005)

Uzbekistan

Urbanareadefinition:
Anadministrativeandterritorialunitinacitythatisdivided
intodistricts;smallercitiesandtowns

VietNam

Urbanareadefinition:
Urbanareaisanareawithincreasingdensityofarchitecture
worksbuiltby
peopleincomparisontosurroundingareas.Atpresent,in
Vietnam,urbanareas
consistofcities,townsandsmalltowns(thesmallesturban
areaisasmalltown)

Yemen

Urbanareadefinition:
UrbanAreaistheareawhichhasthemainsuvucei.ehealth,
electricity,water&sanitation,education,andthepopulaionis
morethan15,000persons.

Zimbabwe

Urbanareadefinition:
Allareasfallingundereitheratownorcitycomprisingofalot
ofhouses,factoriesandfastmovinglife

Ruralareadefinition:
Ruralpopulationreferstopeoplelivinginruralareasasdefinedby
UBOS.Itiscalculatedasadifferencebetweentotalpopulationand
urbanpopulation.

Ruralareadefinition:
Anadministrativeandterritorialunitinthecountryside:ruraldistricts
andkishlaks(villages)

Ruralareadefinition:
Communesbelongtodistricts
communesbelongtotownsandcitiesunderprovinces

Ruralareadefinition:
TheNationalDeffentionoftheRuralAreaisaruralcommunitiesand
islanderspopulationthatdoesnotexceed15,000persons.

Ruralareadefinition:
Countrysidemostlycharacterisedbyagriculturallandsandrelatively
slowmovinglife

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

16

UNWaterGLAAS201112

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

02. General: Improved Access Definitions

Afghanistan

Accesstosanitation:
ODFfreecommunitieswiththeuseofsanitarylatrineswhichpreventsfliesfromgettingto
thefaecaldepositsandbacktotheenvironment),Separatesexcretafromhumancontact,
Eliminatesodour,doesnotcontaminategroundandsurfacewaterandEnsuresuserprivacy,
especiallyforwomenandgirls.(Water,sanitationandhygienepolicyMinistryofrural
rehabilitationanddevelopment)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flashlatrine,doubleplattypeandImprovedlatrine

Angola

Accesstosanitation:
OnefamilywithAccesstooneadequatesanitaryinfrastructure,asperdescriptionbellow

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Simplelatrine(localmaterial),septicimprovedlatrine,smallflushtoilet,toiletwithaseptic
tankandconnectiontothesewagenetwork

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

17

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Increasingofaccesstosafedrinking
waterandreducingnumberofmortality
causedbyunsafedrinkingwater(MRRD)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Fielddatacollection,InformationSystem
forWaterandSanitationSector(SISAS)
andtheWellBeingSurvey(IBEP)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Residentialtapconnectedtothe
network,publicpump,motorized
pumps,protectedsprings

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Azerbaijan

Accesstosanitation:
Accesstosanitation(excretamanagement)isassessedbasedonthefindingsofvarious
statisticalsurveys,studiesandpublicinquiries(oneofthemostrecentinquirieswasDHS
2006).Intheyearsbetweenthesestatisticalobservations,ongoingassessmentiscarriedout.
Additionally,theStateCommitteeforStatisticsoftheAzerbaijanRepublicreceivesfromthe
relevantutilityandotherservices,onanannualbasis,dataontheconnectionofhomestoa
systemofsanitation.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Sanitationfacilitiesarepourflushtoilets
connectedtoasanitationsystem
connectedtoacesspool
connectedtosomethingelse
withdrainsintocoveredsinks(cesspoolswithacover)

Bangladesh

Accesstosanitation:
Householdsurvey

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Individualorsharedlatrinesofthefollowingtypes:
Flushedandpourflushedtoilet/latrinestopipedsewersystemorseptictank;Pitlatrines
withslabandwatersealorlidorflap;Pitlatrineswithslabbutnowaterseal,lidorflap;
VentilatedImprovedPitLatrines;Compostinglatrines

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

18

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
TheStateCommitteeforStatisticsof
Azerbaijannormallydeterminesaccess
tosafedrinkingwaterbasedonthedata
fromthepopulationcensus,various
statisticalsurveysandpublicinquiries
(DHS2006beingthemostrecentof
them).Intheyearsbetweenthesurveys,
ongoingassessmentsareundertaken.
Also,theStateCommitteeforStatistics
onanannualbasisreceivesdatafrom
relevantmunicipalandotherserviceson
theconnectionofhomestopipedwater
supplies.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Sourcesofsafedrinkingwaterare
watertapinthehome
astandpostorwatertapinthe
courtyard
anartesianwell
apublicpipeline(astandpostinthe
street)
protecteddugwells
protectedsprings
Therefore,thesesourcesareincludedin
thestatisticsascomplyingwiththerules
ofhygiene.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurvey

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Individualorsharedwatersupply
facilitiesofthefollowingtypes:
UrbanandRural
Pipedwatersupplytohouseholdswith
multipletaps,yardconnectionsor
sharedconnections;Publicstandpipe
sharedbyatmost100persons;Safe
waterpoints,likehandpumptubewells,
ringwells,pondsandfilters,protected
dugwells,protectedspringsandrain
waterharvestingsystem;publicwater
pointsaresharedbyatmost100
personsandprivatewaterpointsby5
persons.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Benin

Accesstosanitation:
Inventairedetouslesmnagesayantralisdeslatrinestraversdesfiches
derenseignement,desenqutescomplmentaires,desrapportsmensuels
ralisspardesagents(Agentsdhygine,animateursdestructures
dintermdiationsociale)
Intgrationdesdonnesrecueilliesdanslabasededonnesconstruitecet
effet.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LatrinesVIPdoublefosses,latrinesdallesansplat,latrinesMozambique
detypesCREPA,leslatrinestraditionnellesamliores,
lespuitsperdusauniveaudesmnagesruraux,lesfossesseptiques,les
latrinesmoderneschassedeau,latrinedetypeECOSAN.

Bhutan

Accesstosanitation:
Householdsurvey(BMIS,2010)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Animprovedsanitationfacilityisdefinedasonethathygienicallyseparates
humanexcretafromhumancontact.Improvedsanitationfacilitiesforexcreca
disposalincludeflushorpourflushtoapipedsewersystem,septictank,or
latrine;ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,andcomposting
toilet

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Accesstosanitation:
EnreaUrbana:CENSOyEncuestasdehogares
EnreaRural:CENSOyEncuestasdehogares

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Urbano:PoblacinquecuentaconconexindomiciliariaalareddealcantarilladPoblacin
servidaconcmarasptica,Poblacinservidaconbaosecolgicosyletrinasmejoradas(No
seconsideranenestadsticasoficiales)
Rural:Poblacinquecuentaconconexindomiciliariaalareddealcantarilla.Poblacin
servidaconcmarasptica
Poblacinservidaconbaosecolgicosyletrinasmejoradas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

19

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

milieurural:tauxdedessertecalculsur
labasedelanormede1EPEpour
250habitants
milieuurbain:tauxdedessertecalcul
surlabasedelanormede1
branchementpour12habitants
source:DGEauetSONEB

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
AdductiondEauVillageoise(AEV),FPM,
PEA,PM,branchements,bornes
fontaines
source:DGEauetSONEB

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalHouseholdSurvey

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Thepopulationusingimprovedsources
ofdrinkingwaterarethoseusingany
ofthefollowingtypesofwatersupply:
pipedwater(intodwelling,compound,
yardorplot,publictap/standpipe)tube
well/borehole,protectedwell,
protectedspringandrainwater
collection.Bottledwaterisconsideredas
an
improvedwatersourceonlyifthe
householdisusingandimprovedwater
sourceforotherpurposessuchas
handwashingandcooking

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EnreaUrbana:CENSO,Encuestade
hogaresydatosoficialesdelaautoridad
sectorial(MMAyA)
EnreaRural:CENSO,Encuestade
hogares,Registrosadministrativosy
datosoficialesdelaautoridadsectorial
(MMAyA)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Reddeabastecimiento,pozosprofundos
conbombaselctricas,pozosconbomba
manual,noriasconcubiertasanitaria

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Brazil

Accesstosanitation:
OSaneamento(esgotamentosanitrio)devecontemplar,desdeasligaesdomiciliares,a
coletaeotransportepormeioderedepblica,otratamentodosexcretaseguasresidurias
eadisposioadequadadosefluentes.Levandoemcontaasituaoelocalizaodos
domicliosdevesebuscaralternativas,emtermosdeinstalaes,queatendamaositens
colocadosanteriormente,sejasobaformadesistemascoletivos(redes),individuaisou
isolados.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Consideraseatendimentoadequadoaquelesdomicliosruraisligadosredecoletorade
esgotosoucomfossasptica.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

20

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Emsetratandodasreasrurais,conta
secomoIBGE,pormeiodosCensos,de
10em10anos;PesquisaNacionalpor
AmostradeDomciliosPNAD
anualmenteePesquisaNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPNSB.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
DeacordocomaLein11.445/2007:o
suprimentomelhoradodeguapotvel
consistenasinfraestruturase
instalaesnecessriasao
abastecimentopblicodeguapotvel,
desdeacaptao,tratamento,
reservaoedistribuioporrede,
incluindoasligaesprediais,
canalizaointernaerespectivos
instrumentosdemedio,bemcomoo
controledaqualidadedaguadeacordo
comasnormasvigentes.importante
destacarqueaLeiapontaprincpios
comouniversalizaodoacessoaos
serviosdesaneamentobsico,
equidade,integralidadedentreos
principais.Almdisso,osuprimento
melhoradodeguapotveldependede
concepoadequadadetecnologia,
gesto,mobilizaosocial,educaoem
sadeeambiental.Comrelaosreas
rurais,oIBGE,parafinsdepesquisa
sobrecobertura,consideraaindaoutras
formasdeabastecimento,comdestaque
parapoocomchafariz;nascentes,
poosrasoscomcanalizao,inclusive
interna,semprelevandoemcontaa
qualidadedaguaEstasformasde
abastecimentodevereceberpelomenos
otratamentosimplificadono
reservatriodomiciliar.OPlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,ainda
emelaborao,chamaaatenoparao
atendimentoadequado,atendimento
precrioenoatendimento.APortaria
518,doMinistriodaSade,defineos
padresdepotabilidadedaguapara
consumohumano.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

BurkinaFaso

Accesstosanitation:
MilieuurbainTauxdaccslassainissementfamilial:populationdesservieenmilieu
urbain/populationtotaldumilieuurbain
NB:10personnespartypedinfrastructuredassainissement

MilieururalLetauxdaccslassainissementfamilialestlenombredemnagesayantaccs
lassainissementfamilialrapportaunombretotaldemnages.
SelonlesnormesetcritreduPNAEPA,unmnageaaccslassainissementfamilialsil
utiliseunelatrinesamliore(quellesoitpartageounon),accessibletoutmomentet
dontlenombretotaldutilisateursquotidiensestinfrieurougaldix.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Milieuurbain
LatrinesdetypeVIP,LatrinesdetypeTCM,Latrinesrhabilites,LatrinesdetypeECOSAN,
fossesseptiques,fossestanches,raccordementaurseaudgout.

MilieururalCesontleslatrinesamliores.Unelatrineestditeamlioresiellerpondaux
conditionsdescurit,deconfortetdhyginedutilisation.IlsagitdesouvragesSuivants:
Pourlesmnages:VIPunefosse,SanPlatamliore,VIPdoublefosse,latrineEcoSan,
Toilettechassemanuelleunefosseoudoublefosse,toilettechassemcanique,
Pourlescoles,lieuxpubliquesetCentresdesant:VIPmultipostes.

Burundi

Accesstosanitation:
Lamthodeutilisecestlenqutemnageetlinventaire,

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrinesamliores,toilette,etrseaudEgouts

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

21

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Milieurural
Inventairenationaldesouvrages
dapprovisionnementeneaupotable,
puiscalculelaidedunmodleconu
surArcViewGis3.2adnomm
ApplicatifSIGOMD.

Milieuurbain
Inventairedesouvragesralissen
milieuurbain

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Lespuitsmodernes,lesforagesquips
depompe,lespostesdeauautonomes,
lesbornesfontainesetles
branchementsparticuliers.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqutes
Inventaires

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Bornesfontaines,
Sourcesamnages
Branchementsprivs

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus(every10years,latestwas2008Census)
CDHS(latestwasCDHS2010)
NationalKAPSurvey(initiatedin2010,plannedforevery23years(?))
Wastewaterproducedbypeopleleavinginurbanareainaverageamount180L/person/day
(MPWT)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushorpourflushtosewerage
2.Flushorpourflushtoseptictankorpit
3.Pitlatrinewithslab
4.VentilatedImprovedPit(VIP)latrine
5.Publicorsharedlatrine(anytype)

Cameroon

Accesstosanitation:
Enqutes/Etudes

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrinesamliores,Rseauxdgoutsparlescanauxdvacuation,Fosses
sceptiques,

CentralAfricanRepublic

Accesstosanitation:
Visitesdomiciliaires
EnqutesCAP(connaissances,AttitudesetPratiques)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Fosseseptique
Latrineamliorefosseventile(VIP)
Dispositifdelavagedemains
Toilettechassemanuelle(TCM)
Pratiquedelenfouissementsanitairedesexcrtadanslemnage

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

22

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.UrbanPopulationCensusin2008
andCambodiaDemographicandHealth
Surveyin2010
2.RuralPopulationCensusin2008and
CambodiaDemographicandHealth
Surveyin2010

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
1.Urban(MIME):inhousepipedwater
2.Rural(MRD),Improvedwatersources:
a)Householdconnection;b)Public
standpipe;c)TubewellorBorehole;d)
Protecteddugwell;and,e)Improved
rainwatercollection

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqute/Etude

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
AdductionsdEauPotable,Forages,Puits
Amnags,SourcesAmnags,

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lamthodeestfondesurlinventaire
desinfrastructuresdeaupotable

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Ilsagitde:Foragesquipsdepompes
motricithumaine,Puitsmodernes
(puitsbuss),sourcesamnages,
Bornesfontaines(BF)etBranchements
particuliers(BP).

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Chad

Accesstosanitation:
Leprocessusd'laborationdelaPNAatconduitparunComitdeSuivicomposde
reprsentantsdeplusieursinstitutionscldusecteurauTchad:Ministresdel'Eau,de
l'Environnement,desInfrastructures,delAmnagementduTerritoire,delAdministrationet
delaDcentralisation,desFinances,delaSantetdesReprsentantsdesmunicipalits
(MairiedeN'Ndjamena)lesONGetlasocitcivile
Pourl'tablissementdudocumentproprementdit,lecomitapucomptersurl'appui
techniqueetfinancierdelUNICEF,lequelafaitappeldesconsultantsspcialissdu
domaine.
LetravailcommunduComitdeSuivi,delUNICEFetdesconsultantsaaboutiundocument
detravailquiatlargementdiffusetdiscuttraversdesateliersdevalidation,avecune
largeparticipationdesacteursdusecteuretdelasocitcivile(encoursdevalidation)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Fosseseptique:(Ouvragedestinassurerunedcantationetunprtraitement
anarobiquedeseauxuses.Ncessitedesmesuresprisesenavalpourassurerun
traitementfinaldeseauxuses,etleurrejetdanslemilieunaturel.
Latrine:(Ouvragedestinenprioritl'vacuationdesexcrta.Lalatrineestconstitue
d'unestructuresursol(abri,dalle)etd'unpuitsd'infiltration.)
Latrinesche:(Latrinesansutilisationd'eaupourl'vacuationdesexcrta.L'eaupeutpar
contretreutilisepourlatoiletteintime.)
LatrineVIP:(Latrinescherpondantauxexigencesdequalit,enparticulierquiped'un
tuyaud'arationprotg,etd'unedalleassurantunescuritd'utilisationpourtous.)
Latrinesiphon:(Latrinequiped'unsiphonhydrauliquepourl'vacuationdeseaux
vannes.)
Puitsdinfiltration:(Ouvragedestinl'infiltrationdeseaux.Cettedfinitionpeutainsi
s'appliquerdeseauxgrises,deseauxusestraites,oudeseauxpluviales.Maisellene
s'appliquepaslalatrine,quipardfinitioncomprenddjunpuitsd'infiltrationdanssa
dfinition.)
CanaldvacuationdesEauxpluviales
etdesbassinsdertention

Colombia

Accesstosanitation:

Adequatesanitationfacilities:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

23

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lamthodeestfondesurlinventaire
desinfrastructuresdeaupotable

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Ilsagitde:Foragesquipsdepompes
motricithumaine,Puitsmodernes
(puitsbuss),sourcesamnages,
Bornesfontaines(BF)etBranchements
particuliers(BP).

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Congo

Accesstosanitation:
LamthodeutiliseestlenquteCongolaiseauprsdesmnages(ECOM)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lestoiletteschassesdeauquipesdefossesetpuisard,lestoilettesamliores(VIP,TCM,
Ecosan)

Cted'Ivoire

Accesstosanitation:

Lvaluationsefaitpartirdenqutesmnageetprospectionsurleterrain
LesecteurHAEPenCtedIvoireestexaminsurlabasedelamatricedvaluationCSO2.
Cettematriceexaminelesconditionspropicespermettantlamiseenplacedesservices,leur
dveloppementetleurdurabilit

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Laproportiondelapopulationayantaccsunmeilleursystmed'assainissementest
constitueparlafrangeutilisantlesWCavecchassedeau,leslatrinesfossesventiles.La
populationutilisantleslatrinesfossenonventilesnenfontpaspartie.

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Accesstosanitation:
Excretamanagement

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationfacilities

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

24

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Populationdesservie
TAUXDEDESSERTE(enmilieuurbain)=

Ensemblepopulationduprimtre
dexploitation
InventairedesSAEPetdespompes
motricithumainesdanslesvillages

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Lesusinesetstationsdeproductionet
detraitementdeaupotable;lesforages
quipsdespompesmotricits
humaine,lessourcesamnagesetles
puitsconventionnels.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
LesecteurHAEPenCtedIvoireest
examinsurlabasedelamatrice
dvaluationCSO2.Cettematrice
sattacheexaminerlesconditions
propicespermettantlamiseenplace
desservices,ledveloppementdes
servicesetladurabilitdecesservices

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Selonlesstandardsivoiriens,seulsles
branchementsparticuliers,lesbornes
fontainesetlesforagesquipsdune
pompesontconsidrscommeunaccs
amlior.Lespuits,lessourcesetleau
depluienelesontpas.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurvey

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improveddrinkingwatersourceasper
JMP

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DominicanRepublic

Accesstosanitation:
DOESNOTANSWERTHEQUESTION.Tresaspectossontomadosencuenta:Primero,
viviendasconaccesoalalcantarilladosanitarioyconconexionesalared.Segundo,Plantasde
tratamientodeaguasresidualesoperandoadecuadamenteyTercero,viviendas,
principalmenterurales,conletrinasanitaria.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
PlantadetratamientodeAguasResidualesoperandoadecuadamente,Viviendasconletrinas
sanitarias,SistemasdeRecoleccin,Transporteydisposicinfinaldelosdesechosslidos.
ControldeVectores.

Egypt

Accesstosanitation:
No.Ofhouseconnectionsmultipliedbytheno.Ofresidentsineachbuilding(accordingeach
zone).

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Connectingsewagethroughsewernetworks&deliveringittoasecondarytreatmentplant
whereitistreatedaccordingtolaw48

ElSalvador

Accesstosanitation:
Encuestashogaresdepropsitosmltiples,EHPM.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ManejodeExcretasyDisposicindeAguaGrises.

EXCRETAS
mbitoRural:
LetrinasSecassinarrastredeagua:Abonera,SolarydeHoyoModificada
SistemadeFosaSpticaparatratamientodeaguasresiduales

mbitourbano:AlcantarilladoyPlantadeTratamientodetratamiento

AGUASGRISES:
Alcantarillado(Urbano)
PozodeabsorcinyTrampadeGrasa(rural)

ExcretaManagementandDisposalofgraywater.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

25

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NumeroDeHogaresconconexin
intradomiciliaria,conexincercanaala
casaoconexinadistancianomayorde
500metros,ndicedecalidaddeagua,
ndicedepotabilidaddelagua

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguatratada,almenosclorada,en
cantidadsuficienteyconintermitencia
baja.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
No.Ofhouseconnectionsmultipliedby
theno.Ofresidentsineachbuilding
(accordingeachzone).

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
TreatedSurfaceorgroundor
desalinatedwaterwhichmeetsthe
international&Egyptianstandards&
fulfilstheWHOrequirements

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Poblacinconconexindomiciliary
Poblacinservidaconcantarerasypilas
pblicasporunfactordepoblacin
tantourbanocomorural
Populationwithhouseholdconnections
andPopulationservedwith
cisterns/localbarrelsforbothurbanand
ruralpopulations

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Conexindomiciliar;Piletapblicao
cantarera;Pozoperforado;Pozo
excavadoprotegido;Manantial
protegido;Agualluvia,perocon
tratamientodedesinfeccindelagua

Householdconnection,publicor
privatelydeliveredcistern/barrelservice,
borehole,protecteddugwell,protected
Spring,rainwater,butwithwater
disinfectiontreatment

UNWaterGLAAS201112

EquatorialGuinea

Accesstosanitation:
Elsistemaacantariado(Urbanas)
Letrinaenelmedio(Rural)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Elacantariadosypozosnegros.Urbana
Letrinas(Rural)

Ethiopia

Accesstosanitation:
Differentmethodsusedtoassessaccesstosanitation:
HealthandhealthrelatedindicatorofficialreportofFMOHfromHMIS
DHS
WASHInventory
Surveyreportsofdonorsandleadsectoragencies

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
TheJMPdefinitionisusedinEthiopiainplanningprocesses,implementation,
M&E(DHS,WASHInventory).However,thecountryhasdefinedcurrentlythesanitation
facilitiesareconsideredasadequate(orhygienic)isnotbysingleparameterbutconsiders
thewholesystemwhichtakes5importantcriteriaintoaccount.Thisincludesthe
following:
1.Safetyorengineeringaspect
casing50cmsbelowtheslaband20cmsabovethepit;
drophole15by20cms;
firmfloortosupportusersbyavoidingcollapses
2.Isolatefecescompletelyfromtheimmediateenvironmenttobreakchainofdisease
transmission
tightsquattingholecovernochanceforflies
floorwithnocrack
surroundingareafreeofopendefecation
3.Privacy,comfort,dignity
modestSuperstructure
secureddoor
plasteredwall
Floorarea90cmdiameterand1.80height
Ensureprivacy
EnhanceDignity
4.CleanableSlab
Maybemadeofconcrete,stone,woodplasteredwithmudorcowdung,plasticsheet,etc.
Washableordrycleaned
WithprotractedUrineCanalusingoldplasticjerrycansorCIS
5.HandWashingisacomponentofCLTSH
Nexttothelatrine
Madeoflocallyavailablematerialsincludingclaypots,jerrycans,metal,etc.
Soaporsubstitute

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

26

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Acueductos,mantantialessubteraneasy
pozos.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Poracueductos,manantialesprotegidos,
pozos

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Ruralpopulationwithaccess
to15litersofpotablewaterpercapita
perdaywithin1.5kmradius.
Urbanpopulationwithaccess
to20litersofpotablewaterpercapita
perdaywithin0.5kmradius.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
PotablewaterwhichfitWHOwater
qualityguideline

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Fiji

Accesstosanitation:
HouseholdsurveysduringNationalcensus.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
FlushedandWaterSealtoilets.

Gabon

Accesstosanitation:
Donnesnondisponibles

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Donnesnondisponibles

Gambia

Accesstosanitation:
TheGambiauseshouseholdsurveyforexampleMICStoassessaccesstosanitation.In
additiontothis,theWHOandUNICEFJMPhasbecomethemainmethodofassessingaccess
tosanitation.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improved/adequatesanitationisconsideredtobe:flushtoiletsconnectedtosewage
systems,septictanksorpits,ventilatedimprovedpitlatrinesandpitlatrineswithslab

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

27

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Assessmentisdoneduringandthrough
theNationalCensuswhichiscarriedout
periodically

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
TreatedwatertoFijiNationaldrinking
waterqualitystandards(WHO)

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Nombredabonnsenzoneurbaine

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Robinetsdeaupotable,foragesquips
depompesmanuellesouderobinet

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
HouseholdsurveysMultipleIndicators
ClusterSurveys(MICS)andPopulation
andHousingCensus
NumberofHouseholdconnections
Inventory

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improvedwatersupplyincludeswater
fromcoveredconcretelinedwells,tube
wells,andreticulationpipewatersupply
systems
Improvedwatersupplyincludeswater
fromcoveredconcretelinedwells,tube
wells,andreticulationpipewatersupply
systems

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ghana

Accesstosanitation:
HouseholdSurveysconductedbyGhanaStatisticalServices

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushorpourflushto:
Pipedsewersystem
Septictank
Pitlatrine
Ventilatedimprovedpit
VentilatedImprovedPit(VIP)Latrine
Compostingtoilet
KumasiVentilatedImprovedPit(KVIP)Latrine(Adoublepitalternatingimprovedpit)

Guinea

Accesstosanitation:
Lamthodeutiliseestdefaireltatdeslieuxetlenqutemnagesparrapportlagestion
desexcrtas.Lacouvertureenmatiredegestiondesexcrtasestde60%danslazone
urbaineet14,7%enzonerurale.(documentdepolitiqueNationaledelAssainissement).

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lestypesdinfrastructuresdassainissementconsidrscommeapproprisethyginiques
sontdesouvragesenmilieuurbaindesystmeautonome(fosseseptiqueavecpuitsperdus
etlatrinesamlioresVIPdoublefossealterneouTCM)etenmilieururaldessystmes
autonomes(dgraisseuretfossedinfiltration)sourcedocumentdePolitiqueNationalede
lassainissement.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

28

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.Householdsurveys(urbanandRural)
2.Numberofwaterfacilitiesprovided
againsttotalpopulationtobeserved+20
litrespercapita+Distancetowater
point+GSBquality+Reliability(Rural)
3.Estimatedvolumeofwaterproduced
versustotalwaterdemandforaperiod
(Urban,140litrespercapital)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Householdconnection
Publicstandpipe
Borehole
Protecteddugwell
Protectedspring
RainwaterCollection(domestic)

Yes,theseareallincludedintheofficial
statisticsofthecountry,throughsurveys
conductedbytheGhanaStatistical
service

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Urbain:recueildesdonnessurle
nombredebranchements+nombresde
personnesparbranchementetnombre
debornesfontaines+nombrede
personnesparbornefontainepar
communeurbaine.

Rural:recueildesdonnessurles
populationsdisposantdepointsdeau
(forage,puitsamliorsquipsde
pompemotricithumaine,captage)
danslesPriphriesdeschefslieuxde
Prfectures,lessousprfectures,les
districtsetlesvillages.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Approvisionnementparunsystmede
rseaudAdductiondEauPotable
(branchementssociaux,Bornes
Fontaines);
Approvisionnementparforageset
puitsamliorsquipsdepompe
motricithumaine;
Approvisionnementparamnagement
desources.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

GuineaBissau

Accesstosanitation:
MICS,ENQUETE

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LATRINESTYPEVIP,ECOSAN,FOSSEVENTILEE,LATRINEAMELIORE

Haiti

Accesstosanitation:

Adequatesanitationfacilities:

Honduras

Accesstosanitation:
CensoNacionaldePoblacindelInstitutoNacionaldeEstadsticas(INE).
EncuestaPermanentedeHogaresdePropsitosMltiples(EPHPM).
EncuestaNacionaldeDemografaySalud(ENDESA).
SistemadeInformacindeAcueductosRurales(SIAR),delServicioAutnomoNacionalde
AcueductosyAlcantarillados(SANAA)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Unainstalacinqueseparademanerahiginicalasheceshumanasdelcontactohumano.
Descargasa:reddealcantarillado,Tanquesptico,letrinadepozoodediferentes
tecnologasincluyendolasdeecosaneamiento.
Enlosnuevosdesarrollosanivelurbanodelasciudadesdemayortamaoseexigequela
solucindeevacuacinseaacompaadaportratamientodelasaguasresiduales.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

29

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
1.MICS,Enqutnational(danslazone
ruralcestunpointdeaupour150
habitant)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
1.Puitsmodernesansquipement
2.PuitsmodernequipavecPMH;
3.ForagesquipavecPMH;
4.Forageavecsystmedadduction
(pompagegroupelectrogne,
panneausolaire,rservoir)

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EncuestaPermanentedeHogaresde
PropsitosMltiples(EPHPM),adems
seutilizacomolneabaseelCenso
NacionaldePoblacindelInstituto
NacionaldeEstadstica(INE)publicado
enelao2001ylaEncuestaNacionalde
DemografaySalud(ENDESA).
SistemadeInformacindeAcueductos
Rurales(SIAR),delServicioAutnomo
NacionaldeAcueductosyAlcantarillados
(SANAA)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aquellaqueprotegeadecuadamentela
fuentedesuministrodela
contaminacinexterna,enparticularde
materiafecal,Conexinalavivienda,
jardnopatio;Pozoexcavadoprotegido;
ManantialprotegidoyCamincisterna
certificadoyregulado..

UNWaterGLAAS201112

India

Accesstosanitation:
ActualcoveragethroughonlinemonitoringsystemmaintainedbytheMinistryandhousehold
surveythroughindependentnationalagencies

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thefollowingtypeofsanitationfacilitiesareconsideredasadequate
Flush/pourflushwithseptictank,pit,connectedtosewer
Pitlatrinewithslab
VentilatedImprovedPit
CompostingToilet

Indonesia

Accesstosanitation:
SurveyheldbyBPSStatisticsIndonesiainNationalSocioeconomicSurvey(SUSENAS)and
MinistryofHealthinBasicHealthResearch(Riskesdas).
Severalprojectsalsohavemethodinassessaccesstosanitation,forexampleEnvironmental
HealthRiskAssessment(EHRA)bysamplingsurvey.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationfacilitiesaredefinedtoincludeflushandpourflushtoiletswhichare
linkedtoapipedsewersystemoraseptictank.Improvedpitlatrineswithaslabsealand
ventilationarealsoclassifiedasimprovedsanitationfacilitiesasarecompostingtoilets.Both
privateandsharedsanitationfacilitiesofthesetypesareclassifiedasbasicsanitation(MDGs
Roadmap,2010).

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Accesstosanitation:
Census,numberofconnections,householdsurveys

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ThefollowingtechnologieswereincludedadequatesanitationinIran:pit
latrine,connectiontoseptictank,connectiontopublicsewer(national
coverageis98.64%,urbancoverageis99%andruralcoverageis97.43%)but
improvedsanitationincludedonlyconnectiontopublicsewer
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

30

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
a)Habitation&populationcoverage
throughreportsbyStatesononline
monitoringsystem.
b)Householdcoveragethroughsample
surveys.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Atleast40lpcdofsafewaterfromtube
well,protectedwellfittedwithhand
pumporpowerpump,pipedwater
supplysch.withsafesources,springs
andrainwaterstoredfordrinkingIs
consideredascoveredwithadequate
water.BIS10500drinkingwater
standardsforchemicalphysical
bacteriologicalcontaminationare
consideredforsafetyofdrinkingwater.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Basedonthesurveysthatareheldby
BPSStatisticsIndonesia

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improveddrinkingwatersourcesinclude
pipedwaterandnonpipedprotected
waterfromqualitywatersourcesthat
arelocatedatadistanceof10metersor
morefromsewagedisposalandare
protectedfromotherformsof
contamination.Improvedwatersources
include:municipalsystemsthatprovide
pipedwaterenteringthehouseorhouse
plot;waterfrompublictapsor
standpipes;waterfromprotecteddug
wells;tubewellsorboreholes;water
fromprotectedsprings;orcollected
rainwater.
Forexample:tapwater,pumps,
protectedwellsandsprings,and
rainwater

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
census,numberofconnections,
householdsurveys

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Drinkingwaternetworksystems(piped)
areconsideredasadequate
UNWaterGLAAS201112

Jordan

Accesstosanitation:
householdsurveys,numberofconnections

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Adequatesanitationreferstopopulationconnectedtoseweragenetwork.

Kenya

Accesstosanitation:
Availabilityofasanitationfacility,distanceofthefacilityfromuserresisidence,securityof
thefacility,whetherprivateorsharedfacility,ifpayorfreefacility.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Afacilitythatsafelydisposesofthehumanexcretaandisfreefromflies,freefromsmells,
easytoclean&maintainandprovidessecurity&privacyandissafetousewithoutpolluting
theenvironment.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

31

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
householdsurveys,numberof
connections

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Adequatewatersuppliesrefertoaccess
towaternetworkwithwaterquality
accordingJordanianStandards

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Nationalcensusandhouseholdsurveys

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,public
standpipe,tubewell/borehole,
protecteddugwell,protectedspring,
rainwaterharvesting

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kyrgyzstan

Accesstosanitation:
Connectiontothecentralsewagesystem(numberofuserstothetotalpopulation)
Useofcesspits(householdsurvey)
UndertheintegratedsamplehouseholdbudgetandmanpowersurveyheldbytheNational
StatisticsCommitteeoftheKR,thequestionnairesincludethefollowingquestions(oncea
year):
16.Onavailabilityofamenitiesinthehouse:
sewage
31.Whichtypeoftoiletismainlyusedinthehousehold?
Toiletwithcentralsewagesystem
Toiletwithindividualsewagesystem
Cesspits
other
notoilet

32.Whereisthetoiletorlavatorylocated?
Inthehouse(apartment)
Intheyard
Inthestreet
33.Isthistoiletorlavatoryusedbyyourhouseholdonlyorsharedwithothers?
Byonehouseholdonly
Sharedwithotherhouseholds.

Thereceivedanddistributeddataonthecountryandtheirratiotothepopulationlivingin
thatterritory,provideinformationonthepopulationsaccesstothesewagesystem.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Shareofthepopulationiscalculatedbasedonthefollowingindicators:toiletsadaptedtothe
drainagesystem,toiletsconnectedtothesystemoftanks,andflushtypelavatories
(accordingtothequestionnaireoftheintegratedsamplehouseholdbudgetandmanpower
survey)

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Accesstosanitation:
theJMPmethodbasedonthe2005censusdataandtheMultipleIndicator
ClusterSurvey(MICS)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
JMPdefinitions.Howeverthereisgenerallyalowacceptanceofdrytoiletsatall
levels

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

32

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Undertheintegratedsamplehousehold
budgetandmanpowersurveyheldby
theNationalStatisticsCommitteeofthe
KR,thequestionnairesincludethe
followingquestions(onceayear):
16.Onavailabilityofamenitiesinthe
house:watersupplysystem
25.Whatismainsourceofwatersupply
usedbyyourhousehold?
Watersupplysysteminthehouse
(apartment)
Well
Artesianwell
Ownwaterpipecolumn
Publicwatercolumn
Reservoir,river,lake,pond,ditch
Transportedwater(drums)
Spring
26.Whereisthewatersourcelocated?
Intheyard
Inthestreet
27.Whatisthedistancebetweenyour
houseandthewatersupplysource?
Lessthan100m;100200m;200500m;
5001000m;morethan1,000m.
Thereceivedanddistributeddataonthe
countryandtheirratiotothepopulation
livinginthatterritoryprovide
informationonthepopulationsaccess
tothewatersupplysystem.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Waterpipeinthehouse(apartment),
Well,Artesianwell,Ownwatercolumn,
Publicwatercolumn.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
JMPmethodologyusethe2005census
andMulitipleIndicatorClusterSurvey
(MICS)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Protecteddugwells
Protectedtubewell
Protectedsprings
Protectedspring
Pipedwater
Bottledwaterandwhereitiscombined
withanotherimprovedsourceabove

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Lebanon

Accesstosanitation:
Numberofconnectionstotheseweragenetworkcomparedtothenumberofpopulation(the
restoftheresidencesareconnectedtoprivateseptictanks)
Retainedwhenahouseholdisservicedbyasewerwhichispartofanetworkfeedingornot
intoaSTPornot.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
OnlyseweragenetworksandSTP's.
Privatetreatmentstationsandhermeticallysealedsceptictankscanbeconsideredaslegalin
somepopulatedareasintheabsenceofsewerbutarenotincludedintheaccessstats.
Specialformsofgravityabsorbingseptictankscanbeusedinlowpopulatedareasinvery
limitedconditions.(Decreelaw16/1932anddecree2761/1933)

Lesotho

Accesstosanitation:
Accesstosanitationisdefinedastheproportionofhouseholdsthathaveimprovedsanitation
facilities(asdefinedbelow)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flush/pourflushtopipedsewersystem,septictankorothersafedisposal
Ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine
Pitlatrinewithslab
(officialstatisticshaveuntilnowincludedfacilitiessharedbydifferenthouseholdsin
coveragehowever2009DemographicandHealthSurveyexcludessharedfacilitiesreducing
theurbansanitationcoverageconsiderably)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

33

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Householdsurveys.
Numberofconnections,billing.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Publicnetworks.Thesourcesaremainly
groundwaterresources.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Definitiondiscussedatameetingin
October2011betweenBureauof
Statisticsandthewatersector
institutions:
Accessdefinedaspersonsusinga
minimumof30litreperdayofsafe
waterfromimproveddrinkingwater
sourceswithamaximumcollectiontime
of15minutesandavailableatan
affordableprice

Safewater:waterfulfillingthewater
qualitystandardsasspecifiedinthe
LesothoWaterQualityGuidelines
Affordablepriceofwaterfromother
collectionpointsdefinedasLessthan
2.5%ofhouseholdincomeusedfor
waterservices

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
ImprovedDrinkingWaterSources:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,plotoryard,
Publictap/standpipe,
Tubewell/borehole,
Protectedspring

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Liberia

Accesstosanitation:
HHSurveys(LDHS)
Sanitationservicepointmapping(imminent)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1.sewers
2.septictank
3.VIPlatrine
4.Familywithaslab/squatholecover(coverlidisanecessity)simplepitlatrine

Madagascar

Accesstosanitation:
Inventairedesinfrastructurestraduitesennombredepopulationayantaccsdes
infrastructuresdassainissementparrapportlapopulationtotale(Source:BDEA)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Latrineavecdallelavable:
toiletteavecsigelanglaise,
toilettelaturque,
latrineavecplateformesanplat,
latrineavecsanplatintgre,
latrineavecplateformeenbtonlisse,
latrineavecplateformecirculaireendme
(source:Livretdeslatrinesetpratiquedassainissement,categoriedeslatrinesdites
amliores)

Malawi

Accesstosanitation:
IntegratedHouseholdSurvey(IHS),
MalawiDemographicHouseholdSurvey(MDHS),
WelfareMonitoringSurvey(WMS),
HouseholdCensus,
Inspections,
Observations
HealthInformationManagementSystems
EducationManagementInformationSystem

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
VentilatedimprovedPitLatrines,
TraditionalImprovedPitLatrine,
EcosanToilets,PourFlashToilets,
WaterCloset

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

34

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lessthan10minindistancefrom
improvedwatersource

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipeborne(alsoattachedkiosk),shallow
wells,boreholesfittedwithhandpumps

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Inventairedesinfrastructurestraduites
ennombredepopulationdesserviepar
desinfrastructuresdalimentationen
eaupotableparrapportlapopulation
totale(Source:BDEA)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Robinetdanslelogement,
Robinetdanslacour,
Robinetcommundanslacour,
Robinetpublic/fontainepublic,
Foragemunidepompemotricit
humaine,
puitsprotgsmunidepompe
motricithumaine,

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Accesstosafedrinkingwaterentails
peoplehaveaminimumof36litresper
capitaperdaywithinamaximum
distanceof500metresfromasafe
watersupplysourcethatis:aborehole,
standpipe,protectedspringor
protectedshallowwell.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Officialstatisticsonaccesstoanduseof
safedrinkingwaterinclude:aborehole,
standpipe,protectedspringor
protectedshallowwell(fittedwithhand
pump).

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Maldives

Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus2006

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
flushingtoiletsthatareconnectedtoaseweragesystem,toiletsconnectedbysewerpipes
toseaandtoiletsconnectedtoseptictankswithsoakpits.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

35

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalCensus2006

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
SafedrinkingwaterintheNational
Census2006isreferedtopurifiedwater
suchasboiledtreatedorchlorinated
waterdesalinatedwaterandtreated
rainwater

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Accesstosanitation:
Populationutilisantdeslatrinesamliores/
Populationtotale

`
Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Toilette:
Toilettechassedeaumcaniqueavecsiphon
Toilettechassedeaumanuelleavecsiphon
Latrinesmodernes(cabinecomprenantunmur,uneporteetuntoit):
Latrineamlioredoublefosseventileavecusagealtern,muniedegrillageantimouches
Latrineamlioresimplefosseventileavecusagealtern,muniedegrillageantimouches
LatrineEcoSan
Latrinebiodigesteur
Latrinestraditionnelles(cabineousimplemuret)
Latrineavecdalleenbton(SanPlatouautre)etcouvercletanche
Latrineavecplateformeenbois/banco/revtementetcouvercletanche

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Letauxd'accsl'eaupotablenational
estgalauratio:

popula ondesservieeneaupotable
duMali
_________________________________
_
popula ontotaleduMali

Lapopulationdesservieeneaupotable
pourchaquelocalitestgale:
MIN(Populationlocalit,400.EPEM
fonctionnels)
o:
EPEMfonctionnels=Nombre
d'quivalentspointsd'eaumodernes
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
EPEMfonctionnels=PMHf+BFf+
PMf+SHVAf+SHPAf+1/40BPf

PMHf=nombredepompesmotricit
humainefonctionnellesdanslalocalit
BFf=nombredebornesfontaines
fonctionnellesdanslalocalit
PMf=nombredepuitsmodernes
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
SHVAf=nombredesystmes
d'hydrauliquevillageoiseamliors
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
SHVPf=nombredesystmes
d'hydrauliquepastoraleamliors
fonctionnelsdanslalocalit
BPf=nombredebranchements
particuliersfonctionnelsdanslalocalit

Lecalculdestauxd'accss'effectuepar
regroupementdeslocalitspar
commune,
cercle,rgionetpaysetparsommation

desservies
correspondantes
dtermines par la formule
ci-dessus pour chaque
localit.

despopulations

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

36

Lecalculdestauxd'accss'effectuepar
regroupementdeslocalitspar
commune,
cercle,rgionetpaysetparsommation
despopulationsdesservies
correspondantes
dterminesparlaformulecidessus
pourchaquelocalit.

UNWaterGLAAS201112
Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lesforagesquipsdePompes
MotricitHumaine(PMH);
lesPuitsModernes(PM);
lesBornesFontaines(BF);

Mauritania

Accesstosanitation:
Enqutemnage
Croissementdesdonnesdediffrentesinstitutions

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Rseauxdgout,LatrineVIP,TCM,Latrinesfossesseptiquebaclaver,puisard,

Mongolia

Accesstosanitation:
Currently,thereisnoapprovedmethodologyforthatreason,ithasbeenproceeding
measuringmethodologyofMillenniumDevelopmentGoalswithintheproject"Watersupply
andimprovingsanitationfacilities"andit'sbeenimplementingbyUNDP.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Sanitationfacilitiesareconsideredasadequatewhentreatedwastewaterfollowed
requirementsofdischargestandardleveltotheenvironment.Sanitationfacilitiesare
consideredasadequatefollowingtypes:
1.adrainpipescentralizedsystem
2.adrainpipesdecentralizedsystem
3.wastewaterpipe
4.standard,simplepitlatrines
5.biolatrines

Morocco

Accesstosanitation:
Laccslassainissementliquidecefaitparleraccordementdumnageaurseau
dassainissementounsystmedvacuationdeseauxuses.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Rseauxdecollectedeseauxuses;
Systmesautonomes.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

37

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Enqutes,tudes,rapports

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
puitsmodernes,Forages,Bornes
fontaines,branchementparticulier

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Drinkingwatersafetyisestimatedby
nationalstandardsofdrinkingwater
safetyandqualityMNS09002005

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralizeddrinkingwater,wellwater,
disinfectingstationsupplieswaterare
consideredasadequate(orhygienic)
drinkingwater.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Laccsleaupotableestdfini
commetantlepourcentagedela
populationayantaccsuneeau
potabledomicileoupartirdunpoint
deaudedessertedansunrayonde
200mdanslesvillesetde500men
milieururalparrapportlapopulation
totale.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Branchementindividuel.
Bornefontaineousourcedeau
amnage.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mozambique

Accesstosanitation:
NationalandLocalCensus,Surveys,BaselinestudiesandMonitoringMissions

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Adequatesanitationfacilitiesarethosewhichensurethehygienicseparationoftheexcreta
fromhumancontact.Additionally,safesanitationincludesdimensionsoninfrastructures,
servicesandbehaviours.

Myanmar

Accesstosanitation:
PopulationCoverage(6px100%xTotalflyprooflatrine/totalpopulation)RoutineReport
(HMIS)andHouseholdSurveyMethod(MICS)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Improvedsanitationincludesfacilitiesthatensurehygienicseparationofhumanexcretafrom
humancontact.Theyinclude
1)flushorpourflushtoilet/latrinetopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine;2)
ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine;3)pitlatrinewithslab;or4)compostingtoilet.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

38

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Themethodisbasedonthenumberof
waterpointsconstructed,numberof
peopleserved.Eachwatersource(pump
orwell)isestimatedtosupplyaround
500people.Domiciliarywater
connectionsareexpectedtosupplyin
average5people.Inruralareathe
methodisbasedonthenumberof
peoplethatusewatersources,500
personsforonesources(well,pump,
bore,etc.)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Publicnetworkwaterconnections;
domiciliarywaterconnections;
protectedwells,boreholes,handor
motorizedpumps

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DefinitionofWHO,Portionof
populationusingwithdifferenttypesof
drinkingwatersourcebased
assessment

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
>Pipedwatersuppliedintodwelling,
pilotoryard,>Publictap/standpipe,>
Tubewell/borehole,>Protecteddug
well
>Protectedspring>Rainwater
collection

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nepal

Accesstosanitation:
Censusandsamplesurvey,officialreportingandverificationbyDWASHCC,DHS,
NLSS

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
improvedsanitationfacilitiesrefertoflush/pourflushto:pipedsewersystem,septic
tank,pit(latrine),ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,composting
toilet

Niger

Accesstosanitation:
EnqutedmographiqueetdesantindicateursmultiplesauNiger(EDSNMICS),ralise
en2006

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
LatrinesSanPlatamliores;LatrinesVIPdoublefosses;LatrinesEcoSandoublefosses;
ToilettesChasseManuelle(TCM)doublefosses;Fossesseptiques;Urinoirs;Dispositifde
lavagedesmains;Lavoirpuisard;Douchepuisard;Bassinverdure

Nigeria

Accesstosanitation:

Householdsurvey

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Upgradedtraditionalpitlatrine,Sanplat,VIPtoilet,Pourflushtoilet,Watercloset

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

39

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Surveyofwatersupplyfacilitieswas
conductedandreportsfromwater
agencieswere
alsoanalysedandverified&validatedby
Districtwatersupplyandsanitation
Coordinationcommittee(DWDDCC/
DWASH)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Improvedsourcesofdrinkingwater
referstopipedwater(intodwelling,
yard,or
plot)publictap/standpipe,tube
well/borehole,protectedspring,
protecteddugwell,
rainwatercollection

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Actualisationannuelledelinventaire
desressourceshydrauliques(IRH)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lerobinet;leForagequipdePMH;le
Puitsciment

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Availabilityofatleast20litresper
personperdayforimprovedwater
supplyfromasourcewithin250meters
ofusersdwelling

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Householdconnection,Publicstandpipe,
HandpumpBorehole,ProtectedHand
Dugwell,ProtectedSpring,Rainwater
Harvest

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Oman

Accesstosanitation:
Notprovided

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1SanitaionNetwork
2Septictanks.

Pakistan

Accesstosanitation:
DeterminingAccess
Standarddefinitionsoflatrineuseareutilizedinthenationalsurveyse.g.PakistanSocialand
LivingStandardsMeasurementsurvey.However,thereisneedforusingonedefinition,as
nationalstatisticsarenotyetfullyalignedwithglobaldefinitions.
Accesstopropersanitationservicesisahumanright,asdeclaredbytheUnitedNations,in
ordertoimprovepublichealthandqualityoflife.Itiswidelyrecognizedanddocumented
thatlackofaccesstothisessentialbasicserviceisassociatedwithadverseimpactonpublic
healthandenvironmentalproblems.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
ThedefinitionofimprovedsanitationbeingusedinPakistanincludes:

Flushtoilet
Drains,Pipedsewersystemandpavement
Septictank
Flush/pourflushtopitlatrine
Ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine(VIP)
Pitlatrinewithslab
Compostingtoilet
Specialcase

Panama

Accesstosanitation:
CensoNacionalesyencuestadenivelesdevidadehogares

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
1.Instalacionsanitariaporarrastrehidraulico,condescargaaalcantarillados
sanitariosoasistemasdefosassepticas
2.letrinasanitariaquepuedensersimple,abonerasosecas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

40

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Animproveddrinkingwatersourceis
definedaspipedwaterintodwelling,
plotoryard;publictap;standpie;
tubewell;borehole;protecteddugwell;
protectedspringandrainwater
collection

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
CensoNacionalesyLaEncuestade
NivelesdeVidadeHogares

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguaqueprovienedeunrio,quebradas
o,lagos,depozoperforadoo
escavado,manantialoagualluviayson
procesadasporfiltrooPlanta
Potabilizadorayrecibealgn
tratamientodedesinfeccin.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Paraguay

Accesstosanitation:
LaEncuestadeAguaSaneamiento2010delaDGEEYCdeterminalasestimacionesoficiales
delacoberturadelsaneamiento.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Lasfacilidadesconsideradasadecuadaseincluidasenlasestadsticasoficialesson:
A)Conarrastredeaguaconreddealcantarilladosanitario(redes)
B)Conarrastredeagua,concmaraspticaypozociego
C)Conarrastredeaguaconpozociego
D)Letrinaventiladadehoyoseco(Contubodeventilacin)
E)Letrinacomndehoyoseco(Conlosa,techo,paredesypuerta)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

41

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Esaquellaobtenidasdelasredesde
EssapoSenasa,redprivadao
comunitaria,pozoartesiano,aljibe
,pozoconbomba,pozosinbomba.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Aguaobtenidaatravsdecaeras
dentrodelavivienda,fueradeellapero
dentrodelterreno,obtenidadelvecino
oatravsdeaguaembotellada.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Philippines

Accesstosanitation:
RefertoNEDABoard12,1995

Accessavailabilityoftoiletfacilitywithinthehouseholdpremiseswhichcanbeused
anytimebyanymemberofthehousehold.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
RefertoNEDAboard12,1995

APPROVEDTYPESofTOILETFACILITIES

TypeI

a.Facilitiesrequiringsmallamountofwatertowashexcretaintothereceivingspace/pit.

e.g.pourflushtoilets

b.Nonwatercarriagetoiletfacilityrequiringnowatertowashexcretaintothereceiving
space/pit.

e.g.ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,sanitarypitprivy.

TypeII

Watercarriagetypehavingapourflushorflushtypetoiletfacilityandasepticvault/tankas
thedisposalfacility.

TypeIII

Watercarriagetypewithpourflushorflushtypetoiletfacilitiesconnectedtoseptictanks
and/ortoseweragesystemtotreatmentplants.

1.Flushtypeoftoiletfacilitywithawatersealedtoiletbowlorwaterclosetanda
mechanicaldeviceusedtowashexcretaintothereceivingpublicseweroranyprivate
sewagedisposalplants/unitsbytheuseofflushingwaterwithtrapstoprovidewaterseal.

2.PourFlushtypeoftoiletfacilitywithawatersealedtoiletbowlthatisflushedby
manuallypouringwatertowashexcretaintothereceivingspace/pit.

3.VentilatedImprovePitreferstoanonsitetoiletfacilitywhereinthepitreceivesexcreta
directlyfromtheuserandthereforedoesnotrequiredwaterforflushing;itcomprisesa
linedpit,ventpipewithaflyscreen,coverslabandasuperstructurewhichallowsentryof
freshairintothepit.

4.SanitaryPitPrivytypeoftoiletfacilitywithoutusinganyamountofwater,withapitofat
least12metersdepth,aholeofonesquaremeter,providedwithafloorcovering,ariser,
seatwithcoverwhichareallflyandrodentproofandabuildingforprivacy.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

42

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
RefertoNEDABoardresolutionno.12,
1995.

AccesstoWaterSupplyFacilitiesaccess
towatersupplyiscategorizedasfollows:

LevelIthefarthestuserisnotmore
than250metersfromthepointsource

LevelIIthefarthesthouseisnotmore
than25metersfromthecommunal
faucetsystem.

LevelIIIthehousehasservice
connectionfromthesystem.

AdequatelyServedreferstothosewith
accesstosafewaterinaccordancewith
thefollowingrateofconsumption:

LevelI.atleast
20/liters/capita/day
LevelII.atleast60
liters/capita/day
LevelIIIatleast100
liters/capita/day

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Census,NSO

Hygienic
Ownuse,faucet,communitywater
systems
Shared,faucet,communitywater
system
Ownuse,tubed/pipeddeepwell
Sharedtubed/pipeddeepwell
Tubed/pipedshallowwell

Unhygienic
Dugwell
Spring,lake,river,rain,etc
Bottledwater
Peddler

NDHS,NSO
Hygienic
Pipedintodwelling,yard.Plot
Publictap
Tubewellorborehole
Protecteddugwell
Semiprotecteddugwell
Unprotecteddugwell
Protectedspring

Unhygienic UNWaterGLAAS201112
Unprotectedspring
Rainwater
Bottledwaterwithimprovedsource
forcooking,handwashing

Rwanda

Accesstosanitation:
DHS,HOUSEHOLDSSURVEY,MIS
Accesstobasicsanitation:Percentageofpeoplewithaccesstoaprivatesanitationfacility,
including:flushorpourflushtopipedsewersystem,septictankorpitlatrine,ventilated
improvedpitlatrine,pitlatrinewithslab,compostingtoilet,orotherecosantoilet.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
VIP,ECOSAN,FLUSHTOILET,ImprovedTraditionalPitLatrine,SharedToilet;pg65inthe
NationalPolicyandStrategyforWaterSupplyandSanitationServices.
(http://mininfra.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=97&Itemid=31
9)

Samoa

Accesstosanitation:
Developmentconsentapplications.Publiccomplaintassessments,sanitation
surveys(egsurveysof2010)Aiga(family)andNuu(villages)Manuia(welfare)
programmebyMinistryofWomen,CommunityandSocialDevelopment(MWCSD)

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
SepticTnksmeetingrequirementsundertheNationalBuildingCode(under
review)
VIP(dry)areawithlimitedwater
Fluchtoilet,VIPlatrine,traditionalpitlatrinewithslab,compostingtoilet

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

43

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
MIS,DHS,CENSUS

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Protectedsprings,boreholes,water
supplyschemeandpipedwater.
Accesstosafewatersupply:Percentage
ofpeoplewithaccesstoanimproved
sourceofdrinkingwaterwithin500
metres(rural)and200meters(urban).
Thisaccessshouldbereliable,
affordable,andprovideanadequate
quantity(minimum20litresperperson
perday)withinareasonabletime.
Improvedwatersourcesarepiped
water,protectedwellsandsprings,as
wellasrainwatercollection.Water
qualityisassumedtobeacceptablefor
improvedwatersourcesbutshallbe
testedforcompliancewithnationaland
WHOstandardsforpotablewater.
Handpump:300people.
Pipedwater:350people.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
EUmethod=coveragefortheprovision
oftreatedwaterforurbanWS
percentageofpeopleinourthree
treatedwatersystems/totalpopulation
withinallSWAurbanserviceareas.We
donotconsideranyruralserviceareas
tobeprovidedwithsafewater

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Treated(chlorinated)watercomplying
withSomoaDrinkingWaterStandards
atendpointsofdistributionnetworkat
presentwearecomplyingwiththe
EUtargetsregulatedbyMOH.
PleasebeawarethatSWAprovidesa
watersupplyserviceandistryingat
presenttocontinuallyimprove
performancequantity,quality,
reliability,etc.
SWAdoesnotprovideadrinkingwater
service

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Senegal

Accesstosanitation:

En2005,lanotiondaccs"adquat"atpromueparlesecteur(traverslaLettrede
PolitiqueSectorielle)etrenvoieladisponibilitdanslemnagedun"paquettechnique"
permettantdassurerunevacuationcorrectedesexcrtasetdeseauxuses.Cepaquettel
quedfinisuggrelexistencelafoisdanslaLettredePolitiqueSectorielleproduiten2005.
Cependantdepuis2008unalignementatsuggrparrapportladfinitionduJMP
(assainissementdebaseouamliordsquelouvragepermetdisolerefficacementles
excrmentsetvitertoutcontactdelusageraveccesderniers).
Lamthodeutiliseestlenqutemnageetlinventairedesouvragesraliss

Adequatesanitationfacilities:

Lestypesdinfrastructuresdassainissementconsidrscommetantappropriset
hyginiquesetalorsprisencomptedanslesstatistiquesofficiellessurlaccsetlutilisation
decesservicessont:latrinefosseventile(simpleoudouble),ToiletteChasseManuelle
(TCM),latrinetypeECOSAN,fossevidanger,fosseseptique,branchementaurseau
dgoutsemicollectifoucollectif,lavoirpuisard

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

44

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:

Sontconsidrescommebnficiant
d'unaccs"raisonnable"les
populations:(i)detoutesleslocalits
disposantsurplaced'uneouplusieurs
bornesfontaines,d'unpuitsoud'un
foragemotricithumaine,ainsique(ii)
detoutesleslocalitssituesmoinsde
1kmdeslocalitsprcdentes.
Aussilamthodologiedestimationdu
tauxdaccsestellebasesur
linventaireexhaustifdespointsdeau
existantsdanstoutesleslocalitsrurales
situesdansleprimtreruralenfaisant
ladistinctionnetteentrecellesqui
fonctionnent,nefonctionnentpaset
cellesquinesontplusutiliss.Laccs
tantdtermindansunprimtre
donn,parleratioentrelenombrede
personnesquiontlapossibilitde
sapprovisionnerpartirdessources
deauamliorescitesplushaut,selon
lecritredaccsraisonnable,etle
nombretotaldepersonnestotaldes
localits.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:

Laccsleaupotablerenvoie:en
milieururallaccsviarobinetpublic,
branchementdomiciliaire,puits
moderneprotg,foragequipde
pompemanuelle.Lesbranchementsau
rseaupeuventsefairepartirdun
forageruralmotorisouunestationde
traitement.

Enmilieuurbainlaccsamlior
correspondunapprovisionnementen
eaupotablevialerseauparlebiaisdes
robinetspublicsoudesbranchements
domiciliaires.DanslecadreduPEPAM,
lanotiondaccsrenvoieladfinition
delaccsraisonnabletablieparleJMP.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SierraLeone

Accesstosanitation:

MultiIndicatorClusterSurvey(MICS)andDemographicHealthSurvey(DHS

Adequatesanitationfacilities:

PitLatrinewithSlab

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

45

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DHS,MICS,thenationalcensus

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipewater,tubewells,protectedwells,
protectedspringsandboreholes

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SouthAfrica

Accesstosanitation:
TheWaterServicesNationalInformationSystem(WSNIS)ispopulatedfromvariousdata
sources:theWaterServicesDevelopmentPlanswhichtrackbacklogsonservicedeliveryto
thepoor,theDWAPlanningReferenceFrameworkwhichbiannuallyundertakesplanning
needsassessmentswithinlocalauthorities(requiringmunicipalsignoff)andincludes
improvedaccesstosanitation,formalprojectreportingthroughtheMunicipalInfrastructure
Grant(MIG)whichisrunbytheDepartmentofCooperativeGovernanceandTraditional
Affairs,fromStatisticSouthAfricaviatheCensus,GeneralHouseholdSurveys,NonFinancial
andFinancialCensusofMunicipalitiesandfromfinancialreportsgeneratedfromthe
Treasury.AlldatasetsareusedtoinformtheDWAadministrativedatabasewhichDWAuses
toderivetheperformanceindicators.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
AdequatebasicsanitationfacilitiesaredryonsitesystemssuchasVentilatedImprovedPit
Toilets,UrineDiversionSystemsinruralareasandwaterbornesystemsinurbanareas.

SouthSudan

Accesstosanitation:
Thisisthepercentageofpeopleusingimprovedsanitationfacilities

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Flushtopipedsewersystem,flushtoseptictank,flushtopitlatrine,ventilatedimproved
latrine,pitlatrinewithslab,compostinglatrine

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

46

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
TheWaterServicesNationalInformation
System(WSNIS)ispopulatedfrom
variousdatasources:theWaterServices
DevelopmentPlanswhichtrackbacklogs
onservicedeliverytothepoor,theDWA
PlanningReferenceFrameworkwhich
biannuallyundertakesplanningneeds
assessmentswithinlocalauthorities(
requiringmunicipalsignoff)and
includesimprovedaccesstowater
supply,formalprojectreportingthrough
theMunicipalInfrastructureGrant(MIG)
whichisrunbytheDepartmentof
CooperativeGovernanceandTraditional
Affairs,fromStatisticSouthAfricavia
theCensus,GeneralHouseholdSurveys,
NonFinancialandFinancialCensusof
Municipalitiesandfromfinancialreports
generatedfromtheTreasury.Alldata
setsareusedtoinformtheDWA
administrativedatabasewhichDWA
usestoderivetheperformance
indicators.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Abasiclevelofhouseholdwatersupply
isdefinedashavingaminimumquantity
ofpotablewatersuppliedat25litresper
personperday(oratleast6000litres
perhouseholdpermonth)andsupplied
accordingtothefollowingcriteria:
Minimumflowrateofnotlessthan10
litresperminute;
Astandpipewithin200metresofa
household;
Interruptionsoflessthan48hours(at
anyonetime)andacumulative
interruptiontimeduringtheyearofless
than15days;and
Atapotablestandard(SouthAfrican
NationalStandard241).

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Thisisthepercentageofpeopleusing
improvedsanitationfacilities

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
lushtopipedsewersystem,flushto
septictank,flushtopitlatrine,
ventilatedimprovedlatrine,pitlatrine
withslab,compostinglatrine

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SriLanka

Accesstosanitation:
NationalCensus/Samplehouseholdsurveys

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Connectiontoapublicsewer,connectiontoaseptictank,pourflushlatrine,Offsetlatrine,
ventilatedimprovedpitlatrine,ECOSANtoilet
atleastoneunitperindividualhousehold,excludingpubliclatrine,sharingoflatrineandall
formsofopenpitlatrines.

Sudan

Accesstosanitation:
HealthHouseholdsurveys

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
HealthHouseholdsurveys

Tajikistan

Accesstosanitation:
Percentageofpopulationwithaccesstocanalization

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Canalization.VIPandsepticarenotregardedasimprovedsanitaryfacilities

Thailand

Accesstosanitation:
Censushasbeencarriedoutevery10years.Samplinghasbeendonedepending
ontheoccasions

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thetypesoftechnologythatarelikelytomeethygieniccriterionare:flushto
pipedsewersystem;flushtoseptictank;flush/pourflushtopit;composting
toilet

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

47

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
NationalCensus/Samplehousehold
surveys,veritieswiththeinformation
availableinrelevantinstitutions

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedwatersupplyintodwellingplotor
yardandpublictapstandpost,Tube
well/handpump,protecteddugwell,
protectedspring,protectedrainwater
collectionwithin200m.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
HealthHouseholdSurvey.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Pipedintodwelling,Pipedinto
compound,yardorplot,Publictap/
standpipe,Wateryard/handpump,
Protected/coveredwell,Protected
spring,Filtered(river,stream,dam,
hafir,lake,pond,canalorrainwater),
Bottledwater.

Yes.Theyareincludedintheofficial
statisticsonaccesstoanduseofsafe
drinkingwater

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Waterquality,whichcorrespondsto
microbiologicalstandardsintherural
areaswhichhaveacentralizedor
decentralizedsystemofwatersupply

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralizedordecentralizedsystemof
watersupply

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
householdstatisticalsurveybyNationals
StatisticsOffice

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Tapwater,rainwaterharvestingsustem,
undergroundwatersystem,private
groundwatersystem,bottling

UNWaterGLAAS201112

TimorLeste

Accesstosanitation:
(FromJMP).Method:Nationalsurveysi.e.DHS,TLSLS,Census,

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
(FromNationalSanitationPolicy&JMP).Criteriaofadequatesanitationfacilities:

Togo

Accesstosanitation:
Enqutessurchantillonnage
Inventairedesouvrages/infrastructures

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Assainissementdebase:VIP,TCM,Fossetanche,ECOSAN,Fosseseptique.
Assainissementcollectif:Caniveaux,canaux,bassinsdertentiondeseauxpluviales,gouts.

Uganda

Accesstosanitation:
TheHealthInspectorsAnnualSanitationSurvey(HIASS)involvesHealthInspectorsand
HealthAssistantsvisitinghouseholdsintheirareasofjurisdictionandestablishingthosewith
acceptablelatrinefacilitiesandthosewithout.Thenationalaveragelatrinecoverageasan
indicatoriscalculatedusingthetotalnumberofhouseholdsasdenominatorandthosewith
acceptablelatrinefacilitiesasnumerator.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Alatrineperhousehold,whethersharedornot(withaclean,safefloor,roofandprivacywith
ahanwashingfacility).Cleaninthat,itisnotsoiledbothonthefloorandwalls.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

48

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
DHS2010,TLSLS2007,Census2010.
(Methodwillsentonemailattachment
fromWHOcountryOfficeofTimor

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
RefertoDHSfordefinitionfrom2010
surveythatisavailableatCountryoffice

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Lesmthodesgnralementutilises
pourvaluerlaccsleaupotablesont
lesenqutesetlesinventaires.
Ellesreposentsur:
lesinfrastructures(pointsdeauou
postedeauautonomeenmilieuxrural
etsemiurbain;bornefontaineou,
kiosqueeau,branchementparticulier,
potencedeauenmilieuxsemiurbains
eturbain);
lesnormes(dotationpercapita);
donnesdmographiques(population,
tailledesmnages,nombredemnages)

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Puitsouforagequipdepompe
motricithumaine
Bornefontaineoukiosqueeau
Branchementparticulier
Potencedeau

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Cumulativepopulationservedbythe
differenttechnology,dividedbytotal
population

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Rural:Deepboreholes,shallowwells,
Protectedsprings,Gravityflowschemes,
RainWaterHarvesting
Urban:pipedwatersystems(public
standtaps,waterkiosksandhousehold
connections).

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Uzbekistan

Accesstosanitation:
Thenumberorpeoplehavingaccesstocentralisedsanitationinapopulatedareaisdivided
bythetotalnumberorresidentsinthisarea.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Centralisedsanitationsystemscompletewithasetoftreatmentfacilities

VietNam

Accesstosanitation:
Surveys(questionnaires,interviews)andReportingchannel(verticaldirection)of
ministries,agenciesandpeoplecommitteesatalllevels

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
AccordingtostandardsofMinistryofHealth

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

49

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Thenumberorpeoplehavingaccessto
centralisedwatersupplynetworksina
populatedareaisdividedbythetotal
numberorresidentsinthisarea.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Centralisedwatersuppliescomplete
withfacilitiestotreatwaterandupgrade
itsqualitytothenationalstandard
"Drinkingwater",withthesubsequent
deliverytothedistributionnetwork.

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Surveysatnationalsectorlevelssuch
asgeneralpopulationsurveyin2009,
assessmentreportofwaterand
sanitationsector
Systemofreportingandmonitoring
(verticaldirectionofsector)suchas
systemofreportingonmonitoringand
surveillanceofMinistryofHealth
Independentstudy

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
5typesincludingcollective
management,publicmanagement,
management
bycommunepeoplecommittees,
managementbywatersuppliersand
managementbyenterprises/private
enterprisesinvestinginconstructionof
watertreatmentstations

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Yemen

Accesstosanitation:
ItwasdependedontheannualreportsofLocalCorporations(LC)forurbanwater&
Sanitation,Ministryofwater&Environment,LocalAuthority,theinventoriesandfieldvisits.

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
Thereisnopropersanitationintheruralareas.Variouswastewaterdischargingmethodsare
used,e.g.coveredanduncoveredcesspitssystemsinvaryingproportionsinurbanandrural
areas.Also,40%(approx.)ofwastewaterisdischargedonthelands
Especiallyinruralareas.Onlyasmallpercentageofhouseholdshavesomeformoflatrine.
Latrinesareeither
Locatedinsidethepremisesorinaseparatebuildingoutsidethehouse.Theselatrineshave:
Pourflushsystem.
Ceramicsquattingpanconnectedtoanexternalsoakpit.

Inhillyareas,householdsusepipesfordischargingthewastewatertothevalleybelow.
Generallythelatrinesorcesspitsarenotemptiedwhenfull,thesearecoveredwithsand,and
thevillagersdiganewpit

Zimbabwe

Accesstosanitation:
Inventories,Householdsurveys,census

Adequatesanitationfacilities:
BlairVentilatedImprovedPitLatrines(Ruralonly)andWaterBorneSystemsflush(both
urbanandrural)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

50

02.ImprovedAccessDefinitions

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
itwasdependedontheannualreports
ofLocalCorporations(LC)forurban
water&Sanitation,Ministryofwater&
Environment,LocalAuthority,the
inventoriesandfieldvisits.

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Drinkingwaterfromgovernmentwell
whichmonitoringbythegovernment
(includedintheofficialstatisticson
accesstoanduseofsafedrinking
water).
Thereareothertypesofdrinkingwater
suppliesbutnotincludedintheofficial
statisticsonaccesstoanduseofsafe
drinkingwater).i.e
Bottledwaterwhichmonitoringbythe
government
Treatedwater(privetsector)
monitoredbygovernment
Welleswater(privetsector)not
monitored
Streamwaterwhichisnotmonitored
DifferentkindsofKarafan(not
monitoring)

Accesssafedrinkingwater:
Inventories,Surveys,projections,base
linestudiesetc

Adequatedrinkingwatersupplies:
Deepwells,protectedsprings,Piped
waterschemes,boreholes,protected
wells,individualhouseconnections

UNWaterGLAAS201112

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

03.Question3:PoliciesandInstitutions

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
Policyformulation,Countrystrategicplan,
Sectorcoordinationbetweenline
ministries,UNagenciesandNationaland
NGOs.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Wehavemoreprogressinthispartthan
sanitation.
Wehavemorecomprehensivelawsand
policiesinthissectionincludingapproved
anddistributedruralnationalwatersupply
policy.
Fiveyearsactionplantoincreaseaccess
todrinkingwateralreadyexisted.
Wehavecoordinationbetween
stakeholdersinKabulandprovinces.

Angola

Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.ElaboratedtheFirstdraftoftheNational
PolicyforEnvironmentalSanitation
2.ExpansionoftheCommunityLeading
TotalSanitation(CLTS),from5to11
provinces
3.Accomplishedthefirstnational
conferenceonenvironmentalsanitationin
2011
4.UpdatedtheSanitaryNational
RegulationbytheMinistryofHealth
(MINSA)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.GovernmentalapprovaloftheWater
SectorDevelopmentProgramin2004.By
then,watersectorhasbeenconsideredas
oneofthehighestprioritysector
2.Definedspecificgoalforthewater
sector,100%forUrbanand80%forRural
3.Decentralizationofwatersupplytothe
provincialgovernment

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
:PoorfundingintheSector,Insecurityin
differentpartofthecountry,lowcapacity
ofNGOsandprivatesector,

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
weakcoordinationamongstakeholders
anddonors
weakprogressandbadqualityofprojects
badsecurity
financialproblemsandlackofmoney
lowcapacity

Sanitationcomments:
Becauseofabovementionedreasons,
relatedministriescouldnotimplement
existedplansandpolicies.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcesforsanitation
2.Lackofsufficienthumanresourcesat
centralandlocallevel
3.Fragmentationandoverlap(greyareas)
onthemandatesforsanitationatcentral
andlocallevels(ex:MINAMBandMINEA)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Incompleteoperationalizationofthe
WaterSectorMotherLaw,asitrequires
operationalizationregulations
2.Lackofautarchiestofostertheeffective
implementationofdecentralization
3.

Sanitationcomments:
MINAMBisputtingefforttoincentivea
moreactiveparticipationofMinistryof
Financeonsanitation.
Financialdecentralizationinongoing.
ActualMINAMBisintheprocessof
elaborationthelegalframeworkfor
decentralizationinconjunctionwiththe
implementationofautarchies.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Thereisunderwayprocessofcreating
PublicEnterpriseforWaterSupply,under
theIntegratedProjectofWaterSector
(PEDISA)financedbyWorldBank.
Theconstantsectorreformshavebeen
influencedsometimesnegativelythe
continuityofwatersupplyprojects

51

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Localtreatmentfacilitieshavebeenbuilt
insomeofthedistrictsoftherepublicto
providedrinkingwatertreatment.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlan,2011hasbeen
developedandapproved
2.NationalSanitationStrategy2005,Pro
PoorstrategyforWaterSupplyand
Sanitation,NationalCostSharingstrategy
forWaterSupplyandSanitation2011.
3.Sanitationcommitteesatdifferentlevels
areinplace.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Sectordevelopmentplanhasbeen
developed
2.Severalpolicyformulationshavebeen
done
3.FormationofNationalwaterforum

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
НЕТ

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakcoordinationamongdifferent
stakeholders

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofpotentialandcapablepersonnel
inwaterutilities.
2.Lackofautonomyinwaterutilities

52

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thereisaneedtosetupasanitary
protectionzonefordrinkingwatersupplies.

Sanitationcomments:
NeedtostrengthenLocalGovernment
Institutions(LGIs)withcapacity
developmentandsufficientresource

Drinkingwatercomments:
TripartiteAgreementshouldbedeveloped
betweenLGD(LocalGovernmentDivision),
DPHE((DepartmentofPublicHealth
Engineering)andLGIs(LocalGovernment
Institutions)specifyingtheirrolesand
responsibilitiesregardingWSSservices.
DPHEtoinitiatetheprocessandLGDto
issueexecutiveorders.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Benin

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1..Lapprocheprogrammatiquepar
objectifadoptedepuis2007pourle
financementdusoussecteur
2.Lavulgarisationdoptionstechnologiques
adaptesmoindrecottelque
lalatrinedalleSanplat
3.lamiseenuvreprogressivedela
dcentralisationetlengagement
politiquedelEtatcesderniresannes
danslefinancementdesactivitsdela
DHAB

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.1715EPEonttralissen2010;
2.Letauxdepanneestpassde10,2%en
20099,6%en2010;
3.Au31dcembre2010,lenombrede
contratsdaffermagedesAEVsigns
estde157contre120en2009.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lafaiblessedesinvestissements
ncessairesremetencauselatteinte,
lhorizon2015,desObjectifsduMillnaire
pourleDveloppement(OMD)
relatifsau7mevoletportantsurlaccs
leauetlassainissement
2.faiblecoordinationdesstructures
tatiquesentranantunemultitude
dapprochedinterventionutilisepar
diffrentspartenairessurleterrain
3.lanonpriorisationdelassainissement
parlescommunauts
4ProgrammeNationalede
lAssainissement(PNA)encoursde
relecture
DEPUISDEUXANS.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lebalbutiementdelanouvellereforme
budgtaireopreparlEtat
bninois,setraduisantparle
regroupementdesprojetsensous
programmes
;
2.Leretarddanslanominationdu
rgisseurdes4sousprogrammesdelaDG
Eau
3.Lelongdlaidesignaturedecontratsde
travauxparleMinistredes
Finances

53

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Soussecteurpassuffisammentorganis
pourdrainerunemobilisationdes
ressourcesfinancireconsidrable
Faiblecontributiondubudgetnationalau
soussecteurdelHA
Procdureslourdespourlesdpenses

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.RuralSanitation&HygienePromotion
Program(RSHP)initiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHEDin2008andis
currentlybeingpilotedanddeveloped
intoanationalprogramme.
2.PHEDistakingaleadrolein
reformulatingtheexistingRuralWater
Supply
&Sanitation(RWSS)sectorpolicy.The
existingpolicyfocuseslesson
sanitation,thereforethereformulation
exercisewillincreasethefocuson
sanitation.Sanitationcodeofpractisefor
septictanksinurbanareashasbeen
developed.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Safedrinkingwaterisoneofthehighest
prioritiesofthecurrentnational
fiveyearplan.
2.WaterAct2010hasbeenenactedbythe
parliamentofBhutan
3.Decentralisationofplanningand
budgetingatthelocallevelhasbeen
undertakedn.
4.Initiativetoexplorealternative
technologyoptionsforwaterscareceareas
areunderway

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofcoordinationamoungststake
holders.
2.Nonationalsanitationpolicyforurban
andlimitedreferencesforrural
sanitation.
3.Sanitationhasanationaltargetthatwas
setbyaroyaldecreebuthasnot
beenoperationalisedinthenationalfive
yearplans.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

54

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
1.InsteadofMinistryofWater,National
EnvironmentCommission(NEC)isthe
apexbodyformanagementofwater
resourcesinBhutan

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Lack/Inadequatehumanresources(one
engineerformanyRWS)schemes
2.Lackofcoordinationamoungthe
stakeholders

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationachievements:
Logros:
1.FortalecimientodelMinisteriodeMedio
AmbienteyAgua
2.Ampliadifusindelderechoaaccesoal
saneamiento
3.EstablecimientodelaPolticaSectorial
4.SehaconformadoLaMesaSectorialque
permitetrabajarcoordinadamentecon
AgenciasdeCooperacinInternacional
5.Temadeaguaymedioambiente
incorporadocomoejearticuladorenla
currculaescolar

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FortalecimientodelMinisteriode
MedioambienteyAgua
2.Ampliadifusindelderechoaaccesoal
aguapotable
3.EstablecimientodelaPolticaSectorial
4.SehaconformadoLaMesaSectorialque
permitetrabajarcoordinadamentecon
AgenciasdeCooperacinInternacional
5.SecumplirnlosODM
6.Temadeaguaymedioambiente
incorporadocomoejearticuladorenla
currculaescolar
7.Implementacindelnuevoenfoque
regulatorioconconsideracionessocialesy
ambientales.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosparapreinversiny
calidaddelamismadeficiente
2.Limitadacapacidadinstitucional
3.Recursoshumanosdelacontraparte
nacionalespequea(ViceMinisteriode
AguaySaneamientoBsico,VASB/MMAyA)
4.DebilidadInstitucionalydecoordinacin
InstitucionalenelSectorconnuevosretos
yescasascapacidadesparadesempear
susnuevascompetenciasyroles(MED)
5.Bajacapacidadsectorialparadesarrollo
deinversiones

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosparapreinversiny
calidaddelamismadeficiente
2.Limitadacapacidadinstitucional
3.Recursoshumanosdelacontraparte
nacionalespequea
4.Losmecanismosderecoleccinde
informacinsondbiles
5.Bajacapacidadsectorialparadesarrollo
deinversiones.

55

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.PlanejamentoPlurianualPPAdequatro
emquatroanos;2.ProgramadeAcelerao
doCrescimentoPACIemfasefinalde
execuoePACIIeminciode
implementao;3.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansab,emfasefinal
deelaborao.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA,dequatroem
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansabe
ProgramaNacionaldeSaneamentoRural,
emelaborao.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Apartirde2008,sobcoordenaodo
MinistriodasCidadesecomoapoio
acadmicodetrsUniversidadesFederais,
estemprocessodeelaboraooPlano
NacionaldeSaneamentoBsicoPlansab.
EmsuaversopreliminaroPlansab
apresentaumPanoramaesituaoda
realidadedosaneamentobsiconoBrasil,
constritrscenrios,optandopelo
primeiro,propemacrodiretrizes,
estratgiasemetasparaumhorizontede
20anoseestimaasnecessidadesde
investimentos.Almdisso,sugeretrs
programas:saneamentobsicointegrado
(urbano),programanacionalde
saneamentoruraleprogramademedidas
estruturantes.OPlansab,emfasefinalde
elaborao,aguardaautorizaodaCasa
Civilparainiciaraconsultapblicapormeio
dainternetsobresuaversopreliminar.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficientenvelestruturanteemtodos
osnveisdegoverno,sobretudoem
diversosMunicpioseUnidadesFederadas
(Estados/provncias);2.Dificuldadesnas
relaesentreasesferasdeGoverno,na
buscadeaoconjuntadeacordocomo
pactofederativo.

56

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.Existencedunepolitiquenationaleet
dunprogrammenational
2.Existencedestratgieprouveen
matiredepromotiondelassainissement
3.Implicationdusecteurpriv

Rural
1.transfertofficieldusecteureauet
assainissementauxcommunes,
2.llaborationetladiffusionde
loprationnalisationdelastratgie
nationaledassainissementdeseauxuses
etexcrtadanssacomposante
infrastructureenmilieurural
3.mobilisationduPrsidentduFaso
traverslacampagnenationalede
plaidoyeretdemobilisationpourlaccs
unassainissementadquat

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Rural
1.Miseenplacedelapprocheprogramme
2.Transfertdelamatrisedouvrageaux
communesettransfertannuelde
ressourcesdelEtatauxcommunes
3.tenuerguliredesinstancesdepilotage
etdescadresdeconcertation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain:
1.Ressourceshumainesfaibles
2.Mobilitdupersonnel
3.Incapacitdecertainsprestatairesprivs

Rural
1.Coordinationaveclesautresacteursdu
secteur
2.Lourdeursadministrativesnotamment
aveclesprocduresdepassationsdes
marchspublics
3.Pauvretdesmnages

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Procduresdepassationdemarchs

Rural
1.faiblecapacitdescommunes
2.faiblecapacitdesentreprisesetdes
bureauxdtudedanslexcutiondes
travaux

57

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lemontageinstitutionnelduprogramme
nationaldapprovisionnementeneau
potableetdassainissementauBurkina
Fasofaitdeluiunprogrammeexemplaire
danslasousrgion.Lesresponsabilits
sontbiendfiniesdanstouslesniveaux,les
actionssontdfiniesetmisesenuvre
selonuneapprocheparticipatives.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Elaborationdesdocumentsdepolitique
dHygineetAssainissementde
baseetdecodedHygine(maispas
encorevalid)
2.Elaborationduneordonnance
ministrielleportantsurlagestiondes
dchetsbiomdicaux
3.CrationduneDirectionGnraledes
RessourcesenEauauMinistrede
lEauetEnvironnement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.CrationdunMinistrechargedela
gestiondelEau
2.Existenceduncadredecoordinationdes
actionsdusecteurdelEau
3.Lefaitderendrelgalledroitleau

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedevolontpolitiquepourle
secteur
2.Insuffisancedefinancementpourle
secteur
3.Insuffisancedevisibilitpourdes
structuresquiontlagestionde
lassainissementdansleurattribution

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedelibralismedanslesecteur
delEau
2.Insuffisancedinformations/ducation
surlavaleur/raretdeladenreEau
3.Insuffisancedesfinancementsdansle
secteurEau

58

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Auniveaunationalilmanqueencoreun
planstratgique,unplanoprationnel,
ladfinitiondesnormesetstandards
dassainissement

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Sanitationachievements:
1.TechnicalWorkingGroupforRuralWater
Supply,SanitationandHygieneSector
establishedin2007
2.NationalSanitationForumin2007
presidedoverbythePrimeMinisterwhich
ledtotheestablishmentof13Novasthe
NationalSanitationDay
3.IssuanceofaAgreementbetweenMRD
andMOEYStopromoteschooland
communitysanitationandhygiene2009
4.RoyalDecreeonVillageDevelopment
Committee(VDC)andSubDecreeon
ProceduresfortheEstablishmentand
FunctioningoftheVDC,whichhasbeen
submittedtoCouncilofMinistersfor
endorsement(NSDP2010)
5.NationalStrategyforRuralWaterSupply,
SanitationandHygiene
6.Establishadepartmentinnationallevel
torespondwastewatermanagement.
(MPWT)
7.Constructedwastewatertreatmentplant
inSihanukandSiemReapProvinces.
(MPWT)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.NationalconsensusontheNational
Policyvisiontoprovideuniversaldrinking
watersupplycoverageby2025.
b.TechnicalWorkingGroupforRuralWater
Supply,SanitationandHygieneSector
establishedin2007
c.Encouragingmultistakeholders
participation(fromNationallevelto
communitylevelauthorities,andprivate
sectoranddonorcommunities)intheRural
WaterSupplySectorinlinewiththe
NationalPolicyGuidelines;
d.NationalDrinkingWaterQuality
Standardwasdevelopedandapprovedby
Government.
e.NationalSanitationForumin2007
presidedoverbythePrimeMinisterwhich
ledtotheestablishmentof13Novasthe
NationalSanitationDay
f.IssuanceofaAgreementbetweenMRD
andMOEYStopromoteschooland
communitysanitationandhygiene2009
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Newtreatmentplantsconstructedin6
provinces(Pursat,Battambang,Kampong
Cham,KampongThom,Kampotand
SvayRieng).
b.Expansionofdistributionnetworkand
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

encouragedthepoortohaveaccessto
cleanwater.
c.Privatesectorparticipationincreasing

Sanitationobstacles:
3.Duetolackofeffectivemechanism,the
monitoringandevaluationsystemanddata
baseestablishmentsarestillnotrealized;
4.WhiletheRWSSSectorStrategyhasbeen
finalized,thishasnotyetbeenformally
endorsedbyGovernmentand
implementingguidelinescoveringconcrete
actionsforsectorinvestmentplans,human
resourcedevelopmentplan,andfinancial
strategies,amongothersarestilllacking.
InabilitytoformallyimplementtheRWSS
strategystillperpetuatesthedifferent
approaches,i.e.subsidiesandnon
subsidiesbeingadoptedinruralsanitation
improvement
5.Lackofapprovednationalstandardsand
implementationguidelinesforsanitation
improvement
6.Lackofconsensusapproachregarding
subsidyandnonsubsidyconceptin
promotinghouseholdsanitation
7.Lackofhygienepracticespolicy
8.Lackfunds/support

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.Privatesectorinvestmentisstilllowdue
tonarrowmarginofprofitsinsmall
communitywatersupplyinruralareas;
b.Duetolackofeffectivemechanism,the
monitoringandevaluationsystemanddata
baseestablishmentsarestillnotrealized;
c.DuetodelayedRWSSSectorStrategy,
thesectorwiseplanningforRWSSservices
includingsectorinvestmentplans,human
resourcedevelopmentplan,financial
strategiesarestilldelayed.Late
developmentofRWSSstrategyperpetuates
thedifferentapproaches,i.e.subsidiesand
nonsubsidiesbeingadoptedinrural
sanitationimprovement
d.Lackofapprovednationalstandardsand
implementationguidelinesforwatersupply
andsanitationimprovement
e.Lackofconsensusapproachregarding
subsidyandnonsubsidyconceptin
promotinghouseholdsanitation
f.Lackofhygienepracticespolicy
g.Lackfunds/support
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Budgetforexpansionofnetworkis
limitedandrequiresconsiderable
investments
b.Privatesectorparticipation
stilllimitedandproductionandservicesis
notyetuptostandards.
59

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
SchoolHealthPolicy,FRESH(Focusing
ResourcesforEffectivenessSchoolHealth)
initiative,andWASHarethemainguidance
toolsforimplementinghygieneand
sanitation,buttherearelessresourcesto
translatethosedocumentsintoreal
actions.Inaddition,lackofcoordination
betweenallrelevantinstitutionstoabsorb
bothinternalandexternalresources.

Thesanitationlawneedtobepreparedas
soonaspossible(MPWT)

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Amliorationssensibledutaux
dassainissement
2.Changementdecomportement
Communautaireamorc
3.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Loiportantrgimedeleau
2.PlandActionNationaldeGestion
IntgredelaRessourcesenEau
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedefinancement
2.FaibleTauxdescolarisation
3.Faiblecommunication(sensibilisation
despopulationsetvulgarisationdes
techniquesetinitiatives)
4.Faibleimplicationdespartiesprenantes

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisantecoordinationdesactions
duescesecteur
2.Insuffisancedesfinancementsdusce
secteur
3.Nonvulgarisationdelaloiportant
rgimedeleau
4.Absencedenormalisationet
standardisationdestechnologiesdu
secteur

Sanitationobstacles:
1.InsuffisancedeCadressuprieursetde
TechniciensdAssainissement
2.Faibleniveauderessourcesfinancires
etmatrielles
3.Trsfortedpendancedelaide
extrieure

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedudcretdapplicationdu
CodedelEau
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Mconnaissancedeseffetsduprilfcal
surlasant
2.Qualitdessols(instabilit)/Manque
dalternativesdouvrages
3.Insuffisancedubudget

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedudcretdapplicationdu
CodedelEau
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.PriseencomptedelAssainissement
danslePlanNationaldeDveloppement
Sanitaire,VersionII
2.LaPolitiqueNationaledAssainissement
encoursdlaboration

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaLoiportantcodedeleauadopten
2006
2.Documentdepolitique;DSRPIetII

Chad

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recensementdesmnagessanslatrines
pourpnalit
2.Sensibilisation(Ministres(HRU,
Urbanisme,Sant)UNICEF,ONG,
Municipalit,BAD,Associations

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaLoiportantcodedeleauadopten
2006
2.Documentdepolitique;DSRPIetII

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

60

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
InsuffisanteCoordination
Absencedepolitiques,stratgieset
programmesnationaux

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Ladifficultdoprationnalisationdes
politiqueslabores

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Congo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Adoptiondelalettredepolitiqueetdela
stratgiedassainissement
2.CrationdelaDirectionGnralede
lAssainissementen2010
3.Crationdunestructurerurale
spcifique(eauetassainissement):ANHYR

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1Lamliorationdelagouvernancede
leau
2.Lerenforcementdescapacitsde
contrlequantitativesetqualitativesde
leau
3.Lamliorationdelaccsleaupotable
enmilieururaleturbain

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.Loin2003208du7juillet2003portant
transfertetrpartitiondecomptencesde
lEtatauxcollectivitsterritoriales
2.Existencedunmcanismede
financementdelassainissementenmilieu
urbainassissuruneredevance
assainissement
3.Renforcementducadreinstitutionnelpar
lacrationdunministrechargde
lassainissement
4.Elaborationdunepolitiquesectorielen
cours

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedeprojetsdetextes

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedetextesdapplication
2.Absencedunecoordinationdusous
secteur
2.Faiblessedesfinancements
3.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lemanquededispositionssurlerledes
collectivitslocalesdanslesecteurdeleau
2.Lesorganismesncessairesausecteurne
sontpaspleinementoprationnels

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lecodedeleaudfinitprincipalementla
politiquenationaledeleau.Ondevradonc
veilleraustrictrespectdesonapplication.

Sanitationobstacles:
.Cadreinstitutionnelinstable
2.Insuffisancedesmoyensfinanciers.
3.Loin2003208du7juillet2003portant
transfertetrpartitiondecomptencesde
lEtatauxcollectivitsterritoriales.
Transfertdescomptencessansmesures
daccompagnement(Moyenshumains,
matrielsetfinanciers)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Textesnonfinalissetpartagedes
responsabilitsnonclarifi
2.Cadredeconcertationdusecteurencore
peudvelopp
3.Insuffisancedudialoguepolitique

Sanitationcomments:
Pasdepolitiquenationaledassainissement
Pasdepolitiquesdassainissementen
milieuscolaire.Leministredelducation
neprendpaspartauprocessusde
coordinationdelassainissementduMCAU.
Creruncadredeconcertation
Ilfautcrerlecadredelapplicationdes
rglementations,trelcoutedes
populationsetlessensibiliser

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lesattributionsdesacteursinstitutionnels
urbainsetrurauxncessitentencoredes
clarifications

61

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalstrategydevelopment
underwayinruralarea.
2.Nationalandprovincialleading
institutionsinplace.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Weaknessofthesectorleadingagency.

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Elsectorestalapuertadetener
espaciosimportantesconlasgestiones
hechasparacrearoficialmentelamesa
sectorialdeAgua,SaneamientoeHigiene
2.Seveelsaneamientoconunavisinms
ampliaque,porejemplo,haceunosaos.
3.Lasinstitucionesylapoblacinasocia
marcadamenteelsaneamientoacalidadde
vida,prevencindeenfermedades.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElaboracindeunapropuestadeLeyde
Agua
2.Fortalecimientodelenteregulador
3.Cumplimientodelasnormasnacionalese
internacionales.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowandunusedfinancialresources
allocatedtothesanitationsubsector
2.lackofhumanresourcestopromotethe
sanitationsubsector
3.weaknessofnationalwater,sanitation
andhygieneleadagency

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NoaprobacindelaLeydeagua
2.Faltaderecursosparaalcanzarlasmetas
delosODM

1.NoaprobacindelaLeydeagua
2.Faltaderecursosparaalcanzarlasmetas
delosODM

62

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
UrgentlyassigntheWater,Hygieneand
sanitationroleandresponsibilitiesofthe
planningtotheprovincialandlocallevel.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Rolesofsectorleadingagencyneedtobe
revised.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1.Sectorreform&establishmentofHCWW
andtheregulatoryagencytobe
responsibleforO&Mofallthesanitation
facilities.
2.setting&implementingaclearstrategy
toraisethewastewaterserviceinrural
areas
3.establishmentofsubsidiarycompanies
forwater&wastewatercompaniesineach
government

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.sectorreform&establishmentofHCWW
toberesponsibleforO&Mofallthe
potablewaterfacilities.
2.establishmentofsubsidiarycompanies
forwater&wastewatercompaniesineach
government

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.LiderazgoporpartedelaSecretara
TcnicamejoralacoordinacinInstitucional
2.CompromisodelGobiernodecontarcon
PolticasdeSaneamiento

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Secuentaconunacomisintcnicapara
elrecursohdricobajoliderazgodeSTPy
funcionando
2.Secuentaconunborradordepoltica
parasectorAPS
3.LaleygeneraldeaguaylaleydeAPS
reconocenyespecificanclaramenteel
derechohumanoalaccesodeaguapotable
segura,ascomolaincorporacindel
cambioclimtico.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowtarifffortheserviceprovided
2.Theseparationofresponsibilitiesfor
investmentandoperationinprovincial
Egypthasnotbeenaddressed
3.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.overlapbetweenresponsibilitiesof
stakeholders
2.Theseparationofresponsibilitiesfor
investmentandoperationinprovincial
Egypthasnotbeenaddressed
3.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nohayunplandelsubsector
saneamientourbanoyrural
2.Nohayunapolticadeinversinpblica
haciaelsubsectordesaneamientoenlo
urbanoyrural
3.Nohaylineamientosparalaregulacin
delossistemasadministradosporlasjuntas
deagua(bsicamenteenelsectorrural)
queadministranproyectodesaneamiento.
Faltadecompromisodealgunas
organizacionesdegobiernoentrabajar
coordinadamente.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lacarenciadeunentereguladoranivel
urbanoyrural
2.Lapocainvestigacinquesetienesobre
calidadycantidaddelaguaysusmultiples
usos.

Sanitationcomments:
Lafaltadeunmarcopolticoen
saneamientoyunenterectoracontribuido
adesordenydbilatencinporpartedel
gobierno.Sinembargoseesperaqueestos
resultadosfacilitenunamejorplanificacin
conlagestindelaSTPparaladefiniciny
prontaaprobacindelaLeydeagua
potableysaneamientoquelapropuesta
actualtieneincorporadolacreacindeuna
institucionalidadrectora.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Noexisteunplannacionaldemanejoo
proteccindelasfuentesdeaguapara
consumohumano,ascomounsistemade
informacinconfiablequegaranticeel
estadoactualdelrecursohdricoycon
accesoalpblico.

63

UNWaterGLAAS201112

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.Buenavoluntadpoltica
2.Variosproyectosenelsector
3.(Agenciasinternacionales,
OrganizacionesnoGubernamentaly
Empresascolaboran)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Buenavoluntadpoltica
2.Variosproyectosenelsector
3.(Agenciasinternacionales,
OrganizacionesnoGubernamentaly
Empresascolaboran)

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
1.HygieneandSanitationisthemajor
packageofHealthExtensionProgrammeof
MinistryofHealth
2.PreparationofWASHImplementation
Framework(WIF)andrevisionofMoUto
includeMoFEDandfitintothegovernment
restrucure
3.Preparationandendorsementof
NationalHygieneandSanitationStrategic
ActionPlan(SAP)andInstitutionalized
CommunityLedApproacheslikeCLTSH

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Decentralization
2.Empoweringwomen

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficientepersonalcualificadoenel
Sectorsaneamiento
2.Elusoirracionaldelosrecursos
econmicos.
3.DeficientegestindelSector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficientepersonalcualificadoenel
Sectorsaneamiento
2.Elusoirracionaldelosrecursos
econmicos.
3.DeficientegestindelSector.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.WeakstructureofHygieneand
SanitationintheMinistryofHealth
2.WeakcoordinationamongWASHactors.
3.AbsenceofUrbanSanitationStrategy

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

64

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Formacinalosrecursoshumanospara
efectomultiplicadorenlaslocalidades
UrbanayruralsobrelaSaneamiento
Inclusinextritasdefondosparala
ejecucindelosprogramas(Planificacin,
MonitoreoyEvaluacin).

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
ThereisstandaloneSanitationPolicyin
EthiopiabutitispartoftheHealthPolicy
andWaterResourcePolicy
MDGandeThekwinideclarationare
officiallymonitoredandpubliclyreported

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovementandKnowledgetransfer
aboutSanitation
2.Endorsementforimplementationofnew
modelandconceptofSanitationfacilities
3.Developmentofwaterandsanitation
policiesforRuralandUrban

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AdoptionbyCabinetoftheNational
DrinkingWaterPolicy
2.CorporatisationoftheWaterAuthority
ofFijitoenhanceproductivityandservice
delivery
3.MinisterialdecisiontoadoptaRural
WaterPolicythroughaWaterStakeholders
Forum

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Textesorganiquesmisenplace

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.AllocationfromNationalbudgetfor
sanitationprogrammes
2.Collectiveagreementbetweenstake
holdersonthewayforwardregarding
policyimplementation
3.Fragmenteddatamanagementsystems
(duplicationofdatagathered)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Laxityinthepolicingoflawsthatrelate
towater,sewerageandtheenvironment
whichhasanimpactsonwatersources
2.Apparentreluctanceinincreasingtariffs
whichalsohasanimpactonourabilityto
collecttheneededfundstocarryoutmajor
overhaulsinourinfrastructure

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

65

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Overlappingofrolesofthestakeholders.
Noconsensusonjurisdiction.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Absencedecoordinationentreministres
impliqus
InvestissementlourddelEtatdansles
domainesdelaproduction,du
transport,dustockageetdeladistribution
deleau
Amliorationdelaccsleaupotableen
milieururalindispensable
Garantissementdel'entretiendes
quipements:Destudesontrvl
que50%desquipementshydrauliques
installsenmilieururalne
fonctionnentpasdefaonoptimaledeux
troisansprsleurmiseen
service,ilfautalorstrouverunsystmede
gestion,demaintenanceetdesuivi
techniqueappropri.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Donnesnonfiables
Absencedesynergie

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:
1.FirstNationalSanitationPolicyand
Strategydeveloped
2Leadinstitutiondefined
3.Targetshavebeendefined
4.IntroductionofCommunityledTotal
Sanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.Establishedandfunctioning
EnvironmentalHealthandSanitation
DirectoratewithintheMinistryforLocal
GovernmentandRuralDevelopment
2.Acomprehensiverevisedsanitation
policydevelopedwithhighownershipbyall
keystakeholders
3.ANationalCoordinationmechanismfor
sanitationisinplaceandproviding
harmonisingsanitationsectorstakeholders
inacoordinatedmanner.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ASectorstrategicDevelopmentPlanhas
recentlybeendevelopedtotranslatethe
Waterpolicyintopractice
2.Asectorwideapproachisdeveloping
wellinthesector,andshouldbeinfull
implementationby2012
3.Thereiseffectivestakeholder
coordinationandlearningamongthe
sector

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1Weakcoordination/informationsharing
2.Policyisyettoapprovedbycabinet
3.Lackofbudgetlinesforsanitation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetaryallocationfor
sanitation
2.Weakenforcementofsanitationrelated
lawsandbyelaws
3.LackofanationalMonitoringand
Evaluationsystem

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TheHumanresourceandlogistical
capacityoftheWaterDirectorateisWeak
2.TheNationalwaterPolicyisnotwell
disseminatedtothegrassroots
3.Thereisweaksectormonitoring,
evaluationanddatamanagementand
informationsystem

66

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
.Limitedhumanresourcecapacity
technicalandknowhows
Weakstandardsandenforcement
Inadequateprovisionofimproved
sanitationfacilitiesincommunities,public
placesandpublicinstitutions.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Ghanahasdevelopedadequatepolicies,
strategiesandplans,buttherearegapsin
implementationduetolimited
disseminationofpoliciesacrossalllevels
andlowpredictablefinancing.These
blockageshavecompromisedthe
realisationoffullbenefitsofthesepolicies.

Drinkingwatercomments:
None

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.LacrationduneDirectionNationalede
lAssainissementetduCadredeVie
2.Llaborationetlavalidationdu
documentdePolitiqueNationalede
lAssainissement
3.Ladoptionen2009parleGouvernement
Guinen,delapprocheATPC

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ralisationdesprojetsderenforcement
delaproductiondeaupotablepour
Conakrytraverslaconstructiondela
stationdetraitementdeaudulacde
Sonfonia(10000m3/jour)etdesforages
industrielsdeKobayaetDemoudoula(6000
m3/jour)pourattnuerledficitprsent
depuis2001;
2.Suividcentralisdespointsdeau
modernes;
3.Miseenuvredunepolitiquedela
maintenancedesquipementsenmilieu
rural.

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:
1.IntgrationdeCLTS(ATPC)dansla
politiquenationaldassainissement(en
laborations)
2.ExistenceCNLPII(DENARP)
3.Existencededoc.OMD/SMDD

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedelapolitique
2.AppuiponctueldesPTF

Haiti

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Labsenceduncadredeconcertation
2.Conflitdecomptenceentreles
structuresEtatiques
3.Laralisationdecertainsouvrages
dassainissementsanslesnormesde
construction.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faibleinvestissementdanslesecteur;
2.Vandalismedespompesmotricit
humaine,despanneauxsolaires,descbles
lectriques,
3.Linadquationentrelescharges
dexploitation(augmentationduprixdu
carburant,desproduitsdetraitement,des
quipements,)etletarifdum3deau
potable.

Sanitationcomments:
Absencedesactionsconcertesentreles
diffrentsacteurs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.ManquesdemoyensFinancierset
Matriels
2.Insuffisancesderessourceshumaines
danslesecteurdAssainissement
3.PolitiquedAssainissementencour
dlaboration;pasdedcretpourl
application

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Manquedecadredeconcertationavec
PTFetsecteurprive
2.Participationnonactivedesoutres
ministrecommedelaSantetde
lEducation,Agriculture

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Lesdirectionsrgionauxexistentmaisne
sontpasoprationnellesparmanquede
RH,demoyensmatrielsetquipements

Drinkingwatercomments:
Amlioreacoordinationdesecteuraux
toutesniveau
Renforcementdescapacits(RH,
quipement)

67

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.LeyMarcodeAguaPotabley
Saneamiento(APS)aprobadayen
implementacin.
2.ExisteunborradordePolticaAPSen
procesodeconcertacinypendientede
aprobacin,queincluyelineamientos
bsicosdesaneamiento.
3.SecuentaconunaPropuestadelPlan
NacionaldeSaneamiento.
1.FrameworkLawonWaterandSanitation
(APS)adoptedandimplemented.
2.AdraftAPSPolicyisinaconsultation
processandpendingaproval.ThePolicy
includesbasicsanitationguidelines.
3.IthasaProposedNationalSanitation
Plan.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existenmetasparaincrementarlas
coberturasdelosserviciosde
AbastecimientodeAguaPotableenlas
reasruralesyurbanas.
2.Existeunborradoravanzandodela
PolticaNacionaldeAguaySaneamiento,
enprocesodeconcertacinypendientesu
aprobacin.
3.ExisteunMarcolegalaprobadaque
defineclaramentelosrolesycompetencias,
4.Seencuentraenprocesolaformulacin
delPlanNacionaldeAguaPotable.
5.ExisteunPlanEstratgicode
ModernizacindelSectorAguaPotabley
Saneamiento(PEMAPS).
6.Existenavancesenelprocesode
descentralizacindelossistemas.
1.Therearetargetstoincreasethe
coverageofservicesofWaterSupplyin
ruralandurbanareas.
2.Thereisanadvanceddraftofthe
NationalWaterandSanitationinthe
processofconsultationandpending
approval.
3.Approvedalegalframeworkthatclearly
definesrolesandresponsibilities,
4.Itisintheprocessofformulatingthe
NationalWaterPlan.
5.ThereisaStrategicPlanfor
ModernizationoftheWaterandSanitation
Sector(PEMAPS).
6.Therehavebeenadvancesinthe
processofdecentralizationofthesystems.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lasprincipalesinstitucionessectoriales
(CONASA,ERSAPSySANAA)annohan
logradoconsolidarseenelrolquelaLey
MarcodelSectorAPSlesdefine.
2.Elfinanciamientoparaellogrodelas
metasnacionalesenelsubsector
saneamientosoninsuficientes.La
tendenciahasidohacialabajayse
dependemsdeprstamosydonaciones
delacooperacininternacional.
3.Laprioridadnacionalsiemprehasidola
atencindelsubsectordeAguaPotable.
1.Themainsectorinstitutions(CONASA,
ERSAPSandSANAA)havenotbeen
consolidatedintherolethatAPSSector
FrameworkLawdefinesthem.
2.Fundingfortheachievementofnational
goalsinthesanitationsubsectorare
insufficient.Thetrendhasbeendownward
andaremoredependentongrantsand
loansfrominternationalcooperation.
3.Nationalpriorityhasalwaysbeenthe
focusofWatersubsector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lasprincipalesinstitucionessectoriales
(CONASA,ERSAPSySANAA)annohan
logradoconsolidarseenelrolquelaLey
MarcodelSectorAPSlesdefine.
2.Elfinanciamientosparaellogrodelas
metasnacionalesenelsubsector
saneamientosoninsuficientes.La
tendenciahasidohacialabajayse
dependemsdeprstamosydonaciones
delacooperacininternacional.
3.Faltadevoluntadpolticaparala
descentralizacindelosservicios
municipalesamodelosdegestincon
mayorautonoma.
4.Faltadevoluntadyliderazgoinstitucional
delMinisteriodeSaludenlaplanificaciny
coordinacindelSector.
5.Noexisteunapolticasectorialaprobada.
1.Themainsectorinstitutions(CONASA,
ERSAPSandSANAA)havenotbeen
consolidatedintherolethatAPSSector
FrameworkLawdefinesthem.
2.Fundingfortheachievementofnational
goalsinthesanitationsubsectorare
insufficient.Thetrendhasbeendownward
andaremoredependentongrantsand
loansfrominternationalcooperation.
3.Lackofpoliticalwilltodecentralize
municipalservicesmanagementmodels
withmoreautonomy.
4.Lackofpoliticalwillandinstitutional
leadershipoftheMinistryofHealthin
68
planningandcoordinationoftheSector.
5.Thereisnosectoralpolicyapproved.

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Elpasestcomprometidoydestina
recursosparaelfortalecimientodelos
procesosdedescentralizacin.

Thecountryiscommittedandallocates
resourcestostrengthenthe
decentralizationprocess.

Drinkingwatercomments:
EnelpaselAguaPotableySaneamiento
siempresehavistocomounsubsectorde
Salud,locuallimitaeldesempeodelas
institucionesrectorasdelsector.
EnelpaselAguaPotableySaneamiento
siempresehavistocomounsubsectorde
Salud,locuallimitaeldesempeodelas
institucionesrectorasdelsector.
WaterandSanitationhasalwaysbeen
seenasasubsectorofHealth,whichlimits
theperformanceoftheinstitutions
governingthesector.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

India

Sanitationachievements:
1.Identifiedflagshipschemeforsanitation
withcommittedbudget
2Policiesinlinewithinternationalbest
practices
3DedicatedImplementationmachinery
rightfromthenationalleveltothe
communitylevel

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Nationalpolicyframeworkguidelines
havebeenissuedatnationalleveland
adoptedbyallthestates.
2.Byprovidingfullfinancialsupportto
states,institutionalstrengtheningisdone
byformationofstate/district/block/village
levelmissionsandcommitteesforbetter
partnershipsandconvergence.
3.Increasingoutlaysforawareness
generation,forwaterqualityandtestingof
sourcesandforcommunityparticipation.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientcapacitybuildingoffield
functionaries
2.Rapidpopulationgrowth
3Fundconstraints

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofwillingnesstoimposeandcollect
userchargesinpipedwatersupply
schemes,adverselyaffectingthe
performanceoftheschemes

69

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Policiesandinstitutionalframeworkis
creatingenablingenvironmentforbetter
servicesdeliveryinRuralWaterSupply
sector.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationtargetisincludedinthe
nationalprioritytobeachievedin2014
(statedinthenationalmidterm
developmentplan/RPJMN20102014)and
annualworkplan/RKP)
2.DraftforPresidentialInstruction
regardingdrinkingwaterandsanitation
developmenthasbeendeveloped
3.MDGsreportsubmittedannualytothe
UNhasalreadydescribedtheachievement
ofsanitationdevelopment(Target7C)
4.Accelarationprograminsanitation
developmentthroughPPSP(20102014),
whichisdesignedtoestablishPresidential
InstructionofSanitation(Inpres)
5.ExistenceofWaterandSanitation
WorkingGroupatnationallevelthat
consistof8ministriesrelatedtosanitation
sectordevelopment.Similarworkinggroup
arealsoformedatlocallevel(asacross
sectorcoordinationinstitutioninthe
Developmentofwaterandsanitational
locallevel.
6.Nationalprogram:CommunityBased
TotalSanitation(STBM),comprehensive
sanitationapproacheson5pillars:
a.Eliminatingopendefecation
b.Handwashingwithsoap
c.Householdsafewatertreatmentand
storage
d.Solidwastemanagement
e.Wastewatermanagement
7.NationalpolicyonCommunityBased
DrinkingWaterandSanitation(AMPLBM)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.InitiationofWaterSafetyPlan:
Comprehensivepolicytoensurewater
safety
2.WaterandSanitationWorkingGroupand
Networkasacrosssectorcoordination
institution(tasks:Advocacy,planning,
coordination,monev)
3.toincreasethecoverageofdrinking
watersupply,Presidentestablisheda
nationalpoliciesfordrinkingwatersupply,
espesiallyinscarcitywaterareathrough
Cluster4Program(target:2025
100%coverage)
4.Toincreasetheparticipationofprivate
sector,Bappenashasestablishedguidance
forprivatepartnership.
5.Draftforpresidentialinstruction
regardingdrinkingwaterhasbeen
developed
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments
6.Drinkingwatertargetisincludedinthe
nationalprioritytobeachievedin2014
(statedinthenationalmidterm
developmentplan/RPJMN20102014)
andannualworkplan/RKP)

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Crosssectoralpolicycoordinationon
provisionofimprovedfacilitiesfor
sanitationislessthanadequate.
2.Thegrowthofurbanpopulationshas
beengreaterthanthedevelopmentof
improvedsanitationinfrastructure.
3.Communityawarenessoftheimportance
ofcleanwateruseandsanitationpractices
remainslow.
4.Governmentandprivateinvestmentsin
sanitationarestilllow.
5.Limitationinlocalgovernmentcapacity
intakingcareoftheirsanitationproblems.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Incompleterulesandcomprehensive
policiestosupporttheavailabilityof
drinkingwaterandcrosssector
coordination
2.Thedecreasingofquantityandqualityof
adequatedrinkingwatersource
3.Implementationofcrosssectoralpolicy
coordinationinwatersupplyisstillless
thanadequate.
4.Growthofurbanpopulationshasbeen
greaterthanthedevelopmentofimproved
watersupply.
5.Communityawarenessofthe
importanceofcleanwateruseand
sanitationpracticesremainslow.

70

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Severalinnovativeregulation:
1.Perpres67/2005(Regulationsof
President)aboutgovernmentandprivate
sectorspartnershipregardingtothe
provisionofinfrastructure.
2.PMK120/2008(RegulationsofFinancial
Ministres)aboutPDAMSdebt
restructurisation
3.PMK168/PMK.07/2008aboutlocal
governmentsloanmechanism
4.Perpres29/2009aboutguaranteeand
interestsubsidyfromnationalgovernment
regardingtoaccelerationofdrinkingwater
Severaldrinkingwaterinstitution:
1.AssociationofWaterEnterprises
(Perpamsi)inNationalandProvinceslevel
2.NationalDrinkingwaterdanSanitation
WorkingGroup(PokjaAMPLNasional):
Crosssectoralcoordinatingintitution
3OrganizationofSelfSupplyDrinking
WaterinCommunitylevel(BPS)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.legislationoflawofwaterandwaste
watercomplanies
2.Iraniancabinetinthemeetingdated2
January2011hasapprovedthe
MonitoringofHealthEquityandits52
indicators(includingdrinkingwater
andsanitationindicators)
3.Approvingofbudgetlinestohospital
wastewater

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Implementationofwatersupplyprojects
inruralareasasaggregated
2.Moreuseofsurfacewaterinsteadof
groundwater
3.Reducingpovertyandincreasingin
accesstosafedrinkingwaterand
healthindicators

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:
1.100%ofpopulationareconnectedto
eitherseweragenetworkorseptictanks
2.Sixtytwopercentofthepopulationare
connectedtoseweragenetwork
3.Plansforwastewaterprojects

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorcoordinationbetweeninvolving
organizations
2.Poordevelopmentoftheprivatesector
3.Theparticipationofthoselessaffluent

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Restrictionsonwaterresourcesand
drought
2.Inadequatefinancialresources
3.Unsuitabledistributionofwater
resourcesandsocialstressesfor
conductingwater

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Highpopulationgrowthandurban
expansion,whichincreasesthedemandon
sanitationservices
2.LimitedCapacityofwastewater
treatmentsplantsandpumpingstations
transferringandtreatingwastewater
3.Increaseofcapitalcostsinfrastructure
andtheinabilitytosecurefinancefor
sanitationprojects

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Increaseofcapitalcostsinfrastructure
andtheinabilitytosecurefinanceforwater
projects
2.tariffandcostrecovery

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

71

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalenvironmentalandsanitation
andhygienepolicyinplaceandlaunched
2.Nationalstrategyonenvironmental
sanitationandhygieneinplace(draft)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterrecognizedasabasichumanright
intheConstitutionofKenya2010.
2.Improveddataandinformationfrom
urban.
3.Developmentofawatersectorstrategic
planandpropoorimplementationplan.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Indequateresources
2.nodissemination
3.affordability

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofsectorwide,institutionalco
ordinationframework.
2.Manyplayers(mainlyNGOs)not
capturedintheplanningandcoordination
systems.
3.Verylowpercapitaavailabilityofwater
withpercapitastorage.

72

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Needtoreviewpolicyandstrategyto
conformtothenewconstitutional
dispensation

Drinkingwatercomments:
Sectorwidepolicyisnotavailableandthe
statusmaybeunderestimateddueto
investments/operationsthatareoutside
thenationalinformationsystem

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:
Tofurtherimprovetheruralpopulations
accesstodrinkingwater,theagreementfor
fundingtheSecondRuralWaterSupply
andSanitationprojectwassigned
betweentheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
RepublicandtheInternational
DevelopmentAssociation.TheProjectgoal
istoassisttheborrowerinenhancing
accessoftheParticipatingCommunitiesto
drinkingwater,improvethesanitaryand
hygienicpracticeinruralareasatthe
individual,familyandinstitutionallevels.
UndertheRuralWaterSupplyDepartment
(RWSD)program,trainingwasdeliveredon
HygieneandSanitation,andtheinitiative
groupsRuralHealthCommittees(RHC)
wereestablished.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:Solutionofthewatersupply
problemislaidinanumberofprograms,
themostsignificantofwhichisthe
ComprehensiveDevelopmentFramework
ProgramoftheKyrgyzRepublic.Tochange
currentsituation,theAsianDevelopment
Bankissuedaloanof36mln.USDforthe
projectRenderinginfrastructureservices
atsettlementlevelfor20022007(co
financingoftheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
Republicmade9mln.USD)forrecovery
andconstructionofwaterpipelinesin730
villagesand7citiesofChui,Osh,Jalalabat
andBatkenoblasts.
Themaingoaloftheimplementedproject
RuralWaterSupplyandSanitationofthe
totalcostof24.5mln.USDundertheWorld
Bankloanfor20022007wasalsoto
recoverandconstructruralwaterpipelines
in270villagesofIssykKul,Naryn,andTalas
oblasts.Bothprojectsaimedatimproving
healthandenhancingthesanitaryculture
ofthepopulation,particularly,amongthe
poorestvillagers.Intotal,includingtheco
financing,about70mln.USDischanneled
toimprovingthingsinprovidingthe
countrypopulationwithcleandrinking
water.Foranumberofeconomic
circumstances(riseofpricesforthe
constructionmaterialsandother),both
projectswerefulfilledby50percentofthe
plannedvolume.Thesevereclimateand
highseismicactivityalsorepresentrisksfor
sustainabilityofinfrastructure,whilethe
spreadstonysoil,topographyandremote
locationofmanysettlementsleadtohigh
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

constructioncosts.

Sanitationobstacles:
Lackoffundsforservicesandmaintenance
ofsanitation,lackofanationalstrategy.
Thereisnoteachingmethodforpreschool
children.
Thestaffhealthworkersincomprehensive
schoolshavebeencut.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereislackofcoordinationbetweenthe
sectorpolicyforwatersupplyandwater
disposal,andpolicyinothersectors,such
ashouseconstruction.Mostofthe
existingwatersupplysystemsexceededthe
periodofdepreciationofequipment,and
waterpurificationanddecontamination
facilitiesneedurgentoverhauland
renovation.Physicaldeteriorationof
municipalwatersupplynetworksmakes
morethan70%,upto40%ruralwater
supplysystemsareincriticalcondition.
AccordingtoterritorialSSEScenters,
currently226of1,073watersupply(21%)
donotmeetsanitarystandards:138water
supplysystemsdonothaveadequate
sanitaryprotectionzonesofwatersources,
14havenowatertreatmentandwater
preparationsystems,at178drinking
watersuppliedtothepopulationisnot
disinfected,morethan4thousand(13.3%)
standpipesmalfunction.Theruralwater
supplysystemscurrently

73

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.setupjointWASHsectorassessment
processTATandIWG
2.WaterSupplyLawadoptedanddraft
decreeontheimplementationofthe
waterlawinprocess
3.Urbanwatersupplypolicyandroadmap
tofutureofwatersupplysector
completed
4.UrbanWaterSafetyPlansestablished
5.StrategyonRuralWASHdrafted.
6.Urbandevelopmentstrategydrafted
7.CLTSestablishedasmaindemandled
approach

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DrinkingwatertargetsareinNational
SocioEconomicDevelopmentPlanof
Government
2.Clearlydefinedinstitutionalrolesofrural
andurbanplayersatdifferent
levels
3.Goodcoordinationandcooperation
betweenurbanandruralWASH
includingotherkeysectorssuchasMinistry
ofEducation

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:
1.STPconstructioncontinues
2.WaterandWastewaterestablishments
arehearinguptooperatesystems
3.Fundingiscomingonstream

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MEWhasdevelopedastrategywhichis
yettobeapprovedbytheGovernment.
2.Anumberofplansandprogrammeshave
beenadoptedbydifferentgovernment
institutionswhichhavealevelof
coherence.
3.Mostoftheurbannetworks,inaddition
tomanyruralnetworks,havebeen
rehabilitatedandextended.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Communityawrenessremainslowon
sanitation
2.Resourceshumanandfinancialare
limited
3.increasingfrequencyofnaturaldisaster
especiallyfloodsin2011

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NoruralWASHpolicy(strategyonly)
2.Publicprivatepartnership(PPP)inrural
WASHstilllimited

Sanitationcomments:
RuralWASHpolicywillbefurther
developednextyear2012andruralWASH
institution'smandatewillbeendorsedby
MinisterofHealthsoon.Theexisting
urbanWaterSupplypolicywillbeupdated
alsonextyear

Drinkingwatercomments:
PPPinruralWASHshouldbegradually
enhancedatdifferentlevels

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofhumanresources
2.Nogovernmentpolicydrivetohelpthe
WaterandWastewaterestablishments
3.Waterestablishmentsareresponsibleby
lawtobeinchargeoftheWW
management,withouthavingtherequired
capabilities
4Interferencebetweendifferentpublic
institutionsintheWWissue

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofuniformityandcoherenceatthe
policyorinstitutionallevel.
2.Failuretodecentralisewatersupply
services.
3.FailuretoadoptIWRM

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Adrinkingwaterpolicywasapprovedina
decennialplanandinsomeMEWProjects
butitsexecutionanditsschedulehavenot
beingrespected.

74

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Lesotho

Sanitationachievements:
1.Decentralisationofhealthserviceswill
facilitateeffectivecooperationatdistrict/
locallevelforhygieneandsanitation
promotion
2.Comprehensivehumanresource
assessmentforthewatersectorisongoing
andwillidentifythecapacitygapsfor
promotionofhygieneandsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLesothoWaterandSanitationPolicy
(2007)andtheWaterAct(2008)provide
thelegalframeworkforwaterservices
2.Theinstitutionalframeworkforwater
servicesisinplacewithWASCOproviding
waterservicesinurbanareas,regulatedby
LesothoElectricityandWaterAuthorityand
DRWSsupportingwaterservicesinrural
areas.Theresponsibilityforoperatingbulk
waterinfrastructurehasin2011been
assignedtoWASCOandtheresponsibility
formanagingthebulkwaterassetstoa
unitintheWaterCommission.
3.ThecapacityoftheOfficeofthe
CommissionerofWatertocoordinateand
planwatersectoractivitiesissteadily
increasing.Thewatersectorhasdeveloped
theinterimstrategyforwaterand
sanitationwhichisthebasisforEUsector
budgetsupportandhasforthefirsttime
hadtheannualsectorreviewinDecember
2011

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Acomprehensivesanitationstrategyyet
tobedevelopedandsanitationonly
coveredmarginallyinthewaterand
sanitationpoliciesandthewateract
2.Limitedcooperationandfragmentation
ofservicedeliverybetweenlocal
governmentauthorities,ministryofhealth,
ministryofeducationandthewatersector
institutionsintheprovisionofsanitation
servicesandhygienepromotion

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Effectiveservicedeliveryinruralareas
dependonimprovedcooperationbetween
theDRWSandthelocalgovernment
authoritiesandthecapacityofthelocal
governmentsneedstobeimprovedto
effectivelymanagethewaterservices.

75

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Rural:TheDepartmentofRuralWater
Supplycarryouthygieneeducationand
subsidiselatrineconstructioninthevillages
wherewatersystemsareimplemented
only.Allothercommunitiestargetedby
activitiesoftheMinistryofHealth
environmentalhealthprogrammeby
communityhealthworkersineach
communityandHealthAssistantsineach
healthcentre.
Urban:theresponsibilityoftheWaterand
SewerageCompany(WASCO)islimitedto
provisionofsewerageservicesandonly
addressesonsitesanitationandhygiene
whenimplementingsanitationprojects
(e.g.theongoingMaseruWastewater
ProjectwithEUfunding).Thereislimited
coordinationandcooperationwiththelocal
authoritiesandMinistryofHealthin
promotionofsanitationandhygiene.
MaseruCityCouncilandMinistryofHealth
iscarryingoutpromotionofsanitationand
healthinMaseru.Inothertowns,the
DistrictHealthInspectorsarecarryingout
promotionofhygieneandsanitation

Generallythereisalackofresources
availableforpromotionofsanitationinthe
healthsectorandinlocalgovernmentsso
althoughthestructures/staffingarein
placetopromotesanitationgenerallyinthe
country,theresultsareinadequateand
thereisalackofastrategicframeworkand
acoordinatedapproach

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheLocalGovernmentActandtheWater
Actdifferinthedescriptionoftherolesof
localgovernmentauthoritiesinthe
provisionofwaterservices:thelocal
governmentactspecifytheroleasO&M
andthewateractstates:provisionof
waterandsanitationservicesintherural
areasaswellasoperationsand
maintenanceofthesystemsshallbethe
responsibilityofalocalauthority.Thereisa
needtoclarifythisanddevelopaneffective
programmeforcapacitatingthelocal
authoritiestofulfiltheirrolesinservice
provision

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Developmentofcompact(Apr2011)
2.NWSHPCbecameactive(May2011)
3.ExecutiveorderforNationaWater
ResourceandSanitationBoard(completed
butneedspresidentialsignoff)
4.New
5.WaterPointMapping/WASHLiberia
website(portalforallWASHinLiberia)
(June2011)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompact
2.TheSectorStrategicPlan
3.TheWaterPointATLAS

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.MinistredelEau
2.Codedel'EauetPolitiqueetStratgie
Nationaledel'Assainissement(PSNA)
disponibles
3.ProgrammeNationald'Accsl'Eau
Potableetl'Assainissement(PNAEPA)
disponible

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LeMinistredelEau,Manuelde
procdure
2.Codedel'Eaudisponible
3.ProgrammeNationald'Accsl'Eau
Potableetl'Assainissement(PNAEPA)
disponible

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Finance
2.Regulatoryentitynotoperational(WSSC)
3.DelaysingettingsigningoffonCompact
(todate)
4.DifficultiesingettingNGOstoadhereto
nationalregulations
5.Initiallydatagapsandtodateissueswith
mechanismsforupdatingdata

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds

Sanitationcomments:
HavingtheLiberiaWASHCompacthasbeen
veryusefulasithasenabledthe
implementationofpolicybytakinglarger
policydocumentsandbreakingthemdown
intoaclearactionplan.TheCompact
RoadmapofActionshavebeenconverted
toagendaitemsfortheNWSHPCandthisis
howimplementationisbeingactively
driven.

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMoFinLiberianeedstoactivelyengage
infundingthesector

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
AEPHAmaisaussiproblmedabsorption
defonddisponible
2.CoordinationdifficiledusecteurAEPHA
3.Difficultetfaibleapplicationdestextes
lgislatifs(codedel'eau,cadresectoriel,)
etdespolitiquesnationales

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ReformeinstitutionnelledelaJIRAMA
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdusecteur
AEPHAmaisaussiproblmedabsorption
defonddisponible
3.CoordinationdifficiledusecteurAEPHA
4.Difficultetfaibleapplicationdestextes
lgislatifs(codedel'eau,cadresectoriel,)
etdespolitiquesnationales

Sanitationcomments:
Miseenplaceduneinstitutionfortepour
grerlassainissement,
Crationd'unOfficeNationalpour
l'Assainissementourenforcementdes
capacitsdel'ANDEA(redevance,
financires,matrielles,humaines,
comptences,etc.).

Drinkingwatercomments:
Misejouretvulgarisationdecodede
leauetdumanueldeprocdure

76

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Malawi

Sanitationachievements:
1.DevelopmentandAdoptionofNational
SanitationPolicy,2008
2.EstablishmentoftheDepartmentof
SanitationandHygiene;andtheNational
SanitationandHygieneCoordinationUnit
(NSHCU)
3.IntegrationofSanitationinthePrimary
Schoolcurriculum

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Limitedfinancialsupportto
rehabilitationofaginginfrastructure
2.Inadequatefinancialsupportlowerlevel
institutionslikeDistrictWaterDevelopment
Offices
3.Highstaffturnoverinthetechnical
positions

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:
1.Waterandsanitationisaconstitutional
rightintheMaldives(2008Maldives
constitution)
2.StrategicActionPlan20092013
(NationalPlan)fortheMaldiveshasbeen
developedin2009whichconsistsofgoals,
policiesandstrategiesforthewaterand
sanitationsector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterisaconstitutionalrightinthe
Maldives(2008MaldivesConstitution)
2..StrategicActionPlan(NationalPlan)
20092013fortheMaldiveshasbeen
developedin2009consistsofgoals,policies
andstrategiesofthewaterandsanitation
sector

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedfundingforSanitation
Programmes
2.LimitedCapacitywithinthesubsector
3.Limitedpublicawarenessofthepolicy
documents,goodsanitationandsafe
hygienepractices.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationandhygienenotrecognised
explicitlyasaRight.
Thereislackofbaselineandtargetsfor
SchoolsandHealthyCentres.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofinstitutional,technicaland
financialcapacityforoperationand
managementofwaterandsanitation
facilities
2.Lackofresearchandtechnology
developmentopportunities,whichare
necessarytoprovidebetter,costeffective
services

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofinstitutional,technicaland
financialcapacityforoperationand
managementofwaterandsanitation
facilities
2.Lackofresearchandtechnology
developmentopportunities,whichare
necessarytoprovidebetter,costeffective
services.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

77

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.Constructionde2dchargesfinales
(contrlescompactes):celledeSikasso
estenexploitationetcelledeBamako
excute80%;
2.Constructionde3stationsdpuration(1
enZoneindustrielle,1lhpitalduPointG
etlautreMopti)
3.917latrinespubliquesVIPplusieurs
blocsralisesdansleslieuxpublics
(coles,marchs,gares),unelatrine
douchepubliqueavecboutiquesNionoet
6542latrinesindividuellesamliores
construites.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1ProjetdAlimentationenEauPotableet
dAssainissementde18Communesdela
RgiondeMopti;

2ApprovisionnementenEauPotableet
AssainissementdanslargiondeGao,
Koulikoro,Sgou(AEPA/GKS);

3Projetdemobilisationdesressourcesen
eauen1reRgion(Kayes)etlaralisation
dadductiondeaupotable.

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:
1UNministreddieausecteur(Eauet
Assainissement)
2.Crationdesstructuresenchargedu
secteurdelAssainissement
3.crationdesservicesrgionauxde
lAssainissement(dbutde
dconcentration)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.reformedusecteur
2.Dclarationdepolitiqueenmatire
deaupotable(CSLP,plandinvestissement
20112015.)
3.dcretsdapplicationducodedeleau

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedesituationderfrenceen
matiredassainissement(inventaire
inexistant)
2.Insuffisancenotoiredesinfrastructures
dassainissementdebase(dcharges
finales,stationsdpuration,dptsde
transit)
3.Incivismedespopulationsenmatire
dassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1Lecotlevdesouvragesdalimentation
eneaupotable
2Lepouvoirdachatrelativementbasdes
populations
3Lefaiblefonctionnementdecertaines
structures(fondsdelEau,ConseilNational
delEau.)etlafaibleapplicationde
certainstextes(codedeleau)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.multiplicitsdesintervenantset
chevauchement
2.manquedecoordination
3.faiblessedescollectivitslocalespour
assumerlesrlesquileursontassigns

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insuffisancedecoordination,de
planificationsectorielleetdapplicationdes
textesetmesuresdaccompagnement
2.faiblessedescapacitsdesservicesen
chargedusecteur
3.dsquilibrefinancierdusecteur

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Nant

78

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mongolia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Adaptedthelawofurbanwatersupply
andsewagesystemusage.
2.Formulatingcoordinatingcommitteeon
usageandserviceofwatersupplyand
sewagesystemfacility.
3.Increasedstateinvestmentofwater
supplyandseweragesystem.
4.Thenewsanitationfacilitiesfor6years
ordersweresetupinallpublicschools.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developedlegalenvironmentofwater
sector.
2.AadaptedtheLawofwatersupplyand
sewerageincities.
3.Formulatedcoordinatingcommitteeon
usageandserviceofwatersupply,
seweragesystemfacility.
4.Increasedstateinvestmentofwater
supplyandseweragesystem.
5.AdoptedWaternationalprogramin
2010andverifiedbygreateststate
assembleofMongolia.
6.Explored,accomplishedwaterrecourses
inUlaanbaatarcityandcenteroftheaimag,
sum.
7.IncreasedWatermarkperheadin
Ulaanbaatarcity.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Intersectoralcollaborationislacking.
2.Lackingknowledgeonsanitation.
Informationsharinganditstransparencyis
lackingwithinmonitoringandreporting
schemes.
3.Underbudgeted.
4.Sanitationfacilityoftheschooland
kindergardensetoutsideofthebuildingin
sumarea.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thepoliciesandprogramsaredeveloped
atthecentrallevelanddonotoftenreach
locallevels.
2.Policyimplicationmonitoringtoolsand
indicatorsareweak.Sincethereisnot
muchpublicinvolvementandownership
forpoliciesandprogramsdeveloped,the
publicispassiveinmonitoringtheprogress
ofnumerouspoliciesandprograms.
3.Noaccessibilitytoinformationand
transparencywithinmonitoringand
reportingschemes.Allthesechallengethe
researchanddatacollectionprocess.
4.Notadequatefuelwhensupplywaterby
transportation.
5.Watertariffpolicycoordinationis
extremelyunsatisfactorynationwide

79

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Itisnecessarytodevelopstructureofwater
supplyandsewagesystemfacilityserving
companies.
Therefore,thiskindofservingcompanies
arestartingtoestablishintheruralarea
andsoums.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.Miseenplacedunepolitiquede
prservationdesressourceseneauetdela
protectiondelenvironnementcontrela
pollution,ProgrammeNational
dAssainissement(PNA)etleProgramme
NationaldeGestiondesDchetsMnagers
(PNDM).
2.Ralisationdeprojetsstructurantsde
dpollutionaveclamiseenplacedes
stationsdetraitementdeseauxusesdans
lecadreduPNA.
3.Loi1095surleau.
4.Loi7800surlachartecommunale.
5.Loi5405relativelagestiondlgue
desservicespublics.
6.Loi0699surlalibertdesprixetla
concurrence.
7.Loi1103relativelaprotectionde
lenvironnement.
8.Loi1203relativeauxtudesdimpact.
9.Ledcretdassainissementautonome.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Instaurationdunepolitiquedegestion
intgredesressourceseneau,
2.ProgrammedApprovisionnement
GroupenEauPotabledespopulations
Rurales(PAGER)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Financementinsuffisantdanslesecteur.
2.Difficultdadoptiondenormes
spcifiquesrelativesauxrejetsindustriels.
3.Difficultdadoptiondenormerelative
larutilisationdeseauxpures.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Moyensfinancierslimitssurtoutqueles
variantesfaiblecotsontpuisesetne
restequelessolutionsonreuses

80

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Retarddtablissementdunplannational
derutilisation.
Etudedecasdanslarutilisationencours
delancement.
Enqutesurleraccordementet
lpurationdeseauxuses,enprparation.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mozambique

Sanitationachievements:
1.Theplanningprocessstartsatlocallevel
2.Localusersareengagedatleastat
consultationprocessfordecisionmaking
onwatersector
3.ApprovaloftheWaterSupplyand
SanitationPolicytotheCouncilofMinisters
forappreciationandapproval
4.Creationandestablishmentofthe
AdministrationforWaterandSanitation
Infrastructures(AIAs)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strategicinformationsharingamong
watersupplyactors(private,public,NGOs,
etc)
2.Inclusionofprivatesectoronwater
schememanagement(delegatedwater
supplymanagement)
3.Creationofautonomousinstitutionsfor
urbanwatersupply
4.Issuanceofanationalactwhich
determinetherainwaterharvestforall
publicfacilities(atleastforruralareas)

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalSanitationWeeks
Movement(Communitybased)
2.FourCleansProject(Communitybased)
3.SchoolSanitationandHygieneEducation,
SSHE(Schoolbased)
4.45%insanitationcoveragein1997,83%
insanitationcoveragein2009dramatically
achieved.
5.SchoolandEnvironmentalcleaningday
celebratedonlastSaturdayofOctoberin
everyyear.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Highlevelperformanceand
implementationintheregion.
2.Upgradingthesocioeconomicsector.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedhumanresourcestoimplement
decentralizedmanagement
2.Limitedfinancialresourcestoimplement
allplannedactivities(latebudget
disbursement)
3.Lackofclearlegaldefinitionofthe
leadinggovernmentinstitutiontocentrally
coordinatenationalsanitationprograms
jointlywithothergovernmentagencies.
Thisleadstoscatteredinterventionson
bothruralandurbansanitationand
hygienepromotioninterventions

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Highbureaucraticprocessforfinancial
resourcesaccess
2.Weakinterinstitutionalcoordination
withprivatesector
3.Limitedcapacityofprivatesectorto
respondthegrowingdemand

Sanitationcomments:
Mozambiqueisnotontrackto
meetitsMDGtargetsinsanitationand
requiresanacceleratedandcoordinated
effortonthepartofGovernment,
developmentpartners,NGOs,theprivate
sectorandotherstogetbackontrack.
Capacityinboththepublicand
privatesectorremainsacriticalconstraint
toimplementationofruralsanitation
programs.Overcomingthisconstraint
requiresaconcerted,programmatic
approachtocapacitydevelopmentatall
levels.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sustainabilityissuebecauseofusinglow
costandappropriatetechnologyespecially
inhilly,floatingislandandremotearea.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Decreasingparticipationinrurallevel.
2.Weaknessinroutinesurveillanceand
monitoringincludingauthority.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

81

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationandHygieneMasterPlanhas
beenpreparedandintheprocessof
GoNapproval
2.WASHJointSectorReview(JSR)has
beenstarted
3.OpenDefecationFree(ODF)campaign
hasbeenwellrecognizedinthesector
andgettinggearedupdaybyday

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.UrbanandRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationpoliciesareinplace
2.SectorEfficiencyImprovementUnit
(SEIU)hasalreadybeenestablishedasa
coordinatinginstitution

Niger

Sanitationachievements:
1.Elaborationetadoptiondudocumentde
politiqueetstratgiepourleaupotableet
lassainissement
2.crationetmiseenplacedela
CommissionNationaledelEauetde
lAssainissement(CNEA)
3.crationdetroisDirectionschargesde
lassainissement(MH/E,MSP,MUL/A)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1..CodedelEau
2.ProgrammeNationaldAlimentationen
lEauPotableetdAssainissement(PN
AEPA)
3.existencedesoutilsdeprogrammationet
deplaidoyer

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.ActivationofWASHcoordination
Committeesatalllevelisstillaserious
challenge
2.SustainingdeclaredODFforeverneeds
strongfollowupmechanismwith
regularactivities
3.Allocationofresourcesandits
consumptioncapacityofsectorinstitutions
are
notwellmatching

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absenceofregulatoryinstitutionand
poormonitoringbytheministries
2.Absenceofpolicymonitoring
mechanism/practiceandpoorcompliance
of
policyprovisions
3.Fragmentedsectorprogrammesand
duplicationofinstitutionalroles

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedefinancementdusous
secteur
2.lapriseenchargedusoussecteurpar
plusieursdpartementsministriels
3.insuffisancedesressourceshumaines

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..insuffisancedevulgarisationducodede
leau
2.faibleperformancedusecteurpriv

82

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Manyinstitutionsareinvolvedandpolicy
provisionsarenotcompliedasexpected
thuscreatingfragmentationofthesector.
Needstostreamlineallsanitation
activitiesandmakemandatorytofollow
thesameimplementationguidelineto
avoidconfusioninthebeneficiaries

Drinkingwatercomments:
Institutionsworkinginthesectorare
dividedintotwoministriesandcreating
difficultiesincoordination

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
NotonsgalementlaralisationdesPlans
locauxdelEauPotableetde
lAssainissement(PLEA)auniveaudes
communes,FinancspardesOrganismes
commelaBanqueMondiale.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nigeria

Sanitationachievements:
1.Policiesonsanitationinplace(National)/
Nationalsanitationcoalitioninplace
2.Somestatessteppeddownpolicieson
WASH
3.Allstateshaveestablishedsanitation
agenciesforurbanandrural

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofreformdocumentssuch
asPublicPrivatePartnershipframework,
WSSRI,RegulatoryHandbook,WIMAG
2.ReviewofNationalWatersupplyand
SanitationPolicy
3.StatedevelopingtheirWSSpolicyand
reviewofstatewaterlaws

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.IntroductionandestablishmentofWater
SafetyPlan(WSP)forsafedistributionof
drinkingwatertoalltheconsumers.
2.Treatedwatersupplycoveragetolarger
areasatdistantlocationsthrough
expansionofwaterdistributionnetwork.
3.Establishmentofadditionalnewwater
saewaterdesalinationtreatmentplantsto
increasetheproductionofdrinkingwater.
4.Asofnowthetotalproductionofwater
bywayofDesalinationoftheCountryisat
125MillionGallonsadayandislikelyto
reach165MillionGallonsadayinthenext
4years.
5.Therearearound4500kmsofwaterline
networkcrisscrossingtheCountry
supplyingsafepotablewatertomajorityof
theconsumers.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofclearlymandatedleadagencyin
sanitation
2.Nonfunctionalcoordinatinginstitutionat
stateandlocalgovernmentlevels

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theneedforpoliticalwill
2.Inadequatefinancing
3.Theneedofcapacitybuilding

Sanitationcomments:
Harmonizationofallexistingsanitation
relatedpolicieswiththeagreedpolicyinto
onenationalpolicy

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.NowaterSupply,sosewageisless.
2.Someoperationalproblems,thatneeds
morecooperationwithspecificcompanies
3.Heavyrainsandflooding

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Asmostofthehabiataionsarefarspread
andscattered,planningforpipedwater
suppliesposesproblems.Apartfrom
plannedareasandUrbanareasalltheRural
areasofwidespreadandrequirelotsof
infrastructuretocatertotheneeds
resultinginhighinitialinvestments.

2.DistancesfromTreatmentplantsto
residentialareasarelongresultinginhigh
costofinstallation.Takestimetocomplete
theprojects.

3.Waterqualitydifferssometimesdueto
thelongtransmissionofsuchtreated
waters.

4.Extensionofelectricalpowerfacilitiesto
suchremotelylocatedtreatmentplants
addstotheinvestment.

5.Highinitialinvestmentinanyofthe
projectisthemajorhitch

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

83

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Pakistan

Sanitationachievements:
Accesstoimprovedsanitationincreased
(doubled)from33%to66%oftheoverall
populationintheperiod1990to2010
Newsanitationpolicyin2006
Examplesofcommunityledtotal
sanitation,componentsharingandschool
ledtotalsanitationinruralareas
PakistanApproachtoTotalSanitation
strategy2011

Drinkingwaterachievements:
NationalDrinkingWaterPolicy2009
NationalDrinkingWaterQuality
Standards2010
NationalBehaviourChangeand
CommunicationStrategy2010
ProvincialDrinkingWaterPoliciesand
Strategies

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Inadequatefiscalallocationforsanitation
Financingforsanitationclumpedunder
overallfinancingforwaterandsanitation
withoutseparateallocations
Nowaterandsanitationregulatorybody
Overlappingofrolesandweak
coordinationmechanism

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Absenceofprovincialactionplansfor
drinkingwater
Absenceofajointmonitoringmechanism
atprovinciallevel
Highcontaminationlevelsofdrinking
water
Fallingpercapitaavailabilityofdrinking
water

84

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Panama

Sanitationachievements:
1.Seavanzconpropuestasdemejorasde
tecnologassanitariasparael
manejodelsaneamientorural.Elpasha
propuestoreemplazarlasletrinasde
hoyosecoporsistemasdearrastre
hidrulicocomosolucinsanitaria.
2.Enlaltimadcadacrecilainversinen
saneamientourbano,
particularmenteparaincrementarel
tratamientodelasaguasresiduales,
destacndoseelmegaproyectodel
SaneamientodelaCiudadylaBahade
Panam.
3.Seincorporelsistemadecobrodeuna
tarifaporserviciodealcantarillado
sanitarioapartirdel2010,conadherencia
favorabledelusuario,factor
importanteparalasostenibilidad.

1.Progresswasmadewithproposalsfor
improvementsofhealthtechnologies
forthemanagementofruralsanitation.
Thecountryhasproposedtoreplace
thedrypitlatrineshydraulicdrivesystems
andsanitarysolution.
2.Inthelastdecadeincreasedinvestment
inurbansanitation,particularlyto
increasewastewatertreatment,
highlightingthemegaprojectofSanitation
of
theCityandtheBayofPanama.
3.Hejoinedthesystemofchargingafee
forsanitarysewerservicefrom
2010,withfavorableuseradherence,an
importantfactorforsustainability.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Ladispersindelapoblacinrural
dificultaelaccesoeincrementalos
costosyhaymenordisponibilidadde
recursoshumanosparaelsector.
2.Enlaszonasperiurbanaloscostosde
solucionesdesaneamientose
incrementan.
1.Thedispersionoftheruralpopulation
makesaccessdificultandincreases
costsandthereislessavailabilityofhuman
resourcesforthesector.
2.Inperiurbanareascostsincrease
sanitationsolutions.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

85

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.LacreacindelaDireccindeAgua
PotableySaneamiento(DAPSAN)
sustituyendoalaUSAPASalcanzandoun
statusdemayorjerarquayabarcamiento.
2.LaModificacindelDecreto18880del
ReglamentoOperativodelaLey1614
dondesedefineelroldelRectorylossita
enelMOPC,queeselasistentetcnicodel
titulardelServicio,queasuvezeselPoder
Ejecutivo.
3.Ladefinicindedondesealojala
pobreza,queyanoessoloruralsinose
encuentraenlaspropiasciudades,eslo
quesedaenllamarreasperiurbanas
3.Identificacindezonasdemayor
demandadeserviciosdesaneamientoque
sonlasreasperiurbanasocinturones
urbanasdepobreza
1.ThecreationoftheDirectorateofWater
SupplyandSanitation(EPDs)replacingthe
USAPreachingamoreseniorstatusand
span.
2.ModificationofDecree18880Operating
RegulationsAct1614whichdefinestherole
oftheRectorandplacesthemintheMOPC,
whichisthetechnicalassistanttothehead
ofservice,whichinturnistheexecutive
branch.
3.Thedefinitionofwherethepoorhouse
themselves,whichisnotonlyruralbutisin
thecitiesthemselves,iswhatoccursin
periurbanareas
3.Identifyingareasofgreatestdemandfor
sanitationservicesthatareperiurbanor
urbanpovertybelts

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorinclusindepoblacinvulnerable
enprogramasexistentes
2.Existenvariosestudiosquepermitirn
definicionesdepolticasnacionalesenagua
potable
3.Existeunavanceimportanteencuantoa
laspolticasfinancieras
1.Greaterinclusionofvulnerable
populationsinexistingprograms
2.Thereareseveralstudiesthatwill
enablenationalpolicydefinitionsin
drinkingwater
3.Thereisasignificantadvanceintermsof
financialpolicies

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Aunnosehanfirmadoloscontratosde
concesinypermisoconlosprestadoresde
serviciodealcantarillado.
2.Sibientodoslosanlisisrealizados
hablandequelastarifasdebenser
reajustadas,ellonoseplasmadoen
polticasqueexpliquencomoreajustarlasa
tiempojustoeindependizarlasdeuna
decisindelpoderejecutivodemaneraa
quitarleriesgopoltico.Laley1614diceque
elcobrosereferiralcobrodehastael50%
delaprovisindeagua.
3.Faltaunadefinicindecomootorgarlos
subsidiosparalagentequenopuedepagar
elservicio.Faltatransparentarlosporque
existen.
3.Granpartedelosrecursospblicosson
destinadosalosserviciosdeaguapotable,
generndoseungrandesfasajeconel
serviciodesaneamientoqueesclaramente
deficitario.
1.Theconcessioncontractsandsewer
serviceprovidersandpermithavenotyet
beensigned.
2.Whiletheanalysiscarriedoutindicates
thattheratesshouldbereadjusted,this
hasnottranslatedintopolicieswhichhas
beenexplainedthatthesereadjustments
shouldbemadeattherighttimeand
shouldbeindependantfromtheexecutive
powersoastoremovepoliticalrisk.howto
adjustthesejustintimeandindependence
fromadecisionoftheexecutivebranchso
astotakepoliticalrisks.The1614lawsays
thatthechargeshouldcoverthecollection
ofupto50%ofthewatersupply.

3.Thereisaneedforadefinitionofhowto
providesubsidiesforpeoplewhocannot
affordtheservice.Lackoftransparencyof
existingsubsidies.
4.Muchofthepublicresourcesare
allocatedtodrinkingwaterservices,
generatingalargemismatchwiththe
sanitationservicewhichisclearlydeficient.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aunfaltandefinicionesdepolticas
nacionalesdeAgua,ascomosu
instalacineimplementacin
1.Definitionsofnationalwaterpolicyare
stillmissing,aswellasdefinitionson
installationanddeployment.

86

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Enestosmomentosseestnrealizando
variosestudiosquepermitirnladefinicin
depolticasenlosaspectossealadosup
supra.
Currentlystudiesareunderwaythatwill
allowthedefinitionofpoliciesinthose
areasidentifiedupabove.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationRoadmap,2010
2.Sectorassessment,20102011
3.NationalSustainableSanitationPlan,
2010

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PhilippineWaterSupplyRoadmap
2.WSHSectorAssessment
3.WaterSafetyPlaninitiatives

Rwanda

Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationmasterplanforKigalicityis
available
2.Solidwastemanagementbycommunity
basedorganisationandprivateoperators
3.Onsitesanitationtreatment(usewaste
assourceofenergyandfertiliser)
4.Mostofthepublichospitalsandfactories
haveincinerators

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Policyand5yearsstrategy
2.PromotionofPublicandPrivateSector
Partnership(PPP)
3.Lawputtinginplacetheuse,
conservation,protectionandmanagement
ofwaterresourcesregulations(Lawno
62/2008/10September2008)

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Implementationofsanitationpolicyto
hospitalsandschools
2.Increaseinpublicawareness
3.ConstructionofWasteWaterTreatment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Coherentandcomprehensive
institutionalframeworkinplaceand
relavant
updatedlegislationandregulationWSCU
2.Effectiveframeworkforcoordinationof
sectordevelopment
3.Effectiveperformancemanagement
framework

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofstaffatDOHCentralofficefor
sanitation
2.Changeofleadershipaffectscontinuity
andpriorityofsanitationinitiatives
3.LackofcapacityatLGUlevelsto
implementsanitationprojects

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Outdatedpoliciesondrinkingwater
2.Fragmentedfunctionsondrinkingwater

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitednumberofcollectivesanitation
facilities(seweragesysteminurbanand
villages)
2.Limitedfundingforsanitationnodirect
fundingforsanitation
3.Nosanitationmasterplanforother
townsotherthanKigalicity
4.LackofenvironmentallysoundLandfills
andpublicincineration

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.HighWatertariffforpumpingwater
supplysystems

Sanitationcomments:
Nosingleagencyatnationallevelis
responsibleforsanitation.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Otherdocumentswithwaterdatainclude
thePhilippineDevelopmentPlan(2011
2016).MoreovertheNEDAInfracom
CommitteeseparatedWaterWorking
GroupwithSanitationWorkingGroup.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Availabilityoffunds
2.Limitedtechnicalcapacity
3.Limitedresources(human,vehicleetc)to
enforcelawandpolicy

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Stillneedsenforcementoflawonwater
conservation
2.Recognizetariffincrease
3.Stillneedmorecooperationfromother
IAs
4.Lackofhumanresourcesabilityto
providesustainableservices

Sanitationcomments:
Implementationofsanitarysurveys
Newgovernmentjobpositionsestablished
Improveincoordinationandcollaboration
betweenstakeholdersand
communities

Drinkingwatercomments:

87

Sanitationcomments:
Highlevelpoliticalwill
UmugandaMonthlymandatory
Communityworkforcleanuponpublic
infrastructureandneighbourhoods.
Strongenforcementofthepoliciesand
accountability

Drinkingwatercomments:
Rwandahashightargets.But,thereisno
sufficientfundingprovidedforwatersupply
infrastructuretomeettargets

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Senegal

Sanitationachievements:

Responsesgiventoquestionn)notclear.
seequestionnaire.

Lestypesdinfrastructures
dassainissementconsidrscommetant
approprisethyginiquesetalorsprisen
comptedanslesstatistiquesofficiellessur
laccsetlutilisationdecesservicessont:
latrinefosseventile(simpleoudouble),
ToiletteChasseManuelle(TCM),latrine
typeECOSAN,fossevidanger,fosse
septique,branchementaurseaudgout
semicollectifoucollectif,lavoirpuisard

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1)Elaborationdunprogramme
dinvestissementnational(lePEPAM)et
dunCDSMTpourlesoussecteurdeleau
potable;
2)Llaborationetlapromulgationdelaloi
surleServicePublicdelEauPotableetde
lAssainissement(SPEPA);
3)Existencedu(PAGIRE)etduncadrede
concertationnationalEtatPTFOSC;

SierraLeone

Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovedWASHcoordinationatdistrict
level;Hygieneandsanitationactors
coordinatecloselyundertheguidanceof
MOHS
2.Demandaccesstosafewaterhas
increasedasaconsequenceofCLTS
implementation
3.IntheCLTSevaluation,thereisaclear
linkagesbetweenincidentsofdiarrhoea
andavailabilityoflatrine

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalWASHPolicyand
implementationinplace
2.PublicsensitisationactivitiesonWASH
policyinthedistricts
3.Capacitybuildingforthebudget
preparationforthelocalcouncilstaff
nationwide

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1)Nonrespectdesengagementsdu
ContratdePerformancesentrelEtatet
lONAS;
2)Faiblessedesallocationsbudgtairesau
soussecteurdelassainissement;
3)NonrespectduCadredeGestiondes
eauxpluviales.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1)Retarddansleprocessusdetransfertde
lamaintenanceausecteurprivenmilieu
rural;
2)Plandinvestissementglobalpour
lamliorationdelaqualitdeleaunon
encorelabor

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Establishasystemofoperationand
maintenanceamongcommunitymembers
andinstitutions;
2.Fundingfortransportationtoconduct
monitoringatdistrictlevel
3.SustainabilityofChlorinationofwells
duringrainyseason

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Policyimplementationstillatalowpace
2.Financialconstraintfortherecruitment
ofstafffortheimplementationofWASH
activities.

Sanitationcomments:
MOHSleadstheprocessinrevisingand
implementingthepublichealthordinance
andEnvironmentalHealthPolicyand
Strategy

Drinkingwatercomments:

Thebasehasbeensetforthedevelopment
ofDistrictCouncilWASHplanand
consultativetraining/workshopsofworking
grouponthenewNationalWaterResource
Actconducted.

88

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SouthAfrica

Sanitationachievements:
1.SouthAfricahasexcellentLegislationand
policies
2.Allhealthfacilitieshaveadequatewater
andsanitation.Waterandsanitation
backlogsinschoolshavebeensignificantly
reduced.
3.Sanitationininformalsettlementsis
receivingsignificantattention.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thereishighlevelofpoliticalwilland
commitmenttoeradicatebacklogs.
2.ThereisaNationalActandformalpolicy
withclearsectornormsandstandards.
3.Thereisanextensiveknowledgebase,
referencesystems,monitoringand
reportingsystemssupportedbydedicated
programmesandfunding.
4.Therehasbeenanincreasingeffortin
theDWAregulatoryenvironmentthrough
thesuccessfulBlueDropincentivebased
regulatoryprogrammeinparallelwitha
RegulatoryPerformanceManagement
System.

SouthSudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationisspecificallyaddressedinthe
WaterSanitationandHygieneStrategic
Framework
2.SouthSudanDevelopmentPlanclearly
stipulatetargetsforimplementation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterpolicydeveloped
2.Creationofurbanwatercorporation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Transferofpartofthesanitation
functionfromDWAtotheDepartmentof
HumanSettlements(DHS)hasledtoa
fragmentationofsanitationprogramme
duetoanunclearmandateoffunctions.
BulksanitationremainswithDWAwhile
ruralsanitationiswithDHSandthe
managementoftheMunicipal
InfrastructureGrantiswiththeDepartment
ofCooperativeGovernance.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ThefragmentedmodelforWater
Servicesdelivery.
2.Poorimplementationmanagementof
programmesandassociatedreporting.
3.Remainingbacklogsarelocatedin
difficultareasrequiringappropriate
technicalsolutions.Municipalcapacityand
skillinlocationsarenormallypoorand
waterresourceissuesnormallyneed
carefulmanagementduringtimesofwater
scarcity.

Sanitationcomments:
Thetargetforeradicatinghousehold
sanitation(initially2010)is2014.

TheWhitePaperonBasicHousehold
Sanitationiscurrentlyunderreview.

Drinkingwatercomments:
AlthoughDWAremainswatersectorleader
andnotresponsibledirectlyforservice
deliveryitcontinuestobeheldresponsible
forservicedeliveryperformance.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fragmentedinstitutionalfunctionson
sanitation(MWRIRuralsanitation;MHPP
UrbanSanitation;MoHCommunity
health)
2.Funding
3.Humanresources

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AvailabilityofFeasibilitystudies/reports
2.SkilledHumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

89

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SriLanka

Sanitationachievements:
1.Cleartargetssetforsanitation
2.Policyformulated
3.Coordinationinplace

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Drinkingwaterspolicy
2.Industrialsightingpolicy
3.Formulationofplanningstrategiesfor
urbanandruralWS.
4.EstablishmentofRWSUnitsinDistricts

Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheLocalAuthoritiesinmostpartsofthe
countryarenotgearedtoempty
overflowingseptictanksonrequestby
households.Thisisabig
obstaclefacedbypeople.
2.Mobilisation/resourcesinconflict
affectedareas.
3.Lackofinstitutionalcapacityinconflict
affectedareas

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Deplaning&pollutiongroundwater
2.Waterresourcemanagementissues.
3.Financialissues.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofclearresponsiblefocal
bodyformanagingandpromoting
sanitationatfederalandstatelevel.
2.Inadequatenationaleffectivesanitation
promotionapproachedandstrategies.
3.Inadequatefundingatnationalandstate
level.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequateinstitutionalandstructural
frameworkforactivemanagementofwater
sourcesandresources

Sudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Finaldraftnationalwaterandsanitation
policy
2.20122016NationalandstateWASH
StrategicPlans
3.2009KhartoumSanitationDeclaration
signedby6federalministers

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Finaldraftnationalwaterandsanitation
policy
2.20122016NationalandstateWASH
StrategicPlans

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Regulatoryframeworkstrengthened,

2.nationalstrategydeveloped

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Increasedconsumerculture.
Improvethecollectionofservicesthan
previousyears3.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofintersectoralcoordination,
2.lackofhumanresourcescapacity
3.lackofsustainablefinancingmechanism

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofadequatefunding.
Thedeteriorationofthe
statusofexistingsystems.
Lowleveloftariffsfor
servicesofwatersupply

90

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Insufficientfundingfromallsources,put
underdoubttheimplementationofany
programsandstrategies

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:
SanitationcoverageofThailandisnow
98.7%sowemoveimplementation
fromsanitationcoveragetoupgradethe
qualityofpublictoiletsinstead.
Thetargetsare:
1.90%ofpublictoiletsthatmeethealth,
accessibilityandsafetystandards
2.90%ofThaipeoplehavecorrectpublic
toiletusebehavior
3.60%oflocaladministrativeauthorities
havethegoodmanagementof
nightsoil

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.centralinstituationhassupported
technicalassistanceandsystemoperator
training

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thelackandlimitedbudgettodosocial
mobilizationandpunlic
communicationonpoorhygienicpublic
toiletmaintenance
2.Localadministrativeorganizationslackof
thebudgetandrecognitionof
theimportanceofnightsoilmanagement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.duetodecentralizationpolicy,central
agencycantdirectlyproposebudget
exceptsubsectorrequestfortechnical
assistance

91

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.subsectorasMetropolitanWaterworks
Authorityhasselfpolicyincluding
qualityserviceimprovement
2.identifyingdrinkingwater5
litre/person/daynationalgoalisgood

UNWaterGLAAS201112

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalsanitationpolicyisabouttosign
2.Activeworkinggroup(GSS)andWASH
team(timBeSI)establishedinalmostall
districts.
3.Increasedgovcommitmentasreflected
intheincreasedbudgetallocationfor
sanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TargetofNationalDrinkingWateris
includedinNDP(NationalDevelopment
Plan)
2.Waterisrecognizeasright
3.Thereiscoordinationplatformforpolicy
developmentandplanning

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorcoordinationandunclearroleof
stakeholdershaveresulteddelayed
responsetoimplementsanitation
2.Internalconflicthasblockedsanitation
progress
3.Therearegapsincommitmentamongst
highlevelofgovernmentdecisionmakers

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TheNDPdoesnotclearlyspecifyany
particularservicelevel
2.InstitutionrolesforschoolandHealth
Centre(alevelafterhospital)including
HealthPost(UnderCHClevel)arenot
clearlydefined(Providetheofficial
documentonstructureofhealthservicein
thecountry)
3.WaterandSanitationinformation
managementisnotfullycentralized

92

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
4.e)Noclearmaintenanceplanafter
construction
4.f)MoEhasjustestablishednewdept,
notyetsettargets
4.g)Seereasonf
4.h)Severalvillagesdeveloped
tarabanduonsanitation.
4.i)GovTLparticipatedinseveral
regional/intlconferencesbutfollowuphas
beenlimited
4.j)Basedonrecentassessmentfrom
UNICEFshowedsanitationMDGhasbeen
offtracked
4.k)MoEparticipatedbutlimitedto
staff/implementerlevel
4.l)MoHfullyparticipated
4.m)luarbiasa
4.n)Politicalwillisnotfollowedwith
propermanagementsystemthatvery
muchdependsonMoFpolicy

Drinkingwatercomments:
Waterresourceandwatersupplypolicy
havebeendevelopedwithconsultation.
Nationalstandardandmonitoringguideline
onwaterqualityarefinalizedandunder
approvalprocess.

CommentsonSection4:Policy&
Institutions
w.r.fto
4.a)(Targetisrequiredtobeattached)
4.b)(Thepolicyisagreedandunder
approvalprocess)
4.d)(Lawdocumentationonrightfor
waterneedtobeattached)
4.f)(AttachedthedocumentfromWASH
oncoordinationplatform
4.g)(thecoordinationisconductedon
regardstotoiletatschoollevel,Girls
Menstrualhygiene)
4.h)(Hygienepromotion,waterquality,
drinkingwater)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Togo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesecteur
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesecteur
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
2.PolitiqueNationaledelEau
3.PolitiqueNationaleenmatire
dapprovisionnementenpotableet
assainissementenmilieururaletsemi
urbain
4.Codedeleau
5.Loiportantorganisationdesservices
publicsdEPetdassainissementcollectif
deseauxusesdomestiques

Uganda

Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1Creationofabudgetlineforsanitation
andhygienebyMoFPED
2.Improvedcoordinationmechanismin
placeevenatlocalgovernmentlevel
3.InclusionofSanitation&hygieneinthe
NationalDevelopmentPlan

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thenationalstrategyofthedevelopment
andupgradingofthewatersupplyand
sanitationsystemsfor20102020hasbeen
developed
2.Workhasbeguntoimplementthe
strategyin3outof14regionsinthe
country.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Insuffisancesinstitutionnelleetde
moyensfinanciersetlogistiques

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Absencedunsystmesectoriel
dinformationetdesuivivaluation

Sanitationcomments:
Ncessitderenforcementdescapacits
desinstitutionsetdesressources
humaines.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackoffundsonthecreatedsanitation
andhygienebudgetline
2.Inadequateenforcementoftheexisting
laws
3.InadequateHumanresource&transport
forcommunityinspections

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Needforpoliticalsupportoftheexisting
policiesandstreamliningoftheexisting
Institutionalframework.
Inadequatesanctionsorweaksanctions
whicharenotdeterrentenough.

Drinkingwatercomments:

93

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalTargetProgramonconstruction
ofnewruralareasintheperiodof
20102020
2.NationalTargetProgramonWaterand
SanitationContinuesbeing
implementedfor5years(20112015)
3.Legaldocumentsonfinancialsupport
andsocializationinwatersupplyand
sanitation
4.IssuingNaationalStandardsonDrinking
WaterQuality,DomesticWaterand
guidelinesonimplementation
5.NationalStandardsonlatrinessanitation
conditionsareappliedonJanuary
1,2012

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Circularanddecreeonwatersupplyand
drainageaswellassolidwaste
wereissued
2.TwoDecree88ondrainageand
wastewatertreatmentandDecree117
Productionsupplyandconsumptionof
drinkingwaterissuedin2007put
legalizationtoactivitiesinwatersupplyand
wastewatertreatmentsector.
3.StandardsonDrinkingandDomestic
WaterQualitywereissuedandCircular
onGuidanceofImplementation
4.Legaldocumentsonfinancialsupports
andsocializationinwatersupply
andsanitationservices

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationissuesarenotpaidattention
appropriatelyincomparisonto
watersupplyissues
2.Watersourceprotectionhasntbeen
paidattentionandcoordinatedamong
ministriesandagencies
3.Conflictbetweenregulationsofthestate
governmentandlocalgovernment
stillappears

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.SeveralarticlesintheaboveDecreesare
notappropriate;therefore,they
arereviewedforadjustment
2.Watersourceprotectionhasntbeen
paidsufficientattentionand
cooperatedamongministriesandagencies
3.Conflictsbetweenregulationsofthe
federalandlocalgovernmentsstill
happen
4.Lackoffundingsources

94

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

95

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Thecentralisationinsmallcitiesand
decentralisationinbigcitiesthecapitalsof
thebiggovernates(fourteengovernates)

TheMinistryofWaterandEnvironment
(MWE)isacentralsupervisory,planning
andcoordinationbodyanditsaffiliated
authoritiesandcorporationsarefully
independentagencies.

Thelegalframeworkoftheseaffiliated
authoritiesandcorporationsdependonlaw
no.35for1991
Concerningpublicauthorities,corporation
andcompanies.

Thedifferencebetweenauthoritiesand
corporationsareclearlylegallyidentifiedas
theLocal
Corporations(LC)forurbanwatersupply
consideredaspubliccorporationswhereas
NationalWaterandSanitationAuthority
(NWSA),NationalWaterResources
Authority(NWRA)andRuralWaterSupply
andSanitation(RWSS)areconsideredas
publicauthorities.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
1ReviewanddevelopmentoftheNational
WASHPolicy,(workingDraftPolicynowin
place).
2.Craftingofanationalsanitationand
hygienestrategyforZimbabwe.
3.SectorsuccessfullyheldtheJointSector
Reviewfor2011.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Activeinstitutionalstructuresforwater
existingvillageuptothehighestlevelof
politics(cabinetlevel)
2.Processofharmonizingthewaterpolicy
acrossthe3subsectorsofRuralWASH,
UrbanWASHandWRMinitiated
3.Agovernmentthatisconsciousofwater
issuesinitsnationalbudgetingprocess

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Variedstatisticsespeciallywhenitcomes
tosanitationcoverage
2.Morefundingbeingchannelledtowards
emergencyresponseratherthan
developmentalprojects
3.Sectorislargelysupplydrivenratherthan
demanddriven

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Supplydrivenapproachesthathavekilled
thespiritofcommunitycontribution
2.Braindrainthathasleftmanyinstitutions
withonlyincompetentskeletalstaff

96

03.PoliciesandInstitutions

Sanitationcomments:
Thenewcoordinationmechanismsin
Zimbabwehavebeenabletoestablishthe
3subsectorsofRuralWASH,UrbanWASH
andtheWaterResourcesManagement
underonesectorleadershipofMinistryof
WaterResourcesDevelopmentand
Management.Thisefforthaseasedsector
monitoringofvariouscomponentsand
activities.

Thenewcoordinationmechanismsalso
witnessedthebirthofaspecialised
Taskforce(SanitationandHygiene
Taskforce)tochampionissuesofsanitation
andhygiene.Achievementwiththis
Taskforcesofarhasbeenthedraftingof
theSanitationandHygieneStrategyto
guidethedirectionthesectorshouldtake
fromnowupto2015.Theother
achievementhasbeenintheareaofsector
reporting;ithaskickstartedtheprocessof
dataharmonizationforuniversalsector
reporting

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thegovernmentisintheprocessofcoming
upwithaWASHpolicythatharmonizethe
threesubsectorsandthethreepillarsof
WASHthatiswater,sanitationandhygiene.
Thispolicyalsostrivestoseparateissuesof
serviceprovisionfromregulationfor
improvedaccountabilityandefficiencyin
serviceprovision

UNWaterGLAAS201112

04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

04.SectionB:SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Afghanistan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No,duetolowcapacitywithinthegovernmentandneedtodrinkingwaterbetweenpeopleinmanyareaprivatecompaniesprovide
drinkingwatertopeople(ministryofurbandevelopmentaffairs)

InAfghanistanatruralareadrinkingwaterisprovidedbyfamiliesandeachfamilyconsideredaround20to25members.(ministryofrural
rehabilitationanddevelopment)

Angola

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

No.ThepriorityistoexpandtheconventionalnetworkwatersupplytobothUrbanandPeriurbanareas.However,inthistransition
period,watervendoraresupplyingthevastmajorityofpopulation.Itistobenotedthatwatersuppliedbywatervendorsismore
expensivethanwaterfrompublicnetwork.

Azerbaijan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Intheircountryhouses(dachas)peoplesometimesusegroundwatersources.

Bangladesh

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NA

Benin

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Bhutan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisnotakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicy,however,thereare
fewcasesofselfsupplybeingpractised.

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Promoverpolticassobreelahorrodelagua

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

97

UNWaterGLAAS201112

04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Brazil

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Emreasrurais,oIBGE,parafinsdepesquisasobreacessoaalgumtipodegua,consideraoutrasformasdeabastecimento,comopor
ex.poocomchafariz,poosrasos,fontes/nascentes,comousemrededomiciliarinterna.DeacordocomaPNAD/2009,huma
coberturapormeiodeoutrasformasde67,2%deumapopulaoruralqueatingeototalde30.679.000(PNAD/2009).ODecretoFederal
n7217/2010queregulamentaaLein11.445/2007sobreSaneamentoBsico,emseuArt.68,determinaqueaUnioapoiara
populaoruraldispersaeapopulaodepequenosncleosurbanosisoladosnaconteno,reservaoeutilizaodeguaspluviais
paraoconsumohumanoeparaaproduodealimentosdestinadosaoautoconsumo,medianteprogramaespecfico.

BurkinaFaso

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Non

Burundi

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Non
Donnesindisponibles

Cambodia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Cameroon

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
OUI.
<5%

CentralAfricanRepublic

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprocheavoisine68%
EnRCA,laplupartdesgensutilisentdespuitstraditionnels
Malgrlexistencedequelquescasdautoapprovisionnement,lesniveauxdecouverturenesontpasestimsparmanquedvaluation.

Chad

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprocheavoisine68%
EnRCA,laplupartdesgensutilisentdespuitstraditionnels
Malgrlexistencedequelquescasdautoapprovisionnement,lesniveauxdecouverturenesontpasestimsparmanquedvaluation.

Colombia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

98

UNWaterGLAAS201112

04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Congo

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,lautoapprovisionnementestunecomposantedelapolitiquedeaupotablequisetraduitparlinstallationdeforagesdeauquips
depompesdanslesquartiersetlesvillages.Cependant,leniveaudecouverturedecetteapprochenestpasvalu.

Cted'Ivoire

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Lautoapprovisionnementestparfoisacceptsouscontrledansdescasspcifiques,leplussouventindustriel,quelquesfoisaussi
domestiques.Ilconcernelaralisationdeforageindividuel.Cecidemeurequandmmedansuncadrenonformalis.

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
1.Anationalpolicyofpublicutilitiesserviceprovisionisunderpreparation

DominicanRepublic

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Enlaparteruralelautoabastecimientoalcanzael80%delconsumohumano,porloquehacenecesariolaampliacindelasredesde
servicio.

Egypt

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
supplytakesisnotconsideredakeyelementinthecountry.

ElSalvador

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SegnestudiodelPNUD(2006)citadoenlapropuestadepolticasenconsultasedefineporautoabastecimientoalasformasprivadasde
abastecimientodeaguaenzonasurbanizadasdondeseperforapozosysebrindaelserviciodeformadirecta,sincontroldelaANDA.
Estossistemasautoabastecidos,contabilizanlos100sistemasydancoberturaa4.4%delapoblacinaligualquelasmunicipalidades.
(PropuestadepolticanacionaldeaguaysaneamientodelaSTP20112015).Octubrede2011.

EquatorialGuinea

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Ethiopia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Theextentofcoveragethroughselfsupplyis10%.

Fiji

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
TheRuralwaterSchemeoftheWaterAuthorityofFijiworkswiththecommunityandGovernmentinidentifyinglocalsources
fromwhichselfsupplysystemscanbebuilttosustaintheruralcommunities.Membersofthecommunitiesareidentifiedand
trainedduringtheconstructionperiodtobeabletomaintainthesystemonceitsupandrunning.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

99

UNWaterGLAAS201112

04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Gabon

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
OUImaisdonnesnondisponibles

Gambia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Thereexistselfsupplysystemsonlimitedscale.Somepeoplehavetheirprivatesupplysystemintheirproperties.

Ghana

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.,butSelfsupplyhasbeenrecentlyacknowledgedasanimportantaspectthatcouldcontributetoincreasedcoverage,eventhough
increasinglysomeprivateindividualshaveaccesstoselfsuppliedfacilitiesfortheirhouseholdwaterneeds.Nowhereinthenational
policiesandprogrammesisselfsupplymentionedprominently.Meanwhilegovernmentispromotingthereintroductionofrainwater
harvestingtechnologywhichcanbeaselfsupplyoption.ThishasbeenhighlightedintheNationalWaterPolicyandisoftenemphasized
byMinistryofWaterwhichhaddevelopedahandbook/manualtosupporttheapplicationoftechnology.

Guinea

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

GuineaBissau

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
LautoapprovisionnementenGuineBissauestaustadeembryonnaire.Elleestsurtoutfaitesparlesprivs(ambassades,missions
catholiquesetc.Ilnexistepasencorededonnessurcedomaine.

Haiti

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Honduras

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No,elautoabastecimientonoesunelementoclaveenlapolticadeaguapotable.

India

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No
Coverageisdefinedasaccesstopublicdrinkingwatersources.

Indonesia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,itis.Userinvestmentorselfsupplyisbecomeapartofdrinkingwatercoverageimprovement,howeverwehavetopaymore
attentionontheaccessforpoorhousehold.Therefore,manydrinkingwaterprogramsareaddressedtoimproveaccessofdrinkingwater
forthepoor.Theprograminvolvedactiveparticipationofthecommunityonplanning,implementation,monitoring,andoperation&
maintenanceastheprogramprovidedsubsidyfordrinkingwaterfacilitiesconstruction.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

100

UNWaterGLAAS201112

04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Jordan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Themajorityofpopulation(98%)aresuppliedbypublicnetwork.Privatesupplyofwaterisprovidedthroughwatersourcesownedand
treatedbytheGovernment

Kenya

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Anestimated3%isfundedfromthecommunitywithinthewaterschemes.

Kyrgyzstan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
ForthepurposeofexecutionofResolutionoftheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic,ofDecember28,2001,#828OnTransferofthe
ruralwatersupply(exceptfortherayoncenters)toownershipofcommunityofdrinkingwaterusersassociation(CDWUA)andtheir
furtheroperation,574ruralwaterpipesweretransferredtotheCDWUAasrequiredbytheWBandADBloanstobeissuedtothe
communities.

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SelfsupplyisakeyfeatureofthenewdraftWASHstrategybutcoveragebyselfsupplyiscurrentlynotdisaggregatedincoveragestatistic

Lebanon

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NO.

Lesotho

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisnotakeyelementofthedrinkingwatersupplypolicyhoweveritiswidelypracticedinbothurbanareas(rainwater
harvesting,boreholeswithelectricalpump,additionalstorageetc)andruralareas(rainwaterharvestingandboreholeswithhandpumps)
asasupplementtothepipedwatersystemstoprovideadditionalwaterandtocompensateforlackofserviceorinterruptedsupplies.

The2006populationcensusdataindicatethat4%oftheruralhouseholdsand9%ofurbanhouseholdsuserainwaterharvestingand
privateboreholesasthemainsourcesofwatersupply.SurveysdoneaspartoftheStrategicFinancialPlanningprojectin2009indicate
that8%oftheWASCOcostumershavealternativewatersupplyfromboreholesand35%collectrainwatertosupplementtheWASCO
watersupply.Also64%ofthehouseholdsusewaterstoragetomitigateintermittentsupply(12%tanksand88%containers).

Liberia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no

Madagascar

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Sansobjet

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04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Malawi

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
1.FormulationandapprovalbycabinetoftheNationalWaterPolicy
2.EstablishmentofWaterSWApwithitsoperationalThematicWorkingGroupsorTWG
3.PooledfundingintheNationalWaterDevelopmentProgrammeasaprecursortoSWAp

Maldives

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Mali

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Elaborentlesplansdedveloppementenmatiredapprovisionnementeneaupotable;
Assurentlaralisationdesinfrastructuresdeaupotable;
Fontgrerlesinstallations;
Veillentaubondroulementduservicepublicdel'eau.

LesUsagers
Participentlaconceptionetladfinitiondesmodalitsdegestion;
Paientleservicedel'eau;
Assurentunusagerationnelethyginiquedel'eau.

Mauritania

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Lautoalimentationesteffectiveauniveaudescommunauts.Beaucoupdepointsdeausontralissparlescommunautssurleur
propreressource.
Unerflexionsurlamiseenplacedunestratgienationaledelaconservationettraitementdeleaudomicileatinitie
(UNDAF20122016)

Mongolia

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
SelfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyinMongolia.

Morocco

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NON

Mozambique

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

No.Closeto20%ofUrbanpopulationaresuppliedbyinformal(notyetlicensed,butregistered)watervendors

Myanmar

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,lessthan5%(ThemostofthetubewellandProtecteddugwellareprivateowned)

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04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Nepal

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

Niger

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Ouimaisleniveaudecouvertureesttrsfaible(actiontrsponctuelle)

Nigeria

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
ND

Oman

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
GroundWaterprotectionplansimplemented/encouragedbyGovernmentarealreadyinplaceandabuseofGroundwateris
discouraged.MostoftheGroundwaterisnowmeantonlyforAgriculturalpurposesandmajorquantitiesarenotextractedforDrinking
wateruse.ItisaGovernmentPolicythattheGroundwaterisalegacyfromourancestorsanditisourboundendutytosafeguarditbut
nottodepleteitandhanditovertothecominggenerationintact..Thisbeingthepolicygroundwateriskeptmainlyasanalternate
reservefortimesofemergencies..Allthedrinkingwaterisactually'manufactured'bywayofseawaterdesalination...

Inthemountainousregionswherepipedortankerwatersareunreachablecollectionofrainwaterisencouragedandrunoffwateris
collectedincisternscalled'Birkat'andareusedforanimalsandminoragriculturalpurposes..Governmenthelpsthecitizenstoconstruct
such'Birkats'bywayofprovidingcement,sandandtimberatfreeofcostandthusbyencouragingthemtodeveloptheattitudeofsaving
waterotherwisewouldgowasteinstreamsunused.

Insomeplacessuchrainwatersandnaturalspringwaterflowprofuselyandsuchwatersarealsousedforanimalfeedandagricultural
purposes.Suchflowofwateriscalled'Falaj'meaningnaturalstream.Governmenthelpscitizensbyprovidingcement,sandetcatfree
ofcostforrepairingandmaintainingsuchFalajasandtodeveloptheattitudeofwaterpreservation.

Itistobenotedthatalltheaboveplansaretopreservethenaturalandgroundwaterandnottodevelopasadrinkingwatersource.
Thesearealternatetononpotablewatersuedforotherdomesticpurposes.

Pakistan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No

Panama

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Noesunelementoclaveenlapolticadeaguapotable.SegnelCENSO,solo
el1.1%(9,850viviendas)resuelvensuabastecimientodeaguadeforma
particular.

Paraguay

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Noloestodava,perosepiensaincluirenlaspolticasdeAgua.

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04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Philippines

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisoccurringinareaswhereconventionalwatersystems(pipedwatersystems)arenotyetinoperation.Householdstendto
installtheirwatersystemswhichcouldbebyusingdeepwellswithpumpsandtanks.However,dataisnotavailableforselfsupply..

Rwanda

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no

Samoa

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Rainwaterharvestingisencouragedforthoseuneconomicalviableareasorareas
whicharenotfeasibleforwaterreticulation

Senegal

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

SierraLeone

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,butyettobefullyimplemented.

SouthAfrica

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Thelegalmandateoflocalauthoritiesistosupplywater.TheWaterServicesActallowsmunicipalitiestoappointwaterserviceproviders
iftheycannotprovidetheservicethemselves.Municipalitiescanalsosupplywaterthemselves.Supplycoverageislimitedmostlyindeep
ruralareasandfarms.

SouthSudan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
No.Butitisacommonpracticeinurbanareaswherehousesareconstructedofironsheets

SriLanka

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes,Individualprotecteddugwells,32%

Sudan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisrecognizableintransportingwaterwhereabout25%ofthepopulationareusingtransportedwater(mainlybyprivate
animalcartsortankers)eitherfromimproved(20%)orunimprovedwatersources(5%).

Tajikistan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
NO

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04.SelfSupplyElementofDrinkingWaterPolicy

Thailand

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Yes34.3%

TimorLeste

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Pleaseexplaintheprocessofdrinkingwaterpolicy.Whenwilltheapprovalexpected,whatarekeyelementsofthepolicy.Whatisthe
coverageexpected.Qualityofwaterexpected.

Togo

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Oui,maisleniveaudecouverturenespasmesur

Uganda

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
no

Uzbekistan

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:

VietNam

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
right,100%

Yemen

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyonlyonoperationalresponsibilities,thecoverageisnotofthedrinkingwater
policy,butinsomeareasitsexistandthereisnoofficialinformationaboutthis.

Zimbabwe

Selfsupplyasanelementofdrinkingwaterpolicy:
Selfsupplyisakeyelementofthedrinkingwaterpolicyasmuchemphasisisnowbeingputondemanddrivenapproachessupportedby
communitybasedmanagementastheonlystrategytodeliverwatertocommunities.However,theshiftisstillstrugglingtotakeshape
afteryearsofsupplydrivenapproacheswherecommunitieshavebeentaughtthatitsgovernmentresponsibilitytosupplyservices.
Coveragewisewecansaythatonaverage,thisisstillwaybelow20%forbothurbanandruralareas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

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05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

05.Question5:Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationtargetsidentifiedtill2014;
SanitationladderandseveralHousehold
optionsforincreasingsanitationcoverage
endorsedbysectormembers;
CLTSapproachesinitiatedatthenational
level;
traininginSanitationmartsandinitiatives
launchedatthenationallevel;
cleanvillagesinitiativesunderprogress;
Becauseoflowcapacitywithinthe
governmentinmanyareaslocalpeopledo
thesanitationtasksbythemselves.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Thereisplanforurbanwatersector
Donorshavemoreattentiontothesector.
Watersupplytargetsidentifiedtill2014;
cleanvillagesinitiativesunderprogress

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Theuseofgroundaquifersintheareaof
thewesternzonethecityofGabala.
Increasingthecapacityofthetreatment
plantattheJeiranbatanreservoir.
MonitoringwatersupplyofBaku1and
Baku2fromtheKhachmazKhudatzone.

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlan20112025(a
planningframeworkfor20112025)has
beenprepared
2.NationalMIShasbeenestablished

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SectorDevelopmentPlanhasbeen
prepared
2.NationalMIShasbeenestablishedfor
drinkingwater

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Poordemandfrombeneficiariesside(Rural
area)
Poorpublicawarenes(Ruralarea)
PoorPoliticalcommitments(Ruralarea)
Lackofcoordinationamongdifferent
stakeholdersinurbansectorisabig
problem.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Implementationsofprojectsarestillweak.
Lowcapacitywithinthesector.
Poordemandfrombeneficiariesside(Rural
area)
Poorpublicawareness(Ruralarea)
PoorPoliticalcommitments

Sanitationcomments:
Thereisnotenoughsupportbyhigh
authoritiesandinternationaldonorsat
sanitationsectorinrecentyears.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Illegaldevelopmentinthesanitary
protectivezonesofwatersupplies.The
servicelifeofthepipelineshasexpired.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Shortageoffunds.Lackofstateoftheart
watertreatmenttechnologies.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dataqualityistobeimproved.
2.monitoringisnotbeingdoneregularly

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dataqualityistobeimproved.
2.Regularmonitoringisnotbeingdone

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

106

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Benin

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.uneprogressionencourageantedansla
ralisationdeslatrines
institutionnellespourlatteintedesOMD
2.touteslesactivitsdeplanification,de
suivietdvaluationde
lassainissementsontsparesdecellesde
leau
3.letransfertdelintermdiationsocialeet
delaralisationdestravauxaux
communes

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Renforcementdumcanismede
recouvrement;
2.Renforcementdescapacitsdu
personneltraversdessminaireset
ateliersinternesetexternesdeformation
portantsurplusieursthmes;
3.Elaborationpriodiquedutableaude
bordetlesuividesindicateursdu
ContratPlan

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.RuralSanitationandHygienePromotion
Program(RSHP)intitiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHED.
2.Constructionofsewernetworksand
sewertreatmentplantsinmakorurban
towns.
3.Improvementofdefinitionofsanitation
toenablemonitoringofimproved
sanitation.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Jointmonitoringformattomonitorthe
infrastructurequalityofruralwater
Supplyschemesatvillagelevel
2.WaterSafetyPlanningapproaches
implementedbothinurbanandruralto
assurequalityofdrinkingwater
3.Theaccesstoimproveddrinkingwateris
now96.1%

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lesystmedesuivi(systmede
rapportageetgestiondebasededonnes)
aconnudesdysfonctionnements
2.Lestechnologiesnonappropries
certainssolsetlecottroplevpour
lapopulation
3.danslapratiquelesAHABnesontpas
prochesdespopulations

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Garantirlaprennitetlacontinuitdu
servicedAEPdanslescentres
urbainsetsecondaires;
2.Renforcerlescapacitsdeproduction
dessystmesdAEP;
3.Amliorerletauxderaccordementdes
populationsauxrseauxdeau
potable.

Sanitationcomments:
LeprocessusdlaborationdesPlans
dHygineetdAssainissementCommunal
(PHAC)encours

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofcoordinationamoungst
stakeholders
2.Sanitationhasanationaltargetbutnot
prioritisedinnationalfiveyearplans
3.Monitoringislimitedtoacessto
sanitationanddoesnotreflecthygiene
usage

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Allocationoffundformonitoringworks
areinadequate
2.Insufficientdataonthefuntionalityof
thewaterinfrastructure
3.Limitedoperationandmaintenance
capacityatthecommunity/schemelevel

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

107

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bolivia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.ExisteunSistemadeInformacinen
desarrollo

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.Existeunsistemadeinformacinen
desarrollo
1.Enlos2ltimosaossehapriorizadola
planificacin
2.Sehaplanificadotrabajarenunmarco
deevaluacindedesempeodelsector
3.Existeunsistemadeinformacinen
desarrollo

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.CriaodoSistemaGerencialde
SaneamentoSIGESAN;2.Elaboraodo
PlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsico
Plansab;3.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA;4.
ProgramadeAceleraodoCrescimento
PACIeII.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisdequatroemquatro
anos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoIeII;3.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansabePrograma
NacionaldeSaneamentoRural,em
elaborao.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
2.informacindispersaydbil
3.Nosepriorizaexpresamenteel
saneamiento

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
2.Informacindispersaydbil

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Considerarlosefectosdelcambioclimtico
ylasmedidasdeadaptacinenla
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin.
Incluireltemadecontroldecalidaddel
aguadeconsumohumanoenla
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Morosidadedoprocessodealimentao
dossistemas;
2.Poucaregularidadenoprocessode
planejamentoeavaliaoouplanejamento
decurtoemdioprazo;
3.Carnciadeprogramadeavaliaoe
monitoramento.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nvelestruturanteinsuficienteemtodos
osnveisdegoverno,sobretudoem
diversosMunicpioseUnidadesFederadas;
2.Dificuldadese,svezes,conflitosnas
relaesdasesferasdeGoverno,na
tentativadeaoconjunta.

Sanitationcomments:
DevidocarnciadeumProgramade
MonitoramentoeAvaliao,emnvel
federal,estamosconsiderandoos
levantamentoeestudosdoIBGE(Censo
Demogrfico,PNADePNSB)como
subsdios/indicadoresparaavaliaoe
definiodemetaseprogramas.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Quantoletraf),selevarmosemcontaa
PNADqueanual,bemcomoosrelatrios
anuaisdeGesto,emnvelcentral,decerta
formahumarevisocomperspetivade
definodemetas.Quantoletrag),
bomlembrarqueoInstitutodePesquisa
EconmicaAplicadaIPEA,namaioriadas
vezes,fazanliseseestudosapartirdas
PNADedosCensos.Damesmaforma
acontececomaFundaoGetlioVargase
oInstitutoTrataBrasil,almdeoutros
comoaEmpresaBrasileiradePesquisa
AgropecuriaEmbrapa,quefezuma
pesquisasobreaqualidadedaaguapotvel
nascisternas(reservaodeguasde
chuvas)noSemiridobrasileiro.

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UNWaterGLAAS201112

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.RevueconjointeduPNAEPA
2.Appuibudgtairesectoriel
3.MiseenplaceduSIGpourunemeilleure
capitalisationdesralisations

Rural
1.Enqutenationalesurlaccsdes
mnagesauxouvragesdassainissement
familial2010
2.harmonisationdesmthodesetoutilsde
collectedubudgetprogrammeetdusuivi
valuation
3.Miseenplacedusystmedecollectedes
nouvellesralisations

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.PlanstratgiquedelONEA
2.Plandedveloppement
3.Modlefinancier

Rural
1.miseenplacedunsystmedesuivi
valuation
2.utilisationduBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifetdesplanscommunauxde
dveloppementspcifiquesleaupotable
etlassainissementcommeoutilsde
planificationenmilieurural
3.plandecommunication
4.plandedveloppementdesressources
humaines

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain
1.manquedvaluationdesperformances
desacteurs
2.Collectedesdonnesauniveaudetous
lesacteurs

Rural
1.collectedesdonnesauniveaudes
diffrentsacteurs
2.insuffisancedesfinancements

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

109

Sanitationcomments:
Laccentdevratremissurlvaluationdes
performancespouramliorerles
ralisations.

Renforcementdescapacitsdesdiffrents
intervenantsdusecteur.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Urbain
1.miseenplacedunsystmedesuivi
valuation
2.utilisationduBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifetdesplanscommunauxde
dveloppementspcifiquesleaupotable
etlassainissementcommeoutilsde
planificationenmilieurural
3.plandecommunication
4.plandedveloppementdesressources
humaines

Rural
1.faiblequalitdesinformationssurles
investissementsdesprojets,programmes,
ONGetAssociations.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Ralisationduninventairenationalsur
lesinfrastructuredeaupotableet
dassainissement
2.
3.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Miseenplacedunsystmenational
dinformationsurlEau
2.Inventairenationaldesinfrastructures
dEauetdAssainissement
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedepolitiqueclaireenmatire
dHygineetAssainissement
2.Absenceduneentitministrielle
chargeduSuivietvaluationpourles
donnesdusecteur
3.Absencedunplandinvestissent

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedeplanificationdansle
secteurEau
2.Insuffisancedescapacitstechniques
3.Absencedorientationsclairedansle
secteur

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inexistencedeprogramme
dinvestissementenassainissement
2.Pasdapprochesdeplanification
3.Pasdemcanismesdesplaintes,
efficaces,rapidesquepeuventutiliserles
populations

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedesplansdirecteursdesvilles
2.Programmenationaldinvestissement
dAEPAnondisponible

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsAGTIPCAF(TravauxHaute
IntensitdeMaindOeuvre1,2,3,4)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Schmadirecteurlaboren2001
2.ExistencedunPlandActionsectorielen
matiredEauetdAssainissement(PASEA)
en2009
3.Existencedunprogrammedactions
prioritairesdanslecadreduDSRP2pourla
priode20112015

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

110

Sanitationcomments:

Ilestimportantquelespouvoirspublics
puissentsepencheraurenforcement
descapacitsenmatiredeplanification
suivietvaluationdunemanire
gnralepourlesecteur
Insuffisancedevolontpolitiquepourle
secteur

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Chad

Sanitationachievements:
1.Revuemiparcours(annuelle/MHUR)
2.Suivirapprochmensuel(Financement
BAD)
3.RevueannuelleUNICEF

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Schmadirecteurlaboren2001
2.ExistencedunPlandActionsectorielen
matiredEauetdAssainissement(PASEA)
en2009
3.Existencedunprogrammedactions
prioritairesdanslecadreduDSRP2pourla
priode20112015

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.LeprojetassainissementAutonomedu
quartierYimbayacoleencoursde
ralisation.
2.Leprojetdemiseenuvrede
lapprocheATPCdansquatrePrfecturedu
pays(lepassagelchellenationale).

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AchvementdesProjets:
12foragesindustrielsaupieddumont
Kakoulima(12000m3/jour);
AEPdesvillesdeBoketTliml;
2.RenforcementdelAEPdeConakryentre
2004et2009surfinancementdelaJICA(37
000m3/jour)
3.Ralisationde14240PointsdEauetde
86MinirseauxdAEP

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedesplansdirecteursdesvilles
2.Programmenationaldinvestissement
dAEPAnondisponible

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairespcifique
lassainissementautonomepourassurerla
couverturenationale.
2.Manquederapportpriodiquesurle
tauxdecouvertureenmatire
dassainissementautonome.
3.Absenceduncadredeconcertation
entrelespartiesprenantes.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mobilisationdesfinancementsrequis
pourlaralisationdesProjets
2.Conditionnalitsdemiseenvigueurdes
crditsdifficilementremplissables
3.PayementdesfondsdeContrepartie

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Ilexisteunetudedextensiondurseau
dgoutdekaloumverslescommunesde
DixinnetMatam.Actuelementle
Gouvernementestlarecherchede
financementpourlamiseenuvrede
cettetude.Pourlesmesures
daccompagnement,laformationdansle
domainedelassainissement(eauxuseset
excrta)estfortementsollicite.

Drinkingwatercomments:
LaSEG(quitravailleenmilieuurbain)
disposedeplandinvestissementsetle
SNAPE(milieurural)disposedun
programmenationaldapprovisionnement
eneaupotableetassainissement(PNAEPA)
maisparmanquedefinancementdansle
secteurleschancesprojetesne
pourraienttrerespectesnotammentles
OMD.

111

UNWaterGLAAS201112

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Healthyschoolandvillage,anational
WASHprogrammehasbuiltamonitoring
andevaluationrealtimedatabase
2.Goodprogressofnationalprogramof
healthyschoolandvillageledbythe
MinistryofHealthandsecondary
education.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absenceofharmonizedapproachinthe
sanitationsubsector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.WeaknessoftheStateownedenterprise
inurbanwatersupplyinplanning,
monitoringandevaluation.
2.lackofestablishedperformance
indicatorsrelatedtowaterutility
management.

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Poblacionconserviciomejorado
2.Mayorinversinenelsector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Creaciondeunsistemainformticode
evaluacinymonitoreo
2.Realizacindeencuestaparamedirlos
nivelesdesatisfaccin

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosdepersonal
especializado
2.Limitadosrecursosparaelmonitoreo
tantodepersonalcomoeconmico

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadorecursohumanopara
planificacinyprogramacin
2.Limitadopresupuestoparael
seguimientoalaspolticas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

112

Sanitationcomments:
Prioritizetheharmonizationofdifferent
approachesusedinthepromotionof
sanitationandHygienesubsectorinthe
Country.
Drawlessonsfromtheprocessandsetup
anationalcomplementaryactionplantofill
thegapintermsofsanitationandhygiene
coveragenationwide.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thesectorialplanningworkisnot
transferredefficientlytotheprovincialand
locallevel.
Monitoringandevaluationshouldbedone
attheprovincialandlocallevel.

Sanitationcomments:
Lametarelacionadacon%poblacincon
serviciodesaneamientotomocomobaseel
ao1997yfueronlogradasysobrepasadas
parael2007segnlosdatosdelPlan
EstratgicoNacional.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1.settingmasterplanfor29governorateto
Determinetheoverallneedstill2037&
Determinetheavailablewaysand
alternativesoffunding,&Setting
investmentplansbasedonthemaster.
2.Implementinghotlinesystemtoreceive
thecitizenscomplaints&respondthem
immediately.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.settingmasterplanfor29governorateto
Determinetheoverallneedstill2037&
Determinetheavailablewaysand
alternativesoffunding,&Setting
investmentplansbasedonthemaster.
2.Implementinghotlinesystemtoreceive
thecitizenscomplaints&respondthem
immediately.
3.developingbillingsystem&developing
flowmeterstoincreasetheaccuracy.
4.launchingbenchmarkingforallthe
subsidiarycompanies
5.establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.
2.Theroleoftheregulatoryagencyisnot
fullyactivatedyet.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

113

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.CoordinacinInterinstitucionalenel
marcopoltico.Existeunacomisin
interinstitucionalparaeltemadeaguay
saneamientobajoelliderazgodeSTP
2.SeestplanificandoentreANDAyFISDL
unmodelodegestinsostenibledelas
juntasruralesdeaguaysaneamiento
3.Seestdiseandounsistemade
informacinentreANDAyFISDLparadar
lasestadsticasoficialesdeavanceenelsub
sectordesaneamientourbanoyrural.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ConvenioentreANDAyFISDLparala
construccindeunsistemadeinformacin
urbanoyrural
2.Ladefinicindeunsistemade
planificacin,monitoreoyevaluacin
permanenteenlapropuestasdepolticade
APS

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Decentralizedplanningprocess(combined
approachesToptodownandDowntoTop)
2.WASHInventoryconductedandWASH
MISisbeingestablishedinthecountry
3.HarmonizationandalignmentofWASH
(oneplan,onebudgetandoneReport)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalWASHinventory
2.PlanforReductionofNonFunctional

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nosecuentaconunaplanificacin
conjuntadelsubsector
2.Noexisteunmontoexplicitoenel
presupuestonacionalparasaneamiento
(estincluidoenlosproyectosdeagua
potable)
3.Notieneunplandeinversinque
permitamonitorearyevaluarelsubsector
tantoanivelurbanocomorural
4.Notenemosunsistemadeinformacin
nacionalquepermitaelseguimientoy
avancesdelsubsector
5.Noexisteuncompromiso
interinstitucionaldeinformarycompartir
informacininclusoenlasmisma
institucioneshayduplicidaddeesfuerzos.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lapocaseriedadenlautilizacindelos
resultadosdeestudiosdecaso,en2010
ANDArealizundiagnostodelasjuntas
ruralesyenel2011Avilarealizounstudio
sobrelasinversionesenDWSypocoseusa
lainformacinocasinadielaconoce.
2.Pocainversionenelarearural

Sanitationobstacles:
1.ExistingReportingsystemsdonotcatch
allSanitationandHygieneindicatorsto
trackinternationalcommitments
2.WeakCoordinationeffortsin
harmonization,alignmentandmonitoring
3.Lackofresearchestoevaluatethe
hygieneandsanitationimpacts

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.CapacityBuildingintermsoftrainingand
availingresources.

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

114

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Esmuyimportantecontarconuna
planificacinnacionalyunsistemade
monitoreoquegaranticeconfiabilidadde
losresultados
Loscompromisosdelestadoestan
vinculadosaampliarlacoberturadeAP
segura,peroesimportanteconcentrarseen
ampliarelaccesoalazonaruralsin
descuidarlacalidaddelaguaylalas
medidasdeproteccindelasfuentesde
aguaparaconsumehumano.

Sanitationcomments:
DemandLedApproachessuchasCLTSare
introducedin2006howevertherewasno
separatemonitoringforthese
achievements.Inaddition,Sanitation
Marketingisunderpreparationto
implementinthecountry.
Theharmonizationandalignmentefforts
arelimitedtospecificprograms

Drinkingwatercomments:
Needmorecapacitybuildingintermsof
humanresources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:

Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absenceduncadrerglementaire
2.
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofanM&Esystemforthesector
2.Lackofregulardataoncoverage
especiallyatdecentralisedlevel

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:
1.inventoryofwaterandsanitationpoints
conducted
2.Establishmentofmultisectoralworking
groupforWASH
3.IntroductionofM&EintheCLTS
framework.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

115

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Renforcementdescapacits
institutionnelles,rglementaireset
oprationnelles

Sanitationcomments:
Lackofaplanningandmonitoringunitwith
thekeysectorsforsanitation
NoM&Eframeworkwithclearindicators
andtargets

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.NationalEnvironmentalSanitation
StrategyandActionPlan(NESSAP)have
beenprepared,aswellasDistrict
EnvironmentalSanitationStrategiesand
ActionPlans(DESSAPs).Theseareserving
asthemainreferenceforallkey
stakeholdersanddecisionmakersatboth
nationalanddecentralizedlevelsespecially
inpromotingcoherentplanningand
implementation.
2.AStrategicEnvironmentalSanitation
InvestmentPlaniscurrentlybeforecabinet,
pendingapproval.Thiswillcontribute
significantlytoimprovedsanitation
financingincreasedandpredictable
fundingaswellasbettertargetingofthe
funds.
3.TheGhanaCompact,developedaspart
oftheSanitationandWaterforAllinitiative
hassignificantlyincreasedgovernments
commitmenttothesectorthroughcore
financingandleadershipdemonstratedby
improvedharmonisationbetween
governmentinstitutionsanddevelopment
partners.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1..SuccessfullycompiledtheWASHAnnual
Sectorreportsince2009
2.ADistrictMonitoringandEvaluation
System(DiMES)hasbeendevelopedand
beingimplemented
3.Initiationprocesstowardsthe
developmentofanationalsectorwide
monitoringandevaluationandinformation
managementsystemongoing

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.AbsenceofasectorM&Esystemto
streamlinedatamanagementbaseline,
progressandharmonisation.
2.PlanningandM&EonSanitationatthe
Decentralisedlevelisweak

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..Inadequateresourcesandlsupportto
fullyrollouttheDiMESatscale
2.Lackoffinancialandmaterialresources
toimplementthesectorwidenational
monitoringandevaluationsystem

116

Sanitationcomments:
TheprocessofdevelopingaNationalM&E
systemforSanitationisfaradvanced.

Drinkingwatercomments:
None

UNWaterGLAAS201112

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.LeprojetassainissementAutonomedu
quartierYimbayacoleencoursde
ralisation.
2.Leprojetdemiseenuvrede
lapprocheATPCdansquatrePrfecturedu
pays(lepassagelchellenationale).

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AchvementdesProjets:
12foragesindustrielsaupieddumont
Kakoulima(12000m3/jour);
AEPdesvillesdeBoketTliml;
2.RenforcementdelAEPdeConakryentre
2004et2009surfinancementdelaJICA(37
000m3/jour)
3.Ralisationde14240PointsdEauetde
86MinirseauxdAEP

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairespcifique
lassainissementautonomepourassurerla
couverturenationale.
2.Manquederapportpriodiquesurle
tauxdecouvertureenmatire
dassainissementautonome.
3.Absenceduncadredeconcertation
entrelespartiesprenantes.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mobilisationdesfinancementsrequis
pourlaralisationdesProjets
2.Conditionnalitsdemiseenvigueurdes
crditsdifficilementremplissables
3.PayementdesfondsdeContrepartie

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:
1.Existencedunebasedesdonnes(2009
enqutenational)

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedesmoyenspouractualiserdes
donnesdelabasedesdonnes

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ManquedesRHetEquipmentpourune
coordinationreldusecteur,Dlgations
rgionalesinexistantoufaiblecapacit
2.Manquedeapplicationdepolitiqueet
codedeleaux

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

117

Sanitationcomments:
Ilexisteunetudedextensiondurseau
dgoutdekaloumverslescommunesde
DixinnetMatam.Actuelementle
Gouvernementestlarecherchede
financementpourlamiseenuvrede
cettetude.Pourlesmesures
daccompagnement,laformationdansle
domainedelassainissement(eauxuseset
excrta)estfortementsollicite.

Drinkingwatercomments:
LaSEG(quitravailleenmilieuurbain)
disposedeplandinvestissementsetle
SNAPE(milieurural)disposedun
programmenationaldapprovisionnement
eneaupotableetassainissement(PNAEPA)
maisparmanquedefinancementdansle
secteurleschancesprojetesne
pourraienttrerespectesnotammentles
OMD.

Sanitationcomments:
1.Existencedunebasedesdonnesnon
actualisedepuis2009
2.RedynamisationdesDirections
Rgionauxenprojet

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.Porprimeravezparaelinformede
evaluacindepasdeJMPfuealtamente
participativo.
2.Sehaadoptadoaniveldepasla
metodologaMAPAS(Monitoreode
AvancesdePasenAguaySaneamiento)
conocidomundialmentecomoCSO(
CountryStatusOverview).
3.Separticipaporsegundavezenel
ejercicioGLAASpromovidoanivelmundial
porlaNacionesUnidas.
4.ElEnteReguladorhacomenzadoa
implementarunsistemadeinformacin
conelregistroeindicadoresdedesempeo
delosprestadores.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Porprimeravezparaelinformede
evaluacindepasdeJMPfuealtamente
participativo.
2.Sehaadoptadoaniveldepasla
metodologaMAPAS(Monitoreode
AvancesdePasenAguaySaneamiento)
conocidomundialmentecomoCSO(
CountryStatusOverview).
3.Separticipaporsegundavezenel
ejercicioGLAASpromovidoanivelmundial
porlaNacionesUnidas.
4.ElEnteReguladorhacomenzadoa
implementarunsistemadeinformacin
conelregistroeindicadoresdedesempeo
delosprestadores.
5.LacreacindelaSecretariade
Planificacin(SEPLAN)queordenala
planificacinycoordinacinsectoriala
travsdeunPlandeNacinyVisinde
Pas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.ElCONASAnohalogradoconcretarel
sistemadeinformacinqueconsolidela
informacindetodoslosactoresdelsector.
2.Anivelnacionalnoseproduceun
informequereflejelatotalidadde
inversionesenelsector,tampocoque
desgloselossubsectoresagua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanoyrural.
3.Existendiferentesiniciativasnacionales
conmetaseindicadoresdiferentes,porlo
cualsehacenecesariollegaraunconsenso
yhomologacindelosmismos.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ElCONASAnohalogradoconcretarel
sistemadeinformacinqueconsolidela
informacindetodoslosactoresdelsector.
2.Ningunainstitucingubernamental
produceuninformequereflejela
totalidaddeinversionesdetodoelsectorni
desglosalossubsectoresAgua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanosyrurales.
3.Existendiferentesiniciativasconmetase
indicadoresdiferentes,porlocualsehace
necesariollegaraunconsensoy
homologacindelosmismos.
4.Nohaydatossuficientesparaestablecer
labrechafinanciera/cobertura.

118

Sanitationcomments:
Enelao2010sehacreadolaSecretarade
Planificacin,quefortalecerlosprocesos
deplanificacinylaevaluacinnacionaly
sectorial.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Nationalsurveyforsocialandeconomic
(Susenas)heldannuallyalreadyprovided
dataforthesanitationachievement
2.Definitionforimprovedsanitationaccess
hasalreadybeenagreedatnationallevel
andusedformonitoringconductedbyline
ministries
3.Datarelatedcurrentsituationof
sanitationaccesshasbeenusedinsetting
thetargetofsanitationdevelopment
4.Awarenessandwillingnesstodevelop
monitoringandevaluationframework
involvingnationalandlocalthrough
Developmentofmonitoringandevaluation
frameworkofDrinkingWaterand
Sanitationsector(WASAPeprogram)
5.Developmentoflocalstrategicplan
(districtandcitylevel)ontheirsanitation
development,formulatedunderthe
accelarationprogramforsanitation
development(PPSP).Todate,therehas
beenmorethan100citysanitation
strategiesformulated.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.BussinessPlanasoneoftherequirement
ofPDAMrestructurisation.
2.Developmentofnationalmonitoringand
evaluationframeworkinvolvingnational
andlocalgovernmentthroughthe
frameworkofDrinkingWaterand
Sanitationsectormonevsystem(WASAPe
program)
3.Improvementinqualityofplanning
throughtheDevelopmentofstrategic
planningonwatersanitation(Renstra
AMPL)inlocalgovernmentlevel,Regular
monitoringandevaluationandImproving
coordinationamongstakeholders
4.Nationalsurveyforsocialandeconomic
(Susenas)heldannuallyalreadyprovided
dataforthedrinkingwaterdevelopment
achievement
5.Definitionforimproveddrinkingwater
accesshasalreadybeenagreedatnational
levelandusedformonitoringconductedby
lineministries

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
Coordinationamonglineministriesin
conductingmonitoringofsanitationaccess
isstillweak
2.Datacollectingrelatedtosanitation
qualityisstilllimited
3.Limitedcapacityofhumanresources
whounderstandaboutsanitation
informationandcommunicationsystem.
4.Lowpriorityofwaterandsanitation
MonitoringandEvaluationframeworkin
localgovernmentlevel.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedcapacityofhumanresources
whounderstandaboutwaterand
sanitationinformastionandcommunication
system.
2.Coordinationamonglineministriesin
conductingmonitoringofdrinkingwater
accessisstillweak
3.Monitoringandevaluationofdrinking
water(datacollecting)inlocalgovernment
levelisstilllimited.

119

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Allocationresourcesandfacilitiesby
governmentarenotenoughandusing
fromtheprivatesector(participation
bonds,foreignanddomesticloans)is
inevitable
2.Developmentofprioritization
3.Encouragementofinvestingandloanfor
theoperationofsanitation
facilitiesinhomes

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Inculdingmonitoringofwaterqualityand
developingofwaterinstallationsin
thenationdevelopmentplan'sindicators

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:
1.ThedevelopmentofNationalExecutive
Programfor(20072009)and(20112013)
whichincludesallplanedSanitation
Projects
2.TheNationalExecutiveProgramhas
indicatorsmonitoredannually
3.MasterPlansforWastewaterare
developedformostpartsofJordan

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ThedevelopmentofNationalExecutive
Programfor(20072009)and(20112013)
whichincludesallplanedSanitation
Projects
2.TheNationalExecutiveProgramhas
indicatorsmonitoredannually

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Poorpeople'sparticipationinthe
operationanddevelopmentofsanitation
systems
2.Inadequategovernmentfunding

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialsourcesforprojects.
2.Evaluationforprojectsisnotalways
conducted

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialsourcesforprojects.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

120

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.Annualoperationplansaredoneyearly,
2.Performancecontracting,
3.AnnualperformancereviewofAOP

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mappingofinformalsettlementsofthe
urbanpoorcomplete(Majidata)
2.Improveddatafromurbanutilities
mainly.
3.Developmentofawatersectorstrategic
plan.
4.AnnualwaterReviewandpropoor
implementationplan.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.inadequateresources

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientdataforruralareas.
2.Manyplayers(mainlyNGOs)not
capturedintheplanningandcoordination
systems.
3.Insufficientknowledgeandunderstanding
ofsectorconditionsandreformprocess

121

Sanitationcomments:
NeedforannualEvaluations

Drinkingwatercomments:
AnnualWaterConferencereflectsonthe
sectorachievementsandevaluatesthe
achievements.Itausefulmonitoringtool.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:
Toimprovetheruralpopulationsaccessto
drinkingwater,theagreementforfunding
theSecondRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationwassignedbetweenthe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublicandthe
InternationalDevelopmentAssociation.
TheProjectgoalistoassisttheborrowerin
enhancingaccessoftheParticipating
Communitiestodrinkingwater,improve
thesanitaryandhygienicpracticeinrural
areasattheindividual,familyand
institutionallevels.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Theprogramforcomputermonitoringof
thedrinkingwaterqualityinruralwater
supplysystemsin3of7oblastshasbeen
developedandimplemented,withsupport
ofDFID.However,thereareregular
failuresinprovidingreportstotheDSSES.
In2011,WHOsupportedtrainingof
specialistsofthestatesanitaryand
epidemiologicsurveillancecenters(SSESC)
fromallregionalcenters,for
implementationoftheaboveprogramin
thecountry.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
Multipleinstitutionalreformsinproject
management
Poorinterdepartmentalinteraction
Therearenoclearlystatednationalcriteria
foradequatesanitationservices(meeting
thehygienerequirements).

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Theconstraintinimplementationofthe
programforcomputermonitoringof
drinkingwaterqualityinruralwatersupply
systemsinotheroblastsisinadequate
computerprovisionoftheSSESC,andthe
needtoimprovetheprogramforrural
areasandcreationofaprogramforcities.

122

Sanitationcomments:
Accesstodrinkingwateriscriticalinthe
country,butithasnotbeenadequately
addressedyet.In2008,theshareof
populationhavingreceivedaccessto
drinkingwatermade90.4percent.Thisis
higherthanthetargetlevelof90percent
in2015.Ingeneral,thedynamicsis
positive:fortheperiodof20032008,on
averageabout2.8percentofthe
populationadditionallyreceivedaccessto
drinkingwater.Butthesituationinthe
regionsisnotsooptimistic.Theworst
situationisnotedintwoSouthoblasts:in
Batkenoblast(76.7percent)andinOsh
oblast(77.3percent)withthehighest
densityofpopulation.
Theinterimresultsoftheprogramof
providingaccesstocleandrinkingwater
Supplyofdrinkingwatertothepopulation
isthemainobjectiveofTazaSuu(Clean
Water)programfundedbyanumberof
internationalorganizationsandthe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.The
AsianDevelopmentBankhasissuedloanof
36mln.USDtotheprojectRendering
infrastructureservicesatsettlementlevel
forrecoveryandconstructionofwater
pipesin730villagesand7citiesofChui,
Osh,JalalabatandBatkenoblasts.Theco
financingbytheGovernmentoftheKyrgyz
Republicmakes9mln.USD.
ThemaingoalofsimilarprojectRural
WaterSupplyandSanitationwiththetotal
costof24.5USDundertheWorldBank
(WB)loanisalsotorecoverandconstruct
ruralwaterpipelinesin270villagesof
IssykKul,NarynandTalasoblasts.Intotal,
includinginputofKyrgyzstan,about70mln.
USDischanneledtoprovidingclean
drinkingwatertothepopulation.
Generally,itwasplannedtoperform
maintenanceandrepairworksand
constructionofnewwatersupplyfacilities
in1,000villagesofthecountryand7cities.
Thegeneralgoaloftheabovementioned
projectsalsoimpliesimproving
managementoftheruralwatersupply
infrastructuretoensurestablesupplyof
goodwatertothepopulationreliably,with
minimumcostandaimsatreducing
prevalenceofacuteentericdiseasesamong
villagers.
TheADBprojectRenderinginfrastructure
servicesatsettlementlevelandtheWB
RuralWaterSupplyandSanitation
projectappliedthepublicoriented
UNWaterGLAAS201112
approach,i.e.primarilyworkingwithrural
communitiesdirectlyinvolvedinandtaking
theresponsibilityandmakingdecisionsat
allstagesoftheprojectimplementation.
However,theintendedplanswerenotfully

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.FirstHealthStatisticReportPublishedin
2010
2.Strategyandmasterplandeveloped
3.Jointmonitoringsystemestablished
4.PreparationofLaoSocialIndicator
Survey(LSIS)2012supportedbyUNICEF,
WHO,JICAUNFPAwhichwillprovidedata
disaggregatedtoprovinciallevel

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterandsanitationsectorassessment
hasbeeninitiallydevelopedand
implemented
2.AruralWASHstrategywidelyaccepted
andwillbeendorsedbyMinisterof
Healthsoon

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:
1.Planningcovered30%ofthepopulation
representingtherestofthepopulationand
willbeexecutedinthenext8years
2.EightSTPswereimplementedsofar
covering35%ofthepopulationalready
connectedtoseweragenetwork

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Clarityonobtaininganationalcoverage
figuresurveys(JMP)vsNamSaat
communitydatacollection.NamSaatdata
overestimatescoveragebecauseit
hasnotbeentakingintoaccountsupplies
thatarenolongerfunctioning.
2.Monitoringtoolsandsystemsstillweak
includingawarenessandcapacityof
staff

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nocomplaintmechanisms
2.Nocasestudyonthehealthand
economicbenefitsofdrinkingwater
investment

Sanitationcomments:
M&EinbothurbanandruralWASHstill
limitedintermsofmechanism,number
andcapacityofstaffsincludingequipments.
So,M&Eneedstobefurther
improved.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Accessible,affordable,timelyandeffective
complaintmechanismsshouldbein
placeandimplemented.Casestudyonthe
healthandeconomicbenefitsshould
bealsocarriedout

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedcapabilitiesofWaterand
wastewaterauthorities.
2.Institutionalturfwars
3.Absenceofpretreatmentofindustrial
effluentsbeforeitsreleaseinWWTP
4.Institutionalweaknessinmonitoring
5.Lackofcooperationandcoordination
betweenagencies
6.Lackofeffluentqualitymonitoring
programme

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dedicatedbudgets
2.Institutionalfragmentation

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Itispossibletopresentacomplaintincourt
ofjusticeincaseofnonbenefitfrom
drinkingwaterandaspecialcommission
canexemptcitizensfromthefeeswhen
theyarenotreceivingwaterfromsuppliers.

123

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thereisanplanning,M&Eframework
beingdevelopedfortherolloutbythe
NWSHPC

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompact,theSSPand
thePRSIIallhaveM&Easastand
aloneobjective
2.RecentlycompletedWPM(waterpoint
mapping)hasprovidedbaselinedata
forthefirsttimeever
3.WASHwebsiteestablishedandupdated
regularlywithcurrentdata

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisnoseparateinvestmentprogram
forsanitation
2.Thereisnonationalinformationsystem
whichcanbeusedtoplanning

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nationalbudgetisnotdisaggregated
makesitdifficulttodeterminewhat
activitiesaretakingplaceandwhatneeds
tohappen
2.Decentralizedhumanresourcecapacity
atnationallevelneedstobe
improvedtoensuresustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Difficultdecollecterlesdonnes
temps(promptitudeetcompltudedes
donnesenmatired'EA)
2.Retarddelaplanificationbasesurla
PSNA
3.Nonapplicationdesplanslaborsdans
lesecteurAEPHA

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Difficultdecollecterlesdonnes
temps(promptitudeetcompltudedes
donnesenmatired'EA)
2.Nonapplicationdesplanslaborsdans
lesecteurAEPHA

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.BPOR
2.BasededonnesdusecteurEauet
Assainissement(BDEA)oprationnelleet
misejourrgulirement
3.Larconciliationdesdonnesentrele
secteur,INSTATetJMP

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExistencedeManueldeprocduredu
SNISE(systmenationalintgrdesuivi
valuation)
2.BasededonnesdusecteurEauet
Assainissement(BDEA)oprationnelleet
misejourrgulirement
3.Larconciliationdesdonnesentrele
secteur,INSTATetJMP

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:
1.ANationalGeographicalInformation
Systemincorporatingwaterandsanitation
dataisplannedtobeestablishedby2012

Drinkingwaterachievements:
ANationalGeographicalInformation
Systemincorporatingwaterandsanitation
dataisplannedtobeestablishedby2011.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheMaldivesgeographically
characterisedofsmallandscattered
islandsmakeitdifficultandcostlyto,
monitorandevaluateeffectively.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

124

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thelogisticsofgettingdatafromthefield
andkeepingATLAScurrent.

Sanitationcomments:
Insuffisancedanslamiseenuvredes
planslabors
Lutilisationbonescientdesservices
dconcentrsenchargedelassainissement
etdelaPlateformeDioranoWashau
niveaulocal
Lesystmesuivivaluationintgrdu
secteurmettreenplace

Drinkingwatercomments:
Insuffisancedanslamiseenuvredes
planslabors
Lutilisationbonescientdesservices
dconcentrsenchargedelassainissement
etdelaPlateformeDioranoWashau
niveaulocal
Lesystmesuivivaluationintgrdu
secteurmettreenplace

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.Runionannuelledusoussecteur
assainissement(niveauxnational,rgional,
localetPTF)olepointderalisationdes
activitsdelannenestfaitetlesactivits
delannen+1sontprogrammes;
2.MiseenuvredesPlansde
DveloppementSocial,Economiqueet
Culturel(PDSEC)desCollectivits
Territoriales;
3.Tenuedelarevueannuelledusecteur
eauetassainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Projetdalimentationeneaupotablede
lavilledeBamakopartirdelalocalitde
Kabala
2.ProgrammeSaoudiendeforagesetde
puitsetdedveloppementruralenAfrique
:phaseIV

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:
1.AdoptiondudocumentdePolitiqueet
stratgienationaledassainissement
1.LacrationduneDirectionde
planificationetdesuivi
2.LacrationdesDirectionsrgionalesde
lHydrauliqueetdelAssainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LacrationduneDirectionde
planificationetdesuivi
2.LacrationdesDirectionsrgionalesde
lHydrauliqueetdelAssainissement

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedenormesetdelabelsdes
ouvrages
2.Basededonnesnonrenseigne

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.linsuffisancedesmoyensdesuivi;
2.lanonappropriationdelamaitrise
douvragecommunaleparlesCollectivits
3lalourdeurdesprocduresdepassation
desmarchs

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.absencederevuespriodiquesdu
secteur
2.absencedesoutilspourlamiseenplace
debasesdedonnes
3.Absencederseaudecollecte,
dexploitation,dharmonisationet
dactualisationdesdonnes
4.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines,
matriellespourlacollectedelinformation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.absencederevuespriodiquesdu
secteur
2.absencedesoutilspourlamiseenplace
debasesdedonnes
3.Absencederseaudecollecte,
dexploitation,dharmonisationet
dactualisationdesdonnes
4.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines,
matriellespourlacollectedelinformation

Sanitationcomments:
Laccompagnement(outills,dotsen
moyensncessaires)desstructures
impliquestantauniveaucentralque
rgionalpourmettreenuvreleurmission

Drinkingwatercomments:
Laccompagnement(outills,dotsen
moyensncessaires)desstructures
impliquestantauniveaucentralque
rgionalpourmettreenuvreleurmission

125

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.Actualisationdeltudeduschma
directeurdassainissementliquide.
2.Miseenuvredunprogrammede
rutilisationdeseauxusespurespour
lirrigationdesespacesverts.
3.Miseenplacedunsystmedecontrle
degestionetuniformisationdesrapports.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Actualisationdeltudeduschma
directeurdeaupotable;
2.Miseenplacedunsystmedecontrle
degestionetuniformisationdesrapports

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Bottomupreportingsystemisexisting
(NSW/HMIS)
2.Periodicsurvey(MICS)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strengtheningintheconsiderationofthe
effectivemeasuresforsustainabilityand
conservationofwatersupply.
2.Promotionofpublichealthactivitieswith
multigovernmentalprogramme.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lesplansdamnagementexistantssont
dpasssdanscertainesvilles.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lesplansdamnagementexistantssont
dpasssdanscertainesvilles.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakinroutinemonitoringand
evaluationsystem

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Weaknessincoordinationand
cooperationamonggovernmental
departmentandagencies.
2.Lackoftrainingprogramondrinking
watermanagement.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

126

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Separatehygieneandsanitationmaster
planandconsideredsanitationasa
majorthemeinfirstWASHJSR2011
2.Sanitationisgettingfocusduring
budgetingandsectorreview
3.ODFisgettingmajorfocusinthesector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Initiatedjointreviewofthesector
WASHJSR
2.Recognizedtheneedtostrengthening
districtplanningprocess
3.Monitoringandevaluationdirectivesare
alreadyinplace,butneedstomakeit
fullyfunctionalatalllevels

Niger

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.existencedunprogramme
dinvestissement
2.crationdunestructuredergulationdu
soussecteureau
3.implicationdesacteursdusecteur(revue
annuelle,cadredeconcertation,
CommissionNationaledelEauetde
lAssainissement

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumberofqualifiedstaffin
theimplementationlevel
2.Softwareandtrainingprogrammesare
stillinlowpriorityactionformany
organizations

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Policyprovisionsandplanningconcepts
areverygood,butcomplianceisnot
satisfactory
2.Manyorganizationsareworkinginthe
sectorandallareplanning,
implementingandmonitoringbytheirown,
butthereisnoanyjoingplanning
andmonitoringmechanisminthesectorto
avoidduplicationandoverreporting
3.Insteadofmaintenance,repairand
rehabilitation,usersaredemandingnew
systemthroughanewwateragencyand
newagencyneverassessestheexisting
system.Theyconsiderasanewsystemand
startsimplementation

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.absencedunetudedvaluationde
limpactsanitairedusoussecteureau
potable
2.insuffisancedinformationsurlesdroits
leauetlesobligationsdesusagers

127

Sanitationcomments:
presentpracticeofprojectbased
programmeimplementationandself
reportingseemsnotrealisticinthesector.
Thus,theneedofjointplanning,joint
monitoringandjointevaluationisrealized
tomovetowardsSWAPand
programmaticapproachinthesector

Drinkingwatercomments:
Jointplanning,jointmonitoringand
developmentofsingleWASHplanineach
district;Municipality/VillageDevelopment
Committeeseemsurgentinterventionin
thesector

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strategyhasbeenwellplannedtoassure
thatdrinkingwatersupplyfacilitieswillbe
continuedinproportiontotheincreased
population.
2.Establishmentofnewwatertreatment
plantsandexpansionoftheexisting
facilitiesaregoodindicationsofproper
planningaccordingtotheresultsevaluated
fromcontinuousmonitoringofthesystem.

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Veryfastincreaseofthepopulationin
theurbanareas,duetomigrationofpeople
fromruralareasforjobs,tradingandother
facilities.
2.Expansionofurbanareas,bydeveloping
surroundinglandsforoccupationby
migrants,reachingtonewheights
3.Suddenindevelopmentsinrealestates,
buildings,Industrialareas,newhousing
coloniesetc.,poseproblemsincopingup
withtheincreasedwaterdemands.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lasinstitucionesdelsectornocuentan
conunsistemadeinformacin.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Panama

Sanitationachievements:
1.Loscensosnacionalessiguensiendola
fuentemsconfiableparala
planificacin,elmonitoreoylaevaluacin.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.Planificacionfsicayfinancieraasicomo
coordinacinsectorial
2.Sehanincorporadoprogramasy
proyectosdesaneamientoltimamente
3.Programasyproyectosde
fortalecimientoinstitucional

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Conocimientoadecuadodelacalidadde
aguadelosprestadoresdelaguaque
beben
2.Seestarealizandoatravsdeuna
consultoraunplannacionaldeagua.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.faltadepromocinalusodelosservicios
sanitariosdelacomunidad
2.Faltadeincorporacindetecnologa
aplicadaenelsaneamiento
3.Capacidadlimitadadeaplicacindelos
recursosobtenidos

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteunseguimientoadecuadodela
calidaddeaguaencuantoalos
parmetros,comoalafrecuenciade
muestreo,hastahoyimpracticable,
tomandoencuentalaLey1614
2.Nohayunconsensoadecuadodeque
parmetrosefectivamenteserncumplidos
portodoslosprestadoresdeagua.LaLey
1614tieneparmetrosdiferentesdela
NormadeAguaPotabledelInstituto
NacionaldeTecnologay
Normalizacin(faltahomologarlas).

128

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
N/A

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Enestemomentoseestarealizandouna
planificacinnacionaltantodeaguacomo
desaneamientoyquefinalizaraelao
prximo

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.WSHSectorAssessment
2.PhilippineDevelopmentPlan
3.SanitationRoadmap

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WSHSectorassessmentandmonitoring
systembeingdeveloped
2.Philippinewatersupplyroadmap
updatedin2010

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Datacollectioninitiated

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofperformanceindicators
byEUforassessmentofperformance
2.Improvedperformancemanagement
frameworkwatersector
3.Developmentofassetregister/
Informationdatabase

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
Investments

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Developandimplementnationalpolicies
andstrategiesformonitoringand
evaluationofwatersupplysystems

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedhumanresourcecapacity
2.Inadequatefunding
3.IneffectiveM/Esystem

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AbsenceofeffectiveM/Esystem
2.Inadequatestrategiesfor
operationalizingtheM/Eofthewater
supplyroadmap.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Differentsetofdatasetobtainedby3
ministries(PUMA/MOH/SBS/MWSCD)
2.Someoverlapintheinstitutionaland
regulatoryroles
3.NationalSanitationPolicy(2009)newly
introduce,transitiontoadjustto
policychanges

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.ProblemswithSWAinfrastructure(aging)
orcapitalcripplesthecollection
ofdata(e.g.waterlossdata)
2.humanresourcecapacitytoplan,
monitorandevaluate
3.Reliabilityandvalidityofdata

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Coordinationbody
2.Financing
3.Lackofintegratedapproach

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackoffundsdoesnotgiveanopportunity
toreachoutcomesoftheprogramsand
policies,particularlyinruralareas

129

Sanitationcomments:
1.Definitionoftermshavetobe
harmonizedwithallagenciescollecting
data(e.g.NSO,DOH,DepEd)
2.Systemsfordatagatheringand
consolidationhavetobeharmonized.
3.ResponsibilitiesforM/Eatnationaland
subnationallevelshavetobedefined.

Drinkingwatercomments:
NosingleagencyisresponsibleforM/E.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Assessmentofthedrinkingwateratthe
countrylevelwasnotcarriedoutatwhole.
Itwascarriedoutinacertainareaswitha
curtainclastermethods.Thereare
currentlyplanstoconductaninventoryof
watersupplyfacilitiesinthecountryto
assessandcreatedevelopmentplansin
urbanandruralwatersupplysystem
sectors

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Somesubsectorisabletoquicklyafford
consumerrequirement
2.Regulations,lawsareefficienttoolsfor
management

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somesubsectorshavenotbeengiven
evaluationbudget
2.Lackofprofessionals

130

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:
1.Informationonsanitationhasbeen
includedinHMIS,SIBS,EMIS
2.Jointsanitationplanningandmonitoring
(Gov,partners)
3.Demandledapproachsuccessfully
increasedsanitationcoverageinTL

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SISBS(Waterandsanitationinformation
system)isestablished.
2.planningsystemiswellcoordinated
3.Waterisnationalpriorityone.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Updateonsanitationinformationhas
beenirregularduetovariousreason
includingbudgetandverymuchdepends
ondonor
2.Althoughdemandledapproach
successfullypiloted,howeverresources
wasnotsufficienttoscaleupacrossthe
country
3.Notanintegratedinformationsystemon
sanitation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LackofHumanResourcesforM&E
2.M&Estructuresisestablishedbutnot
clearlydefined
3.lackoffundingformonitoringand
evaluationservice

131

Sanitationcomments:
5.a)MoHhasincludedsanitationinHMIS
butnotusedfordecisionmakingpurpose
5.b)Yes,asreflectedinthedonor
coordinationmeeting,DeptofPartner
ManagementexistatMoH,JointPlanning
Donor&Ministries
5.c)Commitmentfromgovernmenthas
beenfocusedintheruralarea
5.d)Earlyyearreviewmeetinghasonly
setfortheMoH,itwasnotimplemented
forcrossMinistryandotherrelevant
partners.
5.e)Thereisnosystemavailableto
access
5.f)Therewasnoclaimsystemfor
sanitationoccurinthecountry.
5.g)BaseonNationalstrategic
DevelopmentPlan.
5.h)Independentsanitationdrinking
waterplanningisbeingdeveloped.These
twoareasarebeingextendedinto2
differentdirectorates
5.i)Census2010,DHS2009
5.j)Thisyear,unservedpopulationwas
57%(DHS,2010),70%ofrural(Census
2010).Gainaccessbynextyear5%
Gainaccessminimum5%plus3%
populationgrowth.5%,2011+8%,2012+
11%2013
201414%,201517%
5.k)20072011,TLthroughCLTS,21suco
achievedODFwithtotalpopulationapprox
50,000

Drinkingwatercomments:
MoIandMoHneedtofillthissection

CommentsonSection5:Planning,
Monitoring&Evaluation
w.r.fto
5.a)(Nationalinformationsystemfor
ruralisunderdevelopment)
5.f)(SIBSarecarriedoutineachearly
year)Minutesofthelast2meetingsare
requiredtobeattachedtotheassessment
report)
5.g)(Countrylevelcasestudydeveloped
byUnicefandnotused)
5.h)WaterQualityassessmentbyMoH
washeldin2009NovFeb2010,andthe
Waterdistributionandquantityisheldby
MoIin..
5.i)(Informationshouldbeavailableat
MoI(DNSAS)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Togo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Documentdoprationnalisationdu
PNAHT
2.Plandactonsnationalpourlesecteur
eauetassainissement(PANSEA)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Documentsstratgiquessurlesous
secteurHygineetAssainissement(PNAHT)
2.Plannationaldactionpourlesecteurde
leauetdelassainissement(PANSEA)
3.Loiportantorganisationdesservices
publicsdEPetdassainissementcollectif
deseauxusesdomestiques

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dfautdunsystmesectoriel
dinformationsetdesuivivaluation
2.Multiplicitdeconcertationentreles
diffrentsacteurs
3.Dfautdeleadershippourlesous
secteur

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lenteurdansleprocessusde
dcentralisation
2.Programmesnationauxdusoussecteur
souventnonassortisdeplansdu
financementexplicites
3.Dfautdunsystmesectoriel
dinformationetdesuivivaluation
4.Multiplicitdacteursetmultiplicitde
cadresdeconcertation
5.Manquedeleadershipdusoussecteur
6.Faiblessedudispositifdeplanification,
deprogrammationetdesuivivaluation
7.Valeursderfrencedesprincipaux
indicateursdeffetsetdimpactsdusecteur
nondisponibles

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereisanurgentneedtoreplacethe
existingwornoutwatersupplynetworks.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

132

Sanitationcomments:
Leleadershipdusoussecteuramorcpar
leMEAHVdoittrerenforcetconfirm.
Laplanificationdoitprendreencompte
lesbesoinspourlatteintedesOMD,
identifisetvalidsauboutdunprocessus
delargeparticipationdelensembledes
acteursdusecteurafindviterles
doublonsoudesomissions.
Lesystmesectorieldinformationsetde
suivivaluation,bienquepilotparle
leaderdusoussecteurdoitsappuyersur
unrseaudacteursetusagersincluantles
OSCetlesONGintervenantdanslesous
secteur.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Leleadershipdusoussecteuramorcpar
leMEAHVdoittrerenforcetconfirm.
Laplanificationdoitprendreencompte
lesbesoinspourlatteintedesOMD,
identifisetvalidsauboutdunprocessus
delargeparticipationdelensembledes
acteursdusecteurafindviterles
doublonsoudesomissions.
Lesystmesectorieldinformationsetde
suivivaluation,bienquepilotparle
leaderdusoussecteurdoitsappuyersur
unrseaudacteursetusagersincluantles
OSCetlesONGintervenantdanslesous
secteur.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.MinistryofHealthhasissuedstandards
ondrinkinganddomesticwater
qualityandonlatrinesanitationconditions.
Circularsonmonitoringand
supervisionofwaterqualityandsanitary
latrineswerealsoissued
2.DatabaseonWaterandSanitationSector
Assessmenthasbeensetupin
2011.ThefirstWaterandSanitationSector
AssessmentReportisplannedto
beissuedinDecember2011
3.Allinvestmentprojectsinwatersupply
andsanitation,wastewater
treatmenthavecurrentstatusassessment
report.EIAreportandindependent
monitoringofenvironmentalmanagement
basedoncriteriafromdonorsand
regulationsofthegovernment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Allinvestmentprojectsinwatersupply
andsanitation,wastewater
treatmenthaveCurrentstatusAssessment
report,EIAreportandindependent
monitoringandenvironmental
managementbasedoncriteriafromdonors
andregulationsfromthegovernment.
2.Mechanismsandregulationsontheright
ofusersinusingdrainage
serviceswerestipulatedintheDecree
88/2007/NDCP
3.Adatabaseonwatersupplyanddrainage
hasbeensetup

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Someinvestorsinlocalitiesoversee
planningformonitoringand
supervisingenvironmentalmanagement
plans.
2.Insomelocalities,informationand
reportingsystemsrelatedtosanitation
arenotsynchronized,withoutcoordination
withrelatedagencies
3.Therearetoomanystatemanagement
unitsinthesanitationbutthereis
nofocalandcompetentauthorityto
coordinatewaterandsanitationactivities.
4.Capacityoflocalstaffislimited

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Therehasntbeenafocalagencythatis
competenttocoordinate
monitoringandevaluatingwatersupply
sector
2.Someinvestorsinlocalitiesoversee
planningwork,monitoringand
supervisingenvironmentalmanagement
plans
3.Insomelocalities,informationand
reportingsystemsrelatedtodrinking
watersupplyarenotsynchronizedor
withoutunifiedcooperationwithrelated
stakeholders
4.Responsibilitiesamongministriesand
agenciesarenotclearlydefined.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Planninghasntbeenintegratedwith
climatechangeissuesandnotupdated
withrealityornotbasedonthedemands
frompeople
Inplanningandimplementation,theway
ofthinkingisstillpassiveortoo
muchrelyingonsubsidies

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Ministryofwaterandenvironmenthas
establishedanMonitoringandevaluation
UnitreportingdirectlytotheDeputy
Minister(Water).TheUnitiscurrently
staffedwithaseniorCoordinatoranda
juniorspecialist.

ThemonitoringandevaluationofNISSIPis
donebyJointAnnualReview(JAR)reports
whichdiscussedwithallrelatedagencies
yearly.

Drinkingwatercomments:

133

UNWaterGLAAS201112


Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
1.Demanddrivenplans
2.Strongcommunityparticipationatboth
planningandmonitoringandevaluation
stages

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Settingupofaharmonizeddatabase
(coveringallthe3subsectors)hostedby
MinistryofWaterResourcesDevelopment
andManagement.
2.EvidenencebasedWASHbudgetfor2012
followingaseriesofmonitoringand
evaluationreportsliketheMultiple
IndicatorMonitoringSurvey(MIMS)
Report,ZimbabweCountryStatusOverview
(CSO)Report,theZimbabweNutrition
SurveyReport,ZimbabweJointMonitoring
Plan(JMP)Report,theZimbabwe
DemographicandHealthSurveys(DHS)etc,
3.

05.Planning,Monitoring,andEvaluation

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Shrinkingbudgetstosupportplans
2.Weakenedmanagementstructuresatall
levels
3Shortageofkeypersonnel..

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Keysectortermslikeaccessand
calculationofcoveragenotclearlydefined
2.Monitoringandevaluationtoolshavenot
beenstandardisedacrossallthe3sub
sectorsresultinginconflictingreports

Sanitationcomments:
CommunityBasedPlanning(CBP)has
helpedalotinredirectingareasof
investmentprioritytakinginto
considerationrequirementsbycommunity
ofbeneficiaries.

Drinkingwatercomments:
GovernmentthroughtheNationalAction
Committeeisstilltrailingbehindpartners
whenitcomestoissuesofinformation
managementandreporting.Whenit
comestosectorplanningusingNAC
administrativedata,thereportthatforms
thebasisofallthefiguresisthe2004
VillageBasedConsultativeInventorywhich
isnowoutdatedconsideringadwindlein
thesectorthatoccurredbetween2004and
2009

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

134

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

06.Question6:BudgetingandExpenditure

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
Differentdesignsandfordifferentparts
ofpeopleandareahavebeenplannedand
approved.
Donorshavemoreattentiononsanitation
issuesandsomesanitationprojectshave
beenimplemented.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Donorsspendmoremoneyonthese
activities
Thereisagoodprogressatcapacity
developmentprograms
Sharingfiveyearsactionplanwithdonors
andstakeholders
Thereisagoodcoordinationbetween
stakeholders
Guidelines,policiesanddesignsare
alreadyapproved.

Angola

Sanitationachievements:
1.Inclusionofsanitationbudgetarylinesin
theintegratedmunicipalitiesprogramsfor
povertyreduction
2.Inclusionofsanitationbudgetarylinesat
provincialgovernmentsexpenses

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thebudgetingplanningbeginsatlocal
level(municipalityandprovince)
2.Promptnesstoaccedetothedonor
creditlines

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Thereisnotaclearfundingsystemby
donors.
Mostoftheprojectshavebeen
implementedbetweenwelfarepeopleand
richarea.
InAfghanistanandespeciallyinKabulcity
morethan70percentofareaisunplanned.
Thereisnotanycomprehensive
sanitationmasterplan.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackofcoordinationbetweendonorsand
stakeholders
Planshavenotbeenimplemented
correctly.
Complicatedlogisticandfinancialsystem
Nosubmissionofauthoritytoothers
Lowcapacityforconsumptionofbudget

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedbudgetforsanitationprograms
atrurallevel
2.weakinstitutionalalignmentbetween
theMinistryofEnvironmentandProvincial
Governmenttoassumetheirco
participationcostswithdonorsfor
sanitationprograms
3.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Budgetcutsatcentralgovernment,
takingintoaccountthestatesrevenuesand
othernationalpriorities
2.Relativecentralizationoffundallocation
byprovincialgovernmentstomunicipal
WASHprojects
3.TheSISASdoesnotcaptureyetfinancial
fluxesinformation,toshowthe
consolidatedinvestmentsbythe
governments,partnersandNGOs

135

Sanitationcomments:
Insanitationissueshighauthoritiesmust
havemoreattentionandsupport.

Drinkingwatercomments:
InAfghanistanaccesstosafedrinkingwater
islow,sointernationalcommitmentfor
increasingofaccesstodrinkingwateris
necessary.

Fiveyearsactionplanhavebeen
implementedpartially,incaseofdonating
byothers,theplanwouldbeimplemented
completely.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
UnderthePEDISA,SISASisexpectedto
developafinancialmoduletocapture
investmentinformationand
budgets/expenditures
Notwithstandingthecompromiseassumed
bythecountriestoallocate5%atleastof
theirGDPtoWASH,Angolagovernmentis
allocationupto2%ofitsGDP.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:
&#1042;1.Constructionoftreatment
facilitieshasbeenstartedinsomeofthe
smallercities.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:
1.SectorInvestmentPlanhasbeen
preparedfor20112015
2.APartof(20%)Upazilabudgetis
earmarkedforwaterandsanitationheadto
bespentthroughUnionparishad.
3.Partialallocationisinpipeline
4.Revisedtargethasbeenagreed

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SectorInvestmentPlanhasbeen
preparedfor20112015
2.APartof(20%)Upazilabudgetis
earmarkedforwaterandsanitationheadto
bespentthroughUnionparishad

Benin

Sanitationachievements:
1.1.EffortsprogressifsdelEtatdansle
financementdelassainissement
2.DisponibilitdesBailleursfinancerle
domaine

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1..Tauxdexcutionfinancire35,83%en
2010

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;None

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Hardtoreachareaarenotgetting
servicesasperthesectoralpolicyandplan
2.Financialflowstosanitationsubsector
insufficient

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Provisionforoperationalbudgetis
inadequate
2.Hardtoreachareaarenotgetting
servicesasperthesectoralpolicyandplan

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Soussecteurpassuffisammentorganis
pourdraineruneforte
mobilisationdesressourcesfinancires
considrables
2.Faiblecontributiondubudgetnationalau
soussecteurdelHA
3.Procdureslourdespourfaciliterles
dpenses

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lourdeuretlongdlaisdepassationdes
marchs
2.lesdifficultsconomiquesdelEtat
bninoiscesdeuxderniresannes
3.Baissenotablesdesfinancementssurles
deuxderniresannes

Sanitationcomments:
Refusdeplusenpluscatgoriquedes
bailleursdesubventionner
lassainissementdomestique

Drinkingwatercomments:

136

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Efficientutilizationofdonorand
domesticfundedsanitationprojectsfor
bothurbannandrural
2.Strongpoliticalcommitment
3Planningunderwaytoscaleuptherural
programmewillincludedetailed
costingstoenableittobeappropriately
budgetedandplannedforin
commingfiveyearplans.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Duetothestrongpoliticalcommitment,
thebudgetallocationineachyear
isontheincreasingtrend
2.Allowanceforconsiderationofadhoc
plansforwatersupplyschemes
beyondbudgetallocationisalsomade

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Inversionesensaneamientodirigidasa
lossectoresmsdeprimidos
2.Todoproyectoseplanificayejecuta
considerandoenformasimultneaagua
potable,saneamientoytratamientode
aguaresidual

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existenrecursosparacumplimientode
losODM
2.Secuentaconmayorfinanciamiento
paraproyectodeaguaenelrearural(Mi
Agua)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Ruralprogrammeiscurrentlydependent
onexternalfundingsupportwhich
isinadequatetomeetMDGs
2.Sanitationhaslesspoliticalcommitment
andinvestmentcomparativelyto
watersector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Underutilizationofbudget

Sanitationcomments:
Asthetargetforsanitationcoverageis
100%.thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforebudgetisnot
specificallytargetedandmonitoredto
addressthesanitationsituationofthe
poor.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Asthetargetforwatersupplycoverageis
100%,thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforeitisnot
specificallytargetedtothepoor

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Recursosfinancierostodavalimitados
2.Dbilcapacidaddeejecucin
Saisissezdutexte,l'adressed'unsiteWeb
ouimportezundocumenttraduire.
Annuler

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteevaluacinfinancieraexpost.

Sanitationcomments:
AltarotacindeAutoridadesdenivelde
decisindebilitalacapacidaddegestinde
recursos

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lainformacinsobrepresupuestoygasto
estmuydispersa.

137

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisparaperodosde
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansabem
elaborao.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PlanosPlurianuaisPPA,dequatroem
quatroanos;2.ProgramadeAceleraodo
CrescimentoPACIeII;3.PlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,em
elaborao,aindanoaprovado
oficialmente.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Contingenciamentoderecursos
financeirosquealgumasvezesj
aconteceu;2.Emdiversoscasos,precria
gestonaaplicaodosrecursos
oramentrios,emespecial,emalguns
estadosemunicpios.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
.Dificuldadestpicasdasrelaesdopacto
federativoUnio,UnidadesFederais,
Municpios;2.Emendasparlamentaresque,
svezesficammargemdoplanejamento
nacional,regional,municipalelocal.

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Urbain
1.Signaturedaccordstechniqueetde
financementaveclesPTFetlesbailleursde
fonds

Rural
1.inscriptiondunelignebudgtairedansle
budgetdeltatpourlassainissement
2.amliorationdubudgetprogrammedu
secteur

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.Budgetannuel
2.Financementpresqueentirement
acquis

Rural
1.accroissementprogressifdubudgetde
lEtatallouleaupotable
2.miseenplacedelappuibudgtaire
sectoriel

Sanitationobstacles:
Urbain
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Faibletauxdedcaissementannuelpar
rapportauxdlaisderalisation
2.Procduresdepassationdesmarchs

Rural
1.manquedinformationsouinformations
tardivessurlesprogrammationsfinancire
decertainsacteurs
2.Procduresnationales(passationdes
marchs)
3.Autresprocdures(avisdenon
objection)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Longueprocduredepassationdes
marchs
2.Incapacitdesentreprises

Rural
1.insuffisancederessourcesfinancires
pourcomblerlesbesoinsenmilieurural
2.Longueprocduredepassationdes
marchs.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

138

Sanitationcomments:
Namaioriadasvezes,osrecursosaplicados
emsaneamentoruralsonoonerosos.
Existempouqussimasexperinciasem
nvelmunicipalcujosinvestimentospodem
tercomofonteastarifasourecursos
prpriosdosmunicpios.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Emtermosdeplanejamentonacional,no
humaprevisoouinclusodedoaes
nacionaisouexternas,oriundasde
organismosoficiaisounogovernamentais.
Namaioriadasvezes,estasdoaes
acontecemmediantenegociaesemnivel
regional,municipaledeAssociaes
comunitrias.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Financementdelaconstructiondes
latrinesamlioresdanslesmilieux
scolaires
2.MiseenplacedunShowRoomdes
latrinesdediffrentstypespout
dmonstration
3.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Inaugurationdequelquesstationsde
pompageauniveaunational
2.Rceptionde35adductionsdeau
potable
3.Rhabilitationetextensiondes
infrastructureshydrauliquesdans4
provincesdupays

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.InsuffisanceduBudgetpourlesecteur
2.Manquededocumentsdeplaidoyer
3.Insuffisancedevolontpolitique

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Lanonconsolidationdesdonnesdu
secteurdansunformatnational
2.Indisponibilitdunestructurecharge
duSuivietEvaluationdansle
secteur
3.Insuffisancedesfinancements

139

Sanitationcomments:
Nousconstatonsquilyaundsquilibre
entrelesfinancementsaccordau
secteurEauceuxaccordausecteur
Assainissement.Cedernierresteest
placaudernierrangdespriorit.Les
dcideursnontpasencorepris
consciencedelimportancede
lassainissement.

Drinkingwatercomments:
SANSOBJET

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Cambodia

Sanitationachievements:
1.RWSSsectorinvestmentplanwas
updatedin2005(for20052015)andin
2009(20102025)includingthedrinking
watersupplyandsanitationinruralareas;
2.KeyGovernmentinstitutionsandmain
DevelopmentPartners(donor
communities)participateintheTWG
RWSSH,throughwhich,theRWSSsector
promotesandcoordinatesthefinancial
planningandresourcemobilizations,policy,
andstrategicguidanceforRWSSprograms;
3.Manyorganizations(ADB,USAID,
UNHABITAT,WB)areinterestedin
improvingsanitationandhygienepractices
throughtheformulationoftherural
sanitationworkinggroup(SWG).
4.TheGovernmenthasissuedtheSub
DecreeforNationalSanitationDayon13
Novembereveryyear.
5.Manyorganizations(ADB,USAID,
UNHABITAT,WB)areinterestedin
improvingsanitationinurban(MPWT)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RuralWaterSupplyandSanitation
a.RWSSsectorinvestmentplanwas
updatedin2005(for20052015)andin
2009(20102025)includingthedrinking
watersupplyandsanitationinruralareas;
b.KeyGovernmentinstitutionsandmain
DevelopmentPartners(donor
communities)participateintheTWG
RWSSH,throughwhich,theRWSSsector
promotesandcoordinatesthefinancial
planningandresourcemobilizationsfor
RWSSprograms;
c.RuralWaterSupply:ThroughCMDGand
NSDPplanningprocess,theRWSsubsector
promotesgovernmentfundsforregular
drinkingwatersupplyimprovementsin
ruralareas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofinvestmentfundsinthe
sanitationandhygienesubsectoristhe
majorconstraintinthesubsectors
sustainabledevelopment.Sanitationand
hygieneinvestmentisbundledwithwater
supplyinvestmentsamongmajor
developmentpartnerssuchasADBandthe
WB
2.Inruralcommunities,sanitationand
hygieneislowpriorityandhouseholds
cannotaccessimprovedsanitationfacilities
duetopovertyandarelargelydependent/
waitingforgovernmentandNGOssubsidies
3.Lowprivatesectorinvolvementin
increasingdemandforimprovedsanitation
facilities
4.Sanitationseemstobeignoredfor
improvementandmostdonorsarenot
interested.
5.Lackoffinancialsupportfrom
government(MPWT)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWaterSupply
a.AspertheoutlinesintheNationalPolicy
frameworks,beneficiarycommunities
wouldmobilizefinancialresourcesfor
operationandmaintenanceoftheirown
watersupplyfacilities.However,the
communitiesarestillslowinfinancial
resourcemobilization(duetopoverty,and
weakinownershipsense).
b.Althoughthedonorfundsareincreasing
forruralwatersupplyimprovements,there
arestillonlyforprojectbasefinancing
approaches(projectbyproject);duetolack
ofmasterplanforlongtermruralwater
supplyimprovements,thefinancial
mobilizationstrategycouldnoteffectively
appliedforprogramwisedevelopments,
andthereforethereisstilllackofsecured
fundsforlongtermdevelopment.
c.Privatesectorinvestmentsinruralwater
supplyimprovementsarestillweakdueto
(i)narrowprofitmarginfromsmallsizeof
works,(ii)lackoflegalreinforcementsfor
securityoftheirlongterminvestments,
and(iii)disperselocationsspreadingin
remoteareas.
2.UrbanWaterSupply
a.Thereislimitedbudgetforbothprivate
andpubliconinvestmentfordrinking
water.

140

Sanitationcomments:
Evenifthenationalbudgetsisgradually
increasingeveryyeartosupportthe
coverageplanonruralsanitation,butthe
fundmanagementshouldbeusedmore
effectiveinchangingthepeoplemindsetin
waitingforsubsidy.Also,thebudget
supportforthepoorhouseholdstohave
accesstheruralsanitationshouldbehighly
consideredandconsensustoreachthe
totalsanitationinthecommuneand
villages.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Crationdenouveauxpointsdeau
potable
2.
3.

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.ralisationsdanslecadreduDSRP1
(Documentstratgiquederductiondela
pauvret)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunprogrammenational
dinvestissementdanslecadreduprojet
appuiinstitutionnelencourspourgarantir
ledveloppementdurabledusecteur

Chad

Sanitationachievements:
1.ralisationde502latrinesdanslecadre
duprojetPNEAR(Etat/BAD)
2.100villagesontatteintlestatutFDAL
dansleChariBaguirmi(Unicef)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunprogrammenational
dinvestissementdanslecadreduprojet
appuiinstitutionnelencourspourgarantir
ledveloppementdurabledusecteur

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Sousconsommationdubudgetallou
leaupotable
2.
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedemotivationdecertains
partenaires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dpendancevisvisdelextrieur
2.Inexistencedunmcanismede
financementstabledusecteur.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lestechniciensdudomainenesontpas
toujoursassocisladiscussionbudgtaire
2.lacontributiondelEtatestfaible
3.ladifficultdemobiliserlesfondsau
niveaudutrsorpublic

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Leservicedubudgetdevramieuxprendre
encomptelaprogrammationfaiteparles
servicestechniquesdelEtat

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

141

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Congo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Adoptiondunelignebudgtaire
dinvestissement
2.PriseencompteparleCDMTdubudget
etdpensesdassainissement
3.Existencedecontrepartiescongolaises
pourlecofinancementdesprojets
dassainissement(PEEDU,PABPe

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Adoptiondelignesbudgtaires
spcifiquespourlesecteurdeleau
potable;
2.ConstructiondelusinedeDJIRIet
rhabilitationdelusinedetraitement
deaupotableduDjou
3.Rhabilitationdesouvragesde
traitementdeaupotableetbiendautres

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedesfinancementsallous
lassainissement
2.Difficultsdedcaissementdesfondsde
contrepartiedelEtat

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Transportdeaudanslesancienset
nouveauxquartiers
2.Vtustdelatuyauterie
3.Ladistributiondeaunesuitpasla
politiquedamnagementetdurbanisation
aveclagrandissementdesvillesdansles
dpartements

Sanitationcomments:
Labudgtisationdesdpensesliesdes
projetsdassainissementdoitsintresser
lasensibilisationetlinformationdes
bnficiairesainsiquleurformation,tout
cecidoittrecoupllaralisationdans
chaquedpartementdactionsspcifiques
deconstructiondelatrines.

Drinkingwatercomments:
LeseffortsduGouvernementsontnon
ngligeablesdanscetteactivitpour
assurerdeleaupotableuneplusgrande
partiedelapopulationCongolaise,carle
Congoestentourdescoursdeau,des
riviresetfleuves.Cependantbeaucoup
resteencorefairecomptetenudes
enjeuxdeleaupotableetdeson
importance.Desvraiesstratgiesdoivent
trebtiesaveccertainsorganismesqui
nousaccompagnentdanscedomaine,car
toutnestpasfaitsurfondsproprescestle
casdelOMS;PNUDetc.

Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
1.LefinancementdelEtatpourlesecteur
Crerunestructurechargede
delassainissementestfaible
lassainissementenmilieurural
2.Lassainissementnestpastraitdefaon
Drinkingwatercomments:
prioritaireparlEtatetlescollectivits
Ralisationsousuccs:
territoriales
3.LesdettesdelEtatenverslaSODECI
1.Reprisedelacooprationavecles
bailleurs
constituentunfreinauxinvestissements
2.PPU(PlanPrsidentieldUrgence)ole
dansledomainedelassainissement

secteurdeleauestunedespriorits

3.Existencedunfondsdanslesecteurde
leaupourcouvrirlentretiendes
Drinkingwaterobstacles:
infrastructuresexistantesetle
1.Faiblessedufinancement
dveloppementdesnouvelles
2.ArrirsdelEtatlendroitdusecteur
infrastructuresenmilieuurbain
3.Imprvisibilitdesappuisextrieurs
Obstaclesoudifficults:

1.Faiblessedufinancement
2.ArrirsdelEtatlendroitdusecteur
3.Imprvisibilitdesappuisextrieurs
4.Lemcanismedegestiondufondsnest
pasefficaceennepermettantpasles
nouveauxinvestissements

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.ConventionEtat_SODECI(Contrat
daffermagepourlagestiondurseau
collectifpourlavilledAbidjan)
2.LeDSRP20092015planifieune
volutionprogressiveverslappui
budgtairesectoriel
3.EngagementdelEtatpourlacration
dunfondsnationaldefinancementde
lassainissementetdudrainage

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ralisationdouvragestelsleschteaux
deau
Reprisedelacooprationaveclesbailleurs
2.PPU(PlanPrsidentieldUrgence)
3.Existencedunmcanismefinancier

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

142

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Budgetallocated

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Bottleneckatthedisbursementlevel.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofaclearoperationand
maintenancepoliciesofdrinkingwater
supplybothurbanandrural

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noasignacinderecursopara
saneamiento.Secontempladentrodel
componenteagua

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inversininsuficienteporpartedel
gobiernonacional
2.Faltadecumplimientodelosplanesde
desarrollodeAPS

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowcostrecoveryduetowatertariffs
thatareamongthelowestintheworld,
requiringgovernmentsubsidies
2.insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lowcostrecoveryduetowatertariffs
thatareamongthelowestintheworld,
requiringgovernmentsubsidies
2.insufficientbudgetstocoverallthe
investmentplans.

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Ampliaciondelacobertura
2.Reducciondelacontaminacin

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElaumentodelgastoenAPSpermite
aumentarlacobertura
2.Ampliaciondelasredesanivelnacional

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1.abudgetof20BillionL.Ehasbeen
allocatedforthecurrent5yearplanto
raisethewastewatercoveragepercentage
inruralfrom11%to40%
2.settinganannualbudgetfor
rehabilitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.settinganannualbudgetfor
rehabilitation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

143

Sanitationcomments:
Budgetandexpendituresshouldbe
implementedattheprovincialandlocal
level.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Settingupaccountabilityinthesector

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.Anivelnacionalsehaincrementadolas
inversionestantoensaneamientocomoen
aguaanivelruralyurbana
2.Losgobiernosmunicipalespreveensus
presupuestosfondosdestinadospara
proyectosdeaguaysaneamientocon
juntasruralesygobiernocentral.
3.Compromisodelgobiernoeninvertiren
saneamientoenlos100municipiosms
pobresdelpas.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.cuentasybalancesauditadosque
reflejantransparencia
2.presupuestobienorientadoparael
cumplimientodelasmetasdelmileniolas
cualesyaselograronylaampliacindela
cobertura.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elpresupuestodeinversinenlaszonas
rurales(aguacomosaneamiento)esbajo
enlamayoradelasinstituciones

1.Thebudgetforinvestmentinruralareas
(waterandsanitation)islowinmost
institutions

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
presupuestonodefinelainversinenagua
ysaneamientoporseparado

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
1.InterestofdonorstosupportWASH
programs
2.Householdexpenditureisincreasingdue
toeconomicgrowth

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Communitycontribution
2.Governmentcommitment

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noseparatepubliclinebudgetfor
HygieneandSanitation
2.DifficulttotrackSanitationandHygiene
specificbudgetsfromtheWASHsectorand
actors(Bilateralandmultilateral)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Timelysetting

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

144

Sanitationcomments:
Considerandoquenoestdefinidoun
montoespecificoparasaneamientoenlos
presupuestosoficiales,porloquese
muestraunainversinmenoralossistemas
abastecimientodeagua,sinembargose
observaqueseestnhaciendoesfuerzos
paralograrunamayorcoberturaenel
mbitoruralyperiurbanoprincipalmente.

Esnecesarioyurgentetenercomopasun
PlandeSaneamientoqueinvolucreatodos
losactoresanivellocalynacional,
separandolazonaurbanayrural
acompaadodeunPlandeinversin.
SegnInformacinnosecuentacon
Instrumentosoficialesparaevaluary
proyectarelsaneamiento.Algunoslogrosy
obstculosencontrados

Drinkingwatercomments:
ApesardequelasmetasdelODMqueya
selograron,deberaderevisarsesien
cuantoacalidadycantidadsehan
cumplidoparaaguadeconsumohumano.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Lackofcommittedbudgettoimplement
thecurrentlyendorsedSAP

Drinkingwatercomments:
Harmonizationundertaken

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Loidefinance
2.Projetdeconstructiondunbarrage
hydrolectrique

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thecouncilshavesomebudgetlinesfor
overallenvironmentsanitationsolid
wastemanagement
2.AnationalbudgettrackingwithNAMS
wasdoneasbasisforadvocacy
3.InceasedGovernmentcommitmentat
policylevel

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Faibletauxdedcaissement(Lourdeurs
administratives)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementducadrerglementaireet
augmentationdesressources
financires

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofbudgetaryallocationfor
sanitation
2.Sanitationbudgetissubsumedinto
healthandenvironmentalbudget
3.Sanitationnotseenasastandalone
developmentissue

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

145

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.Aclearbudgetlineforsanitationhas
beenincludedinthebudgetsince2010
2.Budgetaryallocationforsanitationhas
increasedin2011

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thereispoliticalcommitmenttoincrease
budgetarysupportfordrinkingwater
throughtheGhanaCompact
2.Actualallocationtothewatersectorhas
increasedoverthepasttwoyears.

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.LavolontduGouvernementdinvestir
danscesecteur

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.BouclagedufinancementparleBudget
NationaldeDveloppement(BND)des
Projetderalisationdesforagesindustriels
deKobayaetDemoudoula(6000
m3/jour),des178foragesdeproximitet
laconstructiondelastationdetraitement
deaudulacdeSonfonia(10000m3/jour)
pourattnuerlemanquedeauConakry
2.Bouclagedufinancementparla
CooprationFranaisedelarhabilitation
ducaptagedeKitma(1700m3/jour)pour
attnuerlemanquedeauConakry
3.BouclagedufinancementparleCICRet
laSEGdesProjetsderenforcementdela
productiondeaupotabledanslesvillesde
Mali(3puitsamliorsquipsdegroupes
lectropompes+fourniturede3pompesde
reprisesetdungroupelectrogne),de
Mamou(3foragesindustrielsquipsde
groupeslectropompes+fourniturede3
pompesdereprisesetdungroupe
lectrogne)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Untimelyreleaseofbudgetallocatedfor
sanitation
2.Failuretodisbursethefullamountof
fundsallocatedforsanitation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inabilitytoaccessanduseallthe
allocatedyearlybudgetforwater(just
between3040%of2009and2010were
actuallyutilised)
2.Financialinflowsfromdonorsis
dwindlingduetoimpressionthattheMDG
targetforwaterhasalreadybeenachieved.
Thisnotwithstanding,whilealarge
proportionofthepopulationisstillun
servedduetotheunavailablefacilitiesin
somecommunities,somefacilitiesarenon
functionalandworsenedbyincreasing
populationgrowth.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedelignebudgtairepour
lassainissementautonome
2.Absencedesynergiedanslecadrede
concertationaveclesacteursimpliqus.
3.conflitdecomptenceentrelesparties
prenantes

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RetarddedcaissementdesProjets
financssurleBudgetNationalde
Dveloppement
2.Inflationimportante

146

Sanitationcomments:
Theassociatedbureaucracywithinthecivil
serviceisthemajorcauseofuntimely
disbursementandfailuretoaccessbeyond
50%ofthenationalbudgetallocatedfor
sanitation.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Lesecteurdelassainissementautonome
nebnficiepasdebudgetspcifiquepour
laralisationdesouvrages.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lasituationpolitiqueinstableetdifficile
quelepaysconnatdepuis2000sest
traduiteparuntarissementprogressifet
longdesfinancementsextrieursdansle
secteur.Lesfinancementssurressources
propresdelEtatetdelaSEGnontpu
couvrireuxseulslebesoinimportantdu
secteureninvestissementsnouveaux.Cest
lundesfacteursngatifsquiacontribu
diminuerl'accscontinul'eaupotablede
lagrandemajoritdelapopulation.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:
1Ladclaration.eThekwineatsign
avecleMinistrechargedeassainissement
maispasencoredallocationsbudgtaires

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Haiti

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Manquedereconnaissancede
limportancedusecteurdeassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

147

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Anivelnacionalnoseproduceun
informequereflejelatotalidadde
inversionesenelsector,tampocoque
desgloselossubsectoresagua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanoyrural(losinformessonparciales
yaquetampocoregistranlasdonacionesde
ONG,iglesias,Clubes,etc.).
2.Elpresupuestoanualparaelsubsector
deSaneamientoesmenosdel50%delo
necesarioparaalcanzarlasMetas
Nacionalesdeincrementodecoberturas
definidasporelGobierno
3.Bajoporcentajedeejecucindelos
fondosasignadosalsector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Ningunainstitucingubernamental
produceuninformequenoreflejala
totalidaddeinversionesdetodoelsectorni
desglosalossubsectoresAgua,
saneamientoehigiene,nilosmbitos
urbanosyrurales,porlotantolosinformes
quesepresentansonparcialesyaque
tampocoregistranlasdonacionesdeONG,
iglesias,Clubes,etc.
2.Elpresupuestoanualparaelsubsector
deAguaPotableUrbanaesmenosdel50%
delonecesarioparaalcanzarlasMetas
Nacionalesdeincrementodecoberturas
definidasporelGobierno
3.Bajoporcentajedeejecucindelos
fondosasignadosalsector.
4.NoexisteunFondoparaelsubsector
AguaPotable.

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.Enlossistemasruralesyperiurbanos
existeunacontribucincomunitariaentre
un2530%delcostodelproyecto.
2.Seimplementanmodelosdegestin
desconcentrados/descentralizadosparala
prestacindelosserviciosloquehavenido
amejorarlascoberturasycalidaddel
servicio.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Msdel75%delosfondosdelsubsector
aguaestnenelpresupuesto
2.Enlossistemasruralesyperiurbanos
existeunacontribucincomunitaria
alrededordel25%delcostodelproyecto.
3.Sehanestadoimplementandomodelos
degestin
desconcentrados/descentralizadosdelos
serviciosloquehavenidoamejorarla
prestacinylascoberturas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

148

Sanitationcomments:
EnelmarcodelPlandeNacinyatravs
delaSecretarasdePlanificacin(SEPLAN)
yFinanzas(SEFIN)seimplementarel
seguimientoalaejecucinfinanciera
nacional.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

India

Sanitationachievements:
1.Dedicatedfundingformarginalised
groups
2.Consistentriseintheallocatedbudget
overthedecade

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theentirebudgetisallocatedtostates
basedonthenorms,publishedinthe
Nationalpolicyguidelines.
2.Thereleasesarepublishedonlineand
arebasedontheauditedaccountsof
expenditurebystates.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientbudgettoaccelerate
coverageatdesiredpace
2.Absorptioncapacityofimplementing
machinery

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Duetolimitationofworkingseason(no
workinrains),sometimestheexpenditure
levelsarelow,resultinginhighopening
balanceswithstates

149

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Theprocessofreleaseshasbeenmadefully
transparentandlinkedtothenormsfixed
underthepolicy.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Since2010thegovernmenthasalso
appropriatedspecialallocationfunds(DAK)
forsanitationseparatefromdrinkingwater
budget
2.Improvementinsanitationbudgeting,
whichispotentiallyequaltodrinkwater
budget.Atthenational,theallocationfor
sanitationdevelopmentinthenational
budgethasincreased10timesin2009
since2005,orequalto4timesincreasein
percentageoftotalbudgetfrom0.3%in
2005to1.2%in2009.Theplannedmid
termexpenditureforsanitation
developmentof20102014increases
around4timescomparedtosanitation
budgetintheperiodeof20052009.
3.Donorcommitmentsforsanitation
utilizedinIndonesiaishigh.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Effectivespendingandbudgetinwater
andsanitationtendtobeincreasedover
theyears(APBN,DAK,APBD)
2.Appreciation(Incentive)mechanismfor
LocalGovernmentwithhighbudgetin
drinkingwatersupplyprogram
3.Developmentofalternativefunding
resources:Developmentpublicfunding
(obligation,etc);Commercialloan;credit
guaranteeandinterestsubsidy;
Developmentprivatepartnership,as
fundinginvestor,operator,strategicand
equityinvestor,orevenCSR.
Herearetheexampleofseveralpublic
privatepartnershipprogram:
UmbulanWaterspringProject,EastJava
JatiluhurWatersupplySystem
KlungkungRegency(TukadUnda)Water
Supply,Bali
SolidWasteFinalDisposalandTreatment
FacilityGreaterBandung

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationobstacles:

Thereisadependenceoncentral

governmentbudgetallocationstosupport
Drinkingwatercomments:
initiativesrelatedtodrinkingwaterand
sanitationfacilities.Theresultsofastudyon GovernmentBudget(APBN)hasbeenable
tocontributes10%oftotalinvestment
waterandsanitationcompletedin2003
2005revealedthatonly0.01percentto
needsforwaterdevelopment,whilefor
sanitation,thegovernmentbudgethas
1.37percentofdistrictdevelopment
beenabletofulfills20%ofthetotal
budgets(APBD)wereallocatedtosupport
requiredinvestments.
waterandsanitationprograms.
2.Schemetoimprovetheinvestment
climatetostimulatetheactiveparticipation
oftheprivatesectorandthecommunity
throughPublicPrivatePartnerships,aswell
asCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)has
notbeenwelldevelopedyet.
3.Localgovernmentsbudgetinsanitation
isstilllow(Provincialanddistrictlevel)
4.Sanitationstrategydocument,asabasic
indecidingdistrict/citysanitationbudget,is
stillnotwidelyimplemented

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisadependenceoncentral
governmentbudgetallocationstosupport
initiativesrelatedtodrinkingwaterand
sanitationfacilities.Theresultsofastudy
onwaterandsanitationcompletedin2003
2005revealedthatonly0.01percentto
1.37percentofdistrictdevelopment
budgets(APBD)wereallocatedtosupport
waterandsanitationprograms.
2.Schemetoimprovetheinvestment
climatetostimulatetheactiveparticipation
oftheprivatesectorandthecommunity
throughPublicPrivatePartnerships,aswell
asCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)has
notbeenwelldevelopedyet.
3.Theprovisionofimproveddrinkingwater
byurbanwaterutilitiesownedbythelocal
governments(PDAM)andnonpublically
ownedwatersupplycompanies(non
PDAM)islimited.
4.Budgetsandexpenditures(Nationaland
locallevel)forDrinkingWatersupplyisstill
limited(lesspriority)

150

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Identificationoffinancialresources
requiredforinvestingandachievingof
goals(specifyothermethodsofsecuring
credit)
2.Encouragementpolicymakesfor
improvingandinvestinginsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Increasingofgovernmentfinancial
support

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Performanceindicatorsarenowincluded
inthenationalbudget
2.Thebudgetfor2011andtheprojectsfor
20122013showincreasedspendingon
sanitationasapercentageofthetotal
waterandsanitationbudget

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Performanceindicatorsarenowincluded
inthenationalbudget
2.Thebudgetfor2011andtheprojectsfor
20122013showincreasedspendingon
sanitationasapercentageofthetotal
waterandsanitationbudget

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Tariffsdon'tdetermine
2.DiscountedTariffsandlackofreceiptof
wholeprice

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Allocatingofbudgetisnotaccordingto
programmeneeds
2.financialconstraints

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theprocessforselectingcapitalprojects
inthebudgetdoesnotincludeaformal
evaluationofthequantitativebenefitsof
eachprojectwithrespecttoperformance
indicators
2.Thereisnoassetmanagementplan
3.Thereisnocostbenefitanalysisfor
decidingwhenandwheretoextendthe
servernetwork

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theprocessforselectingcapitalprojects
inthebudgetdoesntincludeaformal
evaluationofthequantitativebenefitsof
eachprojectwithrespecttoperformance
indicators
2.Theresnoassetmanagementplan
3.Theresnocostbenefitanalysisfor
decidingwhenandwheretoextendthe
servernetwork

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

151

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.anincreaseinfinancialresource
allocation10%
2.increasedabsorptioncapacity
3.communityparticipationandownership
hasincreased

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Expenditure(thusabsorption)hasbeen
over75%.
2.Capturingoffdonorcommitmentsand
reportinghasimproved.
3.Annualincrementsofbudgetsoverthe
last10years.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.disburbsedfundarelessthanthat
budgetedfor
2.inadequatefunds

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Conditionsofdevelopmentsupportstill
continuetoslowdownimplementation.
2.Useofdifferentinvestmenttoolsby
variouspartnersespeciallyinruralareas.
3.limitedornoreportingatallof
expendituresbyNGOs,FBOs,etcinthe
watersector

152

Sanitationcomments:
Needfordecentralisationinthefunding
processfordifferentlevelstoenhance
betteroutcomes

Drinkingwatercomments:
Theprocessofbudgetingandexpenditure
reportinggraduallyimproving.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:
Thewatersupplyandsewageprojectshad
thefollowingpositiveimpacts:
improvingaccessforthevillagerstosafe
drinkingwater;
decreasingprevalenceofthe
communicableandparasiticdiseases;
improvingqualityofdrinkingwaterby
microbiologicalindicators;
changingthehygieneandsanitationskills;
improvingpartnersinteractionin
addressingthewatersupplyissues;
improvingtheinfrastructureofsanitary
entities,etc.
However,achievingthetargetindicatorin
improvingthesewagesystemseems
problematic.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
TheMinistryofFinanceoftheKRhas
informationonlywherethegovernmentis
aguarantorunderthestateinvestment
programs.
Ingeneral,therearethefollowing
characteristics:
forlackoffunds,andtherefore,
inadequatevolumeofthemaintenanceand
recoveryworks,theexistinginfrastructure
oftenfails;
valuesforshareofthepopulationhaving
accesstothesewagesystemindifferent
oblastssignificantlyvary:thedifference
betweenthelowestindicatorof3.2per
cent(Batkenoblast)andthehighestoneof
37.2percent(Chuioblast)makes34
percentagepoints;
improvingaccesstothesewagesystemis
aproblemnotonlyinrural,butalsothe
urbanareas.Theurbanpopulationinmost
oblastsexceedsthepopulationhaving
accesstothesewagesystem.Exceptfor
ChuiandOshoblasts,theareasdirectly
surroundingthecapitalBishkekcityandthe
SouthcapitalOshcity.However,the
situationisalsodifficulthere,duetothe
internalmigrationprocessesresultingin
highconcentrationofpeopleinBishkekcity
andotherbigcitiesofthecountry.Asa
result,ringsofsquatterareaswithout
waterdisposalsystemsappearedaround
thecapital.Thus,thereasonsfor
constraintsinprogressonaccesstothe
sewagesystem,aremainlyeconomicby
nature.However,inthisaspect,thereare
alsoculturalandeducationalproblems.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

153

Sanitationcomments:
Accesstothesewagesystemdefinesnot
justthesanitaryandhygienicconditionsof
peopleslife,butitindirectlyreflectsthe
housingquality.Unlikeaccesstoclean
drinkingwater,improvingthepopulation
accesstothesewagesystemappearedto
beamorecomplicatedtask.Modest
successhasbeenachievedinthisarea:in
theperiod20032008,separatestretchof
themaintrunksewerhasdecreasedby12
km,thestreetsewagenetworkincreased
by70kmonly.In2008,only23.5percent
ofthepopulationwasconnectedtothe
sewagenetworks.Whilein20032008,the
shareofpopulationusingthisutilitywas
decreasingby0.9percentperyear.
Inruralareas,therearevirtuallyno
municipalsewageanddrainagesystems.
Constructionofcesspitslavatories(toilets)
usedeverywhere,istheresponsibilityofan
individualfamilyororganization,suchas
governmentagenciesandschools.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinationbetweengovernmentand
donorsstillcontinued
2.Gettingsomemonitoringfundsfrom
government
3.communitycontributionandmore
privateparticipation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Percentageofthedrinkingwaterbudget
isestimatedandtargetedtothe
poorfamiliesinruralandremoteareas
espectiallyethnicminoritygroups
2.Identificationofbudgets,investmentand
subsidiesfordrinkingwater
systemsandservicesinbothurbanand
ruralWASH

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:
1.Donorcommunityremainscommittedto
sanitationsectorinLebanon
2.STPscontinuetocomeonstream

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Governmentbudgetsstilllimited
2.Generalbudgetsfromdevelopment
partnersforwaterandsanitationhas
reduced
3.Naturaldisasterparticularlyfloodsin
2011

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficiencyoffinancialflawsatboth
nationalandlocalgovernmentlevels
tomeetMDGtargets.DraftruralWASH
strategyestimatesthattheaverage
annualinvestmentoverthelast10years
2.

Sanitationcomments:
Publicandprivatepartnershipshouldbe
moreenhanced.Thepoorfamilies
shouldbealsoconsideredintermsof
subsidies.Thecapitalgainedfromthe
developmentprojectslikedamprojects,
miningandothertaxesshouldbe
consideredtosupporttobothurbanand
ruralWASH

Drinkingwatercomments:
Improvementoffinancialflowshouldbe
furthertakingintoconsiderationin
ordertomeetandMDGandNSEDP

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Politicalwranglingoverprioritisationof
budgets
2.Developingbudgetstoserveother
considerations

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Lebanonhasachievedahighlevelof
improvedsanitationcoverageaccordingto
theWHO/UNICEFJointMonitoring
Programme(JMP),butitstillisat50%less
ofitsneedstoattainthenationalsanitation
target(i.e.100%connectiontosewerage
networksby2020)
Theexpendituredidnotexceed26%ofthe
budgetallocatedforsanitation.
TheNIMBYsyndromes,thepoliticalconflict
onthepriorities,inadditiontosome
technicalobstaclesblockstheexecution
andtheexpenditureinconsequence.
Ontheotherhand,sometimesthe
executionofsomeprojectsstopbecause
thebudgetallocatedbecomeinsufficient
duetofinancialinflationorunexpected
expensivetechnicalities.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Inthedrinkingwatersectoralso,
expectationsandbudgetingdon'talways
meetrealityandexecutionofalotof
projectsstopafterallocatingbudgetsfor
them.

154

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Lesotho

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheEUfundedMaseruWastewater
Projectisamajorachievementintheurban
sanitationactivitiesandwillsignificantly
improvesanitationservicesinMaseru
2.TheGovernmentofLesothohasprovided
significantfundingtotheruralsanitation
activitiesandthedonorfundedruralwater
andsanitationprojectswillcontribute
significantlytotheruralsanitationprogress

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thewatersectoriscurrentlyreceivinga
majorshareoftheGovernmentscapital
budgetandtheGovernmentis
implementingtheMetolongbulkwater
supplyprogrammeforthecapitalMaseru
andsurroundingtownsandvillageswith
supportfromanumberofDevelopment
Partners.
2.Thewatersectorhasdevelopedthe
InterimWaterandSanitationStrategyas
thebasisforEUSectorBudgetSupportthat
willimprovethelevelandpredictabilityof
fundingforthesector

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.TheGovernmentsfinancialmanagement
systemdoesnotmonitortheexpenditures
forsanitationseparatelyfromwaterand
thereforenocomprehensivedataare
availablecoveringthesanitationactivities
ofthewatersectorcombinedwiththelocal
government,healthandeducationsectors
expenditures.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Costrecoveryinruralareas:The
contributiontoO&Mcostsinruralwater
systemsfromthewaterusersislowand
Governmentcontinuetousepartofthe
ruralwaterbudgettosubsidisemajor
repairsinruralwatersystems.Clarityof
rolesoflocalgovernmentauthoritiesand
thewatersectorneeded
2.Contractmanagementaswellastimely
paymentofsuppliersandcontractors
remainstobeachallengeforeffective
implementationinthesector.
3.DetailedinvolvementofDevelopment
Partnersinadministrationandapprovalof
sectoractivitiesleadstodelaysin
implementation.
4.Thecapitalbudgetforthewatersectoris
dominatedfortheMetolongProjectand
delaysintheimplementationofoneortwo
majorcontractsaffecttheutilisationrateof
thecapitalbudgetsignificantly

155

Sanitationcomments:
Providingspecificbudgetsandexpenditure
reportsonsanitationisachallengesince
thereareseveralgovernment,local
governmentandnongovernmentalactors
insanitationaswellasprivateinvestments
andthegovernmentsfinancial
managementsystemdoesnotdifferentiate
sanitationandwaterexpendituresatan
aggregatedlevel.Thedevelopmentofthe
M&Esysteminthewatersectorcouldover
timeprovidedataonsanitationandin
cooperationwiththeBureauofStatisticsit
shouldbepossiblealsotogetdataon
householdinvestmentsinsanitationaspart
oftheCMSsurveys

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheGovernmentsfinancialmanagement
systemisimprovingwiththe
implementationoftheIFMIShoweverthe
objectivebasedbudgetingandlinkingthe
recurrentbudgetstothecapitalbudgetsis
notyeteffective.
Problemswiththeimplementationanduse
oftheIFMIShasresultedinlongdelaysin
paymenttotheprivatesectorforsupplies
andworksaffectingtheutilisationof
budgetsaswellastheprofitability/survival
oftheprivatesectorinLesotho

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:
Thereisabudgetandexpenditure
frameworkbeingdevelopedfortherollout
bytheNWSHPC

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheLiberiaWASHCompacthas
improvingfinancemechanismsasastand
alonecommitment
2.TheMinistryofPlanningandEconomic
Affairsdrovethedevelopmentof
theLiberiaWASHCompact
3.WSPhasagreedtodeveloparobust
sectorinvestmentplaninearly2012

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.AEPHAintgrdanslesloisdefinances
(ProgrammedInvestissementPublicet
ressourcesexternes)
2.BPORpourles05des22rgions
disponibles
3.LeFondsMondialdelAssainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1AEPHAintgrdanslesloisdefinances
(ProgrammedInvestissementPublicet
ressourcesexternes)
2.BPORpourles05des22rgions
disponibles

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofdialoguebetweentheWASH
sectorandMoFin
2.Thereisnorealsectorperformance
monitoringwithregardstoinputs(i.e.
finance)andoutputsinthesanitationsub
sector
3.Thereisnoclearbudgetlinefor
sanitationwhichnationalagenciescanuse
toplantheirintervention

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Perceivedlackofpoliticalwilltogive
WASHastandalonebudgetlineinthe
nationalbudget
2.LackofdialoguebetweentheWASH
sectorandMoFin
3.Thereisnorealsectorperformance
monitoringwithregardstoinputs(i.e.
finance)andoutputsinthesanitationsub
sector

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fortedpendanceparrapportaux
bailleursdefonds
2.Manquedesystmefiablepourmesurer
lallocationdesfondspourlespauvres
3.Dsquilibreentreapproche
subventionneetnonsubventionne

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fortedpendanceparrapportaux
bailleursdefonds
2.Manquedesystmefiablepourmesurer
lallocationdesfondspourlespauvres
3.Dsquilibreentreapproche
subventionneetnonsubventionne

156

Sanitationcomments:
n/a

Drinkingwatercomments:
Criticaltothesuccessofimplementationof
theimmediateLiberiaWASH
Compactdeliverablesandthesector
strategicplanisfinancialresourcingfor
thesector.Forthenextannualbudget,the
LiberiaMoFinneedstoinsert
WASHasastandalonebudgetline.

Sanitationcomments:
LebudgetallouparlEtatpourlesecteur
AEPHAestloindtresuffisantparrapport
auxobjectifsatteindre(besoinde
financementestim200Millionsde
DollarsparanpourlachvementdelOMD,
alorsquelesecteurfonctionneavecmoins
50MillionsdeDollars).

Drinkingwatercomments:
LebudgetallouparlEtatpourlesecteur
AEPHAestloindtresuffisantparrapport
auxobjectifsatteindre(besoinde
financementestim200Millionsde
DollarparanpourlachvementdelOMD,
alorsquelesecteurfonctionneavecmoins
50MillionsdeDollar).

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Malawi

Sanitationachievements:
1.Creationofaseparatebudgetlineinthe
GovernmentsNationalBudget
2.IncreasedrecognitionofSanitationby
donors

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.Miseenuvreduprojet
dassainissementdanslesrgionsdeGao,
SgouetKoulikorosurfinancementBAD
2.MiseenuvreduProjetdAppuiDano
SudoisdanslesrgionsdeSikasso,Mopti
etKoulikoro
3.MiseenuvredelAssainissementTotal
PilotparlaCommunaut(ATPC)dansles
rgionsdeMopti,Sgou,Sikasso,Koulikoro
etKayes

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExistencedeBudgetProgrammepar
Objectifs(BPO)
2.ExistencedeCadredeDpenses
MoyenTerme(CDMT)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lowrecognition(atGovernmentlevel)of
thesanitationasapriorityarea
2.Limitedknowledgeoftheroleof
sanitationindevelopmentamongpolicy
makers
3.SlowfiscaldevolutiontotheDistrict
Councils

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
*Thereisnoseparate%forthepoorasthe
sanitationbudgetcoverswhole
communities

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedesressourcesfinancires
2.Diffrencedapprochesdintervention
desprojets/programmes

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lanonapplicationdeladclarationde
Paris(alignementdesprocduresdes
bailleurssurcellesnationale)
2.Lourdeurdanslesprocduresde
passationdesmarchs

157

Sanitationcomments:
Trackingofsanitationexpenditure,
Proposeprovisionofadditionalresources
intheInfrastructureDevelopmentFund
(IDF){oftheCity/DistrictCouncils}to
targetSanitationinfrastructureforurban
Centres.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:
1.Lescontrepartiesdeprojetssont
mobilises
2.Nomenclaturedebudgetunelignepour
lassainissement
3.Plandinvestissement20112015

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Plandinvestissement20112015

Mongolia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasedstateinvestmentonthe
sanitationsubsectorinthelastyear.
2.Thoroughnewtehnologies

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Improvedbudgetexpenditure.

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.Accroissementimportantdes
investissementsallousausecteur.
2.Conventionsdepartenariatpourle
financementdesprojetsdassainissement
liquide.
3.CrationdefondsdelEtatpermettantle
cofinancementdesprojetscaractre
environnemental.
4.FonddAssainissementLiquideet
dEpurationdesEauxUses(FALEEU).
5.FondNationalpourlEnvironnement
(FNE).

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Prennisationetscurisationdes
infrastructuresdeaupotable;
2.Accroissementdesinvestissements
allousausecteur;
3.Amliorationdutauxdaccsleau
potableenmilieurural91%en2010.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetsectorielendedelobjectif
africain(AMCOW)
2.Difficultdedcaissement
1.centralisationdelagestiondes
ressourcesfinancires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Pasdebudgetprogrammepourleau
2.centralisationdelagestiondes
ressourcesfinancires

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lowmonitoringandregulationsystemof
thebudget.
2.Underbudgeted.
3.Resultisnotsatisfied.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Underbudget.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Entravesinstitutionnelleset
administrativespourlaconcrtisationdes
projetsderutilisationdeseauxuses
2.Recouvrementdescots.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.difficultpourlarvisiontarifaire
rgulire.
2.Lesressourceseneaumobilisersontde
plusenpluscoteuses.

158

Sanitationcomments:
Ilestvraimentncessairedaugmenterla
lignespcifiquepourlassainissementrural

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
LesdotationsbudgtairesdelEtat
allouesausecteurnesuiventpasle
rythmederalisationdesprojets.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Mozambique

Sanitationachievements:
1.InclusionofWASHbudgetlineinstate
governmentbudget
2.Establishmentofcommonfundforrural
waterandsanitationinterventions(half
yearmonitoringandevaluationmeetings
assemblinggovernmentinstitutionsand
NGOsworkingonwatersupplyand
sanitationPRONASAR)
3.Underwaydecentralizationofbudget
planningforWASH

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Creationofthecommonbasketfundfor
ruralwatersupplyandsanitation
(PRONASAR)
2.ExistenceoftheInvestmentFundfor
WaterSupplyInfrastructures(FIPAG)and
AIASwithaclearresponsibilitytoinveston
urbanwatersupplyandsanitation
3.

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Earliertherewasnoseparatebudgetline
forsanitation,butnowseparate
sanitationbudgetlineisallocatedin
GoN/DWSSbudget
2.Expenditureandreportingsystemhas
beendeveloped
3.Offbudgetallocationsarealso
contributioninsector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Budgetandexpenditurearetransparent,
auditingismanditory,noonecan
escapeit
2.Budgetandexpenditurearecontinuously
increasing

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Intimebudgetallocationtofulfilthe
yearlywaterandsanitationprograms
2.Discrepancybetweenresponsibilities
decentralizedtothelocalgovernmentsand
resourcesallocatedtoimplementthese
decentralizeroles
3.Existingbudgetisstillfarwaytomeet
theMDGs

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Latefinancialdisbursement
2.Difficultiestogatherfinancial
informationfromnotinstitutionalpartners
(theonesthatdonotsitGAS)

Sanitationcomments:
TheAfricanWaterMinistershave
expressedtheirjointcommitmentto
allocateatleast0.5%oftheirGDPto
sanitationandhygienepromotion
programsinthemeetingoftheAfrican
MinisterialCommissionforWater
(AMCOW)heldin2008inDurban.Upto
date,thisjointlytargetagreedhasnot
comethrough,asfinancialresourcesarefar
awayfromtheminimaldesiredtoachieve
theMDGs.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Needtoimproveintersectorial
coordination

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Itisdifficulttoexpandinallprogrammes
andorganizationsinvolvedinthe
sector
2.Sanitationisalowpriorityactivityfor
someorganizations
3.Poorlocalgovernanceandweak
institutionalarrangementtolookafterthe
WASHinlocalbodiesresultinglow
performanceinWASHsector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Budgetandlongtermtargetsarenot
matching,allocationisalwaysaround
50%ofactuallyrequired
2.Offbudgetfinancingarenotwelllinked
withnationaltargetsandreflectedin
thebudgetaryprocess

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Currentlyinterestofactorsisincreasingin
thesanitationandmainstreamingof
theSANprogrammesisessential.For
which,allsectoractorsshouldfocus
sanitationasaprioritycomponentwithset
individualtargetsaccordingtotheir
capacity.Itwillhelptomeetthenational
targetandpeople'sexpectations

Drinkingwatercomments:
Establishmentofstronglinkagebetween
longtermnationaltargetandbudget
allocationisanurgentneed.Budget
allocationfortheimprovementof
functionality
andwaterqualityisessential

159

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Niger

Sanitationachievements:
1.gnralisationdesschmasdirecteurs
dassainissement
2.laborationdesplanslocauxdeauet
dassainissement(PLEA)
3.budgtisationpourlesoussecteur

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nigeria

Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasesanitationbudgetprovisionin
lineministries,departmentsandagencies
2.Thewaterlamiscurrentlybeing
reviewedtoenforcebudget
implementation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Statewateragenciesaredeveloping
reformstoattractprivatesectorandenable
investments

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Privatesectorparticipationis
encouragedinwayofIWPPSandIWPsin
constructionandoperationofDesalination
plants.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancesdesressourceslocalespour
lefinancementdusoussecteur
2.insuffisancedefinancementpour
lassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetprovisionandrelease
forsanitationatnationalandstatelevel
2.Inadequateconsultationwithalllevelof
stakeholdersinbudgetingprocess
3.Lowinvestmentlevelinoperationand
maintenance

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatebudgetprovision

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RecentGlobalrecessionthoughnot
hadanimpactdirectlyindirectlyslowed
downtheprivatesectorparticipation.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

160

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Pakistan

Sanitationachievements:
ExpenditureonWatsanincreased250%
fromRs.10.3billionin20045toRs.25
billionin201112
Expenditureonwatersanitationand
hygieneinearlyrecoveryinfloodaffected
areasin20102011estimatedatRs21.4
billion
Budgetforwaterandsanitationallocated
towardssanitationincreasedfrom10%to
33%

Drinkingwaterachievements:
WASHrecognizedasavitalareafor
interventionintheearlyrecovery
programmesinfloodaffecteddistricts
Decentralizationprocesswithdevolution
ofresourcestotheprovinces
Increaseinnumberofwaterschemesand
utilization
Proportionincreaseinhousehold
connections

Panama

Sanitationachievements:
1.Hasidoimportantecontarconrecursos
especficosparaeltratamientode
lasaguasresidualesenlaciudadyBahade
Panamyconlaexigenciade
plantasdetratamientodeaguasresiduales
entodoslosproyectos
urbansticos.
.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Hasidoimportantecontarconlosrecursos
requeridospararealizarmejorase
incrementarlossistemasde
abastecimientodeaguapotable.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Inadequateallocationtosubsectorasa
proportionofGDP
HighshareofNonRevenueWater(30%
ormore)
LowTariffs

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Nosectorwideapproach
Nodisaggregationofexpendituresby
waterandsanitation
Inadequatewatermeasurement
processes(watermeter)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

161

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.Hayenelpresupuestogeneraldegastos
,recursosdelestado,queestaendistintos
ministeriosyenvariosgobiernoslocales,
ademsdelospresupuestosdeEssapy
Senasa,contribuyenalsaneamiento
2.Acuerdogeneralizadodequeelgran
dficitenParaguayseencuentraenel
saneamientoprincipalmente
3.Mayoresrecursospresupuestariosenlas
institucionespblicasdestinadosal
subsectorsaneamiento

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MayorcantidaddeproyectosenAgua
comoelacueductodelchacoque
permitirnalcanzarlasmetasdelmilenio
enaguayatencinalapoblacin
vulnerable

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltaintegrartodosesosesfuerzos
aisladospordistintosentesparaconocerlo
queseestainvirtiendoenelsaneamiento
2.Ausenciadeunaconcienciacinsobre
todoaniveldelospolticosdela
importanciadelsaneamiento
3.Tambienfaltalaintegracindela
relacinestrechaentreaguapotabley
saneamiento.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltadecapacitacion,previsionde
presupuestosparaadecuadauna
operacinymantenimientodelos
sistemasdeaguapotable
2.Faltadeapropiacinypertinenciadelos
sistemasdeaguadelChacoporpartedela
poblacinindgena
3.Faltadeasistenciatcnicaalossistemas
deaguaruralesqueesunatareaa
recuperarporelSenasa,inclusoconlos
smasprivados.
4.Faltadeunaadecuadavaloracinalagua

162

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.Limitedgrantsonsanitation
2.DOHAdministrativeOrderonSustainable
SanitationPlanallocatingP600Million/
year
3.Privatesectorparticipationmodel
(Maynilad/ManilaWater)inMetroManila.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Budgetforwaterlessmunicipalities(P1.5
B/year)forruralareas
2.Alternativeloanwindows(Government
financinginstitutions)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Pooroperationalizationoftheplansdue
tolackofbudgetatnationalandsub
nationallevels.
2.Lackoftechnologypackageswithcost
estimatesthatLGUscanselect.
3.Lackoffinancialschemesforthe

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfundsofutilitiestoexpandand
maintainfacilities(GovernmentandODA)
2.Tediousgovernmentprocessesforthe
procurementofgoodsandservices

163

Sanitationcomments:
Publicinvestmentinwatersupplyand
sanitationinfrastructurewentmostlytothe
watersector(97%)andonlyaminiscule3
percentwenttosanitation.Mostofthe
investmentsinsanitationcomefrom
privateinvestmentsinhouseholdtoilets,
housingestatewastewatertreatmentand
onsitewastewatertreatmentsamong
commercial,industrialandinstitutional
establishments.ThePhilippine
EnvironmentMonitorestimatesthatovera
10yearperiod,thecountrywillneedto
investPhp250billion(nearlyUS$5billion)
inphysicalinfrastructure.(Source:
PhilippineWaterandSanitationSector
Assessment,2011)

Drinkingwatercomments:
Publicinfrastructureexpendituresfrom
2001to2007amountedtoPhp869billion
ofwhichPhp645billionwasfromnational
governmentandGOCCswhilePhp224
billionwasfromLGUs.OfthePhp645
billionnationalinfrastructurespending,
waterprojects(watersupply,irrigationand
floodcontrol)accountedforPhp110billion
whileotherinfrastructureprojectsspent
Php535billionrepresenting12.2%and
87.4%respectively.However,mostofthe
waterprojectsexpenditurewentto
irrigationandfloodcontrolwithonly14.6%
ofthewaterprojects(Php16billion)going
towatersupply.Nationalgovernment
spentPhp3.7billionwhileLWUAand
MWSSspentPhp12.3billionduringthe
period.(Source:PhilippineWaterand
SanitationSectorAssessment,2011)

Watersupplyinvestmentshavebeen
significantlylowrelativetooverallpublic
infrastructurespending.Itisalso
characterizedbybiasinfavorofMetro
Manilaandotherurbanareas.This
phenomenonisattributedtothe
orientationofthepublicinfrastructure
prioritiesofthenationalgovernment(NG)
andtheabsenceofacoherentfinancing
frameworkforthewatersupplysector.
(Source:PhilippineWaterSupplyRoadmap,
2008)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Rwanda

Sanitationachievements:
1.ImprovementofSanitationinUrbanand
ruralAreaasabudgetline
2.CommonEvaluationperformance
frameworkisinplaceandoperational
coordinatedbytheMinistryofFinance

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.IncreaseofNationalBudget
commitmentsinwatersupply
2.Fullabsorptionofnationalwatersupply
budget

Sanitationcomments:
Governmentbudgethasspecificbudgetfor
sanitationthoughverylow.The
governmentresourcesnotenoughtofund
alltheneedsinallthesectors.

Drinkingwatercomments:
QuestionF:Somewaterandsanitation
projectsareimplementingwatersupplyin
remotepoorruralareasandbudgetfor
ruralprojectsis>25%
Decreaseofdonorparticipationinwater
supplyduetolowrankingingovernment
priorities

Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationcomments:
1.Useoffundsislimitedundergovernment
provisions

Drinkingwatercomments:
Drinkingwaterobstacles:

1.Stillneedmoredonorfundingforrural
watersupply/untreatedschemes,
needmoregovernmentsupportthrough
CSO
2.Increasedefficiencyinrevenuetarrif
collection
3.Needeffectiveplanningonutilisationof
funds

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lowbudgetforsanitationcomparedto
water
2.Unreliabilityofdataonsanitation
3.Lowlevelinvestmentbytheprivate
sector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfundingduetootherconflicting
needs

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thecollaborationofgovernmentand
donorinsanitationprojecte.g.subsidy
scheme

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Substantialdonorfunding(EU,ADB,JICA
etc)hasledtomuch
improvementsinwatersupply
2.EffectiveMediumTermExpenditure
Framework(MTEF)inwatersector
3.Transparencyreportinginconsistent
meetingsopendiscussionsand
communications

Senegal

Sanitationachievements:
1)ElaborationavecleMinistredes
Financesdunestratgiedeplaidoyerpour
lerelvementdesallocationsbudgtaires
ausoussecteurdelassainissement(DPES)
2)ElaborationdunCDSMTpourlesous
secteurdelassainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.letauxdaccsnettementamlior
2.lapolitiquedesbranchementssociaux
pourlespauvres

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1)Nonmiseenuvredunestratgiede
ciblagedespauvresenmilieurural
2)Nondfinitiondunestratgienationale
definancementdurableetinnovantedu
soussecteurdelassainissement
3)Absencedepolitiquededcentralisation
danslagestionetlexcutionfinanciredes
crditsausoussecteur

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

164

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

SierraLeone

Sanitationachievements:
Thelowcostintheimplementationof
CommunityLedTotalSanitation(CLTS)
2.LowincidenceofdiarrheainCLTS

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thelowcostfortheimplementationof
CommunityLedTotalSanitationhas
increasedthedemandforaccesstosafe
drinkingwater
2.LowincidenceofdiarrheainCLTS
communitieshenceincreasedsavingon
medicaltotakecareofotherexpenditures
3.fiscaldecentralisationtothelocal
authorities

SouthAfrica

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheGovernmenthasallocatedfundsto
dealwithspecificpriorityneeds,e.g.
eradicationofbuckettoilets,eradicationof
schoolsandclinicswaterandsanitation
backlogstheruralhouseholdinfrastructure
programme.
2.Bucketsystemsinformalsettlements
havebeensignificantlyreduced;waterand
sanitationbacklogsinhealthfacilitieshave
beeneradicatedandthewaterand
sanitationbackloginschoolshavebeen
significantlyreduced.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalTreasuryhasimplementeda
standardaccountingprocedureinlarge
localauthoritieswithsmallerlocal
authoritiestofollowwithinthenext35
years.
2.NationalTreasurypublisheslocal
governmentaccountstatementsonthe
Webandinstitutescorrectiveactionif
necessary.
3.Privatesectorandthebankingsectorof
SAusesofficialTreasuryaccountingdatato
developinvestmentriskprofilesfor
Municipalities

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
.Donorfatigue
2.TheEurozonecrisis

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Donorfatigue
2.TheEurocrisis

Sanitationcomments:

Thereisahighlevelofcompetitionfor
donorfundingascrisisincreasesinother
partsoftheworld;famineintheHornof
Africa,naturaldisastersandpoliticaland
socialconflicts.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Operationandmaintenancebudgets
remaininadequate.
2.Manyruralschools/clinicsstill
experiencewaterandsanitationproblems.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofand/orpoorfinancial
managementskillswithinlocalauthorities.
Waterisnotringfencedinmunicipalities.
2.WeakHumanResourcescapacityinlocal
authoritieshamperstheappointmentof
appropriatelyqualifiedfinancialstaff.
3.Inadequatefinancialplanningandlackof
fundingmodelsforwaterservices.

Sanitationcomments:
TheMunicipalInfrastructureGrant
allocationtoMunicipalitiescatersforboth
basicwatersupplyandsanitation.
Municipalitiesinmanyinstancesallocate
inappropriatelevelsoffundingto
sanitation.TheGovernmenthashowever
introducedspecificshorttermgrantsto
addressruralsanitationbacklogs.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Manysmallerlocalauthoritieshavepoor
financialcreditratingsordisclaimersdueto
theassociatedpoorsocioeconomicprofile
ofcustomers

165

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SouthSudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Managedtoreflectdonorfundingas
budgetsupportinprovisionofsanitation
waterthroughAidManagement
InformationSystem(AIMS)
2.Developedunitforthemanagementof
sanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Managedtoreflectdonorfundingas
budgetsupportinprovisionofsafedrinking
waterthroughAidManagement
InformationSystem(AIMS)

SriLanka

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheSriLankangovernmentidentifiedthe
importanceandcreatedaseparateministry
forwatersupplyandsewerage.
2.Aseparatebudgetheadwascreatedfor
sewerage/sanitationinthecapitalbudget
provisionsofthecountry.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Substantialincreaseinbudgetallocation
yearbyyear.
2.FinancialRegulationsareavailablefor
annualbudgetingandtheyarebeing
compliedwithbyeverygovernmententity;
drinkingwater
supplyservicesareincludedinit.
3.Welldocumentedchecksandcontrols
areavailable;Auditstakeplace.Hence
expendituresareverifiedindependently.
Thisincludes
drinkingwatersupplyservices.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofspecificbudgetlineforsanitation
2.Lackoffunds

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.NospecificbudgetlineitemforSafe
drinkingwaterintheapprovedbudgetto
helpinthemonitoring
2.Inadequatebudgetprovision(lackof
funds)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.CapitalBudgetfortheimplementationof
sewerageprojectshasbeenverylowinthe
past.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackoffunds
2.Freewatersupplytotenementgardens,
publictoiletsandpublicbathingplacesin
Colomboisaburdentotheutility
organization.
3.Extremeweatherconditions,disasters
necessitatefreewatersupplyto
beneficiaries.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

166

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Sudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Availabilityofdetailedbudgeted2012
2016Strategicplansforscalingupaccessto
sanitation.
2.Increaseddonorsinterestinfinancing
sanitationprojects

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Increaseaccesstoimprovedwaterisone
ofthegovernmentmainbudgetarythrusts
comparedwithotherbasicservices.
2.Availabilityofdetailedbudgeted2012
2016Strategicplansforscalingupaccessto
improvedwater.

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
.Begananinventoryofexistingfacilitiesto
createadatabaseandevaluatethe
exixtingstructure,planningandbudgeting.
Donorsappearedtheinterestinthissector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
MainBudgetaryfundsarenotforeseenfor
maintenanceofexistingfacilities

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Sufficientbudgetprovidingfor
management
2.Balance/oversheetexpenditure
planninginsomesubsectorhasbeen
provided

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noseparatebudgetlineforsanitationat
federalandstatelevel.
2.Inadeqautenationalandstatelevel
fundingforsanitationcomparedwiththe
requirements

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatenationalandstatelevel
fundingforwatercomparedwiththe
requirements.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Extremlyinadequatefundingofthe
sector.
2.Lockofthenecessarydatabase.
3.Noclearrulesandmechanismforsetting
tariffsthatwouldincreaseefficiencyand
ensurethetransparencyandpredictability

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Duetothedifficultyoffinancialresources,
adequatefundingisnotprovided,which
bringstonotreasonableexpensesin
emergencies

Sanitationcomments:
NoClearrulesandmechanismforsettings
tariffs.Theissueoffinancialsustainability
ofthesystemisveryacute.Needto
increasefundingforthesectorofthestate
budget.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Whenbudgetingtakesintoaccountthe
involvementofinvestmentrequired,but
sometimesthedemandoftheinternational
financialinstitutions,mandatoryshareof
governmentandcommunitiesinlarge
amountsdonotgivetheopportunityto
participate,(financialdifficultiesofthe
governmentandlowincomecommunities

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somesubsectorespeciallyforlocal
administrationorganizationdoesnthave
adequatebudget

167

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06.BudgetingandExpenditure

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.increaseofinvestmentforwaterin2010
and2011(ChiefofFinancetoprovidethe
datainnumberincreasinginDollars
Percentage)

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Togo

Sanitationachievements:
1Institutiondesallocationsbudgtaires
parlEtat
2.Appuisfinanciersdespartenaires
techniquesetfinanciers

Drinkingwaterachievements:
.ElaborationdunCadredeDpenses
MoyenTerme(CDMT)

Sanitationobstacles:
1.AllocationsbudgtairesdelEtatencore
trsfaibleparrapportauxbesoinspour
latteintedesOMD
2.Dfautdtudesderalisationdes
infrastructuresdanslamajeurepartiedu
pays

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblemobilisationdesressources
2.Insuffisancederessourceshumaines
qualifiespourlamatrisedouvrage

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackoffinancingforthesanitation
budgetlineisstillabigchallenge
2.planningandbudgetingforsanitationand
hygienenotapriorityforgovernmentand
lowerlocalgovernmentcouncils
3.Percentageofbudgetaryallocationsfor
sanitationandhygienestillminimal
comparedtootheractivitybudgets.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Uganda

Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.Profileofsanitationhasbeenraised
globally,nationallyandlocally.
2.Specificbudgetlineforsanitation
createdunderMinistryofFinancePlanning
andEconomicDevelopment(MoFPED)
3.Policiesandstrategiesinplace

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

168

Sanitationcomments:
6.a)MoH:2011budgetis5000,00itsfor
monitoringandadvocacymeeting
6.b)MostlyfromDonorscontribution
6.c)(thesubsidyisonlyforvulnerable
groups)
6.h)Persijakoaliasr,Alex(sanitation
adviser)

Drinkingwatercomments:
6.h)(hastobeconfirmfromMoIchiefof
FinanceDepartment)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.IntheNationalTargetProgram3,
sanitationwillbeleadbytheMinistryof
Healthandbudgetforsanitationwillbe
distributedclearlyforeachsub
project
2.VietnameseGovernmenthashadseveral
policiestosupportsocializationin
environmentalprotectioningeneralandin
sanitationparticularlyasDecree
No04/2009/NDCPongivingpriority,
supporttoactivitiesinenvironmental
servicesupto2020inDecision
QD249/2009/QDTTgbyPrimeMinisteron
approvalofdevelopmentprojectsof
environmentalservicesupto2020in
whichthereisalistofsanitationactivities
inthepriorityofproviding
supportsbythegovernment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Modeoffundingallocationstepbystep
isinstitutionalized
2.Mobilizationoffundsisdiversified

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Toomanyministriesandagenciestake
partinplanningforbudgetand
expenditureforsanitation
2.Managementandallocationofbudgets
forsanitationactivitiesatlocalities
haventbeencarriedoutproperlyas
stipulated
3.Sustainability

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fundingallocationisstillunreasonable,
focusingmoreoninvestmentand
lessonadministration
2.Socializationoffundingisstilllimited
whilenationalbudgetislimitedor
evenlackoffunexpenditure
3.Manyprojectsandprogramshavethe
sameobjectivesbutintegration
especiallyinternationalfundswithdifferent
methodsofmanagement

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

169

UNWaterGLAAS201112

06.BudgetingandExpenditure

Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
1.FormationoftheSanitationandHygiene
Taskforcehashelpedlayoutsanitationand
hygienerelatedlineitemsrequiring
prioritizationduringthebudgetingprocess
2.Budgetingandexpenditureisnow
demanddrivenandstronglyreflectinga
componentofcommunityinvolvementand
contribution
3.Moreresourcesnowtowardshygiene
promotion

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AMultiDonorTrustFund(MDTF)wasset
upatnationalleveltomanageallthefunds
comingintothesectorfromvarious
fundinginstitutions
2.UrbanLocalAuthoritiesnowhavean
obligationtosetupindependentWASH
accountsandringfenceallWASHfundsas
asustainabilitymeasure

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1Sanitationandhygieneissueshavebeen
overshadowedbywaterandnotreceiving
enoughattentiontoattractinvestment
2.Thebudgetingandexpenditurehasnot
beenabletoreflectcommunity
contributionforlongtermsustainabilityof
investment

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Failurebycooperatingpartnerstodeclare
fundstheyhaveforspecificprojectswhich
makesconsolidationofavailablesector
fundsdifficult
2.Limitedfundingfromgovernment.

170

Sanitationcomments:
Budgetforsanitationfromthenational
Fiscusisnowmovingawayfromfunding
thehardwarecomponentinfavourof
demandcreation.Thisisbelievedtobe
sustainableascommunitiesbecomemore
responsibleafterbehaviourchange

Drinkingwatercomments:
UtilitiesespeciallytheRuralDistrict
Councilshaveforlongbeenfindingit
difficulttoringfenceWASHfundsandin
otherscenariosbudgetforWASHinthe
annualbudgetpresentations.Thisonits
ownhasleftWASHissuestobe
championedbydonorswithoutmeaningful
contributionfromtheconcernedLocal
Authoritieswhicharerelegatedtothe
positionspectators.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

07.Question7:ParticipationandEquity

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
EquityispartofSanitationstrategyinthe
country
Sanitationforallincludingtheinformal
settlementsandslumareaareconsidered
Policesareincludedforvulnerableother
marginalizedgroups
Inlawandpoliciesregardingequalityand
supportingpoorpeoplewehavestrong
points.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Therearesomeprojectsforpoorpeople.

Angola

Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.TheSurveyonWellBeing(IBEP)assesses
thelevelofequityonsanitationprograms
2.TheexpansionoftheCLTSprogramsto
theotherfiveprovincesencompassesa
participatoryandequityapproach
3.ThedraftproposaloftheNationalPolicy
ofEnvironmentalSanitationisbasedonthe
principleofequity

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.Introductionofsubsidiesonwatersupply
andsanitationprovisionbythegovernment
2.Promotionoftheparticipationand
leadershipofwomeninthecommunity
committeesofwaterandsanitation
management
3.GenderinclusioninthePEDISA

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Publicopinionistakenintoconsideration
inmakingdecisionsonsanitationprojects.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Poorimplementationthroughprivate
sectorPoorprivatesectorcapacity
Insecurity
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Abovementionedprojectsarenotenough
forpoorpeople.
Thereisnotafairsystemtomeetpoor
peoplesneed.
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Lackofcapacitybuildingtonationaland
localprofessionals/staffonequityand
genderissues
2.FewNGOsworkingonWASHwith
specializedskillsonequityandgender
issues
3.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Thevastmajorityofpopulationdonot
taketheirfinancialresponsibilityonpaying
forwatersupply(morethan60%donot
paytheirwater).Still,onlyfewusershave
contractsofwatersupply
2.Thesubsidiesdotnotdiscriminatebythe
waterusersincomeinstead,bythe
consumedquantities

Sanitationobstacles:
&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;1.NONE

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

171

Sanitationcomments:
InsomeareaBecauseofsecurityproblems
sanitationprojectshavenotbeen
implementedcompletely.
Weshouldhavenationalsanitationcriteria
andwefocusmoreondatacollection.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
UnderthePDISA,itispredictedthe
creationoftheRegulatoryCouncilofWater
SupplyandSanitation,whichamongmany
functionswillcareabouttheusersrights

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:
1.Participationatalllevelofdevelopment
isincreasing

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Communityparticipationistakingplace
atdifferentlevels.

Benin

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Letauxderalisationglobalpourlanne
2010selonleBudgetProgramme
parObjectif(BPO)estde77%pourles
latrinesinstitutionnellesetde44,4%
pourleslatrinesfamilialescontre
respectivement70,9%et39,4%en2009.
2.Parrapportauxprvisionsbudgtaires
duBPO,28,3%ontputre
mobilisesetletauxderalisation
financireestde80,3%contre69%en
2009.
3.5195latrinessontutilisesdont3407
sontbienentretenuessuruntotal
de5611

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Manualdevelopedforruralsanitation
optionsincludesconsiderationfor
accessforpeoplewithdisabilities.
2.RuralSanitationprogrammeemphasises
andmonitorscommunity
participationanddecisionmaking.
3.Decentralisedgovernmentprocesses.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.watermanagementcommitteesinplace
tomanageoperationand
maintenanceofwatersupplyschemesat
theschemelevel.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Equityrelatedissuesespeciallyfor
marginalisedanddisadvantagespeople
werenotaddressed.

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Moinsduquartdeslocalitsciblessont
couvertesparlaPHAmoinsde5
ansdelchancede2015

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonationalsanitationpolicyforurban
andlimitedreferencesforrural
sanitation.
2.Nospecifictargetingorstrategiesfor
poorerhouseholds,vulnerableor
marginalised.
3.LimitedcivilsocietypresentinBhutan

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Publicconsultationwithserviceusersnot
uniformlyimplemented

172

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
RAS

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Asthetargetforwatersupplycoverageis
100%,thisisinclusiveofthepoor
householdsandthereforeisnotspecifically
targetedtothepoor

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Vigenciaplenayobligatoriadel
DesarrolloComunitario(DESCOM)
2.GuadeEquidaddeGnero

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.VigenciadelDESCOM
2.Implementacindeprogramasde
provisindeaguaenreasperiurbanas

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.Lein11.445/2007quecolocaa
participao,controlesocialeequidade
comoprincpiosdosaneamentobsico.2.
PlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsico
Plansabqueexplicitaestesprincpiosda
Lei,emtermosdediretrizes,estratgiase
programas.3.Participaosocialem
instnciascolegiadasnosdiversosnveisde
Governo;ConfernciasNacionaisdeSade,
dasCidades,doMeioAmbienteeSade
Ambiental

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lei11.445/2007,suasdiretrizeseseus
princpiosdeequidade,integralidade,
universalizaodoacessoadequado,
participaoecontrolesocial,
intersetorialidade,sustentabilidadee
matriztecnolgica2.Oramento
participativoemalgunspoucosestadose
municpios;3.PlanosPlurianuaisdequatro
emquatroanos;4.PlanosMunicipaisde
SaneamentoBsico;5.PlanoNacionalde
SaneamentoBsicoPlansab,em
elaborao.6.Instnciascolegiadas
(Conselhos)emvriosnveisdeGovernoe
porreastemticas;7.Conferncias
Nacionais,emdiversosnveiseporreas
temticas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Recursosfinancieroslimitados
2.Grandispersindecentrospoblados(
msde27.000pequeaspoblaciones
ruralesdispersas,demenosde500
habitantes)
3.LimitacionesenRRHHyfinancierospara
laaplicacindelDESCOM
4.Nosetomanencuentalasnecesidades
delaspersonascondiscapacidad

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nosetomanencuentalasnecesidades
delaspersonascondiscapacidad
2.Distorsionesenlaparticipacinque
vulneranelderechouniversaldeaccesoal
agua

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Informaesecomunicaoinsuficientes
sobreaspolticaspblicas,programase
projetos;2.Aparticipaodosusurios
aindanoumaculturapredominantena
conscinciaeprticadegrandepartedos
gestoresedasociedadecivil.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dificuldadesprpriasdasrelaesentre
Unio,UnidadesFederativaseMunicpios;
2.Aindanoumaculturapredominantea
importnciaenecessidadedaparticipao
dosusurios,dasociedadecomoumtodo
nasaeseserviosdesaneamentobsico
rural.Muitasvezes,osgestorese
profissionaisnosoadeptosdestanova
concepodeeducaoemsade,
mobilizaosocialeparticipao
comunitria;3.Aindaexistemdificuldades
operacionaisnosentidodeconciliaro
processoeducativocomaexecuofsico
financeiraeoramentria.

173

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Difundirelderechoalaccesouniversaldel
aguaparaevitardistorsionesrespectoal
usodelafuentedeagua,yelretrasoenla
ejecucindeproyectos

Sanitationcomments:
EmtermosderesultadosapartirdosPPAe
PAC,aindaincipiente,masutiliza
indicadoressociaisparaadistribuioe
aplicaoderecursosfinanceirose
oramentrios.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Oprocesoeducativo,numaperspectiva
compartilhadaeconstrutiva,eno
somenteinformativa,defundamental
importanciaparaasustentabilidadee
eficaciadasaes,dosserviosde
saneamentorural,deformaquea
aplicaoderecursospblicostenhaseu
sentidosocial.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Rural
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Promotiondelassainissement
autonomepourrpondreauxbesoinsde
toutelapopulation
2.Subventiondesouvrages
3.Existencedeplusieurscadresofficielsde
concertation
4.Prsentationdelastratgienationale
auxdiffrentsacteurslocaux

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.ProjetAEPQuartierspriphriques
(Zongo,Bissighin,Bogodogo,Zongoet
Toukin)
2.Branchementspromotionnelsjusquen
2015.
3.TranchestarifairesdelONEA

Rural
1.Laprogrammationdesouvragestient
comptedeladisparitdestauxdaccs
leaupotabledanslescommunes.

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Documentdepolitiquedhygineet
Assainissementencoursdefinalisation
quiprendraencomptelquitetla
participationcommunautaire
2.Elaborationetvalidationdelastratgie
desantcommunautaireetmanuel
deprocdure

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Ralisationsousuccs:
1.Priseencomptedelapprochegenre
danslesactivitscommunautaires
autoursdespointsdeau

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Branchementsinactifs

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Enmilieurural,unaccentestmissur
l'quitdel'accsl'eaupotable.Des
dispositionssontprisespourrduireles
cartsentrecommunes:toutesles
communesruralesdevrontdsormais
atteindreleseuilminimumde65%en
termesdaccsleaupotabledici2015.

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquededfinitiondepolitiqueclaire
lielaparticipationetquit

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedimplication
communautairedanslaplanificationdes
actions
danslesecteur

Sanitationcomments:
Pasdorientationclairesurlaparticipation
etlquit

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lacommunautabesoindtresensibilise
surlimportancedela
participationdanslaplanificationdes
actions

174

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Cambodia

Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTStriggeringhasbeenfacilitatedby
nationalandprovincialteaminlinewith
thenationalguidelineonparticipatory
actionsbylocalcommunity
2.Developmenttheparticipatoryapproach
forincreasingtheruralsanitationand
hygienepracticesthroughtheupdated
guidelineforCLTSandNationalGuideline
forHygienePromotion
3.Capacitybuildingtokeystaffatnational
andsubnationalonfacilitationtheprocess
ofcommunityparticipationforrural
sanitationsubsector

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Chad

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.MiseenlacedelaCCGAetdlocalisation
2.CrationdelaDirectiondusuivi
dexploitationdesouvrageshydrauliques

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofstaffatdistrictoffice
2.Commitmentoflocalauthority
(communechiefandvillagechief)islimited
insupportingtheincreasedplanfor
sanitation
3.Lackoffundforprojectimplementation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
RuralSanitationandhygiene
implementationguidelineshavebeen
developed,suchasCommunity
participationinCLTStriggering,School
childrenparticipationinSchoolWASH
Program,Handwashingwithsoapprogram
inruralcommunity,butthepractical
implementationthoseguidelineshavebeen
limitedtogetfeedbackforupdatedand
improvedguideline.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.tarificationdeleaulevene
permettantpasunebonnequit
2.
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
Manquedesensibilisationenmatire
dassainissementparlesacteurs

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
.Tauxdalphabtisationfaiblepourlesfilles
2.Tauxdedperditionlev

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.TauxdecouvertureCCAGfaible
2.Faiblessedesressourcesde
fonctionnementdelaDSEOH

175

Sanitationcomments:
Promouvoirlesoprationsde
sensibilisationdanslemilieuurbainetrural
(entenantcomptedesgroupes
vulnrables).

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Faibletauxdeprsencedesfemmesdans
lesinstancesdcisionnelles

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Congo

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedesespacesdchangeetde
communicationentreleministre,
loprateuretlapopulation
2.Miseenuvredeprogrammesdeau
aussibienenmilieuurbainquerural

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.Implicationdesusagersdans
lassainissementindividuel.
2.Constructiondestoilettespubliquespar
lesmunicipalitsoudesparticuliers

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Priseencomptedescouches
dfavorisesdansleschmatarifaire

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:
1.anongoingdemandledNational
programisunderimplementationmainly
bytwoMinistriesHealthandprimaryand
secondaryeducation.
2.Vulnerablepopulationsparticipationin
thedecisionmakingprocesshasbeen
admittedandexecutedbythelocal
communitythroughouttheprojectscycle.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Irrgularitdelespacepartage

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Unedesconditionsdemiseenuvredela
participationetdelquitrestelieau
dynamismedesorganisationsdelasocit
civiledoncleregroupementauseinde
plateformesrestetitmide.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Pasdepolitiquedquit
2.Pasdemcanismesdesuividans
ralisationsautresquecelledelEtat
(municipalits,particuliers,etc.)
3.Manquedemoyensfinancierspour
satisfairelesbesoinsdetouteslescouches
socialesdansleslieuxpublics.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.InexistenceduncadredePlanification
spcifiquepropauvres
2.Inexistenceduncadredvaluationdes
actionsrelativeslquit

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theequityhasnotbeenincorporatedin
anyoftheprojectcomponent.
2.Thegovernmentatcentral,provincial
andevenatthelocalleveldoesnotany
policyonhumanrights.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofparticipationandequitypolicyin
bothurbanandruralareas.
2.Civilsocietynotawareofhishuman
rightstowater

Sanitationcomments:
Lefinancementdelassainissementnon
collectifrelveuniquementdesmnages.
CelaprvautaussibienAbidjancomme
lintrieur.
Ilfaudraassocierlespopulationsurbaines
etruralestouslestravauxpouravoirleur
adhsionetleuravisfavorable

Drinkingwatercomments:

176

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.AmpliaciondelosserviciosdeAPS
contribuyeareducirlabrechadeexclusin
social
2.MayorparticipacinatravsdelasJuntas
devecinos

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Ampliaciondelacobertura
2.Disminucindelasenfermedades
hdricas
3.Ahorrodeingresosdelasfamiliasporla
nocompradeaguapurificada

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1.Implementingplanstoraisethe
sanitationcoveragepercentageinrural&
poorareas.
2.ImplementingLowCostwastewater
treatmenttechniquestoensureaffordable
sanitation
3.Establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.establishmentofaregulatoryagency
EWRAwhichreviewstheproposalsfor
tariffadjustments,monitorstheapplication
oftechnicalstandardsandreviews
customercomplaints
2.providinggovernmentsubsidies

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaderecursosparaelseguimiento
2.Dificultadenelaccesoalosservicios

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.largenumberofslumsinEgyptasabout
25%ofthepopulationlivesinslums
2.lackoforganizedgovernmentaleffortsto
curbthespreadofslums

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.largenumberofslumsinEgyptasabout
25%ofthepopulationlivesinslums
2.lackoforganizedgovernmentaleffortsto
curbthespreadofslums

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

177

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elfinanciamiento,
2.Asistenciatcnicalocal.

1.Thefunding,
2.Localtechnicalassistance.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Pocaparticipacindemujeresen
puestosestrategicos.
2.Pocainversineneldesarrollode
capacidadesaniveltcnicos.
3.Nosecuentaunaparticipacinactivade
lascomunidades.

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.Anivelrural,haymayor
aprovechamientodeltiempo(doshoras
acarreodeagua)lasmujeresinviertenese
tiempoparalaejecucindeproyectos
productivosyaseodelhogar.
2.Sehamejoradolacalidaddevidaconla
adopcindetcnicassanitariascomo
lavadodemanosyusodeletrinas
mejoradas
3.Disponibilidadycapacidaddelas
mujeres,niosyniasparaelaprendizaje
delconocimientoensaneamiento.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existeunamayorparticipacinenla
tomadedecisionesporpartedelamujer
enrearural
2.Existeparticipacincomunitariaparalos
planesoprogramasadesarrollarenelrea
rural.
3.Secuentaconunainstitucin
gubernamental(CD)queatiendelas
denunciasydemandasdelosusuariosde
APhacialosoperadoresdelservice.

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.Losdiscapacitadostienecasasmodernas

1.Thedisabledhavemodernhouses

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Subsistelainsuficientepracticade
equidad

1.Thereremainsinsufficientequitypractice

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Considerationofdisabilityissuesinsome 1.Lackofawarenessonequityand
inclusionissues
projectsofINGOsandCivilSocieties
2.Lackofsupporttoaddressequityissues
2.PreparationofSchoolWASHDesign
whichaddressedgirlsanddisabledstudents

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Nationalcriteriaforequityset.
2.Genderbalanceisaddressed

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

178

Sanitationcomments:
Queapesarquenosetieneuncontrolde
medicinespecficoparalamujerylas
niasanivelnacional,lasInstitucionesenla
ejecucindesusprogramastienen
controleseimpactos,quefacilitanla
incidenciaengestincomunitaria.

Enlamayoradelosproyectosdelasjuntas
administradorasdeaguapotabley
saneamientoanivelruralsonlideradospor
mujeres.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
HEPisdesignedtoaddressequityissues
athouseholdlevelshoweverlacks
addressinginurbansettings

Drinkingwatercomments:
Amongthe7WASHCOmembersabove
50%arewomen
Thosewhocannotaffordtopayforwater
theyhavetheopportunitygetwater

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:
1.Provisionbygovernment1/3
contributionbycommunitiesand2/3by
governmentundertheSelfHelpproject
Initiative

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.CustomerSatisfactionsurveyiscurrently
ongoingfortheUrbancentres
2.EstablishmentofWaterandSanitation
Improvementcommittee(WAFandMoH

Sanitationobstacles:
1.SelfHelpProjectinitiativeneedtobe
followedup

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauet
dellectricit

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,
rglementaireetinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdes
dpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedemcanismedeconcertation
2.
3.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonexistenceofnationwideconsultative
planningmechanismtoenable
communitieseflectonsanitationproblems
2.Weakprivatesectorparticipation
unorganised
3.Lowawarenessofsanitationresultingin
lowpriority.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTShasnowbeenrolledoutinthe
countryandcommunitydriven
2.Selectionofcommunitiesisbasedon
mostmarginalised

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

179

Sanitationcomments:

TheWaterAuthorityofFijithroughtheFiji
NationalUniversityiscurrentlyconducting
aCustomerServiceSatisfactionsurveyin
theurbanareaswherehomesare
connectedtotheirconnectionsystems.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementdelacommunicationentre
servicespublics,coordinationetsuivi
valuation.SIG

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheadoptionofCLTShasshiftedfrom
individualhouseholdstothe
communityasaunit.Thebenefitsof
OpenDefecationFreestatusareshared
equallybyallmembersofthecommunity
2.Increasedconsciousnessamongst
stakeholderstoadaptandpromotemore
inclusivedesignsofsanitation
infrastructurethataremoregender,child
anddisabilityfriendly

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ThePublicUtilitiesRegulatory
CommissionhasaclearPropoorpolicy
whichguidesthetargetingofurbanpoor
forimproveddrinkingwaterservices
2.Aspartofthepropoorcomponentof
theongoingUrbanWaterproject,a
numberofpoorcommunitieshavebeen
providedwithpublicstandpoststoobtain
waterdirectlyfromtheutility,insteadof
thirdpartyproviders
3.TheNationalCommunityWaterand
SanitationProgramhasainbuiltpropoor
mechanismsthatallowcommunitiesto
exemptthepoorfrompayingforwater

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.Lapriseencomptedelaquestiongenre
dansledocumentdepolitiquenationale
2.LanominationlattedelaDirection
NationaledelAssainissementetduCadre
deViedunefemmecommeDirectrice.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LeProgrammeNationaldAlimentation
enEauPotableetdAssainissementprvoit
Lapriseencomptedespauvresetla
systmatisationdelapriseencomptedes
enfants
Lapriseencomptedeshandicaps
physiques

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Weakenforcementofbuilding
regulationsinurbanareashaveledto
completeabsenceofsanitationfacilitiesin
housesoccupiedbylowincomepeople
2.Absenceofdataonthevarious
dimensionsofequityandinclusionwith
regardtoaccessanduseofsanitation
services

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofadequatedataonthevarious
dimensionsofequity
2.Difficultyintargetingthepoorfor
subsidies

Sanitationcomments:
Themajorityoftheurbanpoorwillremain
withoutaccesstosanitationfacilitiesin
theirhomesunlessstrictermeasuresare
adoptedtocompellandlordstoprovide
suchfacilitiesinhomestargetinglow
incometenants.Thiscanbeachievedby
ensuringcompliancewithnationalbuilding
codes.

Drinkingwatercomments:
None.

Sanitationobstacles:
1..lanonvulgarisationdudocumentde
politiquenationaledelassainissement
2.lefaibletauxdesfemmesorientesdans
cettefiliredegestiondesexcrtas.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Ledocumentdepolitiquetraitelquitet
samiseenuvrepermettradersoudrele
problmedegenre

Drinkingwatercomments:
Pourpermettreauxcouchessociales
dmuniesdescentresurbainsdavoir
laccsleaupotable,unetarificationpar
trancheestapplique

180

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07.ParticipationandEquity

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Haiti

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.Elmodelodegestinruralesuncienpor
cientovoluntariadosdelasociedadcivil.
2.Aniveldelasorganizacionessectoriales
delmunicipioexisteunaaltaparticipacin
ciudadanasenlasasociacionesdelasjuntas
deaguamunicipales(AJAM),Comitsde
SaneamientoComunitarios,Comisiones
MunicipalesdeAguaySaneamiento
(COMAS),UnidadesdeSupervisiny
ControlLocal(USCL)yenlasJuntas
Directivasdelosprestadores
desconcentrados/descentralizados
existentes.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elmodelodegestinruralesuncienpor
cientovoluntariadosdelasociedadcivil.
2.Aniveldelasorganizacionessectoriales
delmunicipioexisteunaaltaparticipacin
ciudadanasenlasasociacionesdelasjuntas
deaguamunicipales(AJAM),Comitsde
SaneamientoComunitarios,Comisiones
MunicipalesdeAguaySaneamiento
(COMAS),UnidadesdeSupervisiny
ControlLocal(USCL)yenlasJuntas
Directivasdelosprestadores
desconcentrados/descentralizados
existentes.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedepolitiquesurlegenredansle
secteurdelassainissement
2.Faibleengagementdelasocitcivile
dansledomainedelassainissement
3.ManquedIECsurlassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elprocesoparticipativosedificultaa
nivelurbano.
2.Existepocacomunicacindelprestador
urbanoconlapoblacin.
3.Noexistenlineamientosespecficospara
laasignacinpresupuestariaasociadaalas
necesidadesinsatisfechas.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Elprocesoparticipativosedificultaa
nivelurbano.
2.Existepocacomunicacindelprestador
urbanoconlapoblacin.
3.Noexistenlineamientoespecficospara
laasignacinpresupuestariaasociadaalas
necesidadesinsatisfechas.
4.Laparticipacindelamujeranesbaja
enlasdiferentesinstanciassectoriales.

181

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Anivelurbanolaparticipacincomunitaria
sedificultapormotivosdeseguridad
personaldeperteneceraorganizaciones
lderes

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

India

Sanitationachievements:
1.Commensurateresultsyettobe
witnessed
2.Geographicallocationshindranceto
effectivedemandcreation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheNationalpolicyguidelinesearmark
specificproportionofbudgetoutlaysfor
watersupplyinSC/ST(weakersections)
concentratedhabitations.
2.Provisionismadeforreducedtarifffor
weakersectionsofsocietythroughcross
subsidy.
3.IncentivetoStatesforhandingover
managementofdrinkingwaterfacilitiesto
localPRIs(ruralbodies).

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheCommunityLedTotalSanitation
Approach(CLTS)adoptedbyMinistryof
Healthhasbeenimplementedsince2010
andwillbecontinueduntil2014.This
demandresponsiveapproachemphasizes
behavioralchangeandbroadcommunity
participationincreatingaclean
environmentimprovingaccessand
behavior,whileatthesametimebuilding
upthenecessaryinfrastructure(improved
sanitationfacilities)
2.Particularlyforcommunalsystem,
communityparticipationisoneofthe
prerequisiteforconstruction
3.Lackofaccesstosanitationisoneofthe
criteriaforallocationspecialbudgetfor
sanitation.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TwinningProgramsbyPerpamsi:to
conducthorizontallearningbetweenwell
maintainPDAMandlessmaintainPDAM
2.Nationalpoliciesfordrinkingwater
supplyestablishedbyPresident,with
prioritytoscarcitywaterareasthrough
Cluster4Program

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisneedforcapacitybuildingof
PRIsandVWSCmembersfortheiractive
participation.
2.ActiveCivilSocietyOrganizationsarenot
presentinmostofthevillages.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Institutionalmechanismsarebeing
developedatblockandvillagelevelsfor
activecommunityparticipationinthe
sectorbutcapacitybuildingwilltakesome
time.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisnopolicyorstrategywith
specificprovisionfordisabilities.
2.Communityawarenessoftheimportance
ofcleanwateruse,andsanitationand
hygienepracticesremainslow

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.significantdisparityinprovidingwater
supplypipingsystembetweenoneprovince
toanother.
2.Differentgeographicconditions

182

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Indicatorsformonitoringhealthquality
havebeenapproved
2.Developmentofagreementsbetween
organizations

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lawoftragetedsubsidy

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Themajorityofhouseholds(98%)in
urban,ruralareasandrefugeecampsare
connectedtotapwater

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.newconstitution
2.grassrootparticipation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofpropoor
implementationplan
2.DevelopmentofUPCandCPCfunding
models
3.ImprovedresourcesmobilisationbyWSTF

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Poorinformationinsomeareas

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofcompleteimplementationoflaw
oftargetedsubsidy
2.Lackofinformationtostratifiedpeople
basedontheirsocioeconomic
situation

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.inadequateresource
2.inadequatecapacity

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nospecifictargetssetforthevulnerable
innationalpolicies
2.Participationandequitystillhinderedby
traditionalgenderrelationsandinadequate
communication,
3.Noclearsubsidypolicies

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Needforspecificprovisionstocaterfor
specialneedsandgroups

Drinkingwatercomments:
Participationwillbeenhancedas
awarenessimprovesandthrougheffective
communication.

183

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Urbanpeoplecontributeandparticipate
well
2.Gradualincreaseincontributionand
participationfromcommunityand
privatesectorinruralWASH
3.Cleargovernmentpolicyintermsof
participationandequalityparticularlyin
ruralandremoteareas.Allpartner
involvementsparticipatedandassistedin
thenaturaldisasteraswellasoutbreak
diseases.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Clearlydefinedproceduresinlaws,
strategyforinforming,consultingwith
andsupportingparticipationof
communitiesinplanning,budgetingand
implementingfordrinkingwaterat
nationalandlocallevel
2.Nationaldrinkingwaterstrategyrefers
toequitycriteriaandproposes
differentiatedstrategictargetstoensure
vulnerableandmarginalizedgroups
tohaveadequateaccess

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Geographicareasweredifficulttoaccess
particularlyinthenorthernareas
2.Povertyratestillhighincomparisonwith
Asiancountries
3.Manyethnicgroupsleadingtothehard
communicationofdifferentcultures

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Notperiodicallyassessandanalysethe
equitycriteriaset
2.Noprocesstoensurethattheneedsof
thepooraretakenintoaccountin
pricingpoliciesandinthedesignofnew
waterinfrastructure
3.Nonationaldrinkingwater
policy/strategiesincludespecificprovisions
for
slums,informalsettlements,forpeople
withdisabilities,publicareas,health
emergenciesinlargepopulations,etc.

Sanitationcomments:
IECmaterialsshouldbeintroducedmore
specificallytargetedintheethnic
groups.Improvementofnationalsocio
economicplantoincreasethehousehold
income

Drinkingwatercomments:
Anationaldrinkingwaterpolicyshouldbe
furtherdevelopedtoinclude
slums,informalsettlements,forpeople
withdisabilities,publicareas,health
emergenciesinlargepopetc

Aperiodicassessmentconcerningthe
equitycriteriasetshouldbefurther
carriedoutwithallstakeholderparticipants

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Consultingwiththecommunityisnot
partofgovernmentalinstitutions
corporateculture.
2.Approachtosanitationgovernanceis
basedontopdownapproach
3.Nogovernmentorpolicysupport.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Corporateculturedoesnotexistfor
communityconsultation.
2.Topdownapproachtowardspolicyand
institutionalmanagement.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

184

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Lesotho

Sanitationachievements:
1.theregulatorforpipedurbanwaterand
sanitationservicesisbeingestablishedand
isintheprocessofdevelopingthe
regulatoryframeworkthatwillinclude
equityandparticipationaspectsand
developmechanismsformonitoringaccess

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theregulatorforpipedurbanwaterand
sanitationserviceshasbeenestablished
andisintheprocessofdevelopingthe
regulatoryframeworkthatwillinclude
equityandparticipationaspects

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Communityparticipationonavoluntary
basishinderedbythepracticesof
communitydevelopmentprojectsproviding
financialincentivesandthereforevolunteer
participationinsanitationpromotionis
limited.Financialresourcesforpayingfor
effectivecommunityprogrammesisa
limitingfactor
2.MCAProjectimplementationprocedures
withfullresponsibilitytocontractorsfor
implementationoflatrineslimitsthe
community/householdparticipation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Servicestothepoorinurbanareas:
WASCOhastestedprepaidtechnologies
forprovidinglowcostwaterservicesfor
thepoorinurbanareasfrompublic
standpipeshoweverthesearenotwidely
installedandthepoorhouseholdscontinue
topaymuchhighercostforwaterservices
bybuyingwaterfromneighbours.Partof
thereasonisthatWASCOasaprivate
companyisexpectedtobefinanciallyself
sustainingwhilethepresenttariffstructure
impliesthatthewaterfrompublic
standpipesisdeliveredforacostbelowthe
productioncost.Theregulatoryframework
beingdevelopedbytheLesothoElectricity
andWaterAuthorityisexpectedtoaddress
this

Sanitationobstacles:
1.GeneralComment:Noplanning,
monitoringandevaluationsystemsinplace

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.AttitudetocustomerserviceinLiberiais
stillinitsembryonicstages
2.Limitedamountofprivatesector
involvementintheWASHsector
3.Lackoffinancialresourcing

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:
1.ThereisaddressedintheSSP

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Equityintermsofserviceprovisionisa
standalonecommitmentinthe
LiberiaWASHCompact,SSPandPRSII
2.TheCompacthascrosscuttingissuesfor
genderequity
3.TheNWSHPCisdrivingandmonitoring
theoutworkingoftheCOMpact
roadmapthroughbiannual(6monthly)
reviews

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

185

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
h)Waterandsanitationpolicycontains
statementsongender.Thereisnospecific
genderstrategyforthesectorhoweverin
ruralwatergenderbalanceinmanagement
committeesetcisappliedconsistently

j)Specificplansareavailableusinglowcost
prepaidtechnologyforpublicstandpipes
howeverthishasnotyetbeen
implementedtoscale

k)UrbanWaterutilityreportinpublic
availableannualreportsincludingresultsof
customersatisfactionsurveys

Sanitationcomments:
n/a

Drinkingwatercomments:
n/a

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Engagementdepriseenconsidrationde
ladimensiondelquitinclusiondansle
cadredeconventioninternationale,
2.Adoptiondesnormesdeconstruction
pourlespersonneshandicapes,
marginalises
3.Disponibilitduplantypedes
infrastructurespourlespersonnes
motricitrduiteetvulnrables

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Engagementdepriseenconsidrationde
ladimensiondelquitinclusiondansle
cadredeconventioninternationale,
2.programmeetplanificationeneau
potablepourlemilieurural
3.diversateliersurleaupotable

Malawi

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thereisbottomupapproachinplanning
andimplementationofprojects
2.Therehasbeentargetedinterventionin
needyDistricts
3.FormationofSanitationclubsin
communitiesandschools

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Constructionofcommunitymanaged
watersupplyfacilities
2.Establishmentofwateruserassociations

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Problmedeprennisationdelagestion
communautaire
2.Insuffisancedusuivietdel'valuationau
niveaulocal

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Problmedeprennisationdelagestion
communautaire
2.Vulgarisationdecodedeleauetdes
textesrglementaires
3.Eau,sourcedepropagandepolitique

Sanitationcomments:
Rvisionouladquationdelapolitiqueet
stratgienationalpourlapriseencompte
delaspectquitetinclusion

Drinkingwatercomments:
Elaborationdunepolitiqueetstratgiede
leaupotable

Sanitationobstacles:
.Politicalinterferenceintargetingthe
vulnerableandmarginalised
2.Limitedunderstandingofissuesof
menstrualHygiene
3.Dwindlingspiritofselfhelpwith
misunderstandingofdemocracy

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresources
2.Unsatisfactoryperformancebysome
contractors
3.Fuelshortageslowingdownwork
progress

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Personalinterestintargetingofthe
vulnerableandmarginalisedgroups

Drinkingwatercomments:

186

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.Existencedecadresdeconcertation
2.Capitalisationdesdonnessurles
ralisationsetlesfinancementsdesautres
intervenantsdanslesoussecteur
3.Transmissiondesfichesdecollectede
donnescertainspartenaires

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leplannationaldaccsleau
2.larevueannuelleeauetassainissement
3.leProgrammeSectorielEauet
Assainissement(PROSEA)

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Tenueirrguliredesrunionsdecadres
deconcertation
2.Nonobtentiondesdonnesdecertains
acteurs

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1faiblessedanslaprogrammationdes
besoinseneaupotableauniveaudesPlans
deDveloppementSocialEconomiqueet
culturel(PDSEC)
2lafaiblefonctionnalitdesorganes
consultatifsdanslagestiondesressources
eneau.

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lavtustdesrseaux
2.insuffisancedesressourceshumainset
financiers
3.faiblissedimplicationsdesoperateurs
privsdanslaDSP
4.coutlevdeleaupourlespauvrespar
rapportauxriches

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noimmunityforvulnerablepartofa
society.
2.Poorknowledgeandinformation.
3.Lowcitizensparticipation.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
lowcitizensparticipationondrinking
watersystemandservice.

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lamiseenplacedeladlgationdu
ServicePublicdelEau
2.lacrationdelOfficeNationaldelEau
enmilieuRural

Mongolia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

187

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Nant

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.InitiativeNationalepourle
DveloppementHumain(INDH):
programmenationalvisantamliorerles
conditionsdeviedespopulations
dfavorises.
2.Nouvelleconstitutioninstauren2011
richeenplusieursdispositionsquitouchent
auxfondementsdelasocitmarocaine
3.Organisationdeplusieurssancesde
formationauprsdelapopulationrurale
pourvulgariserlaconstructiondesfosses
septiques.
4.Tarificationsurleservice
dassainissementsymbolique.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Approcheparticipativedanslesprojets
dalimentationeneaupotablerurale;
2.InitiativeNationalepourle
DveloppementHumain(INDH):
programmenationalvisantamliorerles
conditionsdeviedespopulations
dfavorises.
3.Miseenplacedunenouvelle
constitution

Mozambique

Sanitationachievements:
1.Waterpolicyprovidesagroundto
motivatehygienepromotionforwomen
2.Waterpolicydefinethatsanitation
provisionforsociallymarginalizedgroupis
primarilyundertheStatesresponsibility.
Thus,WASHprogramsincludespecific
componentsandbudgetlinetoaddress
thosemarginalizedgroups

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Implementationofparticipationand
communityeducation
2.Disseminationofthepoliciesand
strategiesofthesubsector

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lapopulationdanslaplupartdescas
nestpasorganisedansdesassociations.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Malgrleseffortsentreprisenmatire
dducation,letauxdanalphabtisme
resterelativementlevdansles
populationsgesfmininesdanslemilieu
rural.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Notmuchhasbeendonetopromote
womenhygieneontheground,althoughit
islegallydefinedthatwomenarecentralon
WASHprograms
2.Limitedresourcesunderminean
effectivepromotionofhygienetothe
sociallymarginalizedgroup

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Governancesystemisnotyet
strengthenedasdesirable

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Engagementoftheprivatesector,NGOs,
OCBsandlocalactivistsshouldbehighly
seenassinequanonconditionto
sustainablyexpandruralwatersupplyand
sanitationcoverage(PESAASR2007,29)

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Actualsituationofsanitationhavebeen
realizedandpersuadethecommunity.
(Informationawaited)

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.GoNispilotingoutputbasedaid
approaches,revolvingfund,andsubsidy
and
crosssubsidyapproachtoaddresstheneed
ofvulnerablesectionofthesociety
2.Applyingthereachingnotservedpeople
concepts
3.ODFdeclarationisoneofthe
approachestoaddressallsectionsofsociety

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mandatoryprovisionofonethird
numberofwomeninwaterusersand
sanitationcommittees(WUSC)withatleast
oneimportantposition
2.Crosssubsidyprovisionandpractices
withinthecommunity
3.Relaxationofcontributionupto50%for
sociallydeprived,poorandexcluded
people

Niger

Sanitationachievements:
1..Priseencomptedesaspectsgenredans
lesralisationsdelassainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
existencedesprogrammes
dinvestissementpourlespauvresen
urbain

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thewholecommunitycantparticipate

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Elitedominationinthesocietyissuper
shadinggenuinedemandof
deprived/vulnerablesectionofthesociety
2.Poorgovernanceresultingweak
monitoringoftheservicedelivery
3.Communityawareness,demand
generationandrationaldistributionof
resourcesaredifficultinthecommunity
andresultingpoorhygienepracticein
thecommunity

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absenceofmonitoringmechanismand
poorcomplianceofequityand
participatoryprovisions
2.Awarenesswithinthedeprivedpeoples
isverylow
3.

Sanitationcomments:
Servicedeliveryassurancetothe
marginatedgroupofthesocietyneeds
serious
attentionandmultidimensional
intervention,monitoringandsurveillance,
whichis
beyondthecapacityofexistingGoNsystem

Drinkingwatercomments:
Needstoestablishstructurepolicy
monitoringtoensureservicedeliveryin
deprived
sectioofthecommunityandensureequity

Sanitationobstacles:
1.absencedecritredquit

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
absencedestudespourvaluerles
impacts

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

189

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Nigeria

Sanitationachievements:
1.Communitybasedorganisationengaged
insanitationprogrammeincluding
vulnerableandmarginalizedgroups.
2.Decentralizedmanagementsystem
whichencouragesparticipationofall
stakeholders.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Developmentofnationallowincome
householdstrategy
2.Policybeingdevelopedbystateshaving
theinvolvementofallstakeholders
3.Developmentofwaterconsumers
association,waterandsanitation
committeeandvolunteershygiene
promotersinlocalgovernmentsand
communities

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
N/A

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatecapacitytoimplementequity
basedprogram
2.Poorbudgetallocation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Somereligiousbelievesdoesnotallow
directinteractionbetweenmaleand
femaleinthenorthernparttomeet
togetherandmakedecisionatcommunity
level.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
N/A

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

190

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Pakistan

Sanitationachievements:
About15,000villagesparticipatingin
communityledtotalsanitation,component
sharingandschoolledtotalsanitation
OrangiPilotProjectinslumareasof
Karachiandotherareaswithcomponent
sharing
Ensuring100%safemanagementof
excreta,attainingandsustainingtheopen
defecationfreestatus.Promotingtheuse
ofsafe,hygieniclatrinesandother
sanitationfacilitiesformen,womenand
childrenlivingindistrictfourdistricts.
Managingliquidwasteanditstreatmentin
numberofvillagesasrewardstoODFstatus
toattaintotalsanitationstatusthrough
communitymobilizationusingPATS

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Inadequateparticipationofcivilsociety
andconsumersindistrictdevelopment
committees
Organizingandsustainingconsumer
rightsgroupsforoperationand
maintenance

Panama

Sanitationachievements:
1.ElProgramaConjuntodeGobernanzaen
AguaySaneamiento,seha
constituidoenunmodelodegestincon
participacinyequidadparael
sectorrural.
2.Laspolticasdefinanciamiento
incorporanlaparticipaciny
empoderamientodelacomunidadcomoun
requisito.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ElProgramaConjuntodeGobernanzaen
AguaySaneamiento,seha
constituidoenunmodelodegestinpara
elsectorrural.
2.Laspolticasdefinanciamiento
incorporanlaparticipaciny
empoderamientodelacomunidadcomoun
requisito.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Lowlevelofparticipationofcivilsociety
organizationsindistrictplanningfor
sanitationservices(districtdevelopment
committees)
Resourceconstraints

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestanpreparadas
paraparticiparyempoderarsedelos
problemasynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestnpreparadas
paraparticiparyempoderarsedelos
problemas,ynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

191

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.Seobservaunamayorparticipacin
sobretododelasmujeres,aunqueaunno
ocupandolospuestosdelideresasenlaJS,
comisionesvecinales,etc.
2.Mayorconcienciadelaimportanciadela
participacinciudadanaenlatemticadel
Saneamiento

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorparticipacindeloshombresylas
mujeresenlasactividadesdelossistemasy
elserviciodeaguapotable

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.OrganizationofthePhilippineEcological
SanitationNetworkwithgovernmentand
nongovernmentmembers.
2.IntroductionofCommunityledTotal
Sanitationinselectedprovincesand
municipalities

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.InvolvementofNGOsinthe
developmentofRoadmapdevelopment
andwaterforums.
2.ParticipationofprivatesectorinMetro
Manilawatersupplyservices
3.Localgovernmentprovidesequityfor
nationallyfundedprojects.Proportionof
equitydependsontheincome
classificationoflocalgovernment

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Aunfaltaunavaloracinadecuadaen
todoslosniveles,delaincorporacindelas
mujeresencargosdedecisindelas
empresasdeagua
2.Faltadeparticipacinaunmayordela
poblacin,parareclamarsusderechosasi
comocumplirsusobligaciones

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltademayorpromocindela
participacinylaequidad
2.Seprecisadeunamayorincorporacin
demujeresenlospuestosdedecisinde
lasempresasdeagua,esdecirfaltasu
empoderamiento.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absenceofspecificpolicyonequity
2.Limitedparticipationofstakeholders
3.Doleoutmentality

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..WeakcoordinationofNGOefforts
2.Weakmonitoringofequityprovidedby
localgovernment
3.Privatesectorparticipationislimitedin
MetroManila

192

Sanitationcomments:
Losproyectosyprogramasdelsaneamiento
debenincorporaraspectosderefuerzo
sobrelaparticipacinylaequidaddelas
poblacionesinvolucradas.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

Rwanda

Sanitationachievements:
1.ConstructionofsemiEcosantoiletsto
servethevulnerable
2.Nationalcriteriaforselectionofthe
vulnerablegroupsisdonebythelocal
governmentthroughcommunity

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Equityishighlightedinthenational
policy;
2.Watersupplyprojectsaredesignedfor
remotepoorareas
3.Vulnerablegroupsgetwaterforfreein
Rwanda(Rural)
4.Availabilityofdrinkingwaterquality
surveillancestrategicactionplan

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Effortsinitiativewithschoolsand
hospitalsviasubsidyschemeincreasing
awarenessandparticipation
2.TVcommercialsonWashHands(MoH),
buildingseptictank(MWTI)
DevelopmentConsentRequirements
(PUMA/MNRE)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Genderequityhasbeenencouragedin
effectivewatermanagement
especiallyrecognizingthevitalrolesof
womenplayedinthisarea.
2.Watersupplyservicesextendedtoall
communities(urbanandrural)
regardlessoffinancialstatus
3.Communityoutreachprogrammes
encouragethecollaborationand
participationofpeopleinwater
conservationandmanagement

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedparticipationfromthevulnerable
group

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Poorruralwatertariffishigherthan
urban
2.Unconnectedpeoplearepayinghigher
thanbackyardconnectionowners

Sanitationcomments:
Theinvolvementofthewholecommunity
andneighboursinsupportingthe
vulnerable.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Strengthencollaborationwithall
relevantstakeholderstoincrease
community
participation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mentalityofpeoplethatwaterisafree
giftofnaturethus,discourageto
paywaterbills
2.Lackofparticipationinwater
conservationinsomeareasandrainwater
harvestingthusneedmoreconsolidated
andcoordinatedcampaignsand
awarenessinvolvingotherresources/
organisations/ministries
3.PeopletamperingwithSWAassets

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

193

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Senegal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Lesouvragesdansleslieuxpublics
intgrentleprincipedesparation
HommesFemmesetprvoientdesfacilits
daccspourlespersonneshandicapes;
2.Leciblagedeszonesdinterventionest
bassurlesniveauxdaccsauxservices;
3.Desprogrammesspcifiquessont
dveloppspourleszonespriurbaines.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leciblagedeszonesdinterventionest
bassurlesniveauxdaccsauxservices
pourviterlesdisparitscriardes;
2.Unepolitiquetarifaireavecunetranche
socialesubventionneetnontaxeest
applique;
3.Lesfemmesparticipentdeplusenplus
danslesASUFORpourlagestionduservice
deauenmilieurural.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LabsencedunManuelderfrencequi
dfinitdesorientationsetprocdurespour
lapriseenchargedesprincipesdquit
danslesoussecteurdelassainissement
2.LapprochedePlanificationetde
BudgtisationsensibleauGenrenestpas
encoreuneralitdanslesoussecteurde
lassainissement;
3.LepartenariatEtatOSCnestpaseffectif
pourfaciliterunevaluationconjointede
limpactdespolitiquessurlesaspects
Equit.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LabsencedunManuelderfrencequi
dfinitdesorientationsetprocdurespour
lapriseenchargedesprincipesdquit
danslesoussecteurdeleaupotable;
2.LapprochedePlanificationetde
BudgtisationsensibleauGenrenestpas
encoreuneralitdanslesoussecteurde
leaupotable;
3.LepartenariatEtatOSCnestpasencore
trsdynamiquepourfaciliterune
valuationconjointedelimpactdes
politiquessurlesaspectsEquit.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Misuseandmisappropriationofproject
inputs
2.Slowimplementationduetoseasonal
variation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Misuseandmisappropriationofproject
inputs
2.Slowimplementationduetoseasonal
variation

SierraLeone

Sanitationachievements:
1.CLTShascreatedthebottomtop
approachtosanitationincommunities,
hencepeoplehavingownershipintheir
sanitationfacilities.
2.O&Misapriorityinthesustainabilityof
sanitationfacilities.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.CLTShascreatedbottomtopapproach
tosanitationincommunities,hencepeople
havingownershipintheirWASHfacilities
2.O&Misapriorityinthesustainabilityof
WASHfacilities

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

194

Sanitationcomments:
Lesouvragesdanslescolesneprvoient
paslesaspectslislhyginemenstruelle.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Localcouncilstoestablishmechanismsto
meetthecostsofO&Mwiththewillingness
andabilityofthecommunitytooperate
maintainandmanagethechosenoption.

Drinkingwatercomments:
LocalCouncilstoestablishmechanismsto
meetthecostofO&Mwiththewillingness
andabilityofthecommunitytooperate
maintainandmanagethechosenoption

UNWaterGLAAS201112

07.ParticipationandEquity

SouthAfrica

Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinatingforumsforcitizenssuchas
ProvincialandDistrictsanitationtaskteams
wereestablishedtocoordinatestrategic
sanitationissues.
2.Projectsteeringcommitteesinclude
communityrepresentatives.
3.Healthofficials,onanongoingbasis,
educatethecommunityonhealthissues.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheIntegratedDevelopmentPlan(IDP)
implementedbymunicipalitieshas
prescribedprotocolsonparticipationof
stakeholderswithrespecttomunicipal
services.
2.TheDepartmentsapproachtofocuson
givingwaterandsanitationaccesstoall
householdshasbydefaultensuredwomen
andchildrenarepositivelyimpactedupon.
3.Focusoftheservicedeliveryisonlocal
jobcreation.

SouthSudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Gendersegregatedlatrinefacilities
230%ofcommunitywateruser
committeesarewomen.
3.18%ofthedifferenttraining
programmes/activitiesconstituteof
women

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WaterInformationManagementSystem
(WIMS)hasbeensetuptohelpidentify
waterpointsforequitydistribution

SriLanka

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Governmentdeclarationtoincludebasic
facilitiesforaccessbydifferentlyabled
persons
2.Establishmentof17RWSDistrictoffices
bytheNWSDBtoservetherural
community

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Acceptanceofappropriatetechnology
andlevelsofserviceremainsachallenge.
Somecommunitiesdemandwaterborne
systems

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Unrealisticcommunityexpectationswith
respecttoservicelevelsandjobcreation.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Tariffsettingbylocalauthoritiesneedsto
bebasedontheprincipalofcostreflective
tariffsandcostrecovery.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LackofGenderdisaggregatedtargets

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insecurityinsomeplaces
2.SkilledHumanResource
3.Lackoffunds

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Someoftheinfluential,richpeople
obtainSamurdhiregistrationthereby
entitlingthemselvestobenefitsgrantedto
thepoor.Asaresult
theneedycommunitycannotbe
identified.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

195

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Sudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.WASH20122016StrategicPlanswere
preparedusingparticipatoryapproach
startingfromtheLocalitylevel.
2.Thecurrentlyutilizedsanitation
promotionalapproach(CATS)isoneofthe
bestexampleforcommunityfull
participationinbothplanningand
implementation.
3.TheoutputoftheaboveStrategic
planningexerciseand2010SudanHealth
Householdsurveywereusedasguidelineto
addresstheequitybytargetingtheareas
withlessaccess

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Themajorityofthesmallscalewater
sourcessuchashandpumpsandsmall
motorizedsystemsaremanagedby
communities.
2.WASH20122016StrategicPlanswere
preparedusingparticipatoryapproach
startingfromtheLocalitylevel
3.Availabilityofnationalsurveysupto
Localityleveltoidentifythedifferencein
accesslevelwhichisthemaininputsto
realizetheequitypolicy.

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
Therearepositivedevelopmentintermsof
awarenessandactiontakenonwater,
sanitationandsewagesystem

Drinkingwaterachievements:

inspectorsidentifiedamongthecustomers
fordealingwithsubscribers,tocollect
funds/paymentforservicesand
simultaneouslyimprovethecultureof
users

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofthedetailedaccessto
sanitationinformation.
2.Participatoryapproachisatime
consumingapproach

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatefundingandstructuresto
effectivelyaddressequity.
2.Participatoryapproachisatime
consumingapproach.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
.Populationarenotwellinformed,thereis
notransparencyinthefinancing?The
populationisnotactiveinmattersof
sanitationandwatersupply

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Establishprivileges/incentivesforcertain
categoriesofgroups

Sanitationcomments:
USAIDTajikistandrinkingwaterproject,
Healthylifestylecenteretc

Drinkingwatercomments:
Ensuringtheavailabilityofsocialprotection
topoorpopulationforwatersupply
servicespayments

196

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07.ParticipationandEquity

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WaterUsernetworkhasparticipatedin
criteria,regulationdevelopmentfor
villagewatermanagement
2.Communityvolunteerfordrinkingwater
surveillancehasbeenparticipating
inwaterqualitymonitoring

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Advocacymeeting,socialization,built
newsystemwithinthecommunityof
drinkingwater
2.Governmentcelebrate2010worldwater
dayswithconductedtalkshowonTVTL
3.Governmenthavethinkingtosetup
nationalwaterdayandtheproposalhas
beensubmittedtoMinistryof
Infrastructurein2004butdidntapproved

Togo

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uganda

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Capacitybuildingforpublicinsomearea
isnecessary

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Thereispublicforumprovisionfor
feedbackservice
2.Publicparticipationinmanagement
awarenessshouldberaised

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Stillhavecommunitylegalconnectionin
urbanareaandalsosomeofruralareas
2.Theconsumerarestillnotabletocontrol
forthemaintenancesystemthattheyare
used
3.Thedrinkingwatersystemwerenot
coveragecommunityatall

Sanitationcomments:
7.a)(thepolicyaregoingtoapprovalby
councilofministryofTimorLeste)
7.d)(UnderPrimeMinistrycabinetthere
wascivilsociety/NGOssupportfunding)
7.f)(see#a)
7.h)(see#a)
7.i)(see#aandJMPreport)

Drinkingwatercomments:
&#61607;Stillneedexternalandinternal
supportintermsoffundingandhuman
resource.
&#61607;Lawenforcement
&#61607;Lackofcommunicationamong
theinstitutionisnotinadequateflow

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

197

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07.ParticipationandEquity

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.Accordingtoregulations,allprojects
havetoconsultcommunitybefore
preparingfeasibilitystudyandproject
implementation.Allprojectsinwater
supplyandsanitationhavefollowedwith
thisregulation.
2.Householdsintheprojectareastakepart
inpreparation,implementation
andoperationoftheprojectvia
consultationorsupervision
3.LocalWomenUnionandothersocial
organizationsareabletotakepartin
managementofbudgetoftheprojectsfor
poorhouseholds

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Lawondisablesin2010
2.LawonGenderEqualityin2006
3.PovertyReductionProgram

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
EquityispartofSanitationstrategyinthe
country
Sanitationforallincludingtheinformal
settlementsandslumareaareconsidered
Policesareincludedforvulnerableother
marginalizedgroups
Inlawandpoliciesregardingequalityand
supportingpoorpeoplewehavestrong
points.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Therearesomeprojectsforpoorpeople.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insomelocalities,investorsandlocal
governmenthaventpaidsufficient
attentiontothoseissues
2.Thereisstilldiscriminationbetweenmen
andwomeninsomelocalareas
3.Knowledgeandawarenessofgeneral
populationisabigobstacle

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Implementationofpolicytosupport
vulnerablegroupsisstilllimited
2.Limitedresources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
Poorimplementationthroughprivate
sectorPoorprivatesectorcapacity
Insecurity
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Abovementionedprojectsarenotenough
forpoorpeople.
Thereisnotafairsystemtomeetpoor
peoplesneed.
Thereisaweakmonitoringregarding
increasingaccessofpoorpeopleto
sanitationfacilities.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
InsomeareaBecauseofsecurityproblems
sanitationprojectshavenotbeen
implementedcompletely.
Weshouldhavenationalsanitationcriteria
andwefocusmoreondatacollection.

Drinkingwatercomments:

198

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08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

08.Question7kand7l:ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Afghanistan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Angola

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Azerbaijan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Communitymeetingsinsomeareas.

Bangladesh

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Benin

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
larevueannuelledusecteurAEPHApourlanne2010attenue
avec
lensembledesacteursintervenantsdanslesecteuretlesrsultats
enregistrs
onttprsents

Bhutan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
NA

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Asambleasdesociosensistemascooperativosycomunitarios
rurales.

Brazil

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Confernciasmunicipais,estaduaiseNacional;conselhos
municipais,estaduaiseNacional.AelaboraodoPlanoNacional
deSaneamentoBsicodeformaparticipativapormeiodos
seminriosregionaiseaudienciaspblicas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
OrganizingofSACOSANIVin2011.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Meetingsconductedbythemunicipalauthoritywiththepublicfor
installation
ofwatermeter.
Watermanagementcommitteeinplacetolookintooperationand
maintenanceofwatersupplyschemes.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Asambleasanualesdesociosencooperativasdeserviciosy
comitsdeagua

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
IstoacontecenasreuniesdosConselhos(instanciascolegiadas)
Nacionais,EstaduaiseMunicipais,bemcomonasdiversas
ConfernciasMunicipais,EstaduaiseNacionaldeacordocomas
diversaspolticaspblicasdeSade,MeioAmbienteedasCidades.

199

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ComitsrgionauxetnationauxdepilotageduPNAEPA,Revue
conjointe,diffrentesrencontres,

Burundi

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Cesrencontresnontpasencoreeulieu

Cambodia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Cameroon

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Ilnyapaseuderencontreaveclesutilisateursdeservices

Chad

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Comittechniquedesuivi(interministriel)
AG(OSC)

Colombia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Existienelanteriorgobiernoelmecanismodeaudiencias
pblicas,atravsdelcualsediscutanlosproyectosdeinversin
socialprioritariosenlosmunicipios.Tambinlasentidadesdel
sectortienenelmecanismodeparticipacinciudadanadondese
exponenlosproyectosdeLey.

Congo

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Jusquel,lesutilisateursetbnficiairessontpeuimpliqusdans
laralisationdesprojets.Cependant,denouvellesapproches
participativesintroduiteslafaveurdecertainsprojetsvisent
corrigercesinsuffisances.

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Runionaveclaliguedesconsommateurstenuele28/09/2011
Revueconjointeannuelle(regroupanttouslesacteursetles
bnficiaires)

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
SANSOBJET

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Rencontreannuelledesacteursdusecteurdeleau

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Rencontresdesensibilisation,misesenplacedescomitsde
gestion,suivirapprochparleCCAG,

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Enmatiredeaupotable,desrencontresontlieuentreles
diffrentsacteurs.Cestlecasdesespacespartagessontorganiss
parleMEHaveclaSNDEetlesbnficiaires

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

200

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Egypt

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

ElSalvador

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Lacomisintcnicainterinstitucionalderecursoshdricosyla
participacindelasociedadcivilenlaconsultadepropuestade
anteproyectodelapolticadeaguapotableysaneamiento.

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Losdiscapacitadosyadisponenviviendasmodernasycoches
(BuenaEsperanza)

Thedisablednowhavemodernhomesandcars(GoodHope)

Ethiopia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Therewasphoneonlinedeviationsanddiscussionsamongservice
providers(utilities)andusers.

Fiji

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Gabon

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Gambia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Paginawebdewww.anda.gob.sv,Visitadomiciliarparareclamo
detarifasdelosusuarios,Atencinalcliente

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
WASHCOMorganizemeetingwithusers(community)

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
PeriodicmeetingswiththeConsumerCouncilandECREA
(EcumenicalCenterforResearch,EducationandAdvocacy)which
bothadvocateforserviceusers

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

201

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Ghana

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ANationalEnvironmentalSanitationConferencewasheldin
December2010,andthisbroughttogethersectorprofessionals
andserviceuserstodiscussissuesofcommoninterest

Guinea

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Inexistencedecadredeconcertationetdchangeavecles
bnficiaires.

GuineaBissau

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Haiti

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Honduras

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ElSANAApublicaensusitioweblamemoriaanualderesultados.
LasJuntasdeAguaruralesrealizanasambleasanuales.

India

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
1.Provisionfor32%ofTotalBudgetformarginalisedcommunities
(SCs/STs).
2.Activeinvolvementofwomeninimplementation

Indonesia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Jordan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1)TheGhanaWaterForumorganisedinSeptember2011brought
togethersectorstakeholdersandusergroupstodeliberateon
criticalissues
2)ThePublicUtilitiesRegulatoryCommissionhasbeenorganising
sessionswithusergroupstosolicittheiropinionsonpricingand
qualityofservices

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Atelierdesensibilisationaveclesreprsentantsdes
consommateurssurlimpactdesbranchementsclandestins;
AtelierdeformationdesServicesPublicsdelEau

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
LasJuntasdeAguaconvocanasambleasparainformaralusuario
sobrelasituacindelosservicios.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
VillageWaterandSanitationCommitteesarebeingformedin
villagesforactivecommunity/usersparticipationinwatersupply
activities.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

202

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Kenya

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Nairobiwatercompany

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Thereweretherepresentativesofserviceusersincludedinthe
Committeein
urbansubsector.InruralWASH,7stepapproacheswere
introducedtodiscuss
andsharewithusersinordertoplanandagreetogetherfor
implementation

Lebanon

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Lesotho

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Allactivitiesinruralareasincludeaparticipatoryplanningand
capacitybuildingprocesswiththecommunitiesthatalsoinclude
genderandequityissues.

Inurbanareastherearesomelimitedcommunityparticipationin
theimplementationoftheonsitesanitationactivities

ParticipationisalsoensuredthroughtheESIAprocesses

Liberia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
MCCmetwithrepresentativesofurbanpoorcommunitiesselected
forFISHproject(proposalsubmitted).

Madagascar

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Danslecasdecomitdegestiondesinfrastructures
d'assainissementauniveaulocal

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
EachWSPhasanopendayandhastohaveaconsultative
meeting(welldocumented)beforeapplyingfortariffreviewto
WASREB.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Allactivitiesinruralareasincludeaparticipatoryplanningand
capacitybuildingprocesswiththecommunitiesthatalsoinclude
genderandequityissues
TheurbanwaterutilityWASCOundertakecustomersatisfaction
surveysonannualbasisasamechanismforfeedbackfromour
customersasfarasservicedeliveryisconcerned.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
NWSHPChascollaboratedwithMCCforthedevelopmentofthe
conceptnotefor
FISHMonroviawhichisanurbanslumsanitationproject.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Atelier(BPOR),enqute,comitdegestiondespointsdeau,
affermage

203

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Malawi

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
TheEU/EIBPeriUrbanProject

Maldives

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Mali

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Lesrunionsdeconcertationaveclesacteursdelassainissement;
lesrunionsannuellesdelarevuedusecteureauet
assainissement.

l)Desrponsescidessus,donnersuccinctement2ou3ralisations
significativeset23obstacleslislaparticipationetlquitdans
lesoussecteurdelassainissement?

RalisationsouProduits:
1.Existencedecadresdeconcertation
2.Capitalisationdesdonnessurlesralisationsetles
financementsdesautresintervenantsdanslesoussecteur
3.Transmissiondesfichesdecollectededonnescertains
partenaires

Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Tenueirrguliredesrunionsdecadresdeconcertation
2.Nonobtentiondesdonnesdecertainsacteurs

Mauritania

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Nant

Mongolia

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Morocco

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
DepartmentofWaterSupplyServicesinconjunctionwithwater
utilitieshasbeenorganisingmeetingswithusersonestablishment
ofWaterUserAssociationsinregionalwaterboards

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
RevuesectorielleEauetAssainissement;RencontreentrelesOSC
etlesdeuxdpartementsenchargedelEauetdelAssainissement

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
DlgatairesduServicePubliquedeleau
OfficeNationalduservicedEauenmilieuRural
SocitNationaledelEau

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Reportingresultsofservicesandtakearequest.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

ConseilsdadministrationetannuelsdelONEPetdesrgies
auxquelssontreprsentsdeslusquireprsententlescitoyens.

204

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08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Mozambique

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Myanmar

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Atleast,quarterlymeetingconductedbetweenlocalsanitation
committeeandserviceusers

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.DevelopmentofProposedDrinkingwaterQualityStandardsin
1990.1998,2006and2011
2.MyanmarDrinkingwaterQualityStandards(Draft)are
recommendedrecently.

Nepal

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Allgovernmentprogrammesarebeingdesignedandimplemented Asamandatoryprovisionalmostallwaterusers'associationare
throughuser
conductingannual
committeesorwiththeconsultationwithusercommitteesthrough generalmeeting(AGM)withtheparticipationofallconcerned
agencies
districts

Niger

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Nigeria

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Stakeholders(users)meetingindevelopmentofstatepolicyand
waterlaws
FrameworkforregulatorywatersupplyinNigeria.Seriesof
meetingswithstakeholdersatstatelevelincludingserviceusers

Oman

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

PeriodicalmeetingsandinteractionsareheldwiththeIWP
Privatesectorwaterproducersandarisingissuesdiscussed.
ConsumerscanaccessanytimetheConsumersectionstoputin
theirviewsandorcanreachtheDepartmentsthroughcallcentres.
InteractionwithconsumersalsobeingheldinCommunity
ExhibitionsandSchoolsandsimilargatherings.

Pakistan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

PunjabRuralWaterSupplyoperationandmaintenancedoneby
communitygroups
ChangaPaniprojectofPlanningandDevelopmentDepartment,
Punjabgoodexampleofcomponentsharing
RehabilitationofKarez(deepwells)byIUCNinBalochistan

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

205

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Panama

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Sefortalecen,consolidanysehanvueltosostenibleslosConsejos
ConsultivosProvincialesInterinstitucionalesdondeseescuchanlas
demandasdelacomunidadyseplanificanlasinversiones
correspondientes.

Paraguay

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Larealizacindelprimercongresodelasjuntasdesaneamiento
constituyounejemplodereunionesconlosusuariosdelservicio
(500personasdetodoelParaguay).

Philippines

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
None.

Rwanda

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
OnemonthCleanandGreenEnvironmentCampaignsinMay
June2011.
EWSAaccountability/opendaycarriedoutacrossthecountry
andannually

Samoa

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Senegal

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

SierraLeone

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

MinistryofHealthandSanitationtakingtheleadinensuringthat
thepublicordinanceactisimplemented

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Sefortalecen,seconsolidanysehanvueltosostenibleslos
ConsejosConsultivosInterinstitucionalesProvincialesdondese
escuchanlasdemandasdelacomunidadyseplanificanlas
inversionescorrespondientes.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Realizacindereunionesfocalesenlasciudadesmuestrassobre
disposicinalpagodelservicioyaceptacindelatecnologa
aplicar
DentrodelapreparacindelProgramadeSaneamientoyAgua
PotableparaelchacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaRegin
Oriental..

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Publichearingsonwatertariffincrease;projectidentification
forum;

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

AnnualAccountabilitydayorganizedbyEWSA

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Systematiccomplaintmechanismthroughcustomerservicesunit,
community
awarenessandoutreachprogrammesdonebypublicrelationsunit

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
MEWRtogetherwithWaterSectorDepartmenttakingtheleadin
ensuringthatthewaterpolicyandstrategyisimplemented.

206

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

SouthAfrica

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
BeforeprojectimplementationMunicipalitiesengagewith
communities.

TheMinisterofHumanSettlementshasappointedaMinisterial
SanitationTaskTeamtoassessthequalityofsanitationprovisionin
thecountry.DuringNovember2011,theTaskTeammetwith
Municipalities,Stakeholdersaswellascommunities.

SouthSudan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
Communityparticipationinidentificationofsitesandduring
handingover

SriLanka

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

4thSouthAsianConferenceonSanitation(SACOSANIV)

Sudan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Tajikistan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

Thailand

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

TimorLeste

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
ThecountryofTimorLestehassanitationworkingmeetingas
regularlywhichisleadbyMinistryofHealth.

Togo

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
WaterUtilitiessubmitannualBusinessPlanstoDWAforapproval
andalsoactasimplementingagentsforDWA.
UtilityperformancetargetssetbybothDWAandUtilitiesannually.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.Governmentdeclarationtoincludebasicfacilitiesforaccessby
differentlyabledpersons
2.Establishmentof17RWSDistrictofficesbytheNWSDBtoserve
theruralcommunity

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Thereareregularmeetingswithserviceusersatthecommunityor
government/communitymanagedfacilities.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
Regularmeetingswithcustomers,advisingthemonrationaluse
andthetimelypaymentofservicesfordrinkingwater

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
1.Mobilemunicipalityservice
2.Meetingbetweenbottlingwatermanufacturerandgovernment
officer
3.Waterusernetworkmeeting
4.Villagewaterutilitycommitteemeeting

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
GMFtosupportcommunitylevelformonitoringandcontrolling
thewatersupplysystem.

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

207

UNWaterGLAAS201112

08.ExamplesofCollaborationwithUsers

Uganda

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
NA

Uzbekistan

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:

VietNam

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
1.Forallprojects,duringprojectpreparation,itisnecessaryto
consult
communityintheproposedprojectarea.Thecontentof
consultationconsists
ofaffordability,commitmentonconnection,ect
2.Communicationactivitiesencouragetheuseofwatersupplyand
sanitation
servicesareorganizedbeforeduringandafterproject
implementation
processinordertoincreaseknowledgeandawarenessof
communityand
encouragethemtouseservices
3.Allprojectsextractapartoftheirbudgetstosupportpoor
householdsto
haveaccesstowater

Yemen

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
inthediscussionoftheEIAstudiesfortheprojectswiththerelated
groups.
CoordinationwithWater&environmentalNGOsduringthe
preparationthestudiesandexecutedtheproject
itisclearintheirrigationwater

Zimbabwe

Sanitationcollaborationwithusers:
none

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:

Drinkingwatercollaborationwithusers:
None

208

UNWaterGLAAS201112

09.Outputs

09.Question8:Outputs

Afghanistan

Sanitationcomments:

Angola

Sanitationcomments:
InUrbanareas,thecentralgovernmentensuresfinancialresources
throughtheGovernmentExpenditureFund.Atruralareas,a
proportiononresourcesisguaranteedbyinternationalpartners
andNGOs.Recently,therewasinitiatedtheIntegratedMunicipal
ProgramforPovertyReduction,whichincludedclearlydefined
budgetarylinesforsanitationinterventions.

Azerbaijan

Sanitationcomments:

Bangladesh

Sanitationcomments:

Benin

Sanitationcomments:
LastructuretatiquechargedelHygineetdelassainissement
debaseresteconfrontelaproblmatiquedelamotivationdes
RC(hyginistes).
Ceuxcitravaillantsurlabasedubnvolat,ilarrivefrquemment
quilsabandonnentletravailpourdiverseraisonsfortementlies
lamotivation.
LafaiblecollaborationentreenlesAgentsdhygine(niveauDHAB)
etlesanimateursdesstructureschargesdelintermdiation
sociale

Bhutan

Sanitationcomments:
Currentlysanitationprogrammesforbothruralandurban
communitiesthatemphasisdemanddrivenapproachesandbuild
ontheexistinggovernmentsystemarebeingpilotedandfurther
developedwiththeexpectationthatthesewillbeappliedatscale
inthefuture

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

#ThesenormsarecurrentlyonlyappliedtoLuandaCityanditis
notconsistently.Waterqualitymonitoringisbasedonthe
EuropeanUniondirectiveguides.Itunderwayaconstruction
projectoffiveprovinciallaboratoriesforwaterquality.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

209

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationcomments:
Serecomiendagenerarpolticasnacionalesvalorizandoelusode
lassolucionesalternativasdesaneamientocomoelbao
ecolgico,letrinasmejoradas,cmarasspticas,artefactos
sanitariosahorradores,comopartedelosprogramasoficialesenel
desarrolloylapromocindelastecnologasapropiadas,tantoen
reasurbanascomorurales,buscandoromperlasresistenciasasu
uso.
Itisrecommendedtocreatenationalpoliciesvaluingtheuseof
alternativessuchasecologicalimprovedlatrines,septictanks,
sanitarysavers,aspartofgovernmentprogramsinthe
developmentandpromotionofappropriatetechnologies,bothin
urbanareasandruralareas,seekingtobreaktheresistancetoits
use.

Brazil

Sanitationcomments:
EestemelaboraoapropostadeumProgramaNacionalde
SaneamentoRural,coordenadopeloMinistriodaSade
FundaoNacionaldeSade,emconsonnciacomaproposta
preliminardoPlanoNacionaldeSaneamentoBsicoPlansab,sob
coordenaodoMinistriodasCidades.

TheproposalisinpreparationofaNationalRuralSanitation
Programme,coordinatedbytheMinistryofHealthNational
HealthFoundation,inlinewiththepreliminaryproposalofthe
NationalSanitationPlansab,coordinatedbytheMinistryofCities.

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationcomments:
Lesuivietlvaluationdevrontfairelobjetdeservicesspcialiss
indpendants.

Burundi

Sanitationcomments:
Introductiondansquelquesprovincesdupayslapproche
Assainissement
TotalPilotparlaCommunautATPC/CLTS
MiseenuvredelapprocheECOSANdans4provincesfinances
parlaBAD

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
OsresultadosaparecemnosCensosacada10anos,massobretudo
nasPesquisasNacionaisporAmostradeDomicliosIBGE/PNAD,
anualmenteetambmnaPesquisaNacionaldeSaneamento
BsicoPNSB,acadadezanos.Almdestaspesquisasnohum
programademonitoramentoeavaliaosobreasaesde
saneamentorural.AFunasafazanualmenterelatriodegesto
sobreaexecuodosinvestimentosemsaneamentoruralnoPas.

TheresultsappearintheCensusevery10years,butespeciallyin
theNationalSurveysHouseholdSurveyIBGE/PNAD,andalso
annuallyintheNationalSanitationPNSB,everytenyears.In
additiontothesestudiesthereisaprogrammonitoringand
evaluationoftheactionsofruralsanitation.Funasamakesan
annualmanagementreportontheimplementationofinvestment
inruralsanitationinthecountry

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lesralisationsdinfrastructuresdeaupotablenesont
communiquesselonlesrglestabliesenlamatire.Enprincipe,
touteralisationdoittredclaremaislesformulairesIOTA
(Infrastructures,Ouvrages,Travauxetamnagement)labors
ceteffetnesontpasrenseignsparlesentreprisesetlesbureaux
dtudes.

Drinkingwatercomments:
ManquedquipementspourfairelanalysedelaqualitdelEau
deboisson
ManquedagencedergulationdusecteurEau

210

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Sanitationcomments:
1.Currently,increaseinsanitationisnotmeasureannuallybut
thereareplanstoconductgovernmentlednationwidesample
basedKAPsurveysat2yearintervals.ThefirstKAPsurveywas
implementedin2010.
2.ThefinaldraftoftheRWSSHStrategyidentifiessanitation
solutionsthatarerecommendedforfurtherstudyand
implementationsuchashygienepromotion,CLTS,andsanitation
marketing.WiththeformalendorsementbyGovernmentofthe
Strategysoonandsubsequentdevelopmentofimplementing
guidelines,sanitationsolutionswillbeimplementedby
governmentatscale.
3.Monitoringandevaluationofsanitationsolutionsaremostly
projectbased,donebyprojectimplementersoutsideof
government

Cameroon

Sanitationcomments:

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationcomments:
Vulgariserlestechnologiesappropriesdanslepays(enmilieu
ruraleturbain)

Chad

Sanitationcomments:
Lesapprochessontdfiniesetconnues,maislesmoyensdeleurs
misenoprationssontquasiinexistants

Colombia

Sanitationcomments:

Congo

Sanitationcomments:

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationcomments:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
LEtatcongolaisaveccesstructuresappropries(ADGH,ANHYR,
ORSE)sattleassurerlaccsleaupotabletousaussibien
enmilieuurbainqueruraltraversdessystmesadaptsetla
crationduFondsSpcialpourEau

Drinkingwatercomments:

211

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationcomments:
Onlythenationalprogramledbythegovernmenthasanactive
monitoringandevaluationcomponent.

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationcomments:

Egypt

Sanitationcomments:

ElSalvador

Sanitationcomments:
ElSaneamientoeselservicionacionalquemenosatencinleha
proporcionadoelgobiernocentral.

Sanitationisthemostneglectednationalserviceprovidedbythe
centralgovernment.

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationcomments:

Ethiopia

Sanitationcomments:
Eventhoughnationallatrinetechnologyoptionsareinplace,itis
notfullyimplementedatscale

Fiji

Sanitationcomments:

Gabon

Sanitationcomments:
Mettreenuvrelesuividelaccessibilit
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:
Definitionofnationalframeworkrelatedtodrinkingwatersystem
andservicesneedtobeprepared

Drinkingwatercomments:
Enelitema)esbuenodejarconstanciadequeseselecciono
Incrementoanualesmsdel75%deloquesenecesitapara
alcanzarlameta,peroenrealidadlametayafuesuperada.
Initema)isgoodtorecordthatanannualincrementwasselected
over75%ofwhatittakestoreachthegoal,butinfactthegoalhas
alreadybeensurpassed

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Debidoalafaltadeunaleynohayunenteregulador,existen
normativasqueregulanlacalidaddelaguadeconsumohumano
delMINSALyANDA

Duetothelackofalawsthereisnoregulator,thereare
regulationsgoverningthequalityofdrinkingwaterbyANDAand
MINSAL

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Annualservicecoverageincreasedduetoincreasedresources
allocationthroughUniversalAccessPlan

Drinkingwatercomments:
Atpresent,theFijiGovernmenthasdraftedaRuralWaterPolicyas
wellastheDrinkingWaterQualityStandardwherebyRuralwater
suppliesshouldbefluoridated.Thisisbeingdoneincollaboration
withtheMineralResourcesDepartment,WaterandSewerage
Department,MinistryofHealthandtheWaterAuthorityofFiji.

Drinkingwatercomments:

212

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Gambia

Sanitationcomments:

Ghana

Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationvaluechainanalysisprocessiscurrentlybeingassessed.
Thiswillseektoidentifynewsolutionsforsustainableurban
sanitationchallenges.

Guinea

Sanitationcomments:
LadoptionparlaGuineen2009lapprocheATPCetsamiseen
uvreenbasseGuine,moyenneguineetenGuineforestire.
Lamiseenuvreduprojetassainissementautonomeduquartier
YimbayacolefinancparlAFD.

GuineaBissau

Sanitationcomments:
LapprocheCLTS(ATPC)estdveloppeseulementenmilieurural

Haiti

Sanitationcomments:

Honduras

Sanitationcomments:
Ladefinicindelapolticanacionaldesaneamiento,enprocesode
formulacin,incluirlineamientostcnicosconsiderando
tecnologasapropiadasalmedio.
Thedefinitionofthenationalsanitationpolicy,intheprocessof
formulation,technicalguidelineswillincludeappropriate
technologyconsideringtheenvironment.

India

Sanitationcomments:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Communitiesabilitytomaintainadequateservicelevelsderived
fromfacilitiesprovidedovertimeisamajorchallenge.Thiscanbe
attributedtolowfinancialcapacityofcommunitiescoupledwith
increaseinpopulationofusersoffacilitiesandlackofpost
constructionexternalsupporttocommunity

Drinkingwatercomments:
Pourassurerlacouvertureglobaledelademandeeneaupotable
del'ensembledupays,danslesconditionsoptimales,lesactions
suivantessontenvisages:

l'actualisationdestudesduPlanDirecteurdeproduction,de
transportetdedistributionenvuedelarvisionduprogramme
nationald'investissementdanscesecteur;
l'amliorationdelagestiontechnique,commercialeetfinancire
dusecteur;
l'amliorationducadreinstitutionnelactuelenintgrantles
conditionsjuridiquesetfinanciresncessairespourl'implantation
desdiffrentesformesdusecteurpriv.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
ThroughtheNationalRuralDrinkingWaterQualityMonitoring&
SurveillanceProgramme,extensivewaterqualitytestingisbeing
donebycommunityparticipation.

213

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Indonesia

Sanitationcomments:
Thepercentageofhouseholdswithaccesstoimprovedsanitation
facilitieshasdoubledsince1993,butin2009only51.19percentof
thenationalpopulationhadaccesstoimprovedsanitation,while
theMDGtargetforaccesstobasicsanitationis62.41percentof
thepopulationby2015.Althoughthecentralgovernment
allocatedbudgetincreasedsignificantly,thecommitmentoflocal
governmenttoallocatesufficientbudgetfordrinkingwaterand
sanitationisstilllow.

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationcomments:

Jordan

Sanitationcomments:

Kenya

Sanitationcomments:
Advocacyforincreasedfundinginsanitation,especialtothelocal
level

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:
Manyinstitutionsandagenciesareinvolvedinthedevelopmentof
waterandsanitationfacilities,butmoreintensivecoordinationis
required,especiallyatthestageofplanningforimplementationof
programs.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Legalframeworkforthedrinkingwaterregulatorisunder
development.UtilitiesarecurrentlymonitoredbyWaterAuthority
ofJordanWaterSectorAuditUnit(WASU).

Drinkingwatercomments:
WaterServicesRegulatoryBoard(WASREB)monitorsservice
provision.

214

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationcomments:
Itisnecessarytodevelopandimplementthesocialsanitationand
hygienicprogramsandstrengthentheintersectoralinteraction.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:
Accesstocleandrinkingwateriscriticalinthecountry,butithas
notbeenadequatelyaddressedyet.In2008,theshareof
populationhavingreceivedaccesstodrinkingwatermade90.4per
cent.Thisishigherthanthetargetlevelof90percentin2015.In
general,thedynamicsispositive:fortheperiodof20032008,on
averageabout2.8percentofthepopulationadditionallyreceived
accesstodrinkingwater.Butthesituationintheregionsisnotso
optimistic.TheworstsituationisnotedintwoSouthoblasts:in
Batkenoblast(76.7percent)andinOshoblast(77.3percent)with
thehighestdensityofpopulation.
Theinterimresultsoftheprogramofprovidingaccesstoclean
drinkingwater
Supplyofdrinkingwatertothepopulationisthemainobjectiveof
TazaSuuprogramfundedbyanumberofinternational
organizationsandtheGovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.The
AsianDevelopmentBankhasissuedloanof36mln.USDtoproject
Renderinginfrastructureservicesatsettlementlevelforrecovery
andconstructionofwaterpipelinesin730villagesand7citiesof
Chui,Osh,JalalabatandBatkenoblasts.Thecofinancingbythe
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublicmakes9mln.USD.
ThemaingoalofsimilarprojectRuralWaterSupplyand
Sanitationwiththetotalcostof24.5USDundertheWorldBank
(WB)loanisalsotorecoverandconstructruralwaterpipelinesin
270villagesofIssykKul,NarynandTalasoblasts.Intotal,including
inputofKyrgyzstan,about70mln.USDischanneledtoproviding
cleandrinkingwatertothepopulation.
Generally,itwasplannedtoperformmaintenanceandrepair
worksandconstructionofnewwatersupplyfacilitiesin1,000
villagesofthecountryand7cities.Thegeneralgoaloftheabove
mentionedprojectsalsoimpliesimprovingmanagementofthe
ruralwatersupplyinfrastructuretoensurestablesupplyofgood
watertothepopulationreliably,withminimumcostandaimsat
reducingprevalenceofacuteentericdiseasesamongvillagers.
TheADBprojectRenderinginfrastructureservicesatsettlement
levelandtheWBRuralWaterSupplyandSanitationproject
appliedthepublicorientedapproach,i.e.primarilyworkingwith
ruralcommunitiesdirectlyinvolvedinandtakingtheresponsibility
andmakingdecisionsatallstagesoftheprojectimplementation.
However,theintendedplanswerenotfullyperformeddueto
increaseofcostoftheruralwatersupplycomponentpercapita
from20to80USD.

215

UNWaterGLAAS201112

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationcomments:
HygieneimprovementshouldbefurtherfocusedparallelwithM&
Einboth
urbanandruralWASH.Publicawarenessonhygieneandsanitation
should
beqidelyincreasedforbehaviorchanges.

Lebanon

Sanitationcomments:

Lesotho

Sanitationcomments:
Theonlyperiodicalmonitoringofdevelopmentsinsanitationand
theuseofdifferenttechnologiesaretheBureauofstatisticsCMS
thatonlyoncehaveincludedthewaterandsanitationmodule,
howeverinthefuturethismodulewillbeappliedregularlyandwill
providedataontheuseoffacilitiesaswellasaffordability

Liberia

Sanitationcomments:
n/a

Madagascar

Sanitationcomments:

Malawi

Sanitationcomments:
Weneedtoimproveonintegratedmonitoringandevaluationto
enableaccurateandtimelytrackingofoutputs.

Maldives

Sanitationcomments:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:
Adrinkingwaterqualityshouldberegularlymonitoredatboth
urbanand
ruralwatersuppliesbytheDepartmentofHygieneandPrevention,
Ministryof
Health,toensurethesafetyofdrinkingwatertoconsumers,Water
safetyplan
shouldbealsoinitiatedandpilotedforruralwatersuppliesaspart
ofan
integratedWASHapproachinthecommunity

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
AffordabilityispartoftheaspectscoveredintheBureauof
StatisticsCMSSurveysandtheurbanwaterutilityisplanningto
implementaprogrammeofpublicstandpipestoimprove
affordability

Drinkingwatercomments:
WSSC(WaterSupplySanitationCommission)currentlybeing
established.
Furtherpoliticalwillisrequiredwiththeestablishmentofthe
WSSCCin
particulartheexecutiveorderstillneedstobesignedbythe
president.

Drinkingwatercomments:
MiseenplaceetOprationnalisationdelaSOREA(organisme
rgulateur)
Miseenplacedelapolitiqueetstratgiedeleaupotable
RedynamisationdelANDEA

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

216

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Sanitationcomments:

Mauritania

Sanitationcomments:

Mongolia

Sanitationcomments:

Morocco

Sanitationcomments:

Mozambique

Sanitationcomments:
ProgressontheimplementationofCommunityLedTotal
Sanitation(CLTS)andotherprogramslikePRONASAR,Children
FriendlySchools,1millioninitiative,ascommunitiesare
progressivelyadheringtothatapproach
ConstructionofImprovedToiletsandProvisionofWaterto
Schools(ChildrenFriendlySchoolsforAfricaProgram)
WidespreadthoughnottotaladherencetoImprovedToiletsin
Periurbanareas
Fecalsludgemanagementisamajorprobleminurbanareas

Myanmar

Sanitationcomments:

Nepal

Sanitationcomments:
Alwaysresourcegapduringbudgetallocation,butpoor
implementationqualityand
statusofsoftwareactivities.Itisbecauseofhighpriorityin
constructionsideand
limiteddedicatedhumanresourcesforhygieneandsanitation

Niger

Sanitationcomments:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Mettreenplaceuneharmonisationdetarificationdeleauen
milieurural
AssurerlaperformanceduServicepublicdelEauenmilieurural
Mettreenplaceunformatnationalpourlerapport

Drinkingwatercomments:
Formulatdingcoordinatingcommitteeonusageandserviceof
watersupply,seweragesystemfacility.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Urgentneedofumbrellawatersupplyacttostreamlineeffortsand
institutionsofthe
sector

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lerledurgulateurnestpasbienconnuparlepublic
217

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nigeria

Sanitationcomments:
CLTSadoptedforscalingupsanitationonthecountry.Approach
implementedinmorethan32statesinthecountry.

Oman

Sanitationcomments:

Pakistan

Sanitationcomments:

Panama

Sanitationcomments:

Paraguay

Sanitationcomments:
Seesperalograrunsignificativoincrementoenlassolucionesde
saneamientoapartirdelao2012hastael2015conla
implementacindelProgramadeSaneamientoyAguaPotable
paraelChacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaReginorientalde
Paraguay,conlaasistenciafinancieradelBIDAECID.
Ithopestoachieveasignificantincreaseinsanitationsolutions
from2012to2015withtheimplementationoftheProgram
DrinkingWaterandSanitationforCitiesChacoandMiddleEastern
RegionofParaguay,withfinancialassistancefromtheIDBAECI.

Philippines

Sanitationcomments:
Thereisadifferenceofabout13percentagepointsbetweenthe
JMPandNEDAsanitationestimates.Suchadifferencecanbe
explainedbythefactthattheJMPconsidersthatsharedsanitation
facilities,eveniftheyareimproved,shouldnotbeconsideredas
improved.Thisisduetoconcernsthatsharedsanitationfacilities
mightnotbemaintainedandcleanedproperlythustheyarelikely
nottostimulateusebyallmembersofthehousehold.NEDA
considersthatimprovedtypesofsanitationfacilities,evenifthey
aresharedshouldbecountedasimproved.(Source:Philippine
WaterandSanitationSectorAssessment,2011)

Numberofsanitationfacilitiesdevastatedbynaturalcalamities
arenotusuallyreported.Itaffectsaccuracyofadministrative
reportingwhichcountsadditionalfacilitiesonly.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
AccordingtoNEDA,(2010),thewatersupplycoverageestimatefor
thePhilippinesislowerthanthatfromtheJMP.Ontheotherhand,
theprojectedcoveragefor2015accordingtoNEDAislowerthan
thetarget.Howeversuchadifferenceisbelow5percentagepoints
andaccordingtotheUNcriteriathisshouldbeviewedasan
achievedtarget.(Source:PhilippineWaterandSanitationSector
Assessment,2011)

218

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Rwanda

Sanitationcomments:

Samoa

Sanitationcomments:

Senegal

Sanitationcomments:

SierraLeone

Sanitationcomments:
ThescalingupofCommunityLedTotalSanitation(CLTS)withthe
implementationofsanitationmarketingwilltothesanitation
solutionattherurallevels.

SouthAfrica

Sanitationcomments:
None

SouthSudan

Sanitationcomments:

SriLanka

Sanitationcomments:
AnaveragesewerconnectioncostsaboutRs.40,000.00(equv.US$
400)whichisveryexpensiveforamiddleclassfamily.Owingto
thisreasonsmanyhouseholdershavenotobtainedsewer
connectionsinseweredareasoftownships.
2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Concerningquestion(f),Thepolicyrecommendtheneedfora
regulator;thenationalregulatorisbeingdeveloped
ThescalingupofCommunityLedTotalSanitationwiththe
implementationofsanitationmarketingwillgoalongwaytothe
sanitationsolutionattherurallevelsincreasingdemandforsafe
drinkingwater

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Intermsofquality,theDepartmentsBlueDropincentivebased
DWAdrinkingwaterregulatorysystemisanexcellentexampleofa
successfulprogrammethathasachievedsuccesswithinlocal
authoritieswithanincreasingnumberofBlueDropawardsbeing
presentedtomunicipalitiesannually.
2.Althoughthereisacomprehensivemacroprogrammewith
othergovernmentdepartments,inpartnershipwithmunicipalities,
thechallengehoweverremainsschemefunctionality.
3.TheDepartmenthasitsowntargetstoaddresstotalservices,
howevertheprovisionofintermediateservicestocaterforurban
migrationisachallengeastemporaryservicecanbecome
permanentovertimeplacingadditionalstressonmunicipalwater
reticulationsystems.
4.Therearehighlevelsofnonrevenuewaterinmany
municipalities.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMinistryofWaterSupply&Drainageistheregulatorfor
nationaldrinkingwatersupply

219

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Sudan

Sanitationcomments:

Tajikistan

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
0.5

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thequalityofwaterdependsnotonlyonthesource,butmainly
fortechnicalconditionoftheexistingsystems.Therefore,
monitoringthestatusofwatersupplyandwaterqualitygivesa
greateffect/impact

Drinkingwatercomments:
Authorizedcentralagencyshouldbespecifiedforcommunity
serviceauditing

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Leakingandillegalconnectionwithindistributionline
2.>50%ofleakingpapestillhappeninurbanareasDili.
3.Qualityofwatertreatmentplanamongproductionarein
adequate(chlorinationtreated)
4.allboreholesystemischlorinatedbaseonWSPsworkshop
experiencesin2009

(source:Mr.CelsoAmado/head,departmentofwaterand
sanitationDilidistrict),11/08/2011

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Thailand

Sanitationcomments:

TimorLeste

Sanitationcomments:

Togo

Sanitationcomments:

Uganda

Sanitationcomments:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationcomments:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

220

UNWaterGLAAS201112

VietNam

Sanitationcomments:
sanitationandhygienearestillnotreallysustainableintheuse
and
maintenanceoflatrineandsanitationworks
Customofusingfreshhumanwastewithouttreatmenttomake
fertilizers
anduseforaquacultureisstillremainedthoughreduced
Solidandwastewaterinruralareasarestillchallenging

Yemen

Sanitationcomments:
Thesanitationprojectsarenotplannedforlongtimeandnot
plannedfortheincrementofthepopulation,andalsomostofthe
sanitationprojectsarenotfinishingintime.

Zimbabwe

Sanitationcomments:
Toincreasetheoutputsfromthesanitationcomponent,thereisa
strongneedtochangethestrategyofdeliveringsanitation.This
callsforneedtoadoptcommunityapproachestosanitation
especiallyundertheruralsubsector.Thiswillhelpboostcoverage
ascommunitiesoutofbehaviourchangeconstructselfinitiated
sanitationfacilities.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

09.Outputs

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
InasmuchasaccesshasincreasedinboththeRuralandUrban
contextsintermsofreductioninthewalkingdistancetofetch
water(inmanyifnotalltheurbansetupsandsomerural
communities,utilitieshavebeenabletobringwaterintothe
home)anewchallengeisemerginginformoftimetakentogetthe
waterafterreachingthesource.InRuralareas,communitieshave
tojoinverylongqueuesbeforegettingthewater.InUrban
contexts,thescenarioisthesame,tapesareinsidethehomebut
withwaterrunningforlessthan5hoursadayespeciallyinthe
highdensityresidentialsuburbs.

221

UNWaterGLAAS201112

10.Sustainability

10.Question9:Sustainability

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
Somemanagementandsanitationimprovement
programshavebeenconducted.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Forallcitiesfeasibilitystudieshavebeendone.
Someprojectsindifferentcitieshavebeen
implemented.
Thereisstrategytoconservewaterresources.
Capacitybuildingwatersupplyconservation
operatorshavebeendone.

Sanitationobstacles:
Thereisnotanycoordinationbetweenabove
mentionedplans.
Progressreportisnotavailableontimeand
continuousforstakeholders.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Thereisnotenoughmoney.
Thereisnotjusticeandfairdevelopment.
Thereisnotresponsibilitybetweenlocal
peopletosupporttheprojects.
Security

Angola

Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
Achievements:
Obstacles:
1.ExpansionoftheCLTSapproachtoatotalof
1.Limitedhumanresources,speciallyatlocal
11provinces
level
2.AllocatedbudgettoMunicipalgovernments
2.InexistenceofNGOSbasedatlocallevel
foroperationandmaintenanceofsanitation
3.Slownessonadministrativedecentralization
infrastructures
anddeconcentrationprocesses
3.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Drinkingwaterachievements:
Obstacles:
Achievements:
1.NosustainabilityoftheMOGECAinareas
1.Implementationofthecommunity
withhighlevelofruralmigration(people
managementmodelofwaterandsanitation
leavingruralareastourbancentres)
2.Nosustainabilityofthepublicwatersupply
(MOGECA)
enterprise,asthevastmajorityofpeopledo
2.Continuationofdecentralizationprogram
3.
notpayforwater

3.Projectionofwaterusersischallengedby
weakstatisticinformation,asthereisno
updatedpopulationcensus
4.Thereisnoaclearlydefinedsystemfor
investmentrecovery

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:
Sanitationobstacles:
1.Slumsarebeinggraduallydoneawaywith,the
populationbeingresettledtonewlybuilthomes.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

222

Sanitationcomments:
Whileimplementedprojectshavesome
directandindirecteffectsonclimate,but
wehavenotanynationaltargetorgoal
inthisregard.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Thesustainabilitycanbeimprovedwith
abetterparticipationofcommunitiesat
planning,implementationandevaluation
stages.

Drinkingwatercomments:
&#61485;UnderPDESAitisexpected
thecreationofaPublicEnterpriseto
PromoteInvestmentonWASH
&#61485;Notwithstandingthefinancial
decentralizationtothemunicipalities,it
neededafiscaldecentralizationtothem
&#61485;Theexpectedpopulation
censuswillsupporttheplanningprocess
ofWASH

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DevelopmentofNationalWaterSafety
Framework

Sanitationobstacles:
Naturaldisasterslikemonsoonflood,flash
floodcyclonesoftendamagethesanitation
facilities.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Alldevelopmentplansareprojectbased
shorttermsolutions.Thereshouldbedemand
basedlongtermsolution(s).

Benin

Sanitationachievements:
ARalisationsouProduits:
1.secteurprivdisponible

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Peudecrditpourlesecteurpriv
dassainissement
2.lesecteurprivnapasdesitedetraitement
quirpondauxnormes
3.faiblevalorisationdesproduits

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedprivateSectorinvolvementgiventhe
percievedsmallmarketsize
2.Ruralsupplychaindevelopmentisstillinits
initialstages.
3.Ruralcommunitiesfacesignificant
challengesintermsofremotenessand
unfavourableeconomiesofscaleand
dependencyonexternalmarkets

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theurbanandruralwatersupplyispublicy
financedwithoutprivatesector
investmentandminimumusercostrecovery

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Introductionoftariddsysteminmunicipal
townareashasbeensuccessfully
introduced
2.RuralSanitation&HygienePromotion
PRogram(RSHP)initiatedbySNVin
collaborationwithPHEDindevelopementtobe
implementedatscaleincludes
sanitationsupplychaindevelopmentand
capacitybuildingfortheprivate
sector
3.Govermentisworkingtoprovideanenabling
environmentforprivate
sectorinvolvement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.emergencypreparednessplanisbeing
developed
2.Watersafetyplanimplementationis
underway

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

223

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
NA

Drinkingwatercomments:
EnhancethecapacitiesoftheWater
SupplySection(WSS)ofCity
CorporationsandPaurashavasinthe
shortrunthrough,amongothers:i)staff
recruitmentandtraining,ii)
establishmentofseparateaccountsfor
WSSandintroductionofdouble
entry(transparent)accountingsystem

ProvideWSSmoreautonomyinthelong
runtooperateincommercialterms

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA(Servicio
NacionaldeSaneamientoBsico)
2.Losrecursosfinancierosseincrementaron,
aunquenosonansuficientes

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.SecumplirnlosODM
2.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
3.DESCOMFIacompaatodoelciclodel
proyecto
4.AutoridaddeAguaPotableySaneamiento
(AAPS)ampliaeluniversodelaregulacin

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitadacapacidaddegestinparala
ejecucindeprogramasgrandes
2.Faltadeinformacinsobreelrearural
dispersa
3.Noexisteevaluacinexpost
4.Bajasostenibilidaddelosserviciosdeaguay
saneamiento

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaderecursosfinancierosparaapoyoala
sostenibilidad
2.Ausenciadepolticasparadesarrollare
implementarplanesdeseguridad

224

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Enelincisoaelinventarioesparcial,
solocubreaproximadamenteel45%de
losoperadoresyfuerealizadoen2005

Previendolosefectosdelcambio
climticoseestnimplementandolas
siguientesmedidas:Campaasparauso
eficientedelaguautilizandoartefactos
debajoconsumo,micromedicinenlos
sistemasdeabastecimiento,
aprovechamientodelaguadelluviapara
usodomstico.
Inthesubsection"a"theinventoryis
partialonlycoveringabout45%of
operatorsandwasconductedin2005

Anticipatingtheeffectsofclimate
changeisbeingimplementedusingthe
followingmeasures:Campaignsforthe
efficientuseofwaterusinglowpower
devices,micromeasurementofsupply
systems,rainwaterharvestingfor
domesticuse.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.Confernciasmunicipais,estaduaisenacional;
2.Conselhosmunicipais,estaduaisenacional;

1.Conferences;local,stateandnationallevels;
2.Citycouncils,stateandnationallevels;

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existemalgumasexperinciasbemsucedidas
comooSistemaIntegradodeSaneamentoRural
SISAR,nosestadosdoCearePiau;Centralde
AssociaesComunitrias,noestadodaBahia
noquesereferegesto,manutenoe
operaodossistemasemreasrurais,tendoa
participaoefetivadascomunidades,ebom
controledaqualidadedagua,bemcomo
universalizaodoacesso;2.Nestaperspectiva,
outrosestadosestopromovendoprogramasde
saneamentorural,comoRioGrandedoNorte,
Pernambuco;3.EstadosdoParaneMinas
Geraisvmdesenvolvendoprogramas

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficinciaderecursosfinanceirose
humanosparaatenderasmetasde
universalizaoacurtoprazo;2.Complexidade
dasrelaesentreGovernoFederal,estaduais
emunicipais.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aindanopredominanteaexistnciade
programasestaduaisdesaneamentobsico
rural,menosaindadeplanosmunicipaisde
saneamentobsicorural;2.Asaesde
saneamentobsicoruraltmsidodecurtoe
mdioprazoscomofoioProjetoAlvorada,no
inciodosculoXXIeatualmenteoPACIeII.

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Rural
1.Dlivrancedesagrmentsauxentreprises
exerantdansledomainedelassainissement
2.Formationdesentreprisesetartisanslocaux

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.Lenqutedesatisfaction
2.Ltudesurlarductiondespertesdeau
3.Primtredeprotectiondesouvrages

Rural
1.Primtredeprotectiondesouvrages
2.Outilsdapplicationdelarformedusystme
degestiondesinfrastructuresdAEP

Sanitationobstacles:
Rural
1.Organisationdesacteursdelafilire
2.Pasdedispositionsattractivespcifique
danslesecteurdelassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Urbanisationgalopante
2.Accroissementrapidedelapopulation
3.Raretdelaressourceeneau

Rural
LenteurdansladiffusiondesoutilsLenteur
dansladiffusiondesoutils

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

225

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Noquesereferesreasrurais,a
sustentabilidadedaspolticaspblicasde
saneamentobsico,bemcomodos
sistemascoletivos/pblicosedasaes
desaneamentobsicodependemem
grandepartedacapacidadede
gesto/gerenciamentodaUnio,das
UnidadesFederadasedosMunicpios.
Emtermosdegesto,agrandecarncia
seencontraprincipalmenteemdiversos
Municpios.Nestesentido,oPlansab(em
elaborao),estpropondoum
programaestruturante.

Drinkingwatercomments:
OProgramaNacionaldeSaneamento
BsicoPlansab,aindaemelaborao,
propeaelaboraodeumPrograma
NacionaldeSaneamentoRural,oque
poderfortaleceraconstruode
programasestaduaisemunicipais,alm
daprevisoderecursosemetasamdio
elongoprazo.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Leproblmedelararetdeleause
rsoutauniveaunational,lONEAnest
quunusager.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
ARalisationsouProduits:
1.Elaborationdunepolitiquenationale,dune
stratgieetduncodede
leauquitiennentcomptedelassainissementde
base.
2.Elaborationdunplandereforme
institutionnelledanslesecteurEau

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Unemisejourdelinventairedes
infrastructuresdeauet
dassainissementestencours
2.Unechainedapprovisionnementdespices
derechargesest
oprationnelle

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedevolontpolitiquedes
dcideurs
2.Insuffisancedeplanificationdanslesecteur
3.Manquedebudgetspcifiquepourlesuiviet
lvaluationafindassurerla
durabilitdesralisations

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedestandards/normesdelaqualit
deleaupotable
2.Absencedunsystmedesuivietvaluation
danslesecteur
3.Manquedervisionrguliredestarifs

226

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Lesaspectslisladurabilitnesont
prisencomptedansbeaucoupde
ralisationetProjetscarilnyapasde
budgetspecifiquepourassurercette
durabilit.Nonpluslapopulationilnya
pasdeprogrammechargdduquer
/Sensibiliserlapopulationlentretien
/gestiondesouvragesmis
enplace.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lapopulationnestpas
sensibilise/Eduque
lentretien/gestiondeleau
potable

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Sanitationachievements:
1.GovernmentthroughMRDhasdeveloped
guidelinesonHygienePromotionandforCLTS
andisdevelopingguidelinesforSanitation
MarketingandframeworksforBehaviorChange
CommunicationinlinewiththeRWSSHStrategy.
Theseguidelineswillprovidethe
implementationframeworkforgovernmentled
andNGOledprojectsthatutilizethese
approaches.
2.Projectsthatusehardwaresubsidiesare
slowlyintegratingsoftwareapproaches
(demandcreation,behaviourchange
approaches)totheirprojects
3.Advocacyguidelinehasbeendevelopedto
makesureeveryorganizationandlocalauthority
isawarealowsanitationcoverageinrural
community

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Main/largeprojectsonsanitation
improvementarestillprioritizinghardware
subsidiesandGovernmentisstilllargely
focusedavailingofgrantsandloansthatare
hardwaresubsidybasedapproaches.
2.Limitedresourcesandlackofpolitical
supportandwilltoscaleupprovenapproaches
suchasCLTSandhygienepromotion,establish
sectorwideM&E,anddevelopcapacityatall
levelsofrelevantgovernmentagencies.
3.Localauthorityisstillneglectedonhowto
fullyparticipateintheruralsanitationprogram

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UrbanDrinkingWaterandSanitationSector
a.Wideapproachforsanitationisnotan
interestsubject(lowpriority)
b.Humanresourceforbothwatersupplyand
sanitationisverylimited(withsanitationthe
worseoff)
c.Internationalanddomesticdonorsand
investorsaremorelikelytotakeactionon
watersupplyratherthansanitationwhich
leadstothesanitationsituationbeingconstant
andworrying
d.Lackoffundsresultinslowimprovementin
bothwatersupplyandsanitationespecially
watersupplywhichneedshugeamountof
moneyforexpansion.
e.Thereseemtobelowprogressinprivate
sectorparticipationinbothwatersupplyand
sanitation
2.RuralDrinkingWaterSector
a.InsufficientfinancialresourcesforRWSS
SectorinvestmenttoincreasetheRWSS
servicestoattaintheCMDGtargets;
b.Lowprofessionalandskilledtechniciansat
subNationallevelforRWSSimplementation
managements,especiallyindifficultand
remoteruralareas;
c.Lackofeffectivecommunitybased
institutionsandweakpoliticalsupportsatlocal
levelsforsustainableoperationand
maintenancemanagementofruralwater
supplyfacilities;
d.Limitedavailabilityoflowcostappropriate
technologydevelopmentforexploitationsof
groundwaterandsurfacewatersourcesfor
ruralwatersupplysystems;
e.Communitiesarestillweakinselfreliance
developmentconcepts,andlowmotivationsin
theselfsustainablemanagementfortheir
watersupplyfacilitiesincludingO&Mfund
establishmentsandcommunitymanagement
systemdevelopments.
227

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Implementationofsanitationsolutionsis
generallyprojectbasedandshortterm.
Lackofsectorwideimplementationplan
basedontheoutcomesidentifiedinthe
RWSSHstrategythatallstakeholders/
projectownerscanuseas
implementationframeworks.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
Projetenprparationdanslecadredu
programmedassainissementdelAGETIP
2.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LarestructurationdelaSODECA;
2.Lerenforcementdescapacitsdesacteursdu
secteur;
3.Larhabilitationdesouvragesetdessystmes
dalimentationeneauetassainissement;

Chad

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:
Sehaincorporadolagestindelriesgoenlos
planesdepartamentalesdeaguaysaneamiento,
ysevienenviabilizandoproyectosque
considerenlarehabilitacindesistemasen
aquellosmunicipiosafectadosporlaola
invernal.Sehandiseadoydivulgadoguaspara
formulacindeplanesdeemergenciay
contingencia.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblessedufinancementdusecteurqui
nestpaslahauteurdesbesoinsetqui
provientdailleursplusde90%delextrieur
;
2.Insuffisancedescadresspcialiss,

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Sensibiliserlesutilisateursdesservices
dansledomainedelassainissement
Mobiliserlesecteurprivpourle
secteurdelassainissement

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

228

UNWaterGLAAS201112

10.Sustainability

Congo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Crationdorganesspcifiquescomme
ANHYR,ORSE
2.Miseenplacedecomitdegestion
3.Utilisationdematriauxlocauxetdemain
duvrelocalepourlesprojets

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Miseenplacedescomitsdegestion
2.Intgrationdesapprochesparticipativesaux
projets
3.Crationdorganes(ANHYR)

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.leslatrinesschessparationdurines
(EcoSan)
2.Fossesventiles

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedesuivi,dentretienet
maintenancedesquipements

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Absencedespicesderechange
2.Faiblecapacitdesartisansrparateurs
3.Faiblessedesformationsdesartisans
rparateurs

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faiblessedumcanismedefinancement
2.Insuffisancedeplandedveloppement
3.Manquedemoyensfinancierspourlesuivi
valuation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Awatercodehasbeendraftedandtechnically
approvedtobesubmittedtotheParliamentfor
itsapproval.
2.athoroughanalysishasbeenmadeon
decentralizationofWater,Hygieneand
sanitationfollowedbystrongrecommendations
forabetterandsustainabledecentralization
strategy.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.lackofapoliticalwillatbothnationaland
provincialleveltopromotethesector
2.lackofspecializedhumanresourcesto
designandimplementefficientlywater,
Hygieneandsanitationproject.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lackofresourcesbothfinancialandhuman
tosustainthedrinkingwatersystemand
services

Sanitationcomments:

Ilfautdesprogrammesinnovantstenant
comptedelvolutionducycleetdela
naturedesproduits

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Lowcostsanitationshouldbepromoted
byprivatesectorinruralareas.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Setupadrinkingwatersystemsand
servicesperformanceindicators

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

229

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mejorcalidaddeaguaservida
2.Aumentodelacobertura
3.Mantenimientocontinuodelacobertura

1.Improvedqualityofwastewater
2.Increasedcoverage
3.Ongoingmaintenanceofthecoverage

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.DificultadenlaproteccindelaCuencaalta
delosros
2.Limitadosrecursosparaaplicacindela
polticapblicaenAPS

1.Difficultyinprotectingtheupperwatershed
oftherivers
2.Limitedresourcesforpublicpolicy
implementationinAPS

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Rapidgrowthandunbalanceddistributionof
thepopulation
2.Privatesectorparticipationinoperating
waterandsanitationsystemsisstilllimited.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Rapidgrowthandunbalanceddistributionof
thepopulation
2.Theaveragepercapitashareis200(l/c/d),
whiletheactualdomesticwateruseislower
becauseofnetworklosses,andfurthermoreit
variesconsiderablybetweendifferentlocalities
inEgypt(70l/c/dinupperEgyptto330l/c/din
Cairo),besidediscontinuouswatersupplyin
someareas.

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1Utilizingunconventionalwatersources

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1Utilizingunconventionalwatersources
2.Reducewaterlossesinthenetworks&
Reducetheunaccountedforwater

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

230

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.Lasinstitucioneshanpriorizadoel
saneamientoruralyperiurbanoensusplanesde
desarrolloinstitucional
2.Secuentaconpropuestadepolticadeaguay
saneamientoqueincorporaelderechohumano
alsaneamientoyelcambioclimtico

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Queexisteunmandatodeampliacindela
coberturaanivelruralespecialmentealas
familiasmspobres(POD20102014)
2.Cadainstitucinoperadoratieneuna
responsabilidaddirectaenlarendicinde
cuentas,garantizandolatransparenciadel
manejodelosrecursosfinancieros.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteunainstanciapblicaoprivada
responsabledelademandarealen
saneamiento,
2.Lacapacidaddepagodelosusuariosenel
ambitorural.
3.Noexisteunaestrategiadesostenibilidad
definida

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lacarenciadeunaplanificacinintegral.
2.Noexisteunsistemaqueintegretodala
informacinestratgicaparanuevas
planificacionesorientadasalademandadelos
usuariosanivelurbano,periurbanoyrural.

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationachievements:
1.MacroProyectodeviviendaparatodos
Horizonte2020
2.FomentodenuevosCentrosEducativos
modernos

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inaccesibleaviviendasmodernasporcosto
elevadosylamalagestin
1.Inaccessibletomodernhousingforhighcost
andpoormanagement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Urbanhousingprogramisimprovingthe
sanitationconditionsofpreviouslyslumareas
2.Increasedinvolvementofprivatesectorsin
urbansanitationsupplies

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FormationofWaterBoardUtilities
2.EstablishingwatercommitteeinRural
settlementsarea

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Highcostofsanitationtechnologiesand
supplies
2.Lackofprivateandpublicinvestmentto
improvetheexistingunimprovedlatrinesin
ruralhouseholds
3.Nocompanies,operatorsandentrepreneurs
tohandlethedemandforexcretatreatment
anddisposal

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

231

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Elpasrequierequeelsaneamientosea
vistoyatendidodesdeunaperspectiva
integralynocomounservicio
independientedelosusosdelagua.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Apesarqueseestnhaciendoesfuerzo
enlalegislacindelagua,existenvarios
enelmarcodelaposibilidadreducirla
brechadelnoaguanofacturada,as
comotambinesimportantey
prioritariodefinirunaestrategiade
sostenibilidadquegaranticesla
capacidaddepagodelosusuariosen
mbitourbano,periurbanoyrural
considerandosuniveldeingreso
econmico.

Sanitationcomments:
Formacinderecursoshumanos,
financiamientosdelosprogramas,
evaluacin,sensibilizacin,ymonitoreo
delasactividadescuidadoy
mantenimiento

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Thesanitationimplementationwill
continuesustainablythroughHEPand
HealthExtensionWorkersdeployedin
thecountrybutthelatrinesconstructed
bythehouseholdsarefromcatmethod
upthesanitationladderandalso
constructedfromlocallyavailable
materialssothatsomeofthelatrines
maynotsustainablyused.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:
1.PlansarebeingdevelopedforUrbancentres
2.Infrastructureupgradingworkstomeetthe
standards

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Availabilityoffinancetofundtheprojects

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits
1.Codedeleauetschmadirecteur
dassainissementencoursderalisation
2.Crationduneagencedergulationdu
secteurEauetElectricit
3.Rformeduconseilnationaldeleauetde
llectricit

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Extensiondesrseauxdeaudanslesdeux
milieuxurbainetrural
2.
3.

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Generaltargetsandstrategyoutlinedinthe
NationalPolicyDocuments
2.EnforcementofPublicHeathAct

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.95%ofnsolarwatersupplysystems
operational
2.Privatesectorparticipation
3.Communityparticipation

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Absencedecadrejuridique,rglementaire
etinstitutionnel
2.Absencedecoordinationdesdpartements
3.Faiblessedesressourceshumaineset
financires

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Difficultdaccsausiteauniveauurbain
2.Constructionanarchique
3.Voiesdecanalisation(URD)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Outputsandtargetsarenotclearlystatedto
indicateruralandurbandimension,gendeor
budgetspecifictargets.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Manpowerconstraints
2.Lowturnoverfordrinkingwatersystems

232

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

TheDepartmentofiTaukeiAffairsunder
theMinistryofProvincialdevelopment
hasdecreedthatanyyoungmanlivingin
thevillagewhowantstogetmarried
needstohaveproperSanitationfacilities
.i.e.Bathroomandrestroombefore
marriage.Thisisdoneinorderto
promotehealthylivinginthevillage.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Certainsettlementshavebecomeprone
tofloodsandearliersanitationfacilities
arenolongerabletoresistthe
destructiveforce.Newtechnologies
thereforeneedtobedeveloped,tested
andiffoundsuccessfulpromoted
nationwideinareaspronetoflooding
and/orotherconsequencesofextreme
weatherpatterns.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.Anenablingenvironmentwithconducive
policieshavebeencreatedleadingtosignificant
growthoftheprivatesectorinSanitationservice
deliveryoverthepast3years
2.Theremovalofsubsidiesforhousehold
latrineswillimpactpositivelyonsustainability

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Aservicedeliveryapproachisbeingadopted
toaddressthechallengesofsustainabilityunder
thecurrentprojectapproach
2.Therehasbeenadequatestakeholder
mobilisationontheneedtorefocusonservice
levels,ratherthanfacilitiesprovision
3.Thefinancialperformanceoftheurbanutility
hasimprovedoverthepast2years

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Crationdunrseaudemaintenance
(ComitsdesPointsdEau,artisansrparateurs,
vendeursdepices)
2.Reboisementdusitedesforagesindustrielsde
Kobaya

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Littleprogressinthenumberofsanitation
facilitiesprovidedoverthelast3years
2.Lackoftreatmentfacilitiesforfinaldisposal
offaecalsludge

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thepressureofdesiringtoprioritise
constructionofnewfacilitiesovermaintaining
existingones
2.Lackofdataonthelevelofsustainabilityof
waterfacilitiesprovided
3.Absenceofasystemtomonitorfunctionality

Sanitationcomments:
None

Drinkingwatercomments:
None

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Occupationdelemprisedesconduitesde
transportetdedistribution
2.Envahissementsdessitesdesforagesde
Kakimbo(10000m3/jourpourConakry)etdes
captagesdeKakoulima(3000m3/jourpour
Conakry)
3.NonrenforcementduServiceNationalde
lAmnagementdespointsdEau(SNAPE)

Sanitationcomments:
Lamiseenplaceduncadrede
concertationentrelesdiffrentesparties
prenantesenmatiredassainissement.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Lescontraintescidessousontuneforte
incidencesurladurabilitdela
fournituredesservicesdeleaupotable
surtoutenmilieuurbain:
leniveaulevdespertestechniques
maisaussietsurtoutdespertes
commercialescausesparunefraude
gnraliseetmassive.Lincidencede
cettefraudeserefltedansla
dgradationdelasantfinanciredela
socitdesEauxdeGuine(SEG);
Laforteaugmentationdepuis2005des
prixdesproduitsptroliersetdes
produitsdetraitementdeleau,
linflationconstituentdesfacteurs
aggravantdelasituationfinanciredu
secteururbaindeleaupotable.
Unetarificationinappropriequine
couvrepasleschargesoprationnelles
delaSEG.
Unefaibleexploitationdescapacits
installesdeproductiondueaux
difficultsnergtiques(plusde80%des
centresdelintrieurfonctionnentsur
desgroupeslectrognes).

233

UNWaterGLAAS201112

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:
1.DisponibilitdeplaquesSanPlatpouracheter
parlapopulation

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedestechnicienspourla
constructiondeslatrinestypeEcoSan

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Haiti

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.Losprestadorescuentanconuninstrumento
metodolgicoeinstancialegalparaladefinicin
yaprobacindesustarifas.
2.Losnuevosmodelosdegestin
implementadosenelpasapuntanauna
prestacinconunavisinempresarialyhan
generadomayorsostenibilidadfinanciera.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Losprestadorescuentanconuninstrumento
metodolgicoeinstancialegalparaladefinicin
yaprobacindesustarifas.
2.Losnuevosmodelosdegestin
implementadosporelentereguladorapuntana
unaprestacinconunavisinempresarialyhan
generadomayorsostenibilidadfinanciera
3.Existenexperienciasenlaimplementacinde
losplanesdeseguridaddelaguacomo
herramientadegestin

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lamayoradelosprestadoresexistentesno
tienenunagestinconvisincomercial/
empresarial.
2.Losprestadoresnocuentanaunconla
asistenciatcnicadefinidaporlaLeyMarco
paraelapoyodesugestin.
3.ElSectorAPSnocuentaconunsistema
formaldecapacitacinyacreditacinde
tcnicosprestadoresdeservicios.
4.Noexisteunapolticadefinidaparala
adopcindesolucionestecnolgicasde
acuerdoacapacidaddelprestadorytamao
depoblacin

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lamayoradelosprestadoresexistentesno
tienenunagestinconvisincomercial/
empresarial.
2.Losprestadoresnocuentanaunconlas
instanciasdefinidasporlaLeyMarcopara
brindarlesuasistenciatcnicaqueapoyensu
gestin.
3.AunelSectornocuentaconunsistema
formaldecapacitacinyacreditacinde
tcnicosalprestadorpararealizarunabuena
gestin
4.Ladescentralizacindelosserviciosque
marcalaLeyMarcoesanincipiente.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

234

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Laconstructiondesdrainagespluviauxet
rseauxdesgoutsseulementdansles
grandscentresurbainsesttrslimite
Absencedesstationsdetraitementdes
eauxuses
Seulementunesocitdevidangedes
fossesseptiquesdanslepays

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Lamayoradelossistemasoperancon
tarifasquenocubrenloscostosde
mantenimientopreventivoycorrectivo.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Losprogramasdeinversintodavano
integranmedidasdereduccinde
riesgosensudiseo,construcciny
operacin.
Estasituacindeberenmendarsea
futuroinmediatopueslareciente
aprobacindelaLeydelSistema
NacionaldeGestindeRiesgos
(SINAGER).
Ademssehaaprobadounfondoparael
desarrollodeproyectosde
infraestructuraenelrearural.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

India

Sanitationachievements:
AnnualAchievementtothetuneof7%annually
overlastthreeyears
2.Significantimprovementinaccessto
sanitationwithpoorestquintileassuggestedby
NSS

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LaunchedNationalDrinkingWatersecurity
pilotprojectsforsustainablewatersupplyin
waterstressedareas.
2.Upto20%ofNRDWPfundsallocatedfor
sustainabilityofsourcesandschemesandthese
fundsaregivenon100%grantbasistothe
States.
3.Standardoperatingproceduresforprovision
ofdrinkingwatersupplyduringemergencies
havebeenprepared.

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.SanitationMarketing,tosupportsupplyside,
isimplementedinmanyprojects
2.DevelopmentofCSRguidancetofinanceMDG,
includingforsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existingwatersupplyproject:
PAMSIMAS(CommunitybasedWaterand
SanitationProgram)
UWSSP(UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitation
Project)
2.Developmentandimplementationof
alternativetechnology,includingreclamation
3.Groundwaterconservationprograms

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.Communityparticipationinconstructionof
toiletsinruralareas

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.SustainabilityofSanitationCoverageyetnot
witnessed

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofskillsandcapacitiesofvillagelevel
functionariesforpreparingvillagewatersafety
securityplans.
2.MostoftheRuralWaterSupplyschemesare
basedongroundwaterandeverexploitation
ofGWforagriculturalactivitiesisadversely
affectingthesustainabilityofW.S.Schemes.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Sustainabilityofwatersupplyschemesis
alsoadverselyaffectedduetohydro
geologicallimitationsinmanywater
stressedareas.Irregularorinadequate
rainfallalsoworsensthesituation.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Stilllackofnumberandcapacityfor
artisan/technicianinruralareas
2.Limitednumbersofprivateinvolvedin
sanitationbussiness

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Theconstructionofdrinkingwatersystemis
farawaylessthantheincreasingofpopulation
number

Sanitationcomments:
Technicalassistancetocommunityand
artisan/technicianinpostconstructionis
oneofthesanitationprogram

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Migrationofruralinhabitantstocities
2.Poorknowledgeofhealth,attitudeand
practicesofpeopleparticularlyin
remoteareas
3.uncontrolledgrowthofurbanareas

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

235

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:
1.MostUrbancentresarefullyservedwith
sewernetwork
2.Aboutofruralareasare50%withsewer
networks
3.Therearesufficientcompanies,operatorsand
entrepreneurstomeetthedemandof
householdsforsanitationfacilitiesinurban
centres

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Programsarecurrentlyimplementedtodrop
theNonrevenuewater
2.Operationandmaintenancecostsforutilities
arecoveredbyrevenues

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.publicpaytoiletsareselfsustaining
2.CLTS

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Majorurbanutilitieshavebusinessplansfor
expansion.
2.TheRegulatorcontinuouslyfacilitatesRegular
TariffAdjustments
3.Decisionmakinghasbeendecentralised.

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.watertariffandtheinabilitytorecover
operationandmaintenancecost
2.Limitedbudget

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Financial
2.Needtofullydevelopemergency
preparednessplanforwatersupply
3.Scarcityofwaterresources

Sanitationcomments:
Climatechangeassessmentsnot
performed.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.aginginfrastructureanddilapidated
2.slowrateofimplementationand
bureaucracy

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nonrevenuewaterremainshigh
2.Smallutilitiesgrapplingwithsustainability
issuesandhavestagnated.
3.Insufficientinvestmentplanningand
financingposesabigchallengetoachievement
oftheMDGs

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
Sustainedsanitationcampaignsiscrucial
tosustainabilityofsanitationservices.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Operationalautonomyhasbeen
decentralisedtotheWaterServices
Providers(WSP)level.

236

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Coordinationandcooperationwithprivate
sectorparticularlyPPPbeing
enhanced
2.AwarenessofJMPisincreasedinrecentyear
forbothurbanandruralWASH
sectorsparticularlyitsdefinition

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Operationandmaintenancesystemsarein
placeforruralwatersystems
2.Tariffreviewsregularlyconductedandtariffs
adjustedaccordinglyand
published
3.Havingabusinessplansforexpanding
connectionsandforsecuringwater
resources

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Developmentofsanitationproductsand
servicesandforcreatingdemand
stilllimited
2.Nosufficientinformationaboutthe
percentageofserviceprovisionthatis
contractedouttotheprivatesector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noinventoriesareregularlypreparedof
ruraldrinkingwaterinfrastructure
includingnationalestimateofruralwater
pointsthatarenonfunctional
2.Noeffectivesupplychainforspareparts
includinginremoteareas
3.Noemergencypreparednessplanforwater
supply

237

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Therearenosanitationsystemsand
servicesbeenassessedinthelightof
climatechangescenariosyet.

However,thereisaNationalClimate
ChangeStrategy2010thatincludes
adaptationstrategiesforspecificsub
sectorsonwaterresourcesandpublic
healthastwoofthesevensub0sectors.
Thereisalsoanationaladaptation
planofactionforClimateChangethat
includesspecificprojectrelated
primarilytowatersupplyresilience.A
recentstudywasalsocompletedfor
HealthimpactsofClimateChangethat
makesrecommendationsabout
improvingsanitationasameansof
mitigatinglikelyincreasesinfoodand
waterbornediseases

However,atpresentthedesignofnew
sanitationsystemsdoesnottake
accountofexpectedclimatechange
particularlyextremeweatherconditions
yet

Drinkingwatercomments:
Inventoryofruraldrinkingwater
infrastructureincludingnational
estimateof
ruralwaterpointsthatarenon
functionalshouldbepreparedand
supply
chainforsparepartsshouldbe
developed

NowLoasisfrequentlysufferedwith
naturaldisasterparticularlywith
typhoon
leadingtofloodingeveryyearinmany
provinces.Therefore,emergency
preparednessandresponseplansfor
watersupplyshouldbestrongly
developedwithallstakeholders

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Institutionalconfusion
2.Lackofpolicydrive

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Lesotho

Sanitationachievements:
1.Theruralsanitationprogrammeimplemented
inLesothosincethe1980scombinedwiththe
ongoingconstructionofsubsidisedlatrinesin
ruralareasbyDRWShasresultedinthatlatrine
buildersareavailableinmostruralareas

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Thecapacityforimplementationofrural
watersystemsisconsiderable(DRWSDistricts
andtheprivatesector)andcanwith
improvementsinpredictabilityandlevelof
fundingaswellasorganisationalimprovements
achievetheMDGsinruralareas.
2.Theinvestmentsoverthelast3yearsinwater
infrastructureinurbanareasincludingthe
overalldistributionnetworkcombinedwith
improvementsfromtheMetolongprojectin
bulkwatersupplytoMaseruandsurrounding
townsandvillageswillenableWASCOtoprovide
waterservicestoalargeproportionoftheurban
population.Aneffectivestrategyforsupplying
watertopoorhouseholdsandpromoting
domesticconnectionsisneededtoincreasethe
coverage.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Theurbansanitationservices(emptyingof
septictanksandlatrines)aremainlyprovided
bytheurbanwaterutilityWASCOrepresented
inallurbanareaswithlittleprivatesector
participation
2.Guidancefromasanitationstrategy
determiningtheappropriatetechnologiesto
bepromotedandaclearimplementation
strategycouldfacilitateactiveprivatesector
participationinsanitation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.RuralWater:thecapacityoftheVillage
WaterandHealthCommitteesandthelowest
leveloflocalgovernment,theCommunity
Councilstomanage,operateandmaintainthe
watersystemsisinadequateandthe
governmentcontinuetosubsidisethemajor
repairsandexpansionofruralwatersystems
2.Themajorityofruralwatersystemsrelyon
springsourcesthatarepronetodroughtand
theincreasingerosionofcatchmentsandthe
anticipatedclimatechangesarethreatening
thesustainabilityofthewatersources.
3.UrbanWater:considerabletariffincreases
areneededfortheurbanwaterutilityWASCO
toachievefullcostrecoveryasenvisagedin
thewaterpolicy.Theanalysisfromthe
StrategicFinancialPlanningprojectindicate
thatannualincreasesof4%aboveinflation
overthenext10yearsaswellasconsiderable
improvementintheoperatingefficienciesare
neededfortheutilitytoachievecostrecovery
forexpansionandreplacementinvestments

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

238

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityrequirescontinuityin
policytermsandfiscalresources.
Since2000,waterandwastewater
establishmentsnewlycreatedby
mergingseveralpublicwaterservices,
becomeresponsibleforthewaterand
wastewatersector.Theyinheritedaload
ofdivergedinterestsfromtheolder
regime.Theownershipofthenetworks
thatbelongedtothemunicipalitiesbeing
oneoftheseunresolvedproblems.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Theprivatesectorhardwarestoresin
Lesothosellportablecorrugatediron
latrinesuperstructuresthatare
commonlyusedonashallowunlinedpit
inbothruralandurbanareasfor
householdswhoinvestintheirown
sanitationfacilities.Withsmalldesign
improvementssuchasaconcreteslab
thesecouldfulfiltheJMPdefinitionsfor
improvedfacilitiesandcontribute
significantlytothecoverageinLesotho.

Drinkingwatercomments:
ThewatersectordevelopedanIWRM
strategyhoweverthestrategyhasonly
toaverylimitedextentbeen
implementedandtheresulting
inadequateattentiontocatchment
planningandmanagementisaserious
threattothesustainabilityoftherural
watersystemsaswellasfoodsecurity
andlivelihoodsinruralareas

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DevelopmentofSSP
2.WPMproducednewinformationon
sustainability

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Amnagementetcurageducanal
2.Constructionetrhabilitationdebloc
sanitaire,
3.Miseenplacedesystmedeprcollectedes
ordures

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Oprationnalisationparcelledesagencesde
bassin(troisbassinsdanslesud)
2.Dterminationdefacteurdeprennisation
dessystmesdAEPdecertainprogrammeet
projetdusecteur

Malawi

Sanitationachievements:
1.Informalcommunitiesnowrealisethe
challengesofsanitation
2.DevelopmentoftheSanitationMarketing
Strategy
3.PrivateSectorCapacitybuildingtoenableit
takeupSanitationasaBusiness

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds
2.Lackofadequatecapacity
3.Institutionalreform

Sanitationobstacles:
1.encadrementdespersonnelsdelHIMO
2.Divergencedepointdevueentreles
diffrentesentitsmembresdelaplateforme
Niveauintellectueldiffrentdes
personnelsmembres
3.Obtentiondesterrainspourlaconstruction
Niveaudducationdespersonnels

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.systmedeprotectionnonrespectetne
suitpaslesnormes
2.nonrespectdemanueldeprocduresetdes
textesrglementaires

Sanitationobstacles:
.Inavailabilityofvariousoptionsoflowcost
appropriateTechnologies
2.Pooreconomicstatusofcommunities
3.LimitedMicrofinanceInstitutions
supportingtheinitiativeofprovisionof
sanitationLoans

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
Sanitationequipmentsandproductshastobe
importedwhichincreasesthecostof
implementingprojectsandprovidingservices

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

239

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
n/a

Drinkingwatercomments:
n/a

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Impactduchangementclimatiquesurla
disponibilitdesressourceseneau
Madagascar

Sanitationcomments:
Thereisneedtobuildhumanresource
capacityatdistrictleveltodevelop
bankableplansandproposalson
sanitation.
Thereisneedtostrengthen
private/publicpartnershiponsanitation

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
privatesector=PublicPrivate
Partnership(PPP)

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.lesmaonssontformspourlaralisationdes
ouvrages
2.lessocitsprivessoccupentpourlaplupart
delvacuationdesbouesdevidange

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lecodedeleauetsestextesdapplication
2.lePlandActiondeGestionIntgredes
RessourcesenEau(PAGIRE)

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedunservicechargducontrlede
laqualitdeleau
2.Existenceducentrederessourceeneaupour
lesuividesressourceseneau
3.AdoptiondelaGIRE
4.Existencedunestructureenchargedtude
surlasantpublique

Mongolia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Improvedstandardonsmallscalewastewater
treatmenttank.
2.Developedsmallpicturealbumonscalewaste
watertreatmenttank.
3.Developingmethodologyofevalutionofthe
sufficiencyofsanitationfacility.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Waterdistributionpointswereconnectedin
lineinUB.
2.PortablewatersupplyimprovedinAimags.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedunombredesmaons
2.Absencedelieuxdedpotagedesbouesde
vidange

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.lafaibleapplicationducodedeleau
2.lafaiblemobilisationdefondspourfinancer
lePAGIRE.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1Mcanismedaccsauxfinancementsassez
lourd
2LepassagelchellenationaleaveclaGIRE
3Dficitderenforcementdescapacitsdansle
secteur

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Mcanismedaccsauxfinancementsassez
lourd
2.LepassagelchellenationaleaveclaGIRE
2.Dficitderenforcementdescapacitsdans
lesecteur
3.Absencedunecartehydrologiquesurla
qualitdeseaux

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationfacilityofthegerareanotdesided
2.lowaccessofinformation.
3.Notechnicalsolutions.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.WaterdistributionlineoutdatedinUBcity.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Dvelopperunplanderenforcementdes
capacitsdescadresdanslesecteurde
leau

240

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Ulaanbaatarcity,aimags,andcenter
ofthesoumsshouldhavefuturewater
supplyforwardplans(until2030).
2.Utilizesolarenergyandwindpower
toproducewater.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.Tarification:lestarifsdelaredevance
dassainissementsontfixsparArrtdu
MinistredlguauprsduPremierMinistre,
chargdesAffairesEconomiqueetGnraleset
rpondentauxtroisprincipalesconsidrations;
sociales,conomiquesetfinancires.
Lespouvoirspublicsontadoptla
consommationdeaupotablecommeassiettede
laredevancedassainissement.

2.dveloppementduneexpertisenationale
dansledomainedel'assainissementviala
formationetlerenforcementdescapacits

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Elaborationdunestratgienationalepourla
gestiondesressourceseneau,
2.Ralisationdeplusieurstudesdescurit
dessystmesdAlimentationenEauPotable.

Mozambique

Sanitationachievements:
1.Inordertoensuresustainabilityofsanitation
services,thereisunderwayatrainingprogram
forlocalartisansonconstructionofimprovedpit
toilets(therewascreateddemonstration
centresforWASHtechnologydiffusion).
2.Thereisunderacreationofautonomous
servicesofsanitationwhichwillcontributefor
sustainabilityatmunicipalitylevel
3.Trainingoflocalsocialworkersoncommunity
sanitationandhygienepromotion(TheMinistry
ofHealthhasallocatedPreventionand
SanitationEducationAgents(APES)toassistat
leasttwofamilieswithintheircommunitiesin
termsofsanitationandhygienepromotion)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.RealizationofCommunityeducationplansfor
ruralsanitation.
2.CreationofLocalWaterCommittees
3.Participationofcommunitiesonmaintenance
cost

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedufinancementpourlesecteur
dassainissementcequicreunobstacleaux
ralisationsdeprojets.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Recouvrementdescots,
2.Raretdelaressourceeneau.
3.Prennisationdessystmesdalimentation
eneaupotablerural.
4.Pertedeaupotabledanslesrseauxde
distribution.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Rutilisationdeseauxusespures
Collectedeseauxpluviales

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Privatesectordonotseesanitationsectoras
profitableone,reasonwhytherehaslow
adherenceofprivateactorsonWASH
2.Becausesanitationsectorhasnotbeen
muchprivileged,ithasbeenchallengingto
establishautonomousservicesforsanitation
deliveryandmaintenance
2.Limitedinstitutionalcapacitytolookafter
sanitationacrossallthecountry(human
resourcesandfinancialresourcestoretain
trainedstaff)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Deficientsystemtosupplypartsofwater
supplysmallschemes,handandmotorized
pumps,etc
2.Limitedfinancialcapacityofruralpopulation
tomaintainwaterinfrastructures

Sanitationcomments:
Sanitationisalowprofilesubsector.Itis
stillofverylowpoliticalpriorityamong
socialbasicservicesprovision.The
inexistenceofspecificsanitationfeesor
tax(despitelegalprovisionmakingthis
possible)leadstolowattentionpaidto
sanitationbybothusers,privatesector
andtosomeextentbysomelocal
governmentstructures.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Inregardto9b)itshouldbereferred
thatthereisasystemtosupplypartsfor
ruralwatersources(butitisstilllimited),
butitisunderprivatesector

241

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Encouragelocalentrepreneurs

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Manyinformalsettlementsarealready
formalizedbythegovernment,but
problemisassociatedwithillegalencroachment
tothepublicland
2.ForODFdeclarationallformal/informal
settlementswithinthedelineatedarea
VDC/Municipalityorsomewardswillalsobe
addressed
3.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.WUSCoperatedurbanandsemiurban
utilitiesareabletoreducerevenuewaterup
to10%
2.Someoftheutilitiesaredevelopingtheir
businessplan

Niger

Sanitationachievements:
1.faibleperformancedusecteurpriv
2.absencedinfrastructuredetraitementdes
dchets

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.guidedesservicespublicsdeleau
2.existencedinventaireetdesonactualisation
annuelle

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unaffordabletopurchasesanitaryfacilities
forremotecommunity.
2.Costofsanitationfacilitiesaredependon
localsituation.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Governmentisnotinthefavourof
encouragingpeopletoencroachintothe
publicland,whichiscreatinginformal
settlements
2.Toovercometraditionalsanitation&
hygienepracticesandpovertyrelated
multidimensionalissuesisaseriouschallenge
inthesanitation
3.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Urbanutilitiesoperatedbygovernment
ownedinstitutionsarehighlyaffectedby
politicalinterferencesandpettyinterestof
differenttradeunions(unionism)
2.SomeoftheWUSCsinruralW/Sarenot
functional

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1..absenceduPlannationalGIRE
2.manquedecertainstextesdapplicationdu
codedeleau

242

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
campaigningforODFisokcreating
environment,butfollowupisessential
atleast
for35yearstosustaintheenvironment
ofODFforever.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Functionalityofanywatersupplysystem
ishighlydependentonthefunctionality
ofitsoperator(private,publicandwater
users'committee)Thus,urgentneedis
tomakeoperatorfullyfunctionaland
developWUSCandVMSWasasmall
enterpreneurforthesmoothoperation
ofwatersupplysystems

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nigeria

Sanitationachievements:
1.Over1000communitieshavebeendeclared
opendefecationfreesince2008.
2.Over4000communitiesareimplementing
CLTS.
3.Communityownershipofsanitationprojects

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Sanitationinadifficultenvironment
(hydrological,geologicalterrain).
2.Inadequatefundingtoscaleup.Rural/urban
migration.
3.Inadequatemonitoringandevaluation.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Treatedwatersupplyhasbeenextendedup
tosomeoftheruralareas,suchasDakhaliyaand
SouthBatinaregions,withwatersourcesfrom
SeaWaterDesalinationplants.
2.Dependencyonthegroundwateris
discouragedandthedesalinatedwater
productionisbeingincreased.
3.OneDamhasbeenconstructedrecentlyand
isinoperationacrossastreaminWilayat
Qurayyattostoreandpreservetherainwater
runoff.ThisisforbothAgriculturalpurposes
andforDrinkingpurpose.

Pakistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Morethan90%ofthepopulationhasaccessto
improveddrinkingwater
Increasingcommunityinvolvementinwater
supplyschemes

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.IrregularrainfallintheRegionisonemajor
drawbackwhichlimitsthewaterresources..
2.Highalgalbloomsinthesealinedueto
aggressivetemperaturesisonemainhazardto
thedesalinationplantsalongthecoastline

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Weakoperationandmaintenance
mechanisms
Weakwaterqualitymonitoringmechanism

243

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
Urbansanitationisachallengeintermof
planning,implementationand
monitoringandevaluation.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Panama

Sanitationachievements:
1.Avanceimportanteeneltratamientode
aguasresiduales.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Semantienenoincrementanlosnivelesaltos
decoberturaqueyasehan
alcanzado.
2.Vigilanciapermanenteparagarantizarla
calidaddelagua,particularmente
enelreaurbanalocualespercibidodemanera
satisfactoriaporla
comunidad.

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.Larealizacindeestudiosquepermitan
determinarlacapacidaddepagoascomola
disposicinalpagoendistintosproyectosa
realizar
2.Seanalizanpropuestasdeincorporarenel
sistemafinancierolaherramientadefideicomiso
paraincorporarlaparticipacinprivadaenel
sector.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.YasehanrealizadoPSAenalgunoslugaresdel
pascomoexperienciaspiloto

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lascomunidadesnoestnpreparadaspara
participaryempoderarsede
losproblemas,ynolodemandacomoun
derechohumano.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Losprocesosdedeforestacingeneran
problemasdecalidadycantidaden
lasfuentesdeaguacruda.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadeconcienciacinadecuadasobrela
necesidaddesostenibilidaddelsaneamiento.
2.Sehacenecesarialacapacitacinadecuada
depersonasencuantoalsaneamientoen
variosniveles.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UniversalizarlosPSAatodoslossistemasde
agua
2.Faltaunseguimientoymonitoreodetodos
losprestadoresdeaguadelosPSAatravsde
algunainstitucinhbiltcnicamenteen
cuantoaPSA.
3.EllaboratoriodeDIGESAdebeser
reestructuradodetalmaneraaconvertirseen
unodereferencia

Sanitationcomments:
Paralograrlasostenibilidadserequiere
eldesarrollodeunprogramade
promocinyeducacinsanitariadela
poblacinusuaria,yunacapacitacin
tcnicaalinteriordelosrecursos
humanosdelprestadordeservicio.

Drinkingwatercomments:

244

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.ConcessionagreementwithMWSSinMetro
Manila
2.LGUandwaterutilitypartnershipon
sanitationprojects

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ExpansionofWatersafetplansto13Water
Districts
2.PartnershipwithCivilsocietyorganizations
3.Godfatherapproachofwaterdistrictson
capacitybuilding

Rwanda

Sanitationachievements:
1.Privatesectorinvolvementintheconstruction
ofsanitationfacilities;
2.Twolocalcompaniesmanufacturingtheeco
slabs

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Watertariffreviewstudiesinbothruraland
urban
2.Policyistargetingcostrecoverytoensure
sustainabilityinurban
3.

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Trainingoflocalplumbersonproperseptic
tankconstruction

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Expansionofwatersupplyservicestorural
areas/Savaii,including
rehabilitationworksanddevelopmentofnew
assets(WTPsandintakes)
2.Rehabilitationofreticulationsystemsinsome
urbanareasunderway.
Moreover,pipereplacementunderwaytotry
andreducewaterleekages
3.Externallyfundedprojectsthatprovide
assistancetoimprovewater
services,assetsandprovidecapacitybuildingfor
staff

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedcoverageofprivateservice
providers
2.ProhibitivecostofDEWATS/sewerage
interventions
3.Limitedinvestmentofprivatesectorfor
treatmentanddisposalofsewage

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LimitedfundstoreduceNonrevenuewater
2.LGUinterferencesinWaterDistrict
operations

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Themanagementofthepublicsanitation
infrastructure

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Capacityofdelegatedmanagementby
privateoperatorsinruralareasandlocal
governmentasassetowner

Sanitationcomments:
Notoolsyetareavailableforassessing
thevulnerabilityofsanitationonclimate
change.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.NationalSanitationPolicyNew,transitionto
policychanges
2.Limitedstaffandtechnicalexpertise
3.Formulatingeffluentstandardsrequiredfor
WastewaterTreatmentPlant
andprivateusersregulation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Veryhighnonrevenuewaterlevels
2.Aginginfrastructureandsystems
3.Resourceconstraints(staff,vehicles,tools,
equipment,computers,
excavators,assetreplacement,offices)

Sanitationcomments:
Peoplehavebeenencouragedtomove
inlandorraisehousefoundationto1m

Drinkingwatercomments:

245

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Senegal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Desstratgiesdapprovisionnementefficaces
sontlaboresetmisesenuvrepourfaciliter
laralisationdouvragesenmilieurural
2.lerenforcementdecapacitsdesartisans
locaux
3.linstallationdesystmesdassainissement
semicollectifenmilieupriurbain

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.LlaborationdunPlandActionpourlaGIRE
avecunecharteGIRE;
2.LlaborationdunPlanderductiondes
consommationsdesmarachers,de
lAdministrationetleplanprospectifpourlAEP
deDakaretdelaPetiteCtelhorizon2025;
3.Lafixationetlesuividenormes
bactriologiquesetphysicochimiquepourla
qualitdeleauenzoneurbaine;

SierraLeone

Sanitationachievements:
1.Workinginpartnershipwitheachotherto
improvewater,sanitationandHygieneinthe
Communities.
2.Improvedsanitationintheslumsandinformal
settlementintheurbanareas
3.scalingupmaintenanceofurbansanitation
systemsbypromotingprivatesector
participation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Workinginpartnershipwitheachotherto
improvewater,sanitationandHygieneinthe
communities
2.scalingupmaintenanceofurbanWASHby
promotingprivatesectorparticipation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.faiblessedusystmedegestiondusemi
collectif
2.vtustdurseau
3.insuffisancedufinancement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Labsencedeplansdescuritdeleauen
milieurural;
2.Labsenceduncadredesuiviexhaustifdes
impactsdesprlvementspourlesdiffrents
usagesdeleau;

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.LimitedGovernmentcapacity
2.Fewfundingsources
3.Poordocumentationandaccountability

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LimitedGovernmentcapacity
2.Fewfundingsources
3.Poordocumentationandaccountability

Sanitationcomments:

TheimplementationofWASHactivities
hasbeendividedinto2partthe
softwareandthehardware,the
hardwareisimplementedinthedry
seasonwhilethesoftwareis
implementedduringaparticularextreme
weatherconditions.

Drinkingwatercomments:
LocalCouncilstoestablishmechanisms
tomeetthecostofO&Mwiththe
willingnessandabilityofthecommunity
tooperatemaintainandmanagethe
chosenoption

246

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SouthAfrica

Sanitationachievements:
1.Theconstructionofsinglepittoiletswithfixed
topstructureshasbeendiscouraged.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Strongoversightofutilitiesandan
interventionprotocol.
2.Initiatedassetmanagementandwater
conservationanddemandmanagement
programmes.
3.NationalTreasuryworkingwithlocal
authoritiesandprovidingstrongfinancial
oversight.

SouthSudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.TheCountryhasstartedrollingout
CommunityTotalLedSanitation(CTLS)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FormedandtrainedWaterusercommittees
inruralareas

SriLanka

Sanitationachievements:
1.Theclimateconditionsofthecountryis
conductiveforbiodegradationoftoiletwaste
throughouttheyear

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.EstablishmentsofDistrictRWSunitsto
supportforCBOS
2.Waterqualitysurveillanceprogrammesbeing
implementedjointlybyMWSDandMOH

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequateoperationandmaintenanceof
onsitesanitationhasledtononfunctioning
facilities.
2.VIPtoiletsareunsustainableinsomecases
duetononadherencetonormsandstandards.
3.WasteWatertreatmentworksinruralhave
reachedtheirfullcapacityandarenolonger
functioningproperly.
4.Aginginfrastructureandpooroperationand
maintenance.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Aninadequatebusinessapproachtowater
services.
2.ALackoftechnicalexpertiseintheWater
Sector.
3.Aninsufficient/inadequatefundingmodel
foroperationandmaintenance.
4.Poorfinancialmanagement.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Conflictingapproachedtosanitation.
2.Lackoffinance

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Fundsforoperationandmaintenance
2.Supplychainmanagementespeciallyin
purchaseofspareparts

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Longstretchesofroadswherepeopledrive
forseveralhoursdonothavepropertoilet
facilities.
2.Toiletfacilitiesinpublicplacessuchas
markets,busstands,railwaystationsetc.arein
apoorstate.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Timelyfundrequirements.
2.Costrecoverytariffadjustments
3.Lackofcontrolfornewinvestments

247

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Economicdevelopmentisnotalways
viableinsomemunicipalareasdueto
thelocationofsomecommunitieswith
associatedhighcostandeffortespecially
withrespecttowaterresources
development.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Investmentforpreventivemaintenance
andforimplementationofproperasset
managementplansshallbegiven
priority.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Sudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.CATSapproachisaverypromisingapproach
formoreoutputsandsustainabilityofrural
sanitation.
2.Householdlatrinedesignguidelineswhichis
inlinewiththeglobaldefinitionofimproved
sanitationareapprovedandpublished.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Twelvewaterfacilitiesdesignguidelineswhich
areinlinewiththeglobaldefinitionofimproved
sanitationareapprovedandpublished.
2.20122016WASHnationalandstatelevel
strategicplanswithstrongO&Mcomponents
areapprovedandunderimplementation.

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
Intheprivatesectorinurbanareasnotedsome
improvementstosanitation,usedmoremodern
methodsofdrainageandwastewatertreatment
atthelocallevel

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Developmentof"NationalStrategyforWater
SupplyandSanitation"
"Strategyfordevelopmentofwatersectorinthe
RepublicofTajikistan","Programtoimprovethe
provisionofcleandrinkingwaterRT"forthe
period20072020

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

10.Sustainability

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Cultural,awarenessandpovertybarriers
thathinderexpansionofonsite
2.Fundingobstacleswithregardtourban
networksanitation.
3.29%ofthepopulationarestillusing
traditionalunimprovedsanitation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Difficultiesinapprovingwatertariffatthe
politicallevel.
2.WaterrevenueisnotenoughtocoverO&M
andreplacementcosts.
3.Difficultiesincollectingwatertariff

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Extremelynotenoughdevelopedplansfor
ruraldevelopmentsonsanitation.Donot
createjointventureorassociationonthis
issues,economicandenvironmentalissuesare
notaddressed

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Insufficientfundingfortheseprogramsand
strategies

Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityofthesanitationservicesis
verylowsoasnotyetcreatedthe
necessarysanitarycondition

Drinkingwatercomments:
Sufficientfunding
Conducttimelymonitoringofwater
quality
Organizationofwaterregistration,
installationofwatermeters
timelyoverhaulandmaintenance
Improvedcoordinationofactivities
betweensuppliersandconsumers
increasetheuser'sculture
provisionoftargetedandeffectiveuse
ofbudgetfunds,andcoordinate
managementofloans,grantsandother
funds

248

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Naturalwaterresourcehasdeterioratedin
qualityandquantity
2.Peopleprefertoconsumebottledwater
ratherthantapwater
3.Localpoliticsinterferewithpricing
4.Insufficientbudgetforqualityoperation

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.inthewatertreatmentplansideischlorinated
2.improvementofintakesystemofwater
treatmentplantopreventsedimentationor
turbidity
3.GovernmenthasstrongpartnershipwithADB
andJICA
ADBiscoveringsupportfordistributionline
systemonWTP
JICAiscoveringsupportforproductionsystem

Togo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Technologiesappropriesfaiblecot
2.Disponibilitdesmatriauxdeconstruction

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existencedesrseauxdagentsdentretien
danslaplupartdeslocalits
2.ExistencedelabasededonnesPROGRES

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lackofoperationcostforongoing
maintenancesystem
2.Lackofhumanresourcesintermsof
professionalsandtechnicalskillonareaof
drinkingwatertreatmentplanssystem
3.lessofcapacityonWTPintakesystemfor
sedimentationprocessbecauseonly<1000
NTUthereforeunabletooperateinrainseason
eventfloods

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faiblemobilisationdesressources
financiresi
2.Faiblechasseauxbonnespratiques
dassainissement

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Nondisponibilitdesrseauxdepicesde
rechanges
2.Insuffisancederessourcesfinancires

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

249

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Publicparticipationiseffective
mechanismforserviceimprovement
includingtransparency,equity,whichis
keyelementaddressedinthe11th
ThailandNationalEconomicandSocial
Development
2.LocalAdministrationOrganization
shouldbebuiltcapacityofnatural
resourceconservation
3.DepartmentofLocalAdministration
Organizationwithregardingto
drinkingwaterqualityoperationand
service

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Ncessitdintgrerdsormais,la
conceptiondesinterventionsen
assainissement,destudesdefaisabilit
etdacceptabilitafindegarantirune
meilleuredurabilitdesservices

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Uganda

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

250

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.Therewerealreadyconcreteregulationsand
lawsondrinkingwaterand
sanitation
2.Orientationandvisionofsanitationinthemid
termandlongtermwere
defined
3.Fundingfromagencies,organizationsin
sanitationweremobilizedand
stepbystepinvestmentfromprivatesectoron
thisareaisencouraged

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Outputsareinstitutionalizedinlegal
documents

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lawsandregulationsarestillnew,
therefore,applicationisstilldifficult
andadjustmentsneedtobemadefor
implementation
2.Fundingsourceswerenotfocusedonafocal
point,therefore,thereare
sometimesoverlappingofprojectsand
programs,leadingtowasteresources.
Roleofprivatesectorinsanitationisstill
limited
3.Awarenessofpublicleadingtobehavior
changeisstilllimited.Habitof
relyingonsubsidyfromthegovernmentstill
exists

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Whenpopulationdensityincreases,
industriesandservicesdevelop
accompaniedwithincreaseddemandforwater
useandwatersourcepollution
2.Vietnamisanagriculturecountryinwhich
culturalmeritandawarenessof
peoplearestillnothigh.Tomeetdemandsfor
humanresourcefromwater
supplysector,itisrequiredtotrainalarge
resourceofmanagementstaffand
operatorsofwatersupplysystem
3.FlowratepercapitaofVietnamislow.
Vietnamisnotacountrywithrich
waterresources.Flowratepercapitaisgetting
moreandmoredecreased;
therefore,savinginexploitationanduseof
waterneedstobecomeanational
policytoensuresustainabledevelopment
4.Watersupplysystemsdevelopaccompanied
bylogistics,equipmentfor
watersector;therefore,developmentof
facilitiesforproducingmaterialsand
equipmentforwatersectorrequiresattention
fromallsectorsandlevels

251

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
communicationshouldberunonestep
aheadoftimeinordertocreate
demandsfromcommunity,leadingto
theownershipofcommunityin
sanitation
Modelsofmanagementonwaterand
sanitationfromstateleveltoprovincial
levelarenotunifiedyet
Lackofmodelsforcheapservicesthat
aresuitableforregionalfeaturesand
incomeofcommunity

Drinkingwatercomments:
Developmentofwatersupplyhastobe
basedonafoundationof
comprehensiveandsustainable
developmentofsocioeconomyofthe
country.Comprehensivedevelopment,
firstofall,representsindevelopment
ofallsectorsandpeopleare
beneficiariesfromthedevelopment.
Sustainable
developmentneedsplanningfor
resourcesandalongtermvisionfor
stable
andlastingdevelopment.Requirements
forplanningpolicyhavetobe
strategic.Someresponsibilitiesand
measuresonpolicyinmanagementof
investmenttodevelopwatersupply
sectortowardsustainabledevelopment
arementionin:Orientationofwater
supplydevelopment2925,Visionto
2050

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
1.Operationandmaintenanceofallservicescan
bedoneatcommunitylevel
2.Strucutresexistatlocallevelforcapacity
developmentespeciallyintheruralsubsector

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheUrbanSubSectorthroughtheUrban
EmergencyRehabilitationTaskforcehascarried
outrapidassessmentsforthemajorityofurban
localauthoritiesbothbigandsmall.These
assessmentsarenowusedtoinformthenature
ofinterventionsrequiredpereachurbanlocal
authoritywhetheritbeintermsof
rehabilitationsandorinvestmentinnew
infrastructure.
2.GovernmenthasadoptedCommunityBased
Management(CBM)asthestrategytomanage
waterinfrastructure.Thishasgonealongwayin
creatingcapacity,senseofownershipand
responsibilityamongstthelocalcommunitiesin
managingtheirWASHservices

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Failuretoretaincapacitatedartisans
2.Supplychainforsparesnotclearlydefined

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inventoriesdifficulttoconductdueto
incapacitatedinstitutionalstructuresatsub
nationallevels
2.Supplychainsnotdefinedbecause
communitiesarenotfullyresponsiblefor
operationandmaintenance

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

252

10.Sustainability

Sanitationcomments:
ClimatechangeSanitationsystemsand
serviceswereassessedinthelightof
climatechangescenarios.

Thedesignofthenewsanitationsystems
andtreatmentstationsaretaken
accountoftheexpectedclimatechange
weatherconditionsaccordingtothe
climatechangeprogramme..

Thelocalcommitteepays70%ofthe
waterbillconsumptionforsustainability
ofsanitationservice,thiaamoutisusd
formaintainsandoperation.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Sustainabilityofsanitationservicesis
onlypossiblewithcapacitydevelopment
atlocallevelandmakingsurethatspares
andmaterialsaremadeavailablelocally.
Thisisthegapthatstillexistsinthe
Zimbabweansectoreventhoughefforts
arebeingputtowardsensuringthatthis
isrevitalisedagainafteryearsof
economicdeclineimpactingonservice
provision.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Communityownershipofwaterservices
inurbanareasisstillaveryrawarea
requiringurgentattention.Communities
arenotyetpreparedtopayforservices.
Somehouseholdsgoformonthswithout
payingtheirmonthlybillsforwateronly
togetawakenedafteradisconnection.
Howeverwhatalsodemotivatesthem
frompayingtheirbillsisthatthereisno
waterflowingintheirtapesformostof
thetimesespeciallyduringcriticaltimes.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

11.Question9jand9l:SlumsandClimateChangePlanning/Programs

Afghanistan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Morethan70percentofKabulisunplannedarea;wehavethe
sameprobleminothercities.Soministryofurbandevelopment
affairshasanimprovementprogramforthoseareaswhichhas
beenasuccessfulplan.

Angola

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheAngolanGovernmenthasdraftsguidingplansfor
requalificationofanarchicconstruction(slams).Underthis
program,latrineswillnotbeanadequateoption,butcommonand
individualtoiletswherepossible.
ExistenceofNationalEnterprise,butnotsufficienttorespondto
nationaldemand.Thesameisappliedtothequalityservices
suppliedbyNationalEnterprisewhichisstillofconcern.

Azerbaijan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Buildingeffluentdisposallinesandareliablesystemofwater
supply.

Bangladesh

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheprojectunderUNDPnamedUPPR(UrbanPartnershipfor
PovertyReduction)isspecificallyforslumandinformalsettlement.

Benin

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Bhutan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
None

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Thereisnotanyplaninthisregard.

Climatechangeplanning:
no

Climatechangeplanning:
Buildingcoveredwaterducts.

Climatechangeplanning:
No.

Climatechangeplanning:
QuelqueseffortsonttfaitsparlEtatdanscesenstraversla
construction
decollecteurspourdrainerleauverslalaguneetlamer.(voir
DGURF/MEHU)

Climatechangeplanning:
Sanitationsystemsandserviceshavenotbeenassessedinthelight
ofclimate
changescenarios.However,optionshavebeenpiloted(eg.Eco
sanitation)

253

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Brazil

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Urbain
Lesuivietlvaluationdevrontfairelobjetdeservicesspcialiss
indpendants.
Rural
Ilnennexistepaspourlemomentencequiconcernelemilieu
rural

Burundi

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Sansobjet

Cambodia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Cameroon

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
AUCUN

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Ilnexistepasdeprogrammesspcifiques,maislesTravauxhaute
intensitdemainduvreralissparlAGETIFCAFtouchent
parfoislassainissementdesbidonvilles

Chad

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Previendolosefectosdelcambioclimticoseestn
implementandolassiguientesmedidas:Resodeaguas
residuales,captacindemetano

Climatechangeplanning:
Nomomento,aindano.

Climatechangeplanning:
Non

Climatechangeplanning:
Sansobjet

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

254

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Colombia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramaSaneamientoparaasentamientosdelViceministeriode
AguaySaneamiento:ElobjetivoquetieneelProgramade
SaneamientoparaAsentamientos,eseldemejorarlascondiciones
devidadelapoblacinenlaszonasdeextremapobrezadelas
ciudadesdemaneraindividualycolectiva,medidaentrminosde
mejoramientodelaviviendaydotacindelosserviciospblicos
domiciliariosbsicos(Fuente:www.mavd.gov.co)

Congo

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Aucunprogrammespcifique

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Egypt

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

ElSalvador

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramadeANDAenZonasperifricasalasciudades:Programa
deInfraestructuraenaguapotableysaneamientobsicoenreas
periurbanasyruralesdeElSalvador.
FISDL,ejecutaelprogramadecomunidadessolidariasen100
municipiosmspobres.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Oui,lessystmesdassainissementprennentencomptetousles
scnariiensappuyantsurlvolutionducontexteetlesralits
locales(us,coutumes,intempries)

Climatechangeplanning:
Non,lessystmesetservicesdassainissementnontilspast
valuslalumiredesscnariosdechangementclimatique.

Mais,laconceptiondesnouveauxsystmesdassainissementtient
compteduchangementclimatiqueprvu,enparticulierles
conditionsmtorologiquesextrmes.

Climatechangeplanning:
NO

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
No,seesperaraqueapartirdelaaprobacindelapolticayley
delaguaysaneamiento,todoslosprogramasyproyectospblicos
yprivadosdebanconsiderarlaincorporacindelasaccionesde
cambioclimticoqueasegurenelbienestardelapoblacin.Por
ejemploANDAestintroduciendoyenproyeccindesarrollarel
enfoquedeadaptacinalcambioclimticoenlosproyectosque
ejecutara

255

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ElGobiernohaestablecidounprogramade"VIVIENDAPARA
TODO"2020

Ethiopia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Slumupgradingandlegalizationofinformalsettlementsare
ongoing
ThereisfocustostartsanitationmarketingandSanMartS

Fiji

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TherearenospecificprogrammesonlyRegulatoryframework

Climatechangeplanning:
Setomomedidas(Tcnicamente)paraevitarlasinundaciones

Climatechangeplanning:
No,butthereisseparatelypreparedNationalClimateChange
AdaptationStrategicPlanoftheMinistryofHealthinwhichit
addressessomeoftheclimatechangescenarios.

Gabon

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Programmesnonexistants

Gambia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Ghana

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1)GovernmentiscollaboratingwithNGOstoupgradesanitation
infrastructureinaboutsix(6)slums.Thisincludesconstructionof
drains,microcredittofinancehouseholdtoiletsandpubliclatrines

Guinea

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Aucundocumentneprendencomptelesbidonsvillesetles
tablissementshumainsinformels.

GuineaBissau

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Haiti

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Thereareplansforreinforcementandplansareinplacefor
emergencyanddisasters

Climatechangeplanning:
Pasdvaluation

Climatechangeplanning:
Thesearerecentdevelopmentswhichhavenotbeenfully
integratedintheplanningprocess.

Climatechangeplanning:
Notsystematicallyassessed

Climatechangeplanning:
Pourlemomentaucunsystmeetservicedassainissementnat
valupourcomprendresicestenfonctiondesscnariosde
changementclimatique.

Climatechangeplanning:
NON

Climatechangeplanning:

256

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Honduras

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgramadeBarriosenDesarrollodependientedelSANAA.

India

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Indonesia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
NUSSP(NeighbourhoodUpgradingandShelterSectorProject
(NUSSP)
PLP2KBK(StructuringProgramsandNeighborhoodbasedSlum
Area)
Sapola(SlumAlleviationPolicyandActionPlanning)

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Jordan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheresponsiblesideforrefugeecampsisthePalestiniansAffairs
DirectoratefinancedbyUNRWA

WaterAuthorityofJordanprovidesconnectionservicessand
servicefollowup

Kenya

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Slumupgradingprogrammes
NGOs

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Losprogramasdeinversintodavanointegranmedidasde
reduccinderiesgosensudiseo,construccinyoperacin.
Estasituacindeberenmendarseafuturoinmediatopuesla
recienteaprobacindelaLeydelSistemaNacionaldeGestinde
Riesgos(SINAGER)establecelaobligatoriedaddeincorporardicha
medida.

Climatechangeplanning:
No

Climatechangeplanning:
ClimatechangeNotyet,thereshouldbesomechangestoadopt
theextremeweatherconditions,forexampledesignofdrainage
system,buttheprogressstillslow.

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
NO

Climatechangeplanning:
ThePlanofAdaptationofHealthcareSectortowardsClimate
ChangehasbeendevelopedandsubmittedtotheMoHfor
approval.TheNationalStrategyandClimateChangeAdaptation
PlanintheKyrgyzRepublicareunderdevelopment.

257

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Therearenospecificprogramsforslumsandinformalsettlements

Lebanon

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Lesotho

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TherearenoslumsandinformalsettlementsassuchinLesotho.
Morethan50%ofurbanhousingisrentedandmostrentalhousing
consistedofMalaene(rowsofsingleanddoubleroomswith
sharedlatrinesandwater).TherecentDemographicandHealth
Survey(2009)revealedthattheurbansanitationcoverageisless
than30%whensharedfacilitiesarenotincludedinimproved
facilitiesinaccordancewiththeJMPdefinitions.

Liberia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
MCChasanIMPACT(doortodoorgarbagecollectionanddisposal)

Madagascar

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
APIPA,CARE,WSUP,UNHABITAT,UNICEF,Practica:amnagement
etcuragedecanal
SAMVA,EDEN,ENDAOI,IRCOD,coledeMonde,Mdair:gestion
desdchets
EAST:blocsanitaire,renforcementdescapacitsetgestiondes
dchets.
etc.

Malawi

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheEU/EIBPeriUrbanProject,
TheAfricanWaterFacilityPeriUrbanProgramme,
CCODEprogrammes,
UNDP/UNHabitatProject.
BillandMelindaGatesProject

Maldives

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
No.Thesanitationsystemsareaimedtoprotectcoastalwatersand
inlandwaterresources.

Climatechangeplanning:
Nospecificassessmenthasbeenmadeintermsofclimatechange
anddesignofsanitationfacilities

Climatechangeplanning:
no

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Notyet.Thereisneedtobuildknowledgebase,understanding
andcapacityonthelinkbetweenSanitationandClimateChange.

Climatechangeplanning:
Allnewsanitationsystemsdesignsareapprovedonlyafter
EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentdoneproperly.

258

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Mali

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Mauritania

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
LEPROGRAMMEATPCQUISOCCUPEESSENTIELLEMENTDU
MILIEURURAL

Mongolia

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.Upgradinggerareaintoapartmentprogram2008
2.Newinvestmentmidtermreviewprogram
3.NationalwaterprogramendorsedSGHResolution24,2010
4.NationalprogramonEnvironmentalHealthendorsed
GovernmentResolution245,2005
5.NationalProgramonImprovementofSanitationFacilities
endorsedGovernmentResolution246,2006

Morocco

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Leprogrammenationalderattrapagedeladesserteenmatire
deaupotableetdassainissementdesquartierspriurbainesten
courdlaboration.

Mozambique

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Itisinexperimentalphasetheestablishmentofprivatesector
actortoremovelatrinesludgewithinthemostpopulatesareas
(slums)
ImplementationofChildrenFriendlySchoolsforAfrica
ImplementationofImprovedToiletsProgramsinPeriurbanareas
(distributionofslabs)
PilotprojectsofClubtoiletsindenselypopulatedareas(slums)

Myanmar

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgrammesarefrequentlydevelopedbyYangonCity
DevelopmentCommittee/MandalayCityDevelopmentCommittee

Nepal

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Localbodies,NGOs,&CivilSocietyorganizationsareinvolvedin
theprogrammes
dedicatedtotheslumsandinformalsettlement

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Non

Climatechangeplanning:
Dvelopperunplanderenforcementdescapacitsdescadres
danslesoussecteur

Climatechangeplanning:
heassessmentofsanitationsystemsandserviceswerereliedon
meteorologicalcondition.Theredesigningofnewsanitation
systemshasconsideredharshweathercondition.

Climatechangeplanning:
oui

Climatechangeplanning:

Therehasnotbeenelaboratedyetsanitationsystemsthattake
intoaccountclimatechanges

Climatechangeplanning:
AssessabletoClimateChange.Minormodificationindesigns

Climatechangeplanning:

259

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Niger

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.lasystmatisationdesformationsdesmaonslocauxpourla
ralisationdesouvragesdassainissementamliors
2.gnralisationdesschmasdirecteursdassainissement

Nigeria

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
UNHabitatprojectinPlateauStateundertheWaterforAfrican
Citiesinitiative.

Oman

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Pakistan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
OrangiPilotProject
SindhKatchiAbadisDirectorate
RuralSupportProgrammeNetwork
PakistanInstituteofEnvironment,DevelopmentandAction
Research(PIEDAR)
LodhranPilotProgramme

Panama

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
NO.Thereislackofadequatecapacitytopredicttheimpactof
climatechangeasitaffectrainfallcharacteristicsandvariability
andotherwaterresourcesandsanitationfacilities.

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Paraguay

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ExisteunollamadoProgramadeSaneamientoyAguaPotablepara
elChacoyCiudadesIntermediasdelaReginorientaldeParaguay
alcualpuedenaplicar.

Philippines

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
None

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
S,especialmenteenlasnuevasinfraestructuras.
Yes,especiallyinnewinfrastructure.

Climatechangeplanning:
Engeneralnohansidocontempladoslosaspectosdelcambio
climtico,auncuandoexistemayorconcienciadesuimpacto.

Climatechangeplanning:
Notyet

260

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Rwanda

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
EvaIIWaterandSanitationforAfricanCitiesongoing

Samoa

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Senegal

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

SierraLeone

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

UrbanWASHConsortiumprogramconsistingofGOALSierraLeone,
ConcernWorldwide,Oxfam,SavethechildrenandACF.

SouthAfrica

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
TheInformalSettlementsUpgradingandEmergencyhousing
programmehasbeenestablished.

SouthSudan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

SriLanka

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
AprojectisplannedtobeimplementedinColomboareato
providesubsidiesforlowincomecommunitytoobtainimproved
sanitationfacilities.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
Thedesignincludetheelementofclimatechangebutithasnot
beenassessed.
Questioni:Constructionoflatrines,management,sludge
management

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Non.

Climatechangeplanning:

Yes

Climatechangeplanning:
No.
Thisareastillneedstobeinvestigatedanddeveloped.

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Yes.Whendesigningonsitesanitationsystemshighgroundwater
tableandscarcityofwaterisconsidered.
Discussions&knowledgemanagementongoing

261

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Sudan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
1.CATSapproachisaverypromisingapproachformoreoutputs
andsustainabilityofruralsanitation.
2.Householdlatrinedesignguidelineswhichisinlinewiththe
globaldefinitionofimprovedsanitationareapprovedand
published.

Tajikistan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Doesnotexist

Thailand

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

TimorLeste

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Togo

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

Uganda

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
NGOsandCBOsprogrammes

Uzbekistan

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

VietNam

Sanitationprogramsforslums:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:
No

Climatechangeplanning:
ThecountryhasdevelopedaDraftNationalClimateChangeand
HealthAdaptationandActionPlansfortheperiod20112020,
wherealsoaddressedtheissueofclimatechangemitigationfor
watersanitationservices.
ThedocumentisunderthereviewoftheTajikistanGovernment

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Lesactionsactuellesenmatiredassainissementtiennentcompte
deschangementsclimatiques.

Climatechangeplanning:
No

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Atpresent,climatechangehasjustbeentakenintoaccountinthe
contextof
climatechange,therefore,designofsanitationsystemisstillin
needof
improvementduringtheimplementation

262

UNWaterGLAAS201112

11.SlumsandClimateChange

Yemen

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
Therearemanyprogramsofwater&sanitationservingslumsand
informalsettlementsandtheirschoolsimplementedbySocialFund
forDevelopmentthroughofwater&environmentunitandof
participationofthelocalcommitteeandmostoftheseprojects
fullysuccessfulandtakecontinuity.

Zimbabwe

Sanitationprogramsforslums:
ProgrammeonEcologicalSanitationTechnologiesThese
technologiesarebeingintroducedastemporarystructuresas
peopleinandaroundtheseslumsarenotpermanentresidents.
Thisisatwowayprogramme.Oneaspectistocarryouttrialson
thesenewtechnologiestoseeiftheyworkforZimbabwean
communitiesandsecondoneistomakesurethatthisunserved
populationatleasthavesomeformoffacilitiestodisposeoftheir
excretainabetterdignifiedmannerthanbefore.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Climatechangeplanning:

Climatechangeplanning:
Climatechangestillremainsastamplingblockinthesector
requiringalotofresearchtoinformappropriatedevelopmentand
subsequenttechnologies.Thesectorisnowstartingtorespondto
climatechangechallenges.Insteadofthe3mdeeplinedpitforthe
Blairlatrine,thesectorisnowinitiatinganotherstrongerand
shallowerpittoguardagainstfallinginofthepitand
contaminationofthewatertableinlightofincreasedrainfall
intensitieslikelytoraisewatertablelevels.Thisiscalledthe2m
deepcorbelledpitwheretheinterlockingnatureofbricksduring
pitliningensuresthatthepitbecomesstrongerandthewiderbase
ofthepitthoughshallowindepthensuresthatthecapacityofthe
corbelledpitremainsthesamewiththatofthe3mstraightlined
pitifnotbetter

263

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12.HumanResources

12.Question10:HumanResources

Afghanistan

Sanitationachievements:
Capacitydevelopmentprogramshave
beenconducted.
Expertsandadvisorsareworkingon
relatedissues.
Forbetterresultsexpertsandadvisors
areimportant

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Advisorshavebeenemployedbydonors.
Therearedonorswithclearresponsibilities
onwatersupplyissues.

Angola

Sanitationachievements:
Achievements:
1.EstablishmentoftheUTNSAand
nominateditsNationalCoordinator
2.EstablishmentoftheIntersectoral
TechnicalGroup,composedbyMinistryos
Health,Education,EnergyandWater,
TerritorialAdministration,Agricultureand
FisheryandEnvironment.
3.EstablishmentathighoftheMulti
sectoralTechnicalCommissionfor
Environment,attendedbyMinisters,Vice
MinistersandStatesSecretaries

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Achievements:
1.Onjobtrainingoflocalstaffwhenthere
isrunningexternalprojectsorprojects
implementedbyconsultants

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
Qualifiedcandidatesarenotselectedfor
capacitydevelopmentprograms.
IntrainingsSuitableprogramsarenot
designed.
FocusonKabulattrainingprogramsis
muchmorethanprovinces.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackofenoughexperts
Lackofpayattentiontocapacitybuildingin
aproperway.

Sanitationcomments:
Thereshouldbemorecapacitybuildingat
provincesanddistricts.
Thereshouldbefactoriestoproduce
materialsforsanitationfacilitiesin
provinces.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Weakplanninganddistributionof
humanresources
2.Lackofcapacitybuildingforcentraland
localstaffonadvancedsanitation
3.Lackincentives,whichinturnleadto
braindrainofgovernmentstafftoNGOs
andInternationalPartners

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstacles:
1.Fewqualifiedstaffmainlyatgovernment
institutions
2.Lackofspecializedlocalinstitutionsto
deliverWASHtrainingsandcourses
3.Weakobservanceofthecarrierofthe
WASHstaff

Sanitationcomments:
TheredatacorrespondingtotheUTNSAfor
ruralsanitation
ThereisanincentivepolicyforHealthStaff
whichisinsertedatthenationalpolicyfor
publicstaff.
Itisexpectedthatuntil2020,theWASH
sectorshouldhave7500professionalat
nationallevel(publicstaff).Thisisan
estimationdraftedbytheTechnical
AssistancetotheNationalDirectorateof
WaterandSanitation.

Drinkingwatercomments:
UndertheInstitutionalSupporttothe
WaterandSanitationSector(PAISAS),itis
expectedaninventoryofhumanresources
staffonWASH
UnderPAISASitisalsopredictedan
programforformationofspecializedstaff
onWASHtorespondtothegrowing
demand;ExistenceofWASHstaff
promotionalpolicyundertheMinistryof
Health.Thispracticeisdesirabletobe
implementedinothergovernmental
institutions
Existenceofadhoctraining

264

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Azerbaijan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Training,retrainingandprofessional
developmentofthepersonnelsentabroad
fortraining.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Training,retrainingandprofessional
developmentofthepersonnelsentabroad
fortraining.

Burundi

Sanitationachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.CrationdesinstitutionsdEnseignement
etdeformationdanslesecteur(
niveauTechnicienseulement)
2.Miseenplacederelais/agentsdesant
communautairedanstoutlepays
quiappuipourledveloppementdu
secteur
3.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
RalisationsouProduits:
1.Octroidesstagesdeformations
lextrieuredupayspourdescadreset
agentsdusecteurdelEaupotable
2.Formation/recyclagedesintervenant
danslesecteur

Benin

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackoffundstohavespecialists
educatedandtrainedabroad.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lackoffundstohaveprofessionals
educatedandtrainedabroad.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedestablissementsde
formation/Enseignementpourles
cadressuprieursdanslesecteur

2.Manquedemotivationdupersonnelen
place
3.

Lesressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
restentinsuffisantesenqualitet
enquantits

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedupersonnelqualifisdans
lesecteur
2.Insuffisancedesinstitutionsde
formations/enseignementenmatirede
lEaupotable
3.Manquedeprogrammedeformation
continuepourlepersonnel

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Nousconstatonsquelenvironnement
professionnelestassainiretamliorer

265

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

BurkinaFaso

Sanitationachievements:
Rural
1.Formationdescadresdanslescoles
(2iE)
2.Recrutementdagentsspcialissen
assainissementaffectsdanslescentres
secondaires
3.Formationannuelledesartisans

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Urbain
1.CEMEau
2.Plandeformation

Rural
1.Unplanderenforcementdesressources
humainesatlaboretestencoursde
miseenuvre;
2.Unplantriennaldeformationexistepour
leministre(etprendencomptele
personneldelaDGRE).

Bangladesh

Sanitationachievements:
1.Opportunityforskillandknowledge
developmenthasbeenincreased
2.Capacityfordisastermanagementis
beingimproved
3.Capacityofwater&sanitationstaffatall
levelsisbeingimproved

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Opportunityforskillandknowledge
developmenthasbeenincreased
2.Capacityfordisastermanagementhas
beenimproved
3.Capacityofwater&sanitationstaffatall
levelshasbeenimproved

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
Rural
1.Financementpourlesformationsetle
recrutement
2.Absencedemotivationdescadres

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Urbain
1.Plandecarrire
2.Mobilitdupersonnel

Rural
1.Insuffisancedepersonnelqualifi;
2.lhmorragiedupersonnel.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Amliorerlarmunrationdupersonnel.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.BudgetforWSSsectorandnumberof
staffaredecreasing.
2.Lagofbroadcareerplanning

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.BudgetforWSSsectorandnumberof
staffaredecreasing.
2.Lagofbroadcareerplanning

Sanitationcomments:
Thegovernmentlineagency,Department
ofPublicHealthEngineering(DPHE)for
WaterSupplyandSanitationservices
shouldbestrengthened

Drinkingwatercomments:

266

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Sanitationachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
2.PrimeraFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenUniversidades(Programa
MultidonanteUNICEF)
3.EscueladeFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenlaChiquitanaSanIgnacio
SantaCruz
4.EscueladeformacinTEKOVEKATUen
Gutierrez,SantaCruz.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.PuestaenmarchadelSENASBA
2.PrimeraFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenUniversidades(Programa
MultidonanteUNICEF)
3.EscueladeFormacindeRecursos
HumanosenlaChiquitanaSanIgnacio
SantaCruz
4.EscueladeformacinTEKOVEKATUen
Gutierrez,SantaCruz.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Personalinsuficiente
2.Bajossalarios
3.Capacitacindeficienteenlos
operadoresdereasruralesypequeas
ciudades(2.000a10.000habitantes)yen
elrearural
1.insufficientstaff
2.lowwages
3.Deficientcapacitationofoperatorsin
ruralareasandsmalltowns(2,000to
10,000inhabitants)andruralareas

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Personalinsuficiente
2.Bajossalarios
3.Capacitacindeficienteenlos
operadoresdereasruralesypequeas
ciudades(2.000a10.000habitantes)yen
elrearural

267

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:
SerequierereforzarlapolticaNacionalde
formacindeRRHHylosrecursos
financierosparaestefin.
Altamigracindepersonalqueyafue
capacitado.

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Brazil

Sanitationachievements:
1.Concursospblicosemnvelfederal,(em
especialnaFunasa,depoisdemuitosanos)
emdiversosestadosemunicpios.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Emnvelcentraleregional,aFunasatem
promovidoconcursosrecentementepara
preenchimentodevagascomprofissionais
denvelsuperior,nasuagrandemaioria
ocupandofunesnareadesaneamento
bsico.Contudo,aindainsuficienteparaa
demandaemtermosdevolumede
trabalho.Estacarnciatemsido
suplementadacomacontrataode
prestadoresdeserviostcnicos
(consultores)portempodelimitado.No
mercadodetrabalho,hcarnciade
profissionaisformados/habilitadose/ou
comexperinciaemsaneamentobsico,
emespecialnocampodaengenharia
sanitriaparaasreasrurais.

Bhutan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Sanitationisincorporatedaspartofthe
ruralhealthworkersroleswhoare
presentthroughoutthecountry

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Enhancedcapacitybuildingatalllevels

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.CarnciadeplanodemetasdeRHpara
ossetoresdesaneamentobsico,inclusive
saneamentorural.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Emgrandeparte,devidocarnciade
programasamdioelongoprazo,nastrs
esferasdeGoverno,aspolticaspara
recursoshumanosaindasoprecrias,
pontuaiseassistemticas.

Sanitationcomments:
Nohsistemasdeinformaoque
apresentemdadossobreascondiesde
recursoshumanosnosestadose
municpios,emtermosdesaneamento
rural.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Aindanoexistemconcursosouplanosde
carreiraprofissionaldirigido
especficamenteparaatuaoem
saneamentorural,nosdiversosnveisde
governo.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumbersofprofessionals
andtechniciansandcompeting
priorities.
2.Currentlynodedicatedsanitationstaffat
thenationallevelfortherural
programmealthoughacapacity
developementprogrammeisunderway.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inadequatenumbersofprofessionals
andtechnicians
2.Limitedcapacityandexperiences
3.Keychallengeisthelimitednumberof
engineersavailableatthedistrict/
subdistrictlevel

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

268

UNWaterGLAAS201112

CentralAfricanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Intgrationdecadresdanslafonction
publiquede20072010

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedepersonnelsqualifiset
spcialiss
2.Indisponibilitdesboursesdeformation
3.Insuffisancedeformationdupersonnel
etdesnouveauxcadres
4.absencedunplandeformationdansle
domaine

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Absencedemotivationdupersonnel
2.Budgetinsuffisantpourlerecrutement
denouveauxagents
3.Toutlepersonnelestconcentr
Abidjan

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedeformationspcialise
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdansla
formation
3.Absencedestructuredeformation
spcialise

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Manquedeformationspcialise
2.Insuffisancedefinancementdansla
formation
3.Insuffisancedestructuredeformation
spcialise

Cted'Ivoire

Sanitationachievements:
1.Etudeinstitutionnelleetpolitique
sectoriellesencours
2.Existencedunministrespcifique
chargdelassainissement
3.Evaluationdescontratsdaffermage

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Cameroon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

269

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Renforcementdescapacits
Appeldautrescorpsdemtier

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofpolicyandstrategytodevelop
humanresourcesinthesanitationsub
sector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.norecruitmenttoreplaceretireesor
backupolderstaff
2.Nofinancialresourcesallocatedto
hygienepromotion

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuffisancedepersonnel(ressources
humaines)
2.Absencedeformationcontinuesurplace
oulextrieurdupays
3.Faiblecapacitsdesressourceshumaines

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dficitdupersonnel
2.sousqualificationdupersonnel

Congo

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Possibilitsdeformationcontinuedu
personnel
2.Unetudedisponibleenbesoinde
personnel

Colombia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

DominicanRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.Incorporacindemsrecursoshumanos
2.Capacitaciondelosrecursoshumanos

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mantenimientoadecuadodelserviciode
aguapotable
2.Conduceacontroldeenfermedades
hdricas

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadepromotoresdelasalud
2.Bajopresupuesto

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitadosrecursosfinancieros
2.Limitadopersonalespecializadoenel
sector

270

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:
Identificationoftraininginstitutesis
underway.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Setupadrinkingwaterspecializedschool
totraincurrentstaffandreplaceolderstaff
byyoungwelleducatedprofessionals.

Sanitationcomments:
Enzonerural,lassainissementest
incompris.Ilyestimportantdedisposerde
personnelqualifipourmenerdes
campagnesdinformationsetde
sensibilisationsenmatiredIEC.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Etablirunplandembaucheentenant
comptedubesoinreldelentreprisetout
enveillantunquilibreentrelepersonnel
voluantdanslesgrandesvillesetcelui
voluantdanslescentressecondaires

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Egypt

Sanitationachievements:
1.Establishingtrainingcentresinthe
subsidiarycompanies&CapacityBuilding
forthesectorstuffatallthelevels
2.establishingtechnicalsecondaryschools
forwater&sanitationtograduate
technicianscapableofworkinginthefield
ofwaterandsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Establishingtrainingcentresinthe
subsidiarycompanies&CapacityBuilding
forthesectorstuffatallthelevels
2.establishingtechnicalsecondaryschools
forwater&sanitationtograduate
technicianscapableofworkinginthefield
ofwaterandsanitation

Ethiopia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Increasingnumberofuniversities
providingtrainingforEnvironmentalHealth
Officers
2.Taskshifttohealthextensionworkers

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.waterrelatedcollagesanduniversities
increase

Fiji

Sanitationachievements:
1.Therehasbeensometrainingfor
Sanitationpersonnel

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Gabon

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.insufficientnumberofskilledstuff
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaff

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insufficientnumberofskilledstuff
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaff

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limiteduptakeofthetrained
EnvironmentalHealthOfficers
2.Limitedcapacityofavailable
professionalsandworkers

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.highturnoverofstaffs

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Notuptopar

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:
MorestaffneededintheSanitationsector.
Trainingisalsoimportant.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Absencedunestratgiededploiement
(Bonnestratgiedegestiondes
ressourceshumaines)

Sanitationobstacles:
Obstaclesoudifficults:
1.Insuffisancedemotivation
(rmunration,formation)
2.Insuffisancedegestiondescarrires
3.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

271

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ghana

Sanitationachievements:
1.Traininginstitutionsforsanitation
professionals/Technicianshavebeen
upgradedfromCertificatetoDiploma
Awardinginstitutions
2.EstablishmentofEnvironmentalHealth
andSanitationDirectoratewithcommitted
Sanitationprofessionalsatthenational
level

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.TheCommunityOwnershipManagement
approachoftheNationalCommunity
WaterandSanitationProgrammehas
eliminatedtheneedforcentral
governmentorutilitystaffatthelocallevel
foroperationandmaintenance

Guinea

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Crationdunfondsdaidela
construction
2.Priseenchargeenfraismdicauxdes
parentsdestravailleurs(Preetmre)

Gambia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

GuineaBissau

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatecapacityoftraining
institutionsfortrainingsanitation
techniciansandprofessionals
2.Staffareinadequatelyresourcedtodo
theirwork,hencemanyhavelostmorale
andareunmotivated

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Badattitudeofstafftowardsworkisa
majorchallenge
2.Lackofaccountabilityofstaff
performancetothepublic

Sanitationcomments:
None

Drinkingwatercomments:
None

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faiblessedetrsorerieinfluence
ngativementsurleniveaude
rmunration

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Ungrandeffortestconsentirpour
renforcerlacapacitdupersonnelparsa
formationsurtoutlutilisationdesoutils
modernesutilissdanslesecteur.

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
.Inexistencedunepolitiquedegestiondes
ressourceshumaines

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

272

UNWaterGLAAS201112

EquatorialGuinea

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Honduras

Sanitationachievements:
1.SehaaprobadolaLeydelaCarrera
AdministrativaMunicipal,loquetienepor
objetofomentarlaprofesionalizaciny
estabilidaddelosservidoresmunicipales
conbaseenelmrito.
2.Enlapolticanacionalqueestenetapa
finaldeformulacin,seincorporaeltema
deldesarrollodelrecursohumanodel
sector.
3.EnlapropuestadelPlanNacionalde
Saneamiento,sevalorarnlasnecesidades
derecursoshumanosencantidadycalidad.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1SehaaprobadolaLeydelaCarrera
AdministrativaMunicipal,loquetienepor
objetofomentarlaprofesionalizaciny
estabilidaddelosservidoresmunicipales
conbaseenelmrito.
2.Enlapolticanacionalqueestenetapa
finaldeformulacin,seincorporaeltema
deldesarrollodelrecursohumanodel
sector.

Haiti

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insuficienciasdetecnicoscualificados
2.FaltadeEscuelasespecializadasparala
formaciondelpersonaldelSector.
3.Faltadeformacioncontinuadelospocos
personalqueseencuentraelosMinisterios
involucrados.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insuficienciasdetecnicoscualificados
2.FaltadeEscuelasespecializadasparala
formaciondelpersonaldelSector.
3.Faltadeformacioncontinuadelospocos
personalqueseencuentraelosMinisterios
involucrados.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noexisteunsistemaformalorientadoa
laacreditacinycapacitacindelpersonal
tcnicodelsector.
2.Losprestadoresnocontemplandentro
desuspresupuestosrenglones
presupuestariosparalacapacitacindesu
personal.
3.Nosecuentaconunplansectorialpara
elfortalecimientodecapacidades.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noexisteunsistemaformalorientadoa
laacreditacinycapacitacindelpersonal
tcnicodelsector.
2.Losprestadoresnocontemplandentro
desuspresupuestosrenglones
presupuestariosparalacapacitacindesu
personal.
3.Nosecuentaconunplansectorialpara
elfortalecimientodecapacidades.

Sanitationcomments:
CreacindeunCentroNacionalparala
formacinespecificadeSaneamiento

Drinkingwatercomments:
CreacindeunCentroNacionalparala
formacinespecificadeSaneamientoel
aguapotable

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

273

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Indonesia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Therearesometrainingsforsanitation
expertsonfacilitators
2.Weconductedworkshopsforexperts
anddisseminateaboutsanitationprogram,
togiveinformationaboutchallengein
sanitationprogram.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.ImprovingManagementQualityof
Institutionthrough:
2.Businessplandevelopment,
implementationofcorporatization,asset
management;enlargingaccesstofunding
resources,andimprovementofhuman
resources(PDAM)
3.Providingfacilitation,capacitybuilding,
andalsoenlargingaccesstofunding
resourcesthroughseveralprojects
(Communitylevel)
4.Perpamsiasanorganisationtomaintain
horizontallearningandknowledge
managementofPDAMalloverIndonesia.
5.PDAMdirectureelectionthroughfitand
propertestmechanisme

India

Sanitationachievements:
1.Keyresourcecentresidentifiedfor
trainingonsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Undersupportactivities,100%grantis
giventostatestosetupadministrativeunits
inthestates,districtandblockstoprovide
softwaresupportforthesectoractivities.
2.OutlayforSupportactivitiesincluding
humanresourceshasbeenincreasedfrom
2%in200910to8%in201112.
3.National&Statelevelkeyresources
centresandstateTech.Agenciesare
identifiedandtheseinstitutionsprovide
trainingandsupportcapacitydevelopment.

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thereisagapbetweenthedemandof
humanresoucesanditssupply((Expert=
consultant,facilitator),(labor=artisan,
plumbers))intermofquantity.Inthe
communitylevel,thereislimitednumbers
ofcommunicationfacilitatorthat
understandaboutwaterandsanitation
scope

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nonavailabilityofsufficientsanitation
professionals

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Insomestates,requirednumberofKRCs
isnotavailable.
2.Trainingprogrammesneedscalingupat
alllevels.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheoutlayunderSupportactivitieshas
beenincreasedandadequatefundsare
beingmadeavailabletothestateson100%
grantbasisforscalingupofthehuman
resourcesandtofulfiltheirtrainingneeds.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Restrictiononfinancialresources

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

274

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Jordan

Sanitationachievements:
1.HumanResourcesstrategyisbasedon
actualneedsassessment
2.Incentivesrewardsbylawwasissuedfor
watersectorpersonnel
3.WaterAuthorityofJordanhasitsown
centrefortrainingoperators
4.GovernmentofJordanpolicysupports
womenemployment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.HumanResourcesstrategyisbasedon
actualneedsassessment
2.Incentivesrewardsbylawwasissuedfor
watersectorpersonnel
3.WaterAuthorityofJordanhasitsown
centrefortrainingoperators
4.GovernmentofJordanpolicysupports
womenemployment

Kenya

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recruitementofadditionalpersonnel
2.onthejobtraining
3.careerdevelopment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Continuousinserviceshortcourses
availableforprofessionalsandtechnical
personnel.
2.Localavailabilityofprofessionaltraining
institutions.
3.Competetiverecruitmentthatattracts
skilledmanpower.

Kyrgyzstan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedbudget
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaffespeciallywithbetter
opportunitiesatneighbouringcountries

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedbudget
2.Inadequatebudgetforhiringand
retainingstaffespeciallywithbetter
opportunitiesatneighbouringcountries

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.retentionofstaff
2.motivation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Schemesofserviceforwaterservices
personnelhavenotbeenreviewedforover
5years
2.JobSecuritynotassured.
3.Pendingpensionissuesthathinder
conclusivetransferofstaffbetweenWater
SectorInstitutions.

Sanitationcomments:
Capacitydevelopmentofhumanresource
insanitationshouldbeacontinuous
componentoftheimplementationprocess

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

275

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Sanitationachievements:
1.Internalassessmentonrolesand
responsibilitiesofDRHCatnationaland
subnationalleveltomakesurestaffand
officersunderstandtheirresponsibilityin
sanitationandhygieneaswellasthe
structureofDepartment;
2.TrainingofTrainershasbeenorganized
forstaffatnationalandsubnationallevel
byInternationalandLocalOrganizations;
3.Onthejobtrainingforsanitationand
hygienehasbeenprovided

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitation
a.Abroadsharingexperienceconducteda
fewtimesayearfordrinkingwater
b.Technicaltrainingconductedbyfew
organizationsastheprojectwhichleadthe
centralandprovincialstaffgainand
improvemoreknowledgeondrinkingwater
2.RuralDrinkingWater
a.TheDRWShasbeenimplementingrural
watersupplyprojectswithfinancial
supportsofADB,UNICEF,andJICA.These
projectsincludeinstitutionalsupportsand
capacitydevelopmentofprojectstaffs
throughformaltrainingprogramsand
informaltrainingprograms(onthejob
practicaltrainings).
b.Thereare25trainingprograms
conductedwithin2006to2009forvarious
staffsincludingtechnicalskillsforwater
supplytechnologies,community
developmentandcommunicationskills,
GPSandhydrogeologicalinvestigation
skills,waterqualitytestingandsurveillance
techniques,anddatacollectionand
processingskills.
c.ThroughWaterandSanitationSector
coordinationmechanism,DRWSworks
closelywithTechnicalInstituteof
Cambodia,RoyalUniversityofPhnomPenh,
andResourceDevelopmentInternational
(NGO),fordevelopmentofwaterquality
improvementsandArsenicmonitoring
systemsandtrainedtechnicalstaffsfrom7
provinces.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetallocationfortrainingon
sanitationanddrinkingwaterisnot
sufficient
2.Trainingforsanitationandhygienewas
notconductedandlackofinterest
3.Thegovernmentsalaryratesarelowfor
thehighskilledtechniciansand
professionalstaffs,andthereforethe
humanresourcedevelopmentprograms
couldnotmotivatetorecruitprofessional
staffs.
4.Incomparewithotherdeveloping
sectors,theRWSSsectorhaslower
opportunitiesforprofessionalstaffs,and
thereforetheRWSSsectorhasdifficulties
torecruithighskillprofessionalstaffs.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.UrbanWaterSupply:Budgetallocation
fortrainingonsanitationanddrinking
waterisnotsufficient
2.RuralWaterSupply:Mostofcapacity
trainingswereconductedwithintheProject
contexts,andthereforeaftertheproject
completion,welltrainedstaffsseekfor
otherbetterpaidjobsanddonotstayin
RWSSsector;especiallyinremote
provinces.

276

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Sanitationachievements:
1.BothurbanandruralWASHpolicyand
strategyaddresshumanresources.The
draftruralWASHstrategyaimsfor1female
staffmemberineachdistrict
2.Thereisincountryeducationfor
sanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Anationaldrinkingwaterstrategysets
targetsforhumanresources
2.Thereareincountryeducationand
traininginstitutionfordrinkingwater
personnel

Lebanon

Sanitationachievements:
1.OngoingSTPprojectsallowforthe
trainingofutilitystaffintheoperationand
maintenanceoftheplants.Thistrainingis
foraperiodoftimeattheendofthe
constructioncontracts.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Liberia

Sanitationachievements:
1.InvigoratedadaptionofCLTSby
government(andadaptationof
methodologyaspolicy)
2.Thenationallaboratoryforwatertesting
andenvironmentalhealthdivision(every
country)
3.thedecentralizationofEHT(environ
healthtechnicians)

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theserviceprovisionhasbeendetailed
intheCompact.Hasthelargest
financialcommitment.
2.Thenationallaboratoryforwatertesting
andenvironmentalhealthdivision
(everycountry)
3.ThedecentralizationofEHT(environ
healthtechnicians)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Noperformanceincentivepolicyfor
sanitationpersonnelparticularlyin
remoteareas
2.Womensanitationpersonnellimited

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Noperformanceincentivespolicy
2.Insufficiencyofdrinkingwaterpersonnel
women

Sanitationcomments:
73%ofLaopeoplelivinginruraland
remoteareas.Sanitationisgenderissue.
So,increasingwomensanitationpersonnel
atdifferentlevelparticularlyat
communitylevelshouldbefurthertaking
intoconsideration

Drinkingwatercomments:
Performanceincentivepolicyshouldbe
furtherdevelopedparticularlyinrural
andremoteareastomotivestaffstowork
indifficultandinaccessibleareas.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Again,governmentpolicydriveis
missing.
2.Failuretoprovideadequatefiscal
resources.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.LackofgovernmentpolicyregardingHR
development.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Insufficientfunds

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Sameasforsanitation:financingandHR
capability

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

277

Sanitationcomments:
Capacitybuildingduetobedevelopedin
early2012.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Capacitybuildingduetobedevelopedin
early2012.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SriLanka

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Donorassistancemadeavailableover
severalyearsforthedrinkingwatersector
hasenablesubstantialimprovementin
humanresources.
2.CapabilitytointeractinEnglishlanguage
hashelpedtoimproveourhuman
resources,inthefieldofdrinkingwater
supply.
3.TheeducationsysteminSriLanka
providestrainingtogenerateprofessionals
inthedrinkingwaterindustry.

Lesotho

Sanitationachievements:
1.Thenewinterimstrategyinthewater
sectordoaddresssanitationissues
2.ThequarterlySWAPcoordination
meetingshavebeeneffectedandwillalso
addresssanitationissues

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Establishmentoflocalgovernment
structuresatdistrictandcommunity
councillevelwithresponsibilitiesinwater
andsanitationoutlinedinthelocal
governmentactisanopportunityforthe
ruralwatersectortodevelopthecapacity
atlocalleveltosustainthewaterservices,
howeverimprovedcooperationbetween
thewatersectorinstitutionsandthelocal
governmentsandconsensusonrolesand
responsibilitiesisneeded.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Itisverydifficulttoobtaintheservicesof
competentplumbersforseweragesystem
maintenance.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Thelackofacomprehensivestrategyfor
sanitationandhygienepromotionbetween
thewater,healthandeducationsectors
andthelocalgovernmentshindersthe
effectivedeploymentofthehuman
resourcesinacoordinatedmanner

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thecareerpossibilitiesinneighbouring
RepublicofSouthAfricaandinprojectsand
newauthoritiesinthewatersectorin
Lesothoimposesahighlevelofstaffturn
overofprofessionalsinthewatersector

Sanitationcomments:
TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesis
carryingoutahumanresourceassessment
forthewaterandsanitationsectortobe
completedinearly2012andthiswill
provideinsightintothehumanresource
constraintsinthesectorandprovideplans
forhumanresourcedevelopmenttofulfil
theneeds

Drinkingwatercomments:
TheMinistryofNaturalResourcesis
carryingoutahumanresourceassessment
forthewaterandsanitationsectortobe
completedinearly2012andthiswill
provideinsightintothehumanresource
constraintsinthesectorandprovideplans
forhumanresourcedevelopmenttofulfil
theneeds
Theurbanwaterutility,WASCOhasbeen
establishedasacompanynotyetevident
howthiswillaffecttheHRmanagement
issues

278

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Morocco

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementdenviron40ingnieurs/an,
80techniciens/anet60ouvriers
qualifis/an,
2.Crationenmoyennede50micros
entreprisesdanslessecteursEau
Assainissement/hygine,
3.Formationsspcifiquesauxdeux
secteurs.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdenviron40ingnieurs/an,
80techniciens/anet60ouvriers
qualifis/an,
2.Crationenmoyennede50micros
entreprisesdanslessecteursEau
Assainissement/hygine,
3.Formationsspcifiquesetcontinuesaux
deuxsecteurs.

Madagascar

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementdes15techniciensen
AssainissementetGnieSanitaire
2.Existenceduncentredeformationen
matiredassainissement

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Formationdestechnicienssuprieursen
quipementruralhydrauliqueparleCentre
NationaldelEauetlAssainissementetdu
GnieRural(CNEAGR)
2.FormationdIngnieurhydraulicienetde
hydrogologueparlesuniversitsdeTana

Maldives

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faibleattractivitenmatirede
recrutementdesspcialistesenraisondes
salairesplusbasquecequiestoffertsurle
marchdelemploi,
2.Difficultderedployerlepersonnelsur
leterritoirenationalpourlapopulationdes
techniciens/ouvriersqualifis.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faibleattractivitdesoprateurspublics
enmatirederecrutementdescadres
techniciensenraisondessalairesplusbas
quecequietoffertsurlemarchde
lemploi,
2.Difficultderedployerlepersonnelsur
leterritoirenationalpourlapopulationdes
techniciens/ouvriersqualifis

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Postebudgtaireinsuffisant

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Postebudgtaireinsuffisantauniveaunu
Ministreenchargedeleauetde
lassainissement
2.Auniveaunational,onnapasencore
unestratgienationalededveloppement
deressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
AEPHA

Sanitationcomments:
Auniveaunational,onnapasencoreune
stratgienationalededveloppementde
ressourceshumainesdanslesecteur
AEPHA
Perspectiveencourssurlangociation
pourlamiseenplaceduncentrespcialis
eneauetassainissementMadagascar

Drinkingwatercomments:
Perspectiveencourssurlangociation
pourlamiseenplaceduncentrespcialis
eneauetassainissementMadagascar

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofenoughfundingforhuman
resourcedevelopmentandtraining.
2.Lackofprofessionalsandskilled
personnelinthesector.
3.Lackofeducational/traininginstitutions
forsanitationpersonnel.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

279

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Sanitationachievements:
1.Relecturedudcretportantcadre
organiquepourramenerlesbesoinsde
3165agents1257delaDNACPNet
dmembrements
2.Participationdessessionsde
formationscontinuesetvoyagesdtudes

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Leffectivitdeladconcentrationdela
DirectionNationaledelHydraulique(DNH)
jusquauniveaucercle.
2.Lamiseenuvreducadreorganiquede
laDNHetdesDirectionsRgionalesde
lHydraulique(DRH).

Myanmar

Sanitationachievements:
1.humanresourcesareavailableas
required.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Humanresourceisavailableasrequired
aspossible.

Mongolia

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
Insuffisancedepersonnelqualifi

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Linsuffisancedupersonnelentrainantun
nonfonctionnementcorrectdesservices
rgionauxetlocaux
2.Linsuffisancedescomptencesdes
ressourceshumainesappropries.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.specifically,nosanitarians

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Humanresourcecapacityneedtobe
strengthened.

Sanitationcomments:
Humanresourcecapacityneedstobe
strengthened

Drinkingwatercomments:
Humanresourcecapacityneedtobe
strengthened.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Humanresourcescapacitymanagement
forspecialistsinthewatersectorisnotwell
organizedinMongolia.
1.Notenoughspecialistsinthewater
sectorintheruralarea.
2.Lowwelfareoftheprofessionals(salary
andaccommodation).
3.Underbudgeted.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Humanresourcescapacitymanagement
forspecialistsinthewatersectorisnotwell
organizedinMongolia.Inthecurrent
situation,theeducationofthespecialists
doesnotmeetlabourmarketdemands,
bothquantityandqualitywise.
2.Inordertoimproveperformanceof
drinkingwatersector,itisnecessaryto
haveskilledengineers,professionals,
techniciansandgradualincreaseofsalaries.
3.Notgoodworkplaceandwelfareofthe
professionalsintheruralarea.

280

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mozambique

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recruitmentofpersonnelatdistrictlevel
toworkwithwatersupplyandsanitation
2.CreationoftheAdministrationforWater
andSanitationInfrastructures(AIAs)which
hasbroughtmorestafftoworkonwater
supplyandsanitationsubsector.
3.AIAshasbeensupportinglocal
governmentsofurbansanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Trainingatprovincialandlocallevels,in
severalsubjectssuchasprocurement,
financialmanagement,maintenanceof
motorizedpumps,constructionofrural
watersources,etc
2.Seminarsofexperienceexchangeon
goodpracticesamongruralwateractors

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcestoprovide
continuoustrainingonsanitation
2.Reducedfinancialresourcestoretain
qualifiedstaffonsanitationforlongterm
3.Norecruitmentprogramtostrengthen
humanresourcesatcentrallevel.The
DepartmentinchargeofUrbansanitationis
madeofalmost02directstaffandother02
supportivestafffromDepartmentofRural
Water(DAR)

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedfinancialresourcesforcontinuity
oftrainingandcapacitybuildingprograms
2.Fewhumanresourcesspecializedon
watersupplyissues
3.Braindraininfrompublictoprivate
institutions

Sanitationobstacles:
1.manquedemotivationpourlintrieur
dupays
2.insuffisancedesstratgiesde
renforcementdescapacitstraversles
projets
3.undficitdepersonnelqualifietsous
utilisationdesprofessionnels
4.Labsencedunplanderenforcementdes
ressourceshumaines

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.insuffisancedesstratgiesde
renforcementdescapacitstraversles
projets
2.undficitdepersonnelqualifietsous
utilisationdesprofessionnels
3.Labsencedunplanderenforcement
desressourceshumaines

Mauritania

Sanitationachievements:
1.CREATIONSDESDIRECTECTIONS
REGIONALES
2.Recrutementdes7cadresingnieursen
2010danslesdiffrentesstructuresdu
MHA

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdes7cadresingnieursen
2010danslesdiffrentesstructuresdu
MHA

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

281

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Thereisneedtocapacitate/strengthen
theTrainingCentresofWaterSupplyand
Sanitationinnewtechnologies.

Sanitationcomments:
Recrutementparlafonctionpubliquedes
cadrespourlesecteur
Elaborationetmiseenuvredoncdune
politiquededveloppementderessources
humaines
Elaborationdunegestiondescarrires
impliquantlamotivationdesacteurs

Drinkingwatercomments:
Recrutementparlafonctionpubliquedes
cadrespourlesecteur
Elaborationetmiseenuvredoncdune
politiquededveloppementderessources
humaines
Elaborationdunegestiondescarrires
impliquantlamotivationdesacteurs

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Malawi

Sanitationachievements:
1.Gendermainstreaminginthe
recruitmentofSanitationPersonnel
2.SubstantialnumberofLadies/Girlstaking
upTechnicalCourses/Studies

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Recruitmentofprofessionaltechnicalstaff
indistrictswheregovernmentis
implementingprojects

Niger

Sanitationachievements:
1.ladotationdechaquedpartementdau
moinsuningnieur
2.dcisiondunepolitiquederecrutement
descadres

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nigeria

Sanitationachievements:
1.Ongoingcapacityupgradeofsanitation
personnel.
2.Existingnationalcapacitybuilding
programforsanitationstakeholders

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Nepal

Sanitationachievements:
1.Morethan500professionalengineers
withmasterdegreeinthesector
2.Dedicatedsanitationsectioninthe
department(DWSS)andcellinthedistrict
WSSDO

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Adequatenumberofqualified
professionalsareavailableinspecialized
departments
2.Massivetrainingsoflocallevel
technicians(techniciansofutilityoperators)
is
takingplace

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Bureaucracyinapprovalprocesses
2.Resourceavailability

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Lowstaffinglevelsintechnicalstaffat
grassrootslevel,thatisWaterMonitoring
Assistants(WMA)areinadequate

Sanitationcomments:
GeneralMotivationofstaffisachallenge.
The9000attheLocalLevelaretheHealth
SurveillanceAssistancefromtheMinistryof
HealthinlinewiththeDecentralisation
policy1998.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.manquedeprogrammationlongterme
pourladotationdupaysencadre
2.insuffisancedescadresenquantitpour
encadrerlescommunes

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inadequatehumanresourcefor
sanitationprojectimplementation.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Nodedicatedcell/unitstaffinDDC/DTO
2.Nodedicatedprogrammecoordinatoror
sanitationstaffinNGOsandprivatesector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Properplacementandutilizationof
qualifiedprofessionalsislagging,
deprtments
oragencieswithoutqualifiedprofessionals
arealsoimplementingWASHprograms
2.Retainingofprofessionalsandlocal
techniciansisaseriousissueinthesector

Sanitationcomments:
Preparationofresourcepoolofdedicated
hygieneandsanitationprofessionalsand
staffisessentialandestablishmentofjoint
mechanismtomobilizethemandmonitor
activitiesisessential

Drinkingwatercomments:
Fragmentationofsectorandinvolvement
oftwoministriesand3departmentsand
boardsisaseriousissueinthesector

282

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Oman

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.FreshGraduatesarecomingupandare
gettingtrainedandareshowinginterestto
jointhewatersector.

2..Newcomersaregivenfullmotivationby
HRbywayofprovidingtrainingand
seminarstoimprovetheirskills.

3.Vocationstudents/candidatesaregiven
inhousetrainingandexposuretothe
watersectortodevelopinterestinthefield
evenbeforetheircompletionofthe
courses.

Pakistan

Sanitationachievements:
Civilsocietyorganizationshavedesigned
projectbasedtrainingprogrammesforlocal
communitymembersandgovernmentstaff
inwaterandsanitation

Drinkingwaterachievements:
Civilsocietyorganizationshavedesigned
projectbasedtrainingprogrammesforlocal
communitymembersandgovernmentstaff
inwaterandsanitation
Establishmentofnewtraining
programmeonwatersanitationandhealth
developmentunderfacultyof
environmentalsciences

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Anincreasedsalarystructuremightbe
requiredtoattractmorecandidates.

2.Morepayandperksinotherprivate
sectorcouldbeonereasonforthe
candidatesreluctanttojoinwatersector.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
Noformaltraininginstitutesatprovincial
levelfortraininginwatersanitationand
hygiene

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Verylimitedformaltrainingopportunities
atprovinciallevelfortraininginwater
(sometrainingprogrammesinwater
qualityPakistanCouncilforResearchin
WaterResources)

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

283

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Panama

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Philippines

Sanitationachievements:
1.Academicconsortiumforcapacity
buildingonsustainablesanitationhasbeen
initiated
2.Curriculumforsanitaryengineersand
sanitaryinspectorscapacitybuildinghave
beendeveloped
3.Professionalorganizationonsanitary
engineeringisadvocatingtoincreasethe
numberofsanitaryengineers

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Theprofessionalorganizationonsanitary
engineeringisadvocatingfortheincrease
ofgraduatesofsanitaryengineering
courses.
2.RepublicAct1364definedsanitary
engineersastheprofessionalsresponsible
forwaterpurificationsystems.
3.Sanitaryinspectorsitemsareavailable
perlocalgovernmentunit

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Inexistenciadepolticasespecficaspara
lagestinderecursoshumanos
paraincrementaryconservarpersonal
capacitadoparaelsector.

1.Lackofspecificpoliciesforhuman
resourcemanagementtoincreaseand
retainqualifiedpersonnelforthesector.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inexistenciadepolticasdegestinde
recursoshumanosparaconservary
actualizarconocimientosdelpersonalen
servicio.

1.Lackofmanagementpoliciestopreserve
humanresourcesandupgrade
staffskillsinservice.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Fewstudentsenrolinsanitary
engineeringprofession.
2.Lowqualificationforsanitaryinspectors
(secondaryeducation)despitehigh
technicalknowhowneeded.
3.NotallLGUshavebudgetforhiring
sanitationpersonnel.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Limitedstudentsareenrolledforsanitary
engineeringcoursesandlimitedschoolsare
offeringsanitaryengineeringcourses.
2.Noschoolisofferingsanitariancourses
(supposedcoursesforsanitaryinspectors)
3.Sanitationpersonnel(sanitaryengineers
andsanitaryinspectorsarenotenoughto
meettherequiredpopulationratiotobe
served.

284

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:
Conlainversinyelniveldetecnologa
queseimplementaenelproyectode
saneamientodelaciudadylabahade
Panamseprevunprograma
intensivodecapacitacindelrecurso
humano.

Withtheinvestmentandthelevelof
technologythatisdeployedinthe
sanitationprojectinthecityandtheBayof
Panamaitanintensiveprogramof
trainingofhumanresourcesisexpected.

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:
Salaryofsanitaryinspectors(aboutP
7,000)islowerthanmidwives(aboutP
12,000).

Drinkingwatercomments:
Sanitaryinspectorsatthemunicipal/city
levelandsanitaryengineersatthe
provinciallevelareresponsiblefordrinking
watersupplysystems.Otherexpertsthat
assistsinsettingupdrinkingwatersystems
areplumbersanddrillers.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Paraguay

Sanitationachievements:
1.Mayorconcienciasobrelanecesidadde
capacitacindemsrecursoshumanosyen
variosniveles.

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Mayorconcienciadelafaltadela
capacitacinespecificayenvariosniveles
2.Previsindeprogramasdecapacitacin
enelProgramadeSaneamientoyAgua
PotableparaelChacoyCiudades
IntermediasdelaReginOriental

Rwanda

Sanitationachievements:
1.Availabilityoftraininginstitutes(e.g.
environmentaltechnology)
2.ThecreationofEWSAwithsanitation
department

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.NationalTrainingprogramunder
preparation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Faltadecapacitacinentodoslosniveles
derecursoshumanosnecesarios
2.Laorientacindelacapacitacindelos
recursoshumanosaunnoestadirigidoala
operacinymantenimientodelossistemas
desaneamiento.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltaunacertificacinadecuadayuna
acreditacinendistintosnivelesatravsde
unacapacitacinadecuada
2.Algnentedecapacitacindebetrabajar
enlosdistintosnivelesnecesarios
3.Lafaltadepagaadecuadaalos
profesionalesdelsector

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetfortherecruitmentofpersonnel
2.Lackofincentivestoworkinthesector

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
NoclearstructureofstaffatLocal
Government

285

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:
Habraquedarunenfoquede
competenciasencuantoalascapacidades
delrecursohumano.
Senasaestaimplementandounprograma
deregionalizacindesuasistenciatcnicaa
lasjuntasdesaneamiento.

Drinkingwatercomments:
Existenecesidaddecrearcursosformales
deformacinderecursoshumanos
especializadosparaelsectordeagua
potableysaneamientoentodoslosniveles.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Sudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.AvailabilityoftrainedSanitationhuman
resourcesatWESprojectsatFederal,state
andLocalitylevelstosetgoodexamplesfor
scalingupsanitation.
2.EstablishmentofKhartoumSewage
systemcompanythataccommodate
knowledgeableandskilledpersonnelwith
regardtonetworksanitation.
3.CATStechnicalskillsforsanitation
promotionisincreasingastheresultof
increasednumberofUNICEFsupported
CATSTOTtrainingcourses

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Availabilityoftrainedwatersources
humanresourcesatFederal,stateand
Localitylevels
2.AvailbilityofNationaltrainingcentreat
PublicWatercorporation.
3.Availabilityofuniversitydegreesand
specializedthreeyearshighlevelwater
institutionfordifferentwaterrelated
specializations.

Senegal

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

SierraLeone

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Unavailabilityofclearinstitution
responsibleforsanitation
2.Inadequatesanitationtrainingcentres.
3.Noclearmotivationpolicyforsanitation
professionals

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Unattractivesalariesatwaterrelated
governmentalbodies.
2.InadequateHRtrainingbudget

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Concerningquestion(m)TheMinistry
carriedouttheMDGWaterandSanitation
costingin2008wheretheprojectionfor
thepersonnelwasmade.

286

UNWaterGLAAS201112

ElSalvador

Sanitationachievements:
1.CumplimientodelasmetasdelODM
2.Disponibilidadpoliticaparalaampliacin
delacobertura

1.CumplimientodelasmetasdelODM
2.Disponibilidadpoliticaparalaampliacin
delacobertura

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Existeninstitucioneseducativasanivel
nacionalquepuencontribuirafortalecer
losconocimientosdelpersonal.
2.Lasinstitucionesinvolucradasenel
serviciodeaguapotablehaniniciadoel
desarrollodeunaestrategiadeformaciny
fortalecimientodelpersonal.

SouthSudan

Sanitationachievements:
1.Identifiedandhiredstaff
2.Trainingofstaff

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Numberofofficerstrainedfromboth
thecentreandStates

Chad

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.lacrationdesservicesdesuivi,conseils
etdappuiauxusagsdanslesprovinces
(CCAG)
2.lacrationdunedirectiondesuivi
dexploitationdesouvrageshydrauliques

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Losincentiveseconomicosy
fortalecimientodecapacidades
2.Ambienteypolticalaboralnofavourable
3.Equidaddegneroenpuestos
estratgicos

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Faltadeunmarcolegal
2.Dbilinversinenelsaneamiento.
3.Dbilaccesoainformacinenmateriade
saneamiento.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackofhighlyqualifiedstaff
2.Lackofincountrytraininginstitutions

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Someskilledpersonnelarenotavailable
2.ThereisBraindrainespeciallyfrom
StatestoNGOs

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.faiblemoyenallouauxservicesde
suivi

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

287

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Togo

Sanitationachievements:
1.Recrutementen2009pourlaFonction
publique

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Recrutementdepersonnelen2009suite
auconcoursnational

Thailand

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Dfautderecyclagedupersonnel
2.Dfautdemotivation

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Dficitdupersonnelpour
ladministration
2.Insuffisancedemotivation

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Skillandprofessionalsareinadequate
2.Capacitybuildingisnotsufficient

Tajikistan

Sanitationachievements:
Specialistmigratestoothercountriesand
aregainingexperiencethere.

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Sanitationobstacles:
Themainproblemisinsufficientfinancing
ofthesector.Lowwagescannotsupporta
familyandqualifiedstaffsurgestogoto
workinothercountries

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
Lockofhumanrecourses(skilled
professionals)inthesectorandtrainingsin
thecountry

TimorLeste

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.16staffwereundergraduatedforspecial
ofdrinkingwaterin2010(S1)
2.Therehasonemasterdegreefor
sanitationanddrinkingwater(total
undergraduate=28,Diploma13years=46
fromdeferencebackgroundofeducation
suchagriculture,civilengineering,public
administrationandhighschool

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thesalaryisnotrelevanttheireducation
backgroundandexperiences
2.Salaryinadequateforworksand
responsibility

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

288

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
Duetodecentralizationpolicy,the
professionalsincentralagencyhavemoved
to
otherjoborearlyretired

Sanitationcomments:
Topreventthemigrationofthequalified
professionals,itisnecessarytoincrease
wages,theintroductionofvarious
incentivesandgovernmentsupport

Drinkingwatercomments:
Necessarytocreatecenterfortraining
specialistsfortechnicalandmanagerial
personswithinoperatingorganizationsas
wellasforeconomicalissues.

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Uganda

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

Uzbekistan

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

VietNam

Sanitationachievements:
1.Trainingrelatedtosanitationhasbeen
improvedviaestablishmentofnew
trainingandspecializedfacilities
2.Staffandofficialsatdifferentlevelshave
achancetolearnandenhance
theircapacityregularly

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.strengthenedcapacitybuildingon
managementskills
2.Educatedandraisedcommunity
awareness

Samoa

Sanitationachievements:
1.Reviewandassessdevelopment
applications,environmentalimpact
assessmentreportsandpuliccomplaints

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.Greateropportunitiesforcapacity
buildingincountryaswellasoverseas
(Japan)
2.Competitivesalaryscaleforallstaff

Yemen

Sanitationachievements:

Drinkingwaterachievements:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

12.HumanResources

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Budgetforrecruitingandretainingstaff
islimited,leadingtovacanciesor
thelackofenthusiasmwiththeirwork
2.Insomeagenciesorunits,leadersdont
payattentiontothequalityof
humanresourcesorrecruitinappropriate
people,leadingtoineffective
performance.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Thereisnotbudgetforsalarytorecruit
orretainstaff

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Lackcivilengineeringcapacity

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Shortageofengineers
2.Lackofconductiveworkingenvironment
3.Needmoreeffectiveandstrategic
HumanResourceDevelopmentprograms

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

Sanitationobstacles:

Drinkingwaterobstacles:

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:

289

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SouthAfrica

Sanitationachievements:
None

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.DedicatedprogrammebyState
EducationandTrainingAuthorities(SETAS)
totrainstaff.
2.TheDevelopmentBankofSouthern
Africasstaffmentoringprogramme.
3.TheDWARegulatoryapproachfocuses
onskillsrequirementsandskills
development(throughaccredited
programmes)

Sanitationobstacles:
Notenoughqualifiedengineers,technicians
andwastewatertreatmentprocess
controllersinthesector.Graduatesdont
haveenoughworkexperiencetoeitherjoin
orgainthenecessaryexpertiseinthe
labourmarket.

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Inappropriatestaffstructuresandalack
ofcommitmentbyHumanResources(HR)
Officialstofullyunderstandthebusinessof
waterservices
2.MisalignedHRpolicieswhichaffect
servicedelivery.

Sanitationobstacles:
1.Braindrainasmanyofthecapacity
developedisattractedfromsomewherein
theregionwheretherearegreener
pastures
2.Reminurationforartisansinthesectoris
stillwayfarbelowpleasing,somethingthat
demotivateswouldbeartisansfromjoining
thesectoreventhoughtheyhaveallthe
requestqualifications

Drinkingwaterobstacles:
1.Instutionstotrainspecialisedsector
humanresourceslikeengineersstilla
challenge
2.Fundingalthoughavailableisnotenough
tocoverareasonablenumberofstaff.This
hasresultedintheabuseofthefacilityat
Ministeriallevelwhenitcomestowhoto
access.

Zimbabwe

Sanitationachievements:
1.Settingupoftraininginstitutionsableto
capacitatenewlyrecruitedstaff
2.Tailormadecoursesaimedatmeeting
sectorneedsforcapacitydevelopment

Drinkingwaterachievements:
1.AtMinisteriallevelgovernmenthasset
asidefundingforhumanresource
developmentandemployeescanaccess
thisfundtofurthertheireducation
2.Sectortraininginstitutionshavean
obligationtodesigntailormadecoursesto
addressspecificsectorchallenges.Thishas
beenongoingeversinceandvarious
employeeshavebeenaccessingthese
coursestoimprovetheirservicedelivery.

12.HumanResources

Sanitationcomments:

Drinkingwatercomments:
1.Thereisacriticalneedtoincrease
technicalmanagementandgovernance
skillswithinthewatersector.
2.TheMunicipalDemarcationBoardis
updatingits2007/8MunicipalCapacity
AssessmentReportbyrollingoutaWeb
basedquestionnairewhichwillclarifythe
situationfurther.

Sanitationcomments:
Alotofthehumanresourcesnowleftin
thesectorisnewandinexperienced.There
hasbeenfailurebythesectortoretain
experiencedstaffandalltheinstitutional
memoryhasbeendrained.Thishasalso
killedtheflowandexchangeofsectorpast
experiencesandbestpracticeswhichis
veryimportantinshapingthefuture
directiontobetakenbydevelopment

Drinkingwatercomments:

TheWaterSectorisrecuperatingfromthe
massivebraindrainofyear2000to2009
causedbytheeconomicresurgence.Alot
ofspecialisedstafflikeEngineersandother
Technicianshadskippedthecountryin
searchofgreenerpastures.Thereis
thereforeneedforanintensivecapacity
buildingprogrammetoclosethisgap.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

290

UNWaterGLAAS201112

13.HygienePromotionI

13.Questions8,9,and10:HygienePromotion

Afghanistan

Q8.Visualaids:
Therearesomematerialsincluding
televisionandradiospots,posters,leaflet
andbannerwhichareusedforcapacity
building.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,in2005promotionsanitation
campaigninKabulcitybyAFCofficewas
conducted.
InAfghanistanbeforeandafterprojects
KAPsurveyareconducted,butwehavenot
yetasurveyatnationallevel.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Angola

Q8.Visualaids:
Communitydemonstrationsandtheatre
Videosandtalks
TVandRadiospots
Newsletter
Pamphletsandbrochures

Azerbaijan

Q8.Visualaids:
Guidelinesandteachingaidsfor
school/universityteachersandstudents.
Numerousvisualaids,suchasleaflets,
pamphlets,posters,etc.promotinghealthy
lifestylesandhygienicskillstoprevent
variouscommunicablediseases.
http://www.health.gov.az/sanitariya_xidm
et.html;www.amo.edu.az

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
InSeptember2007,UNICEFconductedthe
ImpactAssessmentStudyofAvian
Influenza/PandemicInfluenzaResponsein
Azerbaijan.Theaimofthestudywasto
determinetheeffectofcommunication
strategiesonpreparednessandresponseto
avianflu(A/H5N1)inAzerbaijan.Asfor
raisingthelevelofhygiene,oneofthe
outcomesofthestudywasthe
confirmationofahigherfrequencyofhand
washing.Itshouldbenoted,however,that
thisstudywasratherlimitedinscale(the
studycovering165peoplewasconducted
in12regionsofthecountry).

291

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TheresultsofasurveyDuringan
assessmentinKabulcityin2005showed44
percentofpeoplewashtheirhandsbefore
eating.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Assessmentofthecampaignforthe
distributionofLixiviainUrbanandPeri
urbanareas
CAPstudyinHuilaprovince

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bangladesh

Q8.Visualaids:
HygienePromotionPackage(Poster,
Leaflet,Pamphlet,Flashcard,Flipchart,
Booklet,Rhymes,MassElectronicmedia,
storiesandavideoetc.)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NA

Benin

Q8.Visualaids:
Matrielsaudiovisuels
OutilsPHAST
Dpliants,banderoles
TeeShirt
etc.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1Miseenuvrededocumentde
politiquedhygineetdassainissement
apermisde:
aSensibiliserlespopulationsurbaineet
ruraleetdamliorerlutilisation
deservicedassainissementdelhygine;
bconstruirelesouvragedassainissement
enmilieuscolaire,places
publiquesetpromouvoirlaconstruction
desouvragesprivsdansles
mnages;
crenforcerlescapacitsdesacteursdans
lesecteurpublicetpriv
dtransfrerlescomptencesaux
communesetdorganiserlescommunes
autourdesquestionsrelativesla
problmatiquedelhygineet
lassainissement.
eTauxdecouvertureenlatrinesfamiliales
(44%national)estestimen
73%enmilieuurbainet23%enmilieurural
(2010)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

292

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
1.AstudyreporttitledProgotirPathay
2009preparedbyUNICEF&Bangladesh
BureauofStatisticsshowsthat30%oftotal
populationareusingsoapforhandwashing
afterdefecation.
Source:
http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/knowle
dgecentre_6292.htm
2.Handwashingbehaviourinrural
Bangladesh
Source:
https://centre.icddrb.org/pub/publication.j
sp?classificationID=56&pubID=9687

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Bhutan

Q8.Visualaids:
1.Participationposters
2.Handwashingposters
3.Flipcharts
4.TVspotsonhandwashing
5.Sanitationposters
6.Sanitationoptionsmanual

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,ruralsanitationandhygiene
programmehasbeenevaluatedandreport
is
available.Keyfindingwasthatmore
investmentisneededinhygienepromotion
activities

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Sehanevaluadoencuantoanmero
capacitadasdesagregadasporedadysexo
Encuantoaresultadosporequidadseha
capacitadoaunnumeroligeramentemayor
deniasymujerenrelacinaniosy
varones
Sehanconformadocomitsdehigiene
escolaresCHEentodaslasescuelasdonde
Unicefinterviene
Sehancreadocomitesdevigilanciaenlas
juntasescolares
Sesalidelacomunidadeducativaalgrupo
familiar

Thepromotioneffortshavebeenevaluated
intermsofnumbersofcapacitated
disaggregatedbyageandsex
Withregardtoincomeequityaslightly
largernumberofgirlsandwomenin
relationtochildrenandmenwere
capacitated
CommitteeshavebeenformedCHEschool
hygieneinallschoolsinvolvedUnicef
Committeeshavebeensetupsurveillance
onschoolboards
Heleftthefamilygroupeducational
community

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
*Essaquestonoseaplicaarealidadedas
estratgiasdepromoodasadeno
Brasil.

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Q8.Visualaids:
Banners,Trpticos,Dpticos,Cuentos,
Mdulos,Cartillas,Rotafolios,JuegosDe
Mesa,Afiches
Banners,Brochures,leaflets,Stories,
Modules,booklets,flipcharts,Board
Games,Posters

Brazil

Q8.Visualaids:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

293

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Natioanhouseholdsurveyusingproxy
indicatorsforhandwashingcombined
withquestionshavebeenconducted.Web
linkwww.nsb.gov.bt/BMIS

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
EstudioimplementadoporCooperacin
TcnicaAlemanaGTZPROAPAC:
SeguimientoyMonitoreodelPrograma
EducativodelPROAPAC
Noe.avila@proapac.org;
mery.quiton@proapac.org;
www.proapac.org
ProgramadeEducacinSanitariay
AmbientalPESAdesarrolladoporSENASBA
(ServicioNacionalparaSostenibilidadde
ServiciosenSaneamientoBsico)
senasba@senasba.gob.bo
InformeCualiCuantielaboradoporUNICEF
a.alvestegui@unicef.org
StudyimplementedbyGTZGerman
TechnicalCooperationPROAPAC:
MonitoringandEducationProgram
MonitoringPROAPAC
Noe.avila@proapac.org;mery.quiton@
proapac.org;www.proapac.org
ProgramEnvironmentalHealthEducation
anddevelopedbySENASBAPESA(National
ServiceforSustainabilitySanitation
Services)
senasba@senasba.gob.bo
Quantifyingqualitativereportpreparedby
UNICEF
a.alvestegui@unicef.org

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

BurkinaFaso

Q8.Visualaids:
Boitesimage;
Dpliants;
Affiches;
Filmsdesensibilisation.

Burundi

Q8.Visualaids:

Squencedesfigurines:cestun
ensembledimagesnoncommentes
ImagesSARAR/PHAST

Cambodia

Q8.Visualaids:
Visualaidsandmaterialswere/are
developedbyMRDincollaborationwith
UNICEFandNGOsthatfocusonuseof
latrines,handwashingwithsoap,and
drinkingsafewater.Thesevisualaidsand
materialsarerecommendedforusebyall
projectsandprogrammesonhygiene
promotion.Alistoftheseaidsand
materialsareattached.

Cameroon

Q8.Visualaids:
DOCUMENTAIRES
AFFICHES
DEPLANTS
BANDESDESSINEES
SPOTS

CentralAfricanRepublic

Q8.Visualaids:
Boteimages:Promotiondelhygineen
milieuscolaire
Dpliants,affiches,banderoles
Emissionsradioettl
Gadgetsdivers(teeshirts,casquettes.)
Thtresforum,sketchs
Films,documentaires

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Lesdiffrentsprojetssontencours,les
valuationsnesontpasencorefaites.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Non.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
INDISPONIBLE

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
INDISPONIBLE

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Havenotyetdoneintheevaluation.
However,theformativeresearchforrural
sanitationandhygieneBehaviourChange
andCommunicationwasdoneintwo
provincestoprovideinputsintothe
developmentofruralsanitationand
hygieneBCCstrategy.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Nogovernmentledstudybasedon
observationsofhowmanypeopledohand
washingwithsoap.The2010MRDKAP
surveyresultsarebasedoninterviewswith
householdheadandobservationsofhand
washingstations.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
non

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

ETUDECAP03ANSAPRESLANCEMENTDU
PROJETASSAINISSEMENTTOTALPILOTE
PARLACOMMUNAUTE

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

13.HygienePromotionI

294

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Indisponible

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Chad

Q8.Visualaids:
Boiteimages
Dpliants
Affiches
OutilsATPC

Colombia

Q8.Visualaids:
EnelprogramaLavadodemanos:cartillas,
pautasenradioytelevisin;folletoadjunto
enlafacturadeserviciospblicosenun
municipioycampaanacionalentelevisin
(capituloLavadodemanos).
http://www.minambiente.gov.co//contenid
o/contenido.aspx?catID=112&conID=1812
DentrodelaestrategiadeEntornos
Saludables:materialeseducativospara
docentesyparaescolares
(http://minproteccinsocial.gov.co/Paginas
/EntornosSaludables.aspx

Congo

Q8.Visualaids:
SUPPORTPAPIERETELECTRONIQUE

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Non

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Non

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Serealizunestudiodemonitoreopara
medirlaevolucindelcomportamientode
laprcticadelavadodemanosyelimpacto
delacampaaenundepartamento,
teniendocomobaselosresultadosdel
estudiodelBancoMundialde2006.
Sevienepromoviendoeldamundialdel
lavadodemanoscomounaaccinyseha
evaluadoelimpactodeestaactividad.
InformedegestindelprogramaLavadode
manosen:
http://www.minambiente.gov.co/documen
tos/DocumentosAgua/programas/lavado_
manos/261010_informe_avance_prog_lava
do_manos.pdf

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
DeacuerdoalestudiodelBancoMundial
(2006)enColombiasoloel5%dela
poblacinselavalasmanosentodaslas
situacionesderiesgo,ysoloel18%
despusdelcontactoconexcretas.
http://www.minambiente.gov.co/documen
tos/DocumentosAgua/programas/lavado_
manos/071010_estudio_comportamiento.p
df

295

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
STRATEGIESNATIONALEDEPROMOTION
DHYGIENEENZONERURALEETPERI
URBAINE/UNICEFCONGO/ETSON
RAPPORTDANALYSEDESITUATION

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cted'Ivoire

Q8.Visualaids:
Boiteimage,livretconseil:Lavagedes
mains,hyginealimentaire,assainissement
delenvironnement
Affiches:lesmessages
"Lesquatretapesdulavagedesmains",
"Lelavagedesmainslcole","Mesures
deprventionsducholera"
Autocollants:lesmessages
"Notresantsetrouveentrenosmains
gardonslestoujourspropres,"Moijeme
lavelesmainsavecdusavon,"Lesgestes
simplespourviterlatransmissiondela
grippeA(H1N1)"
Spotsaudiovisuels:messagede
sensibilisationetformationsurlavagedes
mains
lesmanuelsdeformationlaprvention
desmaladiesliesauxmainssales(cholra,
diarrhe,typhode,)
Dispositifsalternatifsdelavagedesmains,
savonliquide,poubellespdale,caisses
vitres

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Q8.Visualaids:
Postersonhandwashingandsafewater
collection,transportationandstorage.
AlsoSee
http://fr.calameo.com/books/0005528255
98bfdad2862

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

EvaluationdelastratgieAcclredela
SurvieetduDveloppementdelEnfant
(RapportdEvaluationdelaSASDE2009)a
misenvidenceuntauxbasdecouverture
danslamiseenuvredespratiquesde
lavagedesmainsetdelutilisationdes
latrinesdanscertaineszonesli
essentiellementlinsuffisancevoire
labsencedesouvragesmalgrlesactivits
desensibilisation.
EvaluationdelapromotiondelHygine
hospitalireamisenvidenceinsuffisance
delaqualitdulavagedesmains
(dispositif,produitsutiliss)etune
insuffisancedeslatrines.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Mmoiredefindecycleensciencede
lenvironnement:
"Hygineetproblmesdesantdansles
colesprimairesdAbidjan,casdes
communesdeTreichvilleetdAbobo
400tablissementsprimairespublicset
prives
Rsultats:
lavagedesmainsavantdemanger:50.8%
lavagedesmainsaprslestoilettes:26.95
%
lavagedesmainsaprsuneactivit
salissante:17%

EtudeCAPsurleau,lHygineet
AssainissementdansleszonesduPUR4
(2009)
AnalysesituationnelledelHygine
hospitaliredans20districtssanitaires

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
SeeHttp://www.ecolevillageassainis
bdd.cd

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
256833schoolstudentswashtheirhands
aftergoingtothetoilet
1001096personswashtheirhandsbefore
eating,preparingfoodandgoingtothe
toilet.
http://www.ecolevillageassainisbdd.cd;
http://.www.ecoleassainiebdd.cd

296

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DominicanRepublic

Q8.Visualaids:
Demostracionesdelavadodemanos,
estacionesyteatrocallejeros,cuas
radialesytelevisivas,brochures,separatas,
folletos,cruzacalles,yms.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
aDireccinGeneraldePromociny
EducacinenSaludllevoacabouna
evaluacindelosmensajesymateriales
audiovisualesquepromovanelusodel
clorocomomtododedesinfeccindel
aguaenElasPiaySanJuandela
Maguana,dondearrojocomoresultados
quelaspersonasconocanlosmensajes,
reconocanlaimportanciadelosmismos
peronoregistrabacambiosde
comportamientosasociados.Delos
resultadosdeestaevaluacinsereoriento
todoeltemadepromocindelusodeagua
segura.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NO

Egypt

Q8.Visualaids:
EDUCATIONALBOOKS(MINISTRYOF
EDUCATION)
POSTERS
NATIONALINFECTIONCONTROLGUIDE
LINES

ElSalvador

Q8.Visualaids:
Cartillas,afiches,videos,teatro,radioy
televisin

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Anivelnacionalnoexisteunaevaluacin
Anivelinstitucional,programaso
conveniosseevalaelimpactoobtenidoen
lapromocindelahigiene

297

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nodisponible

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
INFECTIONCONTROLPROGRAMME
www.mohp.gov.eg

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Anivelnacionalnoexisteestudiossobrela
prcticadeellavadodemanos
Anivelinstitucional,programaso
conveniosexistenestudiosyseevalael
impactoobtenidoenelcambiode
comportamientosyenlareduccindelas
enfermedades.LaOPSOMS,UNICEF,
FOCARDAPS,MINISTERIODESALUD,ONGS
evalanlosimpactosobtenidosen
localidadesoproyectos.

PAHOWHO,UNICEF,FOCARDAPS,Ministry
ofHealth,NGOsassesstheimpactsfrom
localareasorprojects.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

EquatorialGuinea

Q8.Visualaids:
Afiches,rotafollo,Pancartas,charlas
educacionSanitarias,Mensajesradialesy
televisadas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Si,sehaevaluadomediantepequeas
encuestascomunitariadelareduccinde
incidenciadeciertasenfermedades

298

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Si,50%delapoblacionlavalasmanoscon
aguayjabon.Perocasiel100%sabeque
hayquelavarlasconaguayjabon
*Elinformenodisponibleporausenciade
lapersonaidonea.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ethiopia

Q8.Visualaids:
Postersandleafletsonhandwashingat
criticaltimes
Radioandtelevisions

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
InthecontextoftheHealthExtension
Programme(evaluationin2008)Not
publicallyavailable,includingCLTSH

299

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes,thereweredifferentresearches
conducted.Thefollowingaresomeofthem
inbrief:
1.NationalFormativeResearchonHand
washingpractices

ItwasconductedbyFMoHwithfinancial
andtechnicalsupportfromUNICEFand
underthedirectsupervisionofNational
HygieneandSanitationTaskForce(NHSTF).
BasedonasampledirectedbytheEthiopia
CentralStatisticalAgency(CSA),the
researchwasconductedacrossnine
woredasinsixregionsincludingTigray,
Amhara,Oromia,Somali,Benishangul
GumuzandSNNPR.Themethodologyand
datacollectionincluded2049household
interviews,195structuredhousehold
observations,400structuredschool
observations,140behaviouraltrialsin
schools,70behaviouraltrialsin
households,10FocusGroupDiscussions
(FGD)withschoolchildren,10FGDswith
Caregivers,10InDepthInterviewswith
communityleaders,and20InDepth
Interviewswithschoolprincipalsand
teachers.Withrespecttocurrentpractices,
thestudyidentifiedthefollowingstatusof
handwashing:
AfterDefecation
10%ofcaregiversdonotwashtheir
handsafterdefecation.Ofthosewashing
theirhandsonly19%usesoap.
22%ofcaregiversdonotwashtheir
handsaftercleaningbabiesbottom.Of
thosewashingtheirhands,only20%used
soap.
34%ofchildrendonotwashtheirhands
afterdefecation.Ofthosewashingtheir
handsonly18%usesoap.
BeforeEating
MostfoodinEthiopiaiseatenwiththe
hands.
ThemajorityofCaregiversthatwashtheir
handsbeforeeatingdonotusesoap.
10%ofSchoolAgedChildrendonotwash
theirhandsbeforeeating.Ofthosewashing
theirhandsonly12%usessoaporother
substitutes.
Thestudyalsogeneratedsubstantive
qualitativeinformationonknowledge
levels,attitudes,conceptions,beliefsa
numberofbarriersandmotivationsfor
improvinghandwashingbehaviours.These
findingshaveprovidedthefoundationfor
thedevelopmentofanevidencedbased
UNWaterGLAAS201112
communicationstrategyand
communicationcontent.
2.LearningbyDoing:Workingatscalein
Ethiopia
WaterandSanitationforAfrica(WSP)in

Fiji

Q8.Visualaids:
Throughhardcopieslikebrochures,posters
andhandouts

Gabon

Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches,dpliants,teeshirt,casquettes,
Tl,radio,journaux
Campagnes(caravanes,JNV(Journes
NationalesdeVaccination,)

Gambia

Q8.Visualaids:
MessagebookletonWASH
Flipchartsonhandwashing
Audiovisualskits

Ghana

Q8.Visualaids:
FLIPcharts
PostersonWatertransport,maintenance
,storageanduse
Postersonhandwashingwithsoap,
sanitation
Skates
Tshirts,baseballcups,drinkingcups,etc
PHASTToolkit(emphasisontheuseofF
diagram)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
NOevaluationhascomeout

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Therearenostudiescarriedoutonthis.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Donnesnondisponibles

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Notyetevaluated

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
YesMICS2010.However,thereportisyet
tobepublished

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
YesNationalhandwashingprogramme
andCLTS

Results:

TheCLTSApproachhasthepotentialof
bringingGhanabackontracktoachieveits
MDGtargetsonsanitation

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yestherearestudies.

Initialanalysisofthephaseoneofthe
nationalprogrammedatashowed
significantincreasesintheratesofhand
washingwithsoapwith88.7percentof
motherswashingtheirhandsaftervisiting
thetoilet,55.2percentwashingbefore
eating,25.2percentbeforefeedingbabies
and26.2percentaftereating.Theserates
showedmarkedimprovementsoverthe
baselinerates.
Handwashingwithsoapratesforschool
childrenalsoshownimprovementswith
87.4percentwashingtheirhandswithsoap
athome,51.6percentwashingwithsoapat
school,88.9percentofchildrenwashing
afterthetoiletand76.2percentwashing
beforeeating.

300

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Guinea

Q8.Visualaids:
Lessupportsdecommunicationutiliss
dansnosprogrammessont:lesaffichessur
lelavagedesmainsduMSHPetlUNICEF,le
guidedesensibilisationetlesaffichessur
les5clspourunalimentplussr,les
affichesGardonsnotreenvironnement,film
documentairesurlelavagedesmainsen
milieuhospitalier,filmdocumentairesurla
gestiondesdchetsbiomdicauxau
Qubec.

GuineaBissau

Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches(Promotiondelavagedemains,
Dsinfectiondeauxpourboire,Prvention
decholra)

Honduras

Q8.Visualaids:
LavadosdeManos:Afiches,Trifolios,
LminasEducativas,Videos
AguaSegura:Afiches,Trifolios,Lminas
Educativas,Videos
ESCASAL:LminaDidctica,Afichesde
monitoreo,Gua.
Visibilidadcomogorras,camisetasy
calcomanas.

India

Q8.Visualaids:
AudioandvisualaidswereusedforRadio
andTV

Indonesia

Q8.Visualaids:
Abovetheline=TVspot,PSA,Feature,
Radiospot,CD
Belowtheline=poster,leaflet,flyer,flash
chart,flipnchart,booklet,standingbanner,
magazine,bulletin,newspaper.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Nonpourlemoment

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Oui,lenquteMultiplesindicateursde
croissantetdesant(MICS)raliseen
2008montreque17,7%delapopulation
selaventlesmainsavantdeprparer;
37,4%avantdemanger;14,1%avantde
nourrirunbb;48,3%aprslestoilettes;
23,9%aprslatoilettedesenfants;63,4%
dautresoccasions.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
EtudeCAPdebase2008,
EtudeCAPprvuen2012pourvaluerles
progrs

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Secuentaconunestudiodeevaluacinde
lametodologadeESCASAL,realizadopor
UNICEF.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
EtudeCAP2008
30%despersonneslaventleursmainsavec
dusavon

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Theseeffortshadprovidedagood
contributioninenhanchingcommunitys
awarenessonhealthylifestyle.Basedon
theresultsofNationalBasicHealth
Reseach,thecoverageofhealthylifestyle
athouseholdsettingreached38,7%(2007)
and50,11%(2010)

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

301

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nosehanrealizadoestetipode
investigaciones.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TheresultsofBasicHumanServicesStudy,
Indonesia,2006indicatedthat:the
numberofpeopleconductedhandwashing
withsoap,asfollows;afterdefecation(12
%),aftercleaningbabyandtoddlersfaeces
(9%),beforeeating(14%),beforefeeding
baby(7%),beforeservingfood/meal(6%).

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Q8.Visualaids:
tv,radio,newspaper,computer,internet,
trainingslides,whiteboard

Jordan

Q8.Visualaids:
VisualAids
posters
brouchures

Kenya

Q8.Visualaids:
Tshirts,posters,brochures,books,
banners,wallbranding,Caps

Kyrgyzstan

Q8.Visualaids:
ManualJointChangeofHygieneand
Sanitation(JCHS)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
no

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
ScatteredattemptsbyGovernment&
NGOs,butnotwiththeoutlineofanational
framework

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
WithintheJointChangeofHygieneand
Sanitationprogram,monitoringwasheld
todeterminetheconditionoftoilets,
availabilityofwashbasinsandsoap,useof
boiledwater.Monitoringwasfulfilledin
Naryn,Talas,Batken,Chui,andOshoblasts.
Itcovered152,983households.The
monitoringresultsdemonstrategoodlevel
oftoiletconditionandavailabilityofwash
basins.Butatthesametime,highlevelof
useofboiledwaterisnoticed.
UndertheprojectSanitaryandHygienic
EducationofthePopulationinChuioblast,
thesurveywasheldamongthepopulation
toidentifythelevelofknowledge,attitude
andpracticeonsanitationandhygiene.
Thesurveywasheldin28villagescovering
840households.Thesurveyresults
showedthat88.6%respondentsusethe
tapewater,41.4%havewashbasins,39.4%
keepwaterinthecoveredcontainers,
23.1%drinkboiledwater,100%have
toilets,57.5%ofwhichdonotmeet
sanitarystandards.(Dataattached)

302

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
no

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nostudies

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
yes

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UndertheprojectSanitaryandHygienic
EducationofthePopulationinChuioblast
(seep.9),thedatawereobtainedonthe
handswashingpracticewhichshowedthat
55.6%respondentswashhandswithsoap.
(Dataattached)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Q8.Visualaids:
Visualaidsandmaterialsusedinthe
hygienepromotionprogrammeare
posters,leaflets,videoandmassmedia.In
schoolsaneducationaltoolscalled
theBlueBoxisused.Itincludestoolsto
supportteachinghygieneand
sanitationtopicsthatexistedinthe
nationalprimaryschoolcurriculum.The
toolisupdatedasthirdversiontoensure
thatitisinlinewiththeexisting
curriculumbothprimaryschoolandall8
teachertrainingcollegesinentire
country.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Hygienepromotioneffortshavebeen
evaluatedthroughKAPstudy

AschoolKAPwascompletedwiththe
assistanceofUNICEFin2010.Inmany
ways,theintroductionofTheBlueBoxhas
resultedinsignificant
achievement.Therearenumbersof
materialsthatteachersandstudentenjoy
it.Teachersreportimprovedpersonaland
environmentalhygienepractices
amongstudents,interviewswithstudents
andobservationoftheirfingernails
indicatedthathandwashingwithsoapis
notcommon;schoolwithtoiletsin
generalarenotwellmaintained.Teachers
pointedtolackofequipmentand
suppliesformaintainingpersonalhygiene(
e,gsoap,buckesandladles)and
environmentalhygiene(wastebins,
cleaningsuppliesfortoilets)Another
issueislackofdemandforcommunitiesfor
hygienepromotion

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No

Lebanon

Q8.Visualaids:

Lesotho

Q8.Visualaids:
Handwashingwithcleanwaterandsoap
forallgroups
Handwashingwithcleanwaterandsoap
forschoolchildren
Safewaterstoragereceptacleswithtaps
andhygienemessages

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

303

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nostudyyetcarriedouthandwashingwith
soap

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Liberia

Q8.Visualaids:
1.VisualaidsdevelopedbyHealth
PromotionDivision(PHASTtoolkit,
flyersmaterialsbeingimproved/draft
version)
2.Songsanddrama
3.Intheprocessofharmonizingmaterials
andtoolsused.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1.Oxfamresultsnotshared
2.CommunityHealthServicesyesbut
havenotsharedresults
3.Concerncarriedoutaevaluationon
theirownprogrammes

Madagascar

Q8.Visualaids:
Troismessages:utilisationdelatrines
hyginiques,prservationdeleaupotable,
lavagedesmainsavecdusavon
AffichesA3encouleur,
CartesdinvitationA6rectoverso,
Spotsaudiovisuels,
Flyers,
Banderoles,
Films(cameraenbalade),
Autocollants,
Casquettes,
Tshirts,
Foulard,
Livrets,
Bracelets,
Pins,

Malawi

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters(MinistryofHealth.Ministryof
Education,ScienceandTechnologyto
provide)
Leaflets
T.ShirtsandCaps
Bilboards
Videos

Maldives

Q8.Visualaids:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Certainsprojetsmnentdesvaluationsau
moinslafindeleursprogrammes.
Atelierdesuivivaluationdusecteuren
2011(Prsentationdeltatdeslieuxet
formulationderecommandations)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
CommunityHealthServicescarriedouta
studyonhandwashingwithsoapbut
ithasnotbeenfinalized.
DivisionofEnvironmentalandOccupational
Healthcarriedoutonein
collaborationwithCountyHealthTeamin
Montserradobaselinestudyfor
CLTSbutnotfinalizedyet.Usedtopilot
CLTScommunitiesinthese
communities

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
CAPAntananarivoetToliaraen2004:
rsultatssurlenombredepersonnessurle
lavagedesmainsavecdusavon
EtudesfaitesparuneUniversit
Britanniqueen2009,
ProcessusRLOMDde20062009

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
otyet.(checkwithHealthEducationUnit
andUNICEF).Thereisneedtoenhance
documentation,MandEforHygiene
Promotionefforts.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No.Plansunderwaytoundertakeone

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

304

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mali

Q8.Visualaids:
Affiches
boitesimage
dpliants
cassettesaudioetvido

Mauritania

Q8.Visualaids:
Affichesdomiciliaires,
projectionimages,
spotspublicitaires
Teeshorts
Casquettes
Voiles
Mdiatiques
SMS

Mongolia

Q8.Visualaids:
Thereareplannedtoincludefollowing2
objectivestothehealtheducationprogram
standardofsecondaryschoolcurriculum
HealthSchoolbook
Healthlessonplan

Morocco

Q8.Visualaids:
Projectiondefilm,CD
Affiches,dpliants,autocollants,brochure
(voirexemplescijoints)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
EnquteparGrappesIndicateurs
Multiples(MICS)2010duMali

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Evaluationdutauxdelavagedesmainsau
savonen2006(rapportjointenannexe)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Lesprogrammessanitairesdupaysont
toujoursintgrunedimensionhygine.
Toutefois,enabsencedunestructure
rellementddielaquestion,lesefforts
onttendedecequitaitattendu.
Atitredexemple,lecodedhygine
laborennajamaisconnu
dapplication.Ilafalluattendre2010pour
quunnouveaucodedhyginevoitlejour
etquunedirectiondelhyginepublique
soitcrepourentreautrecoordonner
lexcutiondelapolitiquenationaleen
matiredhyginepublique.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Generaleducationschoolstudyinghealth
lesson.
35hoursheathlessoninyeareachIXI
class.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Pasdvaluationspcifique,
Lesvaluationssefontdemanireglobale
dontlecadredeprogrammesetprojetsse
rapportantleaudeboissonet
lassainissement(programmeducontrle
deleaudeboisson,programmePAGER,
ProjetMEDA)

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

305

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
NON

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mozambique

Q8.Visualaids:
Communitytheatre
Videosandtalks
Newsletter
Pamphletsandbrochures

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluation:
Annualevaluationoftherealizationlevel
ofsanitationprogramscoordinatedbythe
NationalDirectorateofWater
Resultsofsanitationandhygiene
promotionprograms:
Greatreductionofexcretaandwater
relateddiseases,suchasdiarrhoeas
SincetheimplementationofCLTS
programs,onlyonecommunityhas
registeredcholeraamong44districtswhich
arenowfreeofopendefecation.Thevast
majorityofthosecommunitiesunderCLTS
arecurrentlyconsideredasCHOLERAZERO
COMMUNITIES

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
MyanmarGlobalSchoolbasedStudent
HealthSurvey2008
Evaluationofimpactof4cleans(MMRD
andUNICEF)

Myanmar

Q8.Visualaids:
Schoolhygienepromotionkits,Posters,
Stickers,Flyers,TVspots,videodramaand
fourcleancampaignsthroughvarious
medias.
SchoolTextbook(SubjectMyanmar,Life
skill,Moralandcivic)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluationofhandwashingwithsoaps
(UNICEF),healthKAPimpactstudy(FB);
CDA
impactstudy(FB);sustainabilitystudyof
WASH(NEWAH)multiindicatorcluster
survey2010(UNICEF);pointofusedrinking
watertreatmentoptions(ENPHO)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Non

Nepal

Q8.Visualaids:
Meenacartoons;SRAR,PHAST,Health
manuals,IECmaterials,videoclips,radio
jingles

Niger

Q8.Visualaids:
ImagePHAST;MessagesRadiophoniques
etTlviss;Thatres;Spot

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

306

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
UnderCLTSprograms,theredifferentlevels
ofresearchtoassesshowcommunities
implementhygienepromotion
recommendationsandinitiatives.Thereare
simplifiedreportsbasedondailybasis
observationofgoodpracticesofhygiene
andsanitation.
CLTSprogramsshowthatcommunities
haveprogressivelyadheringtoit.
Considerablenumberofcommunitieshas
freethemselvesfromopendefecation.
Incidenceofhandwashdiseaseshas
significantlyreduced.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
KAPstudyonWater,Sanitationand
Hygienein24townshipsofMyanmar
Results87%adultsandchildrenreported
washingtheirhandsafterdefecatingbut
only67%withwaterandsoap,32%0nly
waterAlmostwashthehandsbeforemeals,
butonly38%usedsoap
Hygienerelatedbehaviours,bysex,
Myanmar,2007(n=2804,x=1315year
student,CDC&WHOSurvey)

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
MICS2010(UNICEF);Evaluationof
handwashingwithsoap(UNICEF)in3
districts

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Nigeria

Q8.Visualaids:

Oman

Q8.Visualaids:
Healtheducationmaterialssuchas
booklets,posters,andleaflets.
Lecturesintheschoolsandhealth
institutions.
Videoplays.
Media.

Pakistan

Q8.Visualaids:
ANationalBehaviourChangeand
CommunicationStrategyandActionPlan
forSafeDrinkingWaterSanitationand
Hygiene20102015hasbeendeveloped
bytheMinistryofEnvironment(now
changedtoMinistryofDisaster
Management),butithasnotbeen
operationalizedyet.

Panama

Q8.Visualaids:
1.Materialeducativosenlostemas:lavado
demanos,prevencindel
dengue,,mesdelosocanos,promocin
delasaludparaprofesionalesde
lasaluddelcomitdebioseguridady
Nosocomiales,BanderaAzul
2.EnelcasodelaestrategiaCOMBIdel
PlanEGIDengueNacionaly
Regionalenlas5regionesdesalud,en
comnacuerdoyrevisinconlos
actoressocialeslosmaterialesfueron
definidosporlacomunidad

Paraguay

Q8.Visualaids:
Afiches,tripticos,bannersyotras
publicaciones.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Noevaluationdone

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
1ELPROGRAMABANDERAAZULMediante
lasEvaluacionestcnicasanuales
realizaevaluaciones.
2Losotrosprogramasnocuentanconel
mismo.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Nosecuentaconesainvestigacin

307

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
No

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Philippines

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,videos,leaflets,flipcharts,training
manuals

Rwanda

Q8.Visualaids:
PHASTToolKitincludingphotosandimages
usedbycommunitybasedhealthworkers
tosensitizetargetgroupandCBEHPP
CommunityHygieneClubMembershipCard
usedasreferenceforbehaviourchange
modules(RefertoRwandaMinistryof
HealthtofindoutCBEHPProadmap)

Samoa

Q8.Visualaids:
TVcommercial
BillboardsinWashHandsCampaign
ShortDocumentaries
Presentationinvillages
Booklets/handoutsetc

Senegal

Q8.Visualaids:

OutilsSARAR/PHASTdemanireGnralet
lessimulationslorsdesactivitsde
sensibilisation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Noevaluation.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes.HAMSandPHASTmethodologieswere
evaluatedandresultsshowedthatwhere
HAMSandPHASTareoperational,hygienic
conditionsinschools,publicplacesand
householdsincreasedsignificantly.In
addition,HAMSisalmostknowninschools
inRwanda.But,whereHAMSclubsare
operational,theschoolshavehygienic
sanitationfacilities.CBEHPPnotyet
evaluated.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Norecordofstudiesavailable

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

NON

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

NON

308

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes.Comprehensivefoodsecurity
vulnerabilityassessmentshowthatwomen
whowashtheirhandsaftervisitingthe
toiletis58%.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
None

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SierraLeone

Q8.Visualaids:
Postal,jingles,radiodiscussionsetc

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
TherecentlyconductedKAPsurveyon
PublicPrivatePartnershiponHandwashing
withsoapshowsthatonly19%ofthe
surveyrespondentswashedtheirhands
withsoapaftercontactwithfaeces,66.3%
washedtheirhandswithwaterandsoap
and14.7%didnotwashtheirhandsatall.
Theirhandwashingpracticesarepoorer
beforecontactingwithfood.10.2%washed
theirhandwithwaterandsoap,48.3%with
wateronlyand41.5%donotwashtheir
handsatall.(BaselineandKAPsurveyfor
HygienePromotionandPublicPrivate
PartnershipforHanwashingwithsoap(
PPPHWS)inSierraLeone,NestBulilders
International)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
No

SouthAfrica

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,flyers,adverts

SouthSudan

Q8.Visualaids:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes,everyTrainingofTrainersonHand
Washingprogrammesareevaluatedgetting
feedbacksfromthem,ontheactivities
theycarriedoutforthehygienepromotion
efforts
(ReferattachedprogrammeofTrainingof
TrainersonHandWashingtechnique
conductedbyHealthEducationBureau
HEB)

SriLanka

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,leaflets,booklets,bookmarks,
videoclipsandPowerPointpresentations
(referattachedfilesVA1VA4and
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_content&view=article&id=
46&Itemid=46&lang=en,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_content&view=article&id=
47&Itemid=47&lang=en,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/images/
pdf/msp/prevention_ofdengue.pdf,
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.p
hp?option=com_joomap&Itemid=41&lang=
en)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

309

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TherecentlyconductedKAPsurveyon
PublicPrivatePartnershiponHandwashing
withsoapshowsthatonly19%ofthe
surveyrespondentswashedtheirhands
withsoapaftercontactwithfaeces,66.3%
washedtheirhandswithwaterandsoap
and14.7%didnotwashtheirhandsatall.
Theirhandwashingpracticesarepoorer
beforecontactingwithfood.10.2%washed
theirhandwithwaterandsoap,48.3%with
wateronlyand41.5%donotwashtheir
handsatall.(BaselineandKAPsurveyfor
HygienePromotionandPublicPrivate
PartnershipforHanwashingwithsoap(
PPPHWS)inSierraLeone,NestBulilders
International)

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
WaterResearchCommissionthrough
WaterInformationNetworkofSouthAfrica
(WINSA)isconductingthestudy.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
TwostudiesonCommunityMedicinehave
beenfocussedpartially,onhandwashingof
urbanlowincomeandruralmothers.Based
ontheresultsofthestudyforurbanlow
incomemothers,recommendationsare
maderegardinghealtheducationandthe
relevanceoffurtherresearchonthesame
lineforformulationofhealthand
educationalpoliciesisstressed.Theresults
ofthestudyforruralmotherssuggested
thatmostofthemhadpositivepractices
whichneedstrengthening.
(Referattachedscannedcopyofthe
abstractandthecoverpageofPGIM
library)

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Sudan

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,brochures,songs,drama,
community/schoolsessions,household
visits,hygiene/cleaningcampaigns,
celebrations,video,TV,radio,newspapers,
bigandsmallsignboards.

Tajikistan

Q8.Visualaids:
Educational,andInformationalmaterials

Thailand

Q8.Visualaids:
Television,radio,publications

TimorLeste

Q8.Visualaids:
FilmHandwashingwithsoapMoH/BESIK,
Sanitationandhygienesongs(MOH/BESIK),
Posters,Flipchart,(forcopypleasecontact
HPDresourcecentre/MaunApolinario)

Togo

Q8.Visualaids:
OutilsPHAST:ParticipatorytoHygieneAnd
SanitationTransformation;cesontdes
outilsimagesquifacilitentla
communicationentreunanimateuretceux
quilonveuttransmettrelemessagesur
lesdiffrentscomportements(bon&
mauvais)ettirdeslessonsensuite.
Lesaffiches,lesdpliants,lesautocollants
quidonnentdesmessagessimples,les
spotsradios,lesmissionsaudiovisuelles,

Uganda

Q8.Visualaids:
Posters,Fliers,HandwashingAmbassadors
guides,SchoolCalendars

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

13.HygienePromotionI

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Handwashing(KAP2008):Afterdefecation
52%,Beforeeating79%,Beforefood
preparation26%.

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
OnlyforTB,HIVandMalaria

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
no

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
CLTSevaluationdonein2011.PSF
evaluationdonein2009.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
NO

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
no

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Ongoing(MoH/BESIK)willfinishinOctober
2011

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
AucoursdesenqutesMICSdes
valuationssontfaite.Lesrsultats
montrentqueprsde50%delapopulation
sontsensibleauproblmedhygine

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Unsondagemeneaucoursdes
campagnesdepolioen2011montreque
75%delapopulationsaventselaverles
mainsavecdusavonavantdemanger
(Rapportdecampagnepolio2011)

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Evaluationisdueinafewmonthstime,by
July2012

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes,theUgandaFormativeandbaseline
HandwashingSurvey.14%washedHands
aftervisitingthetoilet.Annualwaterand
EnvironmentSectorreport2010/2011
Handwashingafterthetoiletusingproxy
indicatoroftheTippytapnexttothelatrine
is24%inruralareas

310

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Uzbekistan

Q8.Visualaids:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yes.Resultsoftheseeffortsaresupervised
andevaluatedregularlyby
specializedtermsatlocalandstatelevels;
viaindependentprojects

VietNam

Q8.Visualaids:
Slogans,advertisement
Speakersystemofwardsandcommunes
TV,radio,pressandwebsite

Yemen

Q8.Visualaids:
Notavaliblebutthereareawareness
programmesimplementedbyministryof
healthandpopulation,ministryofwater
andenvironmentanditsorganisationson
hygienepromotioni.etrainingcourses,
workshops,meetingwithdecisionmakers
ongovernates

Zimbabwe

Q8.Visualaids:
seepicturesattachedtothequestionnaire:
picturecards,posters,tshirts,banners

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Allthehygienepromotioneffortsbeen
evaluatedafterwefinishitorduringthe
programmesandthemainproblemisall
theawarenessprogrammesarenot
schedulestheseprogrammesareexecuted
accordingtothebudget

Q9.Evaluationofhygienepromotion
efforts:
Yestheyhavebeenevaluatedbutresults
comingoutindicatethathygiene
promotionisnotaonceoffprocess.Its
somethingthathastobeongoing.Usually
instantaneousevaluationofhygiene
promotioneffortsdoesnotyieldtangible
positiveresults.

311

13.HygienePromotionI

Q10.Handwashingstudies:

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Yes.SurveyresultsofKAPrelatedto
washinghandswithsoapfor15
communesconductedbyMoHandUnilever
intheperiodof20072010in
whichknowledgeonnecesityofwashing
handswithsoapincreased48.2%in
2006to73.8%in2011foradultsetc

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Notherearenostudies,butmostofthe
peopleinurbanareasaredoinghand
washingwithsoapandrareinruralareas.

Q10.Handwashingstudies:
Cholerastudiesin2009/10andKnowledge,
Attitude,BehaviourandPractices(KABP)
studiesforaffecteddistricts.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

14.Questions12and13:HygienePromotion

Afghanistan

Q12.Priorityissues:
Handwashing,usingsafedrinkingwater,wastehandlingin
asafeandproperway

Angola

Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuilding/trainingofhumanresources
Incrementthenumberofcommunityhealthagents
Correctapplicationofplannedbudgets
Jointandintegratedplanning
Inclusionofsensitizationprogramsinregardtomenstrual
hygienetothestudents

Azerbaijan

Q12.Priorityissues:
Professionaltrainingofpersonnel,ensuringabettersupply
ofmaterialandtechnicalresources,bettercoordination
betweentheregulatoryandexecutiveauthorities.

Bangladesh

Q12.Priorityissues:
Detailedsurveyisneededtoascertainthepresentsituation
ofBangladesh,Developmentofcomprehensiveplanfor
hygienepromotionandensuringitsproperimplementation.

Benin

Q12.Priorityissues:
1Rendreoprationnellesservicesdhygineauniveaudes
collectivits
locales,
2renforcerlescampagnesdinformationetde
communicationdesniveaux
scolaires,desplacespubliques(march),
3renforcerlesinfrastructuresdassainissementenmilieu
urbainetrural,
4mobiliserlesressourcesfinancirespourlesecteur

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Needtoofficialiselocalcommunityhealthagentsasgovernmentalstaff,
earningamonthsalaryandbenefitingofregularcapacitybuilding

extrarowsinquestion6)
Higienedasmos
Importnciadosaneamentoehigiene
Alimentaoeboasprticasparaumavidamaissaudvel
Aguaumbemessencial

question11)3rditem,response:1for100families

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Thebestresultsofhygieneareachievedwhenitisintegratedwithwater
andsanitationintervention.Thusalldevelopmentprogrammesrelatedto
waterorsanitationshouldbedesignedasacombinedpackageofwater,
sanitationandhygienepromotioncomponents.

Q13.Comments:
Rendrefonctionnellecadredeconcertationmultifonctionnelsur
lhygineet
lassainissementenvuedoptimiserlaprogrammationetlamiseen
uvredes
interventionsdanslesecteur

312

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Bhutan

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Todevelopeanationalhysgienepromotionstrategy
includingtargetsand
incorporateinpolicyandplans.
2.Todevelopcapacityinbehaviourchangecummunication.

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Q12.Priorityissues:
EnfermedadesdeorigenHdrico,hbitosdehigiene
personal,deviviendaycomunal,usoadecuadode
sanitarios,

Brazil

Q12.Priorityissues:
*AmpliaodaEstratgiaSadedaFamlia;
*OProgramaNacionaldeUniversalizaodoAcessoeUso
daguaguaparatodoscoordenadopeloMinistrio
daIntegraoNacional(MI)coma
participaodevriosoutrosMinistrios(entreeleso
MinistriodaSade)comoobjetivodepromovera
universalizaodoacessoguaemreasrurais
paraconsumohumanoeparaaproduoagrcolae
alimentar,visandoaoplenodesenvolvimentohumanoe
seguranaalimentarenutricionaldefamlias
emsituaodevulnerabilidadesocial,conformedecreto
presidencialn.7.535de26dejulhode2011.
*Nombitodesseprograma,oDepartamentodeAteno
BsicadaSecretariadeAtenoSade(SAS),juntamente
comaSecretariadeVigilnciaemSade
(SVS)eaFundaoNacionaldeSade(Funasa),est
apoiandoodesenvolvimentodasaesdoPrograma1
MilhodeCisternas,desenvolvidopeloMinistrio
doDesenvolvimentoSocialMDS.
*AsaesreferentesaosprofissionaisdaAtenoBsica,
previstasnoPlanoparaMonitoramentodaQualidadeda
guadasCisternasdoSemiridoseriam:
Monitoramentodaqualidadedaguanascisternas
(coleta,acondicionamentoetransportedeamostras)euso
domedidordecloro.
Abordagemeducativajuntopopulaoeaesdesade
paramanejodaguaparaconsumohumano:usode
hipocloritodesdioa2,5%,
acondicionamentointradomiciliaradequadodaguae
manutenodascisternas.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Therearenotfulltimededicatedpromotersasthisroleispartofhealth
workers/healthassistants.Itisestimatedthattheir10%oftheirworkis
relatedtohygienepromotion.Thereforetheestimateoffulltime
equivalent
healthpromotersisbasedoncalculatingthetotalnumberofhealth
workers/assistantsmultipliedby10%.

Q13.Comments:
Tomarencuentaelidiomanativoenlosprocesosdecapacitacin.Utilizar
capacitadoreslocales

Q13.Comments:

313

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

BurkinaFaso

Q12.Priorityissues:
Elaborerunprogrammeconsoliddepromotionde
lhygine.

Burundi

Q12.Priorityissues:

Evacuationdesexcrtas/Utilisationcorrectedeslatrines
Protectiondeleaudeboisson
Lelavagedesmainsauxsavonssurtoutauxmoments
critiques

Cambodia

Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuildingtothestaffatnationalandsubnational
level
Communitytrainingtohygienepromotersandlocal
authority
VisualAidsandmaterialsdevelopment
Financialsupporttoprogramimplementation

Cameroon

Q12.Priorityissues:
Hygineenmilieuhospitalier
Hygineenmilieuscolaire
Hyginedelhabitatetdelenvironnement
Hyginedestablissementsetlieuxpublics
Hygineetscuritenmilieuindustriel
Hyginedesports,Aroportetautressystmesde
transportsterrestres

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Lancessitdelamiseenplaceduncadredeconcertationentreles
diffrentesstructuresintervenantdansledomainedelhygineafinde
mieuxcentraliserlesdonnes;
LancessitdunetudeCAPenmatiredelavagedesmainset
dutilisationdeslatrinescommebasedeprojectiondesactions.

Q13.Comments:
Hygine(danstoussesaspects)napasencoretrouvsaplaceauniveau
du
pouvoirpublic.Hygineestplaceaudernierrangdesprioritsparles
pouvoirspublics
LedficitdelHygineestunedescausesdeladgradationde
lenvironnementetentrainelachainedetransmissiondesmaladies
vitables.

Q13.Comments:
Evenifthenationalguidelineforhygienepromotionwasdevelopedin
2010,buttheimplementationofhygienepromotionguidelineisinasmall
scaletolearnabouteffectiveguidelineontheground.Thisisduetoalack
offinancialsupportofprogramimplementation.

Q13.Comments:
Cadrelgislatifetrglementairetrsfaible.Noussollicitonsunappui
pourlamliorer;
SeulslesTechniciensduGnieSanitairesontformsauCameroun.Nous
sollicitonsdesboursesenfaveurdesjeunespourlaformationdes
ingnieursSanitaires;
LesServicesdhyginesontsousquips.Noussollicitonsunappuipour
amliorerleurperformance.

314

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

CentralAfricanRepublic

Q12.Priorityissues:
1Lapromotiondhygineconcernetouteslesinstitutions
carcestundomainetransversal.
2Lesfemmesreprsentent52%delapopulation.
3Reprendrelamthodedelasurveillancecommunautaire
dansleszonesrurales(quipermetauxcommunauts
dapprcier,analyserpuisdemenerdesactivitsdurables
pourleurbientre).
4Lapriseencomptedugenredanslapromotion
dhygine.

Chad

Q12.Priorityissues:
RH
Contributiontatiqueaufinancement
Coordinationdusecteur
Pesanteursocioculturelle(renforcerIEC)
Faibletauxdducation(dperdition)

Colombia

Q12.Priorityissues:

Congo

Q12.Priorityissues:
EAU
HYGIENEDELENVIRONNEMENT
ASSAINISSEMENT

Cted'Ivoire

Q12.Priorityissues:
Accroitrelaccessibilitleaupotable
Accroitrelasensibilisationlutilisationetlaconservation
deleaupotable
Fairelapromotiondelinstallationetdelentretiendes
dispositifsdelavagedesmainsFairelapromotiondulavage
desmainsetdestechniquesdelavagesdesmains
Fairelapromotiondelinstallationdelusageetde
lentretiendeslatrines

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Q12.Priorityissues:
Humanresourcescapacitybuildingisrequired

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
1.Revitaliserlesecteurdhygine
2.Disposerdunepolitiquenationaledepromotiondhygine
3.Vulgarisercettepolitique

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
NECESSITEDOCTROIDEBOURSESDETUDESQUALIFIANTESENHYGIENE

Q13.Comments:
Absencededocumentdepolitiquedhyginealimentaire,
environnementale(luttecontreleprilfcal)etcorporelle(lelavagedes
mainsausavon)
Fairedestudessurlexistencedesouvragesdassainissementetdeau
potabledanslescentresdesantdeCtedIvoire
Installerdesstationsdpurationdeaudanslestablissementssanitaires
Fairedestudessurlelavagedesmainsenmilieuhospitalieretenmilieu
communautaire
Fairedestudessurlinstallationetlutilisationdeslatrinesenmilieu
hospitalieretenmilieucommunautaire

Q13.Comments:
Hygienepromotionshouldbeconsideredasoneofthemaincomponent
ofanywaterandsanitationprogram.

315

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

DominicanRepublic

Q12.Priorityissues:
Campaadepromocineducacineinformacinenla
poblacinporpartedelasautoridaddesanitaria.

Egypt

Q12.Priorityissues:

ElSalvador

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.RecursosFinancieros.
2.Fortalecimientoalospromotoresrelacionadoanuevas
tecnologas
3.Incrementoennmerodepromotoreseincentivospor
logros

EquatorialGuinea

Q12.Priorityissues:

Ethiopia

Q12.Priorityissues:
Tobuildthecapacityofhealthextensionworkers

Fiji

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.ProperHygiene
2.ProperSanitation
3.MoreSanitationOfficers

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
LospromotoresdehigienepropiamentedichosolohayenlasONGsyes
undatomuyfraccionado,darestimacionespresentaunnivelimportante
dedificultad.Peroexistenlospromotoresdesaludanivelnacionalcerca
deunos3,500.Ensumayoradelsexofemenino.

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Nosetieneunapolticanacionalenhigieneloqueocasionaque:
oLosprogramasrespondenaresultadosacortoplazo.
oNosecuentaconrecursostcnicosyfinancieros.
oNoseledalaimportanciaqueeltemanecesita
oNoexisteunacoordinacininterinstitucional.
EsnecesariocontarconunapolticaNacionalintegrada.
Esnecesariounfortalecimientoenlacurricularestudiantildesdelos
nivelesdeparvulariaeneltemadepromocindelahigiene,
saneamiento,cambioclimtico.

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Currently2healthextensionworkersaredeployedperkebele(average
500HHs)andoneHEPsupervisorfor10HealthExtensionWorkers(HEWs)
atworedalevel.Thus,thefuturedirectionistoupgradetheexistingHEWs
andfillthegapcreatedbyturnoverofstaffs.

Q13.Comments:
WaterHygienepromotionisusuallycarriedoutbythedifferenthealth
centresonFiji.TheMinistryofHealththroughitsDoctorsandNursesin
thedifferentdistrictsinformpatientsoftheimportanceofhygiene.
Additionally,theuseofmassmediagreatlyinfluencespeoplesactionsas
advertsonTVandtheradiopromotestheimportanceofpracticing
washingwithsoapaswellasboilingdrinkingwaterfromwellsand/or
boreholes.

316

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Gabon

Q12.Priorityissues:
Plusdecoordination
Plusdecommunication
Plusdemoyensfinanciers
Renforcementdescapacits

Gambia

Q12.Priorityissues:
Capacitybuildingofextensionworkersonparticipatory
hygieneeducation

Ghana

Q12.Priorityissues:
CommunityLedTotalSanitation
Handwashingwithsoap
SafeDisposalofHumanExcreta
HouseholdWaterTreatmentandSafeStorage
Personalhygiene
Foodhygiene
Menstrualhygiene
EnvironmentalHygiene
Solidandliquidwastemanagement

Guinea

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Letraitementdeleaudeboissondomicile
2.Lelavagedesmainsleauetausavon
3.Lapromotiondelutilisationdeslatrineshyginiques
4.Lapromotiondesbonnespratiquesdhyginealimentaire
5.Lagestiondesdchetsbiomdicaux

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Healthacademyschoolproject,throughGES/SHEPUnit.supportedby
WHOcontributingimmenselytotheschoolhealtheducationprogramme

Q13.Comments:
LaDirectionNationaledelHyginePublique(DNHP)avaitthandicape
danscesinterventionsparlabsenceduncadreinstitutionnel,des
documentsdepolitiquenationaleetlesplansstratgiquesnationaux
dintervention.Ilestrappelerquecesdocuments(cadreinstitutionnel
etpolitiquenationale)sontdisponibleetvalids.En2012,ilestprvu
llaborationdesdiffrentsplansstratgiquespourpermettredefixerles
objectifsannuelsdecouverture.
LeprojetMarchsantestuneinitiativedevillesantquinouspermetde
focaliserlapromotiondesbonnespratiquesdhyginealimentairedans
unmarchcibl.CeprojetestpilotedabordauniveaudelaGuine.
Pourlesciblesmarginalises,ilnyapasunprogrammespcifiquemaisil
estencoursdlaborationaveclacollaborationdelUnicef,duministre
delducation.
NotrevisionestcelledunesocitdanslaquelletouslesGuinensvivent
dansunenvironnementsainpourlasantElleimplique:
Laccsuniverselauxservicesdesant,deaupotableetdassainissement
sansbarriregographique,conomiqueetsocioculturellesurlabase
d'unecomplmentaritdessecteurspublic,priv,associatifet
communautaire;
Uneplusgranderesponsabilisationcommunautairepourunemeilleure
implicationdespopulationsdanslapriseenchargedeleursproblmesde
santetdhyginepublique;

317

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

GuineaBissau

Q12.Priorityissues:
Lavagedemains
Utilisationdeslatrines
Dsinfectiondeseauxpourboire

Honduras

Q12.Priorityissues:
Incrementoderecursohumano(TSA,educadoresen
salud,TOMyTAS)ylogstica.
Planificacin
Educacinparalasaludorientadaalahigiene
Polticaydefinicindeestrategias.
PlanesyProgramasconladefinicindesusmetas.
Homologacindelasmetodologasexistentes.
LiderazgodelaSecretariadeSaludconrespectoala
implementacindelasmetodologas.
Financiamiento

India

Q12.Priorityissues:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
AuniveaudelaGuineBissau,lesprogrammesdepromotionlhygine
sontintgrsdanstouslesprogrammesdeaupotableet
dassainissement

Q13.Comments:
Lapromocindehigieneesrealizadoengranmedidaporelpersonal
voluntariocomunitariocapacitado.
Noexisteunaestrategiaespecficaparapromocindelahigiene.
Esnecesarialahomologacinyoficializacindelasmetodologas
existentes.
Armonizacindelasiniciativas.
Faltadeunsistemadeinformacin.
Faltadelasistematizacindelasexperiencias.

Q13.Comments:

318

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Indonesia

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Awarenessofpolicymakers,lawmakers,decisionmakers
ontheimportanceofhealthpromotorpositioninthehealth
development,particularlyinthecommunitybasedhealth
development.
2.Lackofhumanresources(skillfullhealthpromotor)due
toshiftingmanpowerpolicyfromoneposttoanotherpost
3.Wehave33provincesandalmost500
districts/municipalities,however,mostlytheorganizational
structureofhealthofficesarenotsimilarfromoneprovince
toothers.Itmeansthatnotallprovinces/districthave
healthpromotiondivisiononitsorganizationalstructure.
4.SinceHygienePromotionprogramincludesnotonly
water&sanitation,butalsootherinterprograms(MCH,
Nutrition,CDC,NonCDC,EH)&intersectors,soitneedsa
specificworkinggroupatalladministrativelevels.
5.Atnationallevel,wealreadyhaveLawonHealthNo.
36/2009.Itstipulatesthateverycitizenisobligatedtoapply
personalhygieneandhealthlifestyle(article11).However,
thislawhasyettoarticulateanddevelopintolocal
regulationoroperationalguidelines.
6.Thetargetis50%to70%in2014withthestrength
communitythroughtheincreasedcleanandhealthy
behaviors(PHBS).Severalstrategieshasbeenintroduced
andimplementedfor5yearsaheadthroughbehavior
changecommunication,informationandeducatioinin
washinghand,andotherhygienepromotion.

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Q12.Priorityissues:
mothers,children,seniors

Jordan

Q12.Priorityissues:
MothersandChildren
Schools
HospitalsandHealthCareworkers
Workersinsanitation

Kenya

Q12.Priorityissues:
STAFFINGANDFUNDING,
TRANSPORTANDLOGISTICS

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
1.Somesectionsofthisquestionnairearenotcompatibletonational
conditions,forinstance:wedonotspecifyourtargetsbasedonspecific
groups(dissabled,vulnerable,elderly,marginalgroups,gender,andso
on).Also,itisnoteasytoobtainanyfiguresbasedonurbanandrural.
2.Thereisnoexplainationwhysomecoveragesofthisquestionnaire
dividedinto3categories:>75%;25%50%,25%75%;<25%.
3.Theterminologyofhygienepromotionisalittlebitconfused.At
nationallevel,theMOHhas14mainprograms,oneofthoseis
EnvironmentalHealth.Itcoverstheprovisionofbasicsanitation(latrine,
water,soliddisposal,etc)andtheimprovementofpersonalhygiene(hand
washing,teethbrushing,showering).Asaconsequence,its
recommendedtouseatermofEnvironmentalHealthPromotion.In
otherwords,thecontextofEnviornmentalHealth(EH)Promotionismuch
widerthanHygienePromotiononly.
4.Thisquestionnairedoesnotcoverthequestiononnationalbudget
allocationofhealthpromotion,particulalrlypertainingtothepercentage
ofhealthpromotionbudgetcomparedtototalnationalhealthbudget
annually.
5.Inaddition,thisdocument(SectionC)isnotaskingaboutlegalaspect,
governmentpolicyandlocalregulationpertainingtohealthpromotion/EH
promotion.

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Continuoussupportespeciallyatgrassrootslevel

319

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Kyrgyzstan

Q12.Priorityissues:
TheSanitationandHygieneprogramwasimplemented
undertheCommunityActiononHealth(CAOH)program
throughthecreatednetworkofruralhealthcommittees
(RHC)supportedbytheCenterforHealthPromotion(CHP)
atthefamilymedicinecenters.
TheCHPspecialistsprovidetraininginaccordancewiththe
annualworkplans.Forpoorconditionandlackof
infrastructure,about13%villagersusewaterfromirrigation
channelsandrivers,57.5%toiletsdonotmeetthesanitary
standards,inmostvillagesthereisnoscheduleorregular
systemofhouseholdwastesremoval/disposal.
AccordingtothesurveybyBiomNGO(2011),inmostof
thesurveyedschoolsofNaryn,Talas,andIssykKuloblasts
therehaveneverbeenthesewageandwatersupply
systems:in70%ofNarynschools,andinalmosthalfthe
schoolsinIssykKulandTalasoblasts.Thehighestlevelof
availabilityoftheoperationalsewagesystemwasnotedin
25%schoolsofIssykKuloblast.About5%ofthesurveyed
schoolsinIssykKuloblasthavenoowntoiletsintheschool
territory;
Onlyin14.3%cityschools,thetoiletsareinsidethe
buildings.Inmostcases,theschooltoiletsareold,dirty,
constructedofboards,slagblockorbrickinunsanitary
condition,andlastyeartheywerenottreatedwith
disinfectants.
Thesurveyidentifiedthatmostschoolstudentsdonot
washtheirhandsatschool.33%teachersofIssykKul
schoolsnotedthattheschoolstudentsgenerallydonot
washhandswhentheyareatschool,inNarynandTalas
oblasts,46.2%and41%respectively.Thesituationin
schoolsofalltheoblastslooksasfollows:mainly,theschool
studentswashhandsrarely19.4%andveryrarely19.4%
ofthetotalnumberrespondents,only18.4%teachers
statedthatchildrenwashhandsaftertoilet.2.5%teachers
donotknowwhetherchildrenwashhandsatschool.In
mostschools,therearenowashbasins.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Toachievepositiveresultsinraisingawarenessofthepopulation,itis
necessarytoinvolvespecialistsofterritorialSSESCcenterswhodealwith
registrationandanalysisofthesituationonthecommunicableand
parasiticdiseaseswithfurtherdevelopmentofprophylacticmeasures,to
jointtraining.Itisnecessarytodevelopthedocumentestablishing
interactionbetweentheRCHPandSSESCaimedatraisingefficiencyin
improvingawarenessofthepopulation,teachingstaff,directorsof
educationalorganizationsandlocalselfgovernmentbodiesonhygiene
andsanitation.Itisrequiredtoactivateayilokmotuinimprovingthe
sanitaryconditionandinfrastructureofvillages.Toimprovethesanitary
andepidemiologicwellbeing,additionaldonorassistanceisrequiredfor
constructionofsanitaryentities,toilets,publicbathes.

320

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Q12.Priorityissues:
handwashingwithsoap
foodsafety
safedrinkingwater
personalhygiene

Lebanon

Q12.Priorityissues:

Lesotho

Q12.Priorityissues:

Liberia

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Infrastructure
2.Improvedwaterquality
3.Improvedhygieneatcommunitylevel(i.e.availabilityof
facilities)
4.Capacitybuilding(bothinstitutionalandhuman).Fore.g.
increasing
mobilityofworkers(transport)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
HygienepromotionisveryimportantcomponentofWASHatbothurban
and
ruralsector.Weshouldstrengthenitwidelyanddeeplytomakepeople
healthy

Inschoolsettingstwothingsthatneedtoconsidertomoveforwardon
hygienepromotioninschoolsetting1)schoolcommunitylinkages,means
futurewaterandsanitationprogrammingshouldtakeamorecommunity
basedapproachwhichincludestheschoolapartofthecommunityand2)
Demandcreationandadvocacy:meansincreasefocusonIECcampaigns
aimedatbothschoolsandcommunitiestoincreasedemandforimproved
watersupplyandsanitationinfrastructureandsupportimprovedhygiene
and
sanitationpractices.Considertheuseoftraditionalentertainment
oriented
programstoreachruralandremotecommunities

Q13.Comments:
HygieneisnotabigchallengeinLebanon.Therearenothreatening
challengesspeciallybecausethelevelofeducationandtheLebanese
modeoflife

Q13.Comments:
Theinstitutionalframeworkwithvillagehealthworkers,staffathealth
centresandcooperationwithschoolsisgenerallyinplaceandworking;
howeverinadequateresourceslimitsthespreadandeffectivenessofthe
hygieneefforts

Q13.Comments:
1.Politicalwilltosupportimplementationofhygieneactivities(specific
budgetline)
2.IncreasedsupportfrompartnersneedtheprofileofhygieneinLiberia
3.Advocacy:Awarenesscreationatcommunitylevelbutrequireshigh
levelsupport
4.Hygienepromotionspecialist/focalpersonneededfocusessolelyon
conductingandtrackinghygieneissues.Recommendation:officeforthis
in
newMinistryforWASH

321

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14.HygienePromotionII

Madagascar

Q12.Priorityissues:
Alcole:Intgrationdepromotiondelhyginedansle
programmescolaireetlaformationdesenseignants
Auniveaucommunautaire:approcheintgraveclaprise
encomptedespcificitsculturellesdescommunauts
cibles

Malawi

Q12.Priorityissues:
PriorityissuesincludeHandWashingwithsoapatall
criticaltimes,properuseofdropholecoversontoilets,
transportationandstorageofdrinkingwater.
ThecriticalareasincludeSchool,MarketCentres,Health
Centres
Thecriticaloccupationsincludefoodsellersinbothformal
andinformalmarkets,medicalstaff,ToiletCleaners,and
Wastehandlersare

Maldives

Q12.Priorityissues:

Mali

Q12.Priorityissues:
Lavagedesmainsausavon
Promotiondelhyginedeleaudeboisson
Eliminationsredesexcrta

Mauritania

Q12.Priorityissues:
1)Etudesectoriellesurltatdepratiquedhyginedansle
pays(hyginedumilieu,hyginedeleaudeconsommation,
hyginealimentaireauxdomiciles,hygineenmilieuxde
soinsetc.)quiservirontdebasedlaborationdes
programmesetdesstratgiescohrentes.
2)Elaborationdunplandeformationdupersonnel
dhygine
3)Mobilisationdesressources(matrielleetfinancire)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Lapromotiondelhyginedoitprcderetaccompagnerles
infrastructures
Ncessitdeplaidoyerauprsdesautoritsadministrativeset
traditionnelles
Problmespourlamisedispositiondesdonnes
WATERAIDETHANDICAPInternationalvisentenprioritlesgroupes
marginalissetvulnrables
LeMENdveloppelducationinclusive
Basedecalculpourlaquestion:capacitsdesressourceshumaines
TaillemoyennedunFokontany:1200
NombredhyginistespermanentsparFokontany:2&#61672;600
personnesparhyginiste
Fokontany:dcoupageadministratif

Q13.Comments:
Needtobuildcapacityatcommunityleveltoenablethemtreat,store
andproperuseofwater.
Needresearchofpeoplesperceptionsontheuseofsoapforhand
washingandpracticeotherhygienebehaviours
NeedtoraisemoreresourcesfortraininginHygienepromotion
PromoteInnovativeideasonhandwashingfacilities
Encourageprivatesectortoproduceaffordablesoaptabletsforhand
washing

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Mettrelaccentsurlacommunicationinterpersonnelle

Q13.Comments:
Lapromotiondelhygineestunequestiondeculture.Lapplicationde
notrenouvelleloidecodedhyginedevra:
Sappuyersurunebonneconnaissancedenosmentalitsetcoutumes
pourlaborerdesprogrammesquirpondentauxcontextesdupays.
Etredcentraliseauniveaudesrgionsetcommunespourimpliquer
lensembledesdcideursadministratifsetluslocaux
Comprendreledveloppementdelhyginedanstoutessesdimensions
commeuneimportanteopportunitdecrationdemploispourlepays,
recyclerceuxquisontenplaceetformerlescadres.

322

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14.HygienePromotionII

Mongolia

Q12.Priorityissues:
Strategyplantodevelophealtheducationin20102015.
MinistryofEducation,CultureandScienceandMinistryof
Healthcollaborativedictatein2010.

Morocco

Q12.Priorityissues:
Renforcementdescapacitstechniques:tudes
dvaluation,formationdupersonnel.
Renforcementdesressourceshumainesspcialises.
Renforcementdumatrieldidactique.

Mozambique

Q12.Priorityissues:
Morefinancialresourcestobeallocatedtosanitation
programs.
Increasehygienepromotioncampaigns,mainlytohand
washing
Harmonizecoordinationamongmanydifferentinstitutions
workingonsanitation
Targettheinformalmarkets
Monitoringofresults

Myanmar

Q12.Priorityissues:
Totrainfulltimeequivalenthygienepromotersandassign
atleastonepromoterinonetownship.
Toconductnationalbehaviourchangeprogrammesbased
onresearchaboutwhatpeoplethinkanddoregarding
hygienebehaviour.
Todrawnationalstrategicplanforhygienepromotion.
Tostrengthenandsupportcommunitybasedhygiene
promotionprogrammes

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Intgrerlapromotiondelhyginedanstoutprojetetprogramme
dapprovisionnementdeaupotableetdassainissementpourprenniser
lesouvragesetavoiruneutilisationsaineethyginiquedeleaude
boissonetdelassainissement.

Q13.Comments:

5)alltheresponses:

Nameandareaofprogramme(s)Estimatednumberofpeoplecovered
UrbanRural
CommunityledTotalSanitation(CLTS)44Districts
WaterSupplyandSanitationOneMillionInitiative,fundedbythe
GovernmentsofMozambiqueandNetherlandsUNICEFPartnership)
1.200.000peoplein18Districts
ParticipationandCommunityEducationatDistrictLevel(PECZONAL)29
districts
ChildrenFriendlySchoolsofAfrica7districts
WaterandSanitationfortheUrbanPoor(WASUP)(CareandUSAID)
200,000
WaterandSanitationProgram(WorldBankProgram)39,000
SanitationProvisionandHygienePromotionforFourCities4cities
SanitationProvisionandHygienePromotionforTwoCities200.000
inhabitants

Q13.Comments:
Furtherobservationsorreflections
InordertostandardizewithotherSEAROcountriesintheareasof
hygienepromotion,currentlypracticinghealtheducatorsandhealth
promotersonvoluntarybasismayneedtotrainandassignonregular
basis

323

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14.HygienePromotionII

Nepal

Q12.Priorityissues:
Handwashing;POU,menstrualhygiene,foodhygiene,
personalhygiene,
addressingmarginalized,vulnerablegroup,modalityof
programs,monitoring,
coordination,identificationofleadingagencies,various
actors;Tarai,mountain,
hillswithscatteredsettlement,socioculturalbarriers,
geographical

Niger

Q12.Priorityissues:
Laformationdebaseetrecyclagedupersonnel,formation
deslvescommeportedentrepourlapromotionde
lhygine,lasensibilisationtraverslesmdias.

Nigeria

Q12.Priorityissues:

Oman

Q12.Priorityissues:
Aclearseparatenationalpolicyforhygienepromotion.
Humanresourcesthatareallocatedmainlyforsuchhygiene
promotionprograms.
Goodinfrastructure
Trainingprogramsinhygienepromotions
Accuraterecordingandstatisticsfortheseprograms.

Pakistan

Q12.Priorityissues:
Priorityissuespersonalhygiene,handwashingwithsoap,
safelatrinepractices,menstrualhygiene,safedrinking
wateretc
Areasruralareasandurbanslums
Occupationsprimaryhealthcarestaff,teachers,
paramedics,religiousleaders,electedrepresentatives

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Awareness,lowliteracylevel,socioculturalsepcificprogramneeded;
hygiene
promotionprogramneednotbesupershadedbysanitation;hygiene
promotion
programtobeleadbyMinistryofHealth

Q13.Comments:
Defaongnrale,beaucoupdedonnesnesontpasdisponiblesparce
queellesnontjamaisfaitlobjetdecollecteetdemesurelissuedes
projets

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

324

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Panama

Q12.Priorityissues:
TEMAS:LAVADODEMANOS,SANEAMIENTOAMBIENTAL
,AGUASEGURA,

PROFESIONES:
EDUCADORESPARALASALUD,INGENIEROAMBIENTAL,LIC
ORGANIZACINEN
DESARROLLOSOCIAL,LIC.TRABAJOSOCIAL,PROMOTORES
DESALUDY
PROMOTORESSOCIALES

AREAS:AREASDEDIFICLACCESO,COMARCALES,URBANO
MARGINALES
TOPICS:Handwashing,sanitation,safewater,

Paraguay

Q12.Priorityissues:

Philippines

Q12.Priorityissues:
Urbanpoorandinformalsectorsinruralareas(farmers,
fisherman,vendors,etc)

Rwanda

Q12.Priorityissues:

11a)total300,00060220
11b)total40%
11c)total1/166
11d)total1/100

Handwashing
Cleanlatrine
Drinkingcleanandsafewater
Hospitalhygiene

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
OBSERVACIONES:
Serequiereformalizarconlasuniversidadesformadorasde
profesionalesde
lasaludconveniosendondesevinculeestatemticaalprocesode
servicio
socialdelosestudiantesanivelnacional.Aligual,queelsistema
educativo
integreconmayorfortalezaestatemticaensureacurricular.
Lograrunaasignacinpresupuestariaquenospermitaintervenir
sostenible
conlospilaresdelapromocindelasaludanivelnacional.

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Hygienepracticescommonlypromotedusingradioandtelevisionmedia
are
handwashingandtakingabath.However,thereisnobaselinedata,
targets,
andmonitoringsystemforthiscomponent..Thisconceptisobservedto
be
partoftextbooksofschoolchildrenandbarangay(village)healthworkers
(BHW)manuals.BHWsareconsideredasthehealthpromotersatthe
communitylevel.

Q13.Comments:
HygienepromotionisdonethroughnationalcampaignsandCBEHPP
throughCommunityHygieneClubs.

325

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Samoa

Q12.Priorityissues:
Limitedstaff,currentlyonlyPrincipleofficerinSanitation
sectionbutmost
ofpromotionisacollaborationofallwatersectorand
MinistryofHealth
Requireupdateinformationregardingcurrentstatusof
villageand
communities
Needmonitoringofbehavioralchangeincommunitiesand
effectivenessof
programs

Senegal

Q12.Priorityissues:
Lelavagedesmainsleauetausavon,lesuividelaqualit
etletraitementdeleaudeboisson,lapromotionde
lhyginealimentaire,laluttecontrelesmaladiesliesau
manquedhygineetauxinondations,lapromotionde
lhyginepubliquedanslesstructuresdenseignementdont
lesdaarasauSngal(colescoraniques),lappuien
supportsdecommunicationetenmatrielsetproduits
dhygineauxcommunauts(ASC,GPF,OCB,OSC)durant
lesactivitsdassainissement.

SierraLeone

Q12.Priorityissues:
Increaseinthehumanresourcecapacityofhygiene
promoters,incentivesfortheworkers,andenabling
environment.

SouthAfrica

Q12.Priorityissues:
Usereducation
Healthpromotionrelatedtopitemptying

SouthSudan

Q12.Priorityissues:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Insuffisancedelappuidesbailleursauxaspectssoftlislapromotion
delhygine.Ilssontplusorientsverslaralisationdouvrageset
dinfrastructuressanitairesetdassainissement;
Ledficitdansledomainederenforcementdecapacitsdesressources
humainesexistantes;
Laccompagnementdescommunautsdanslaralisationdes
infrastructuressanitairespourmettrefinladfcationlairlibre

Q13.Comments:

Collaborationandcooperationwithallstakeholdersinhygiene
promotion.Enforcetheimplementationofthepublichealthordinance,
environmentalhealthpolicyandstrategy.

Q13.Comments:
Thereisaneedtodevelophealthpromotionmonitoringtoolsand
increasethebudget.

Q13.Comments:

326

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

SriLanka

Q12.Priorityissues:
Dengueprevention
(http://www.epid.gov.lk/services.htm#Dengue),Health
careforinfants,Wastedisposal,AdverseUseofPesticides
andOtherChemicals(referpresentation;
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/msp/pestici
des_and_other_chemicals.pdffordetails),Qualityofselling
food
Childmalnutrition(referreport
http://www.unicef.org/srilanka/Nurition_and_food_securit
y_survey_2010.pdffordetails)

Sudan

Q12.Priorityissues:
1NationalPolicytobeinplace(finaldraftisavailable).
2Nationalandstatelevelstrategicplans(available).
3Adequatefundingandstructure(notavailable).

Tajikistan

Q12.Priorityissues:
hemainpriorityofhygienearethepreventionofinfectious
diseases,particularlyinfectiousdiseasestransmittedby
water

Thailand

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Drinkingwaterqualitypromotioninbothurbanandrural
areas
2.Foodsanitationpromotioninbothurbanandruralareas
3.Hygienicpublictoiletpromotioninbothurbanandrural
areas

TimorLeste

Q12.Priorityissues:
EachCHCrequiresatleast1sanitariantopromote
sanitationandhygieneandleaddemandledsanitationand
hygieneprogram.

Togo

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Renforcementdescapacitsdesacteurs
2.Dvelopperlesoutils/supportsdecommunicationpourla
promotiondelhygine(outilsPHAST,MARP,Epe,ATPC,
etc.)
3.Mettrelchellelesproblmesdhygineenrestaurant
lapolicesanitairecanaldesensibilisation

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
Dentalcareamongschoolchildren
(Refer
http://www.healthedu.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=43&Itemid=34&lang=enitemno05undertheservices)

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
Centersforpromotionofhealthylifestyleandprimaryhealthcarestaffs
aswellasotherhealthcareprovidersmainlyengagedwithhygiene
promotions

Q13.Comments:
Forsomeissuesonhygienepromotion,andinsomeareassuchaswater
supply
systeminruralarea,itlacksskilledprofessionalsforsystemoperation

Q13.Comments:
Ingeneral,humanresourcesworkinginthisareaisstilllackingintermof
quantityandqualification.SanitarianisnotavailableinalmostallCHC.
Nationalanddistrictlevelstaffsstillhavelowqualifications(mostlyD1
andD3graduated).

Q13.Comments:
Renforcerlalogistiquepourlamiseenuvredesprogrammes
Renforcerlaplanificationdesactivits
Poursuivreladcentralisationeffectivedupays.

327

UNWaterGLAAS201112

14.HygienePromotionII

Uganda

Q12.Priorityissues:
1.Training,equippingandMotivatingmoreHandwashing
Ambassadors(HWAs)
2.MonitoringactivitiesofHWAs
3.FundingofsustainedHandwashingpromotionsespecially
massmediaandinterpersonalcommunications

Uzbekistan

Q12.Priorityissues:

VietNam

Q12.Priorityissues:
Focusoncommunicationandeducationwithparticipation
ofeducation
sector,massorganizationssuchasWomenUnion,Farmer
Unionetc
Commnitybasedapproach
Socializationofsanitationactivities

Yemen

Q12.Priorityissues:
Awarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionfordecision
makersofthegovernmentandthegovenates.
Awarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionforthestaff
whoareworkingintheschools&healthcarecentres
SpecialAwarenessprogramsonhygienespromotionforthe
staffonruralareas

Thebudgetofthehygienepromotionmustincreaseandnot
usethisbudgetinotherprogrammes.

Needsofcontinuescapacitybuildingprogrammesforthe
staffandtrainersofthehygienepromotion.

Zimbabwe

Q12.Priorityissues:
Handlingofchildrensfeaces
Handwashingwithsoaporash
Pointofusewatertreatment
ThereisalsoneedtocapacitateVillageHealthWorkers
(VHW)ontheirrolesandresponsibilitiesandhowto
dischargetheseresponsibilities

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

Q13.Comments:
WhereasHandwashingisbeingintegratedintosanitationprograms.Itis
necessarytocontinueitspromotionforafewmoreyearstoensure
adoptionofthebehaviourinthesociety.

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:

Q13.Comments:
ThehygienepromotionmustbeTaughtinschoolswithintheschool
curriculuminallstagesfromtheprimaryschoolstohigheducation.

Q13.Comments:
Hygienepromotionshouldbeanongoingprocessandnotjustaonceoff
thing.

328

UNWaterGLAAS201112

15.FinancialManagement

15.QuestionD.1:AdditionalDetailonFinancialManagementorAidManagement
Systems

Afghanistan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AnationaldatabaseregardingabovementionedissueswillbedevelopedbyMRRD.

Angola

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Azerbaijan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Thecurrentsystemreportstothegovernmentauthorities.

Bangladesh

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Benin

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Bhutan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
MultiyearrollingbudgetandPublicExpenditureManagementsystems(PEMS)

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Brazil

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SistemaIntegradodeAdministraoFinanceiraSIAF,emnvelfederal.

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

329

UNWaterGLAAS201112

15.FinancialManagement

BurkinaFaso

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Milieuurbain
Letypedesystmeutilisestlemodlefinancierdusecteur.
Lesdonnesconcernessontlesdonnestechnocommercialesetfinancires.

Milieurural
Auniveaucentraletrgional,ilexisteunlogicieldegestionfinancireetcomptablequipermetdeprendreencomptelesdonnesdu
budgetdelEtatetdesPTFdanslesecteurdeleaupotableetdelassainissement.
IlexistegalementdesfichesunifiesquiserventcollecterlesdonnespourllaborationduBudgetProgrammedusecteurdeleau
potableetdelassainissement,laprogrammationetlexcutionphysiqueetfinancireduPNAEPAenmilieurural.

Burundi

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Cambodia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AidEffectivenessProgramfacilitatedbyCambodiaDevelopmentCommittee(CDC)forthesectorTWG

Cameroon

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
LeCamerounutiliselesystmeDADdveloppparlafirmesynergieInternationalepourlagestiondelinformationsurlaide.Lesystme
estfonctionneldepuis2010etcomportetouteslesinformationssurlesfinancementsextrieurs.Ilexistedanslesystmeunecldetrie
desdonnesquipermetdextrairelesinformationssurcessecteursetsoussecteurs.Ladresseactuelledusystmequonpeutconsulter
viainternetesthttp://dad.synisys.com/dadcameroon/

CentralAfricanRepublic

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Chad

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
TopPro
MSProject

Colombia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Congo

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

330

UNWaterGLAAS201112

15.FinancialManagement

Cted'Ivoire

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SIGFIP(SystmeIntgrdeGestiondesFinancesPubliques)
Toutessortesdedonnes,sauflesralisationsphysiques

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

DominicanRepublic

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Egypt

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

ElSalvador

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

EquatorialGuinea

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Ethiopia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Auditingthefinancialmanagementofgovernmentbyinternalandexternalauditor
Reporttodonorsonfinancialsupportreceivedandutilized

Fiji

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Gabon

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Gambia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Ghana

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

331

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15.FinancialManagement

Guinea

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

GuineaBissau

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Haiti

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Honduras

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

India

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AWebbasedonlineIntegrated
ManagementInformationSystem(IMIS)hasbeenputinplaceforclosemonitoringofthe
NationalRuralDrinkingWaterProgrammeandTotalSanitationCampaign

Indonesia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Foreginaidprojectsinurbanandruralwaterandsanitationfacilitiessuchas
WorldBankloansthathaveguaranteedbytheIraniangovernmenttorepaidthe
credit.

Jordan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
AidInformationManagementSystem"JordanAidInformationManagementSystem(JAIMS)"onthewebsiteofministryofplanningand
internationalcooperationthesystemprovideinformationonongoingdevelopmentprojectsandprogramsbeingimplementedinJordan,
andarefundedbyforeignassistance(grants,softloans,andtechnicalassistance)committedbydonors,aswellasfinancinginstitutions
andinternationalorganizationsinvarioussectors.Thesystemwillbedevelopedinthefuturetowillincluderegionalprojectsand
programs,aswellassupporttoNGOs.TheMinistryofWaterandIrrigation,WaterAuthorityofJordanandJordanValleyAuthorityin
additiontoGovernmenthavefinancialmanagementinformationsystemtotrackexpenditures,inadditiontothecentralFinancial
informationmanagementsystemat
totrackinvestmentexpenditure

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

332

UNWaterGLAAS201112

15.FinancialManagement

Kenya

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Themainsystemsare:
i.IntegratedFinancialManagementInformationSystems(IFMIS)administeredbyTreasury
ii.TheAidinformationsystemadministeredbyExternalRecoursesdepartmentofTreasury
iii.TheBudgetSystemadministeredbyTreasury.

Kyrgyzstan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NA

Lebanon

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Lesotho

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
ThefinancialmanagementfortheGovernmentofLesothoisusingacomputerisedfinancialmanagementsystemsIFMISthatcapturesall
theonbudgetdataforexternalandinternalfundingtothewaterandsanitationsector.Therearehoweversomeproblemsingetting
completereportingonthewaterandsanitationbudgetsandexpendituressinceseveralministriesandlocalgovernmentsare
implementingtheactivitiesandtheexpendituresarenotaggregatedatanationallevel.NGOfundingisnotcapturedinthegovernments
system.

Commentona(?Informationsystemsindifferentinstitutions(WASCO,DRWS,MOH,MOE,LocalGovernments)existshoweverthe
informationisnotaggregatedatnationallevelandnotavailableforwater,sanitationandhygieneseparately

Liberia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Detailedresearchintothiswouldbemostwelcomeasitwouldprovidea
platformofwhichtodevelopafundingpipelinestrategytocomplementthe
sectorinvestmentplan.

Madagascar

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Malawi

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
(IFMIS)andAidManagementPlatform(AMP)totrackcommitmentsanddisbursements

Maldives

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

333

UNWaterGLAAS201112

15.FinancialManagement

Mali

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
BudgetProgrammeparObjectif(BPO),leCadredeDpenseMoyenTerme(CDMT)etlelogicieldexcutionetdesuividesdpenses
(PRED)

Mauritania

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Mongolia

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Morocco

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Mozambique

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NationalInformationSystemonWaterSupplyandSanitation(SINAS)
ODAMOZ(AIMS)
Annualjointreview

Myanmar

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
DataavailableonlyfromMOHthroughNHA.NocentralrecordsystemeventhoughtherearemanydeptslikeDDA,YCDC,MCDC,NDC

Nepal

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Fundflowingthroughgovernmentchanneliscoveredbybudgetandexpenditure
mechanism,butoffbudgetfinancingisnotcovered

Niger

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Nigeria

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
DevelopmentAidDataBase(DAD)isbeingdevelopedinNationalPlanningCommission(NPC)tocapturedataonexternalsupporttothe
country.

Oman

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

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15.FinancialManagement

Pakistan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
PartialinformationisavailablefromprovincialannualdevelopmentprogrammesandfromtheEconomicAffairsDivision.However,there
isnospecificmanagementinformationsystemforWASH.

Panama

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Paraguay

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Philippines

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
NEDAhasODAfinancialmonitoringsystem.

Rwanda

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Samoa

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Senegal

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

SierraLeone

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

SouthAfrica

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

SouthSudan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

SriLanka

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Investmentsandexpendituresindrinkingwater,sanitation,andhygienepromotioncanbetrackedusingAnnualNationalBudget
Estimates
(referhttp://www.treasury.gov.lk/BOM/nbd/budgetestimates2011.htm)

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15.FinancialManagement

Sudan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Tajikistan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Thailand

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
SAPS

TimorLeste

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
TheHMISjustestablishedin2010,soeverythinktheyaredoingisstillneedstoimproveforallsector.Accordingheadofdepartment
HMIS(HealthInformationandmanagementsystem)MoHisdoingonlycoveringgeneraldatamanagementsoatthemomenttheydont
havespecificdataforsanitation,hygienepromotionanddrinkingwater.

Togo

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Uganda

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Uzbekistan

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

VietNam

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

Yemen

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:
Governmentconsidersthatparallel/pooledfinancingalignedbehindNWSSIPshouldincreaseabsorptivecapacityandimprove
performance,Itisalsoexpectedthatthisapproach,supportedbyaproposedMediumTermExpenditureFrameworkforthewater
sector,willimproveresourceallocationandtheefficiencyofpublicexpenditures,andreducebothmanagerialandfinancialtransaction
costs.Governmentalsoanticipatesthattheapproachwillreducebothmanagerialandfinancialtransactioncosts.

UndertheProject,existingIDAfinancedProjectManagementUnits(PMUs)willbeprogressivelyintegratedintomandatedagencies:
(i)RuralWaterSupplyandSanitationProject(RWSSP)willmergewith(GARWSP)GeneralAuthorityforRuralWaterSupplyProjects;
(ii)UrbanWaterSupplyandSanitationProject(UWSSP)willmergewith,NWSANationalWaterSupplyAuthority,LocalCorporationfo
water&sanitation
(iii)HygienepromotionatnationallevelprojectwillmergewithministryofHealth&Population;

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15.FinancialManagement

Zimbabwe

Detailsonfinancialmanagementsystem:

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UNWaterGLAAS201112

16.ServiceProvision

16.ObservationsonSustainabilityofServiceProvision

Afghanistan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Abovementionedfactorshavetheirimpactsonsustainablesanitation
services.

Angola

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Azerbaijan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Municipalauthoritiesdoingtheirduty;involvementofthelocal
communities.

Bangladesh

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
IntheBangladeshcontext,sharedlatrinesareconsideredanimproved
latrineforclusterinhabitants.

Benin

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
lesquestionsdordreculturelauseindescommunauts,lesquestionsde
transfertdescomptencesauxcommunes(effectivitdela
dcentralisation,),surtoutentrelesniveauxdconcentrsetles
municipalits,laquestiondesressourceshumainesauseindescommunes
pourlagestiondusoussecteur
Assainissement

Bhutan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

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338

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Thegoalsofthewaterforallprogramwerepreviouslyset
tobemetby2012set,100%forUrbanand80%forRural

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
NoMDGtargethavebeendevelopedinthecountry.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ImplementthePolicyMatrixascontainedinthe
PartnershipFrameworkAgreementbetweenthe
BangladeshGovernmentandDevelopmentPartners.The
policymatrixaddressesthreekeyareas:i)strengthening
governanceandorganizationstructure,ii)improved
financialmanagementcapacity,andiii)sustainableservice
delivery.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Dryingupofwatersourcesandincreaseinurbanisationis
placingpressureon
townwatersupplies.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

16.ServiceProvision

Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
EnpoblacionesdelrearuraldondetrabajaUNICEFFsehaevidenciado
quecuandoserenuevanlosalcaldes,tambinsonrenovadosel40%el
personalcapacitadoenaguaysaneamiento(UNICEFInformedeAvance
No9ProgramaMultidonante)

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Esimportantegenerarpolticasmsrigurosasentrminos
delaproteccindelasfuentesdeaguaparaconsumo
humano(cantidadycalidad)parahacerfrentealimpacto
delcambioclimtico

Brazil

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
NosltimoscincoanosoGovernoFederalvemampliandooacessoda
populaoaosaneamentopormeiodefinanciamentoparaestadose
municpios,nombitodoProgramadeAceleraodoCrescimento(PACIe
II).Almdisto,promulgouleis,fortalecendooquadrolegaldo
direitoaosaneamento(Lei11.445/2007LeidoSaneamento,esua
regulamentao,Decreto7.217/2010,Lei12.305/2010Leide
ResduosSlidos,esuaregulamentao,Decreto7.404/2010).Noh,no
pas,conflitosinternosqueimpeamoacessodapopulaoao
saneamento.Contudo,abaixacapacidadeinstitucionaldeagenteslocaise
regionais,aliadaspeculiaridadesdoarranjofederativonacional,
compequadrodefragilidadepoltica,comreflexonaprestaodos
servios.NoBrasil,conformeaConstituioFederalde1988,a
prestaodosserviosdesaneamentodescentralizadaeacompetncia
paraaprovisoeregulaodosserviosdesaneamentocabeaos
entesfederadoslocais(municpios).Comrelaoaoitem2C,foram
consideradososnmerosrelativosdeescolasatendidascom
esgotamentosanitriopormeioderedepblicaoufossa.Noforam
includasasescolasqueoferecemexclusivamenteturmasdeatividade
complementare/ouAtendimentoEducacionalEspecializado.

BurkinaFaso

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pouramliorerdurablementlesprogrsetralisationdequaliten
matiredassainissement,lasubventionpourattnuerlescotsdes
infrastructuresdeplusenpluslevsavrencessaire.
Laformationdesacteursausuivicontrleetlaconstruction(maon)des
ouvragessavrentaussincessaire,
Linformation,lducationetlesconseilspourlagestionetlentretiendes
ouvragessontgalementdterminants.

Burundi

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Lapopulationnestpasbeaucoupsensibilisesurlagestion/entretiendes
ouvragesdassainissement

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Deveseobservarqueosaneamentobsicoesuas
condiessodiferentesemreasruraiseurbanas,
tambmquantoaosseusdeterminantesparacoma
sustentabilidade.

Itshouldbenotedthatthesanitationandtheirconditions
aredifferentinruralandurbanareas,aswellastheir
determinantstosustainability.

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Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Ladurabilitdusystmeetduservicedeaupotableest
lielapplicationdunouveausystmedegestiondes
infrastructureshydrauliquesdapprovisionnementenau
potableauBurkinaFaso.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
LesressourceseneauauBurundisontenabondancemais
ellesneniexploite
niprotges.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Cambodia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
1.BasedtheSubDecree25in1992,thelatrinesneedtobebuilt
dependedontheratioofstudents.Itmeansthat2latrinesper100
studentsbutallschoolsinCambodiadonotyetapplycompletelythis
mandatebecauseoflackofresourcestoconstruct.Inaddition,thenew
schoolshavebeenbuilteveryyearinordertoresponsetheincreasingthe
numberofpupilsandusuallythelatrinesandwatersupplyinschoolshave
beenneglectedornotbeingconsideredaspartofpriorityofannex
constructionofclassrooms.
2.Rapiddevelopmentinurbanareascausespoormanagementofsewage
system(MPWT)

Cameroon

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Coordinationinsuffisantedesactionsduescesecteur

CentralAfricanRepublic

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Chad

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Desfacteursfavorisantladurabilit:
Formation(IEC)
Suivi
Partenariat/Rseautage

Colombia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Congo

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Cted'Ivoire

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Importancedelductionciviqueetsanitaire
Performanceoufaiblessedumcanismeendognedefinancementdu
secteur
Adquationtechnologique
IEC

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16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Lavisiondudveloppementquigouvernelastratgiede
croissancedessystmesetservicesdeaupotabledansle
cadredelarductiondelapauvretdoitsarticulerautour
delatteintedesOMD.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Laressourceestabondantemaistrsingalementrpartie
Dangersdelurbanisationanarchiquesurleschamps
captant

UNWaterGLAAS201112

DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Linkofanysanitationprojectupwardanddownwardtoprovidethesector
withafullacceptanceofnationalstakeholdersbasedondemand
responsiveness.

DominicanRepublic

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Egypt

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

ElSalvador

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Esimportantemencionar,queaniveldelaSecretariaTcnicade
Presidencia(STP),seestacompaandoyliderandoelprocesode
gobernabilidaddelaguaysaneamiento,conlafinalidaddepresentarante
laasamblealegislativaelanteproyectodeleygeneraldeaguayleyde
aguapotableysaneamientoafindedarrespuestaaloscompromisosy
demandasdelsector,enmateriadesaneamientoanivelnacionalnohay
unmandatoregulatorio.MINSALtienemandatodesaneamientobsico
masenloruraldeigualformaFISDLorientalamayorpartedelosrecursos
financierosalrearural,MARNtienemandatodenormartodolo
relacionadoaaguaresidualesydisposicinfinaldelosdesechosslidos,y
anivellocallosgobiernosmunicipalesatravsdesusordenanzas
municipalesvinculadasalasleyesnacionales.

Losimpactosresultantesposiblementesedebanalafaltadeunmarco
legalvigente,faltadeinversinennuevastecnologas,educacin
ambientalysonlasprincipalescausasdeunserviciodesaneamiento
insostenible.FISDLyANDA,atravsdelafirmadeunconveniode
cooperacinseestcreadounmodelodegestinsostenibleparala
administracinymanejotcnicodelossistemasdeaguacomodel
saneamientoenlaszonasruralesdelpas.

EnreferenciaalossistemasaprobadosporMINSAL(LetrinasyFosas
Spticas),lasostenibilidaddependemsdelasfamilias,perostasno
inviertenensusostenibilidad,generandoquelacoberturabajedebidoal
estadodelainfraestructurasanitaria,porloqueelEstadotieneque
reinvertirenlasmismasfamilias,provocandoestancamientoenel
incrementodeaccesoasaneamiento

EquatorialGuinea

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
FormacindeRecursoshumanos
Sensibilizacinenmateriadesaneamiento

HumanResourcesTraining
Awarenessonsanitation
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Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Elaborateadrinkwaterpromotionpolicytakinginto
accountthelocalconditions.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Elaguapotableesuntemademuchodebateentrela
sociedadcivilyelgobiernodeElSalvador,sinembargolos
principalesfactoresdeimpactosparalasostenibilidadest
lavoluntadydisponibilidadpolticaporunmarco
regulatoriodelrecursohdrico,queveleporsucontinuidad
ycalidaddelagua,quegaranticelacalidadambientaly
disminuyalosconflictosentrecomunidadesconaccesoy
comunidadessiacceso.

Unareflexinseriaqueapesarquehaybuenavoluntad
polticaeintegracindelasinstanciasgubernamentales
poravanzarenlopolticoylegaldelrecursosaguaes
necesariobrindarmayoratencinalostemasdecalidad
delagua,lainfraestructuraylacalidadambiental.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Ethiopia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
HealthExtensionProgramme(HEP)ofthegovernmentofEthiopiain
whichmorethan38,000HealthExtensionWorkerswhoarepaidsalary
fromgovernmenttreasuryandworkingatkebele/householdlevels.
TheexistenceofgovernmentdrivenplatformssuchasWASH
ImplementationFramework(WIF),MoUandWASHCoordinationOffice
AvailabilityofWASHProgramFinancingMechanism

Fiji

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Atpresentnostatisticsisavailableonwaterandsanitationintheruraland
urbanareasfortheyear2011.Ruralstatisticsisavailableforthevarious
divisions(yettobecompiledintoaNationalreport)

Gabon

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcementducadreinstitutionneletrglementaire

Gambia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Ghana

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Increasingtrendofdumpinguntreatedfaecalsludgeintowaterbodies
couldjeopardizeMDGcoverage,assafefinaldisposalisarequirementto
meettheJMPdefinitionofimprovedSanitation

Guinea

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pourladurabilitdesservicesdassainissement,ilfautunerellevolont
politiquequidoitsematrialiserparlallocationdunbudgetspcifiqueet
lamiseenplaceduncadredeconcertationpriodiqueentreles
diffrentespartiesprenantesenlamatire.

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16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Supplychainforpreventivemaintenance
Communitymanageplan

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Systmedegestionnonoprationnel
Insuffisancedesuivi

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Theotherkeydeterminantisaffordabilityandwillingness
topayforwaterwhichiskeytosustainability

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

GuineaBissau

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
1.Structuredelagestionfonctionnelle
2.Participationetappropriationdespopulations
3.Disponibilitdesservices,valorisation,Recyclageetrutilisationdes
dchetsetexcrta
4.Maintenancergulire

Haiti

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Honduras

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
EnelPlanNacionaldeSaneamientoenprocesodedesarrollose
promueveniniciativasparaelusodetecnologasapropiadasalas
condicionesparticularesdelaslocalidades..

India

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Indonesia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Iran(IslamicRepublicof)

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

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16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
1.Structuredelagestionfaible
2.Disponibilitdespicesderechangesinexistants
3.Cotisationsdespopulationsestfaible
4.Maintenancergulierdespointdeauxirrgulire

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ElCuadrodeMandosdeMAPAS(CSO)reflejaparael
subsectorruralyurbanomayoresdebilidadesencuantoa
planificacin.Losresultadosenlosaspectosdeoperaciny
mantenimientodelossistemasdeaguasonmejoresenel
mbitourbanoqueenelrural.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
EmpoweringofPanchayatRajInstitutions(rurallocal
bodies)inO&Mofdrinkingwatersystemsandservicesis
beingincentivised.
SustainabilityofDrinkingWatersourcesisbeing
supportedbyspecialdedicatedfundingofsustainability
schemes.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Theadequacyofregulatoryframeworkisneededto
describeclearlytheroleandresponsibilitiesof
stakeholdersatnationalandlocallevelinordertodevelop
intensivecoordinationinimplementingwatersupplyand
sanitationprograms.Theinvestmentinimproveddrinking
watersupplyandsanitationssystemshastobeimproved,
bothfrompublicandprivatesector.Also,theadequacyof
humanresourcesisimportanttobefulfilledandalsothe
capacitytoensurethatimproveddrinkingwaterand
sanitationsystemsareinplaceoroperatingcorrectlyneeds
tobeimproved.Environmentalfactoralsohasa
contributioninsustainabilityaccesstodrinkingwateras
thequalityandquantityofdrinkingwaterparticularlyin
urbanareastendtobedeclined

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

16.ServiceProvision

Jordan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Kenya

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Landownership,culture,nature,typeandcostofconstructionmaterials

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Pipedwaterintodwelling,publicstandpipe,tube
well/borehole,protecteddugwell,protectedspring,
rainwaterharvesting

Kyrgyzstan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Unlikeaccesstodrinkingwater,improvementofthepopulationsaccessto In2010,likeinthepreviousyear,deviationsofwater
thesewagesystemturnedouttobeamorecomplicatedtask:currently
qualityfromtheestablishedrequirementstakeplacefor
about24.2%populationhaveaccesstothesewagesystem(MDG40%).
thefollowingreasons:anthropologicandmancaused
Fortheperiodof20032006,thetotalof2km.sewagenetworkswere
pollutionofthesurfaceandgroundwater,lackoforpoor
installedandputintooperation.From2000to2005,theshareofthe
conditionofsanitaryprotectionzonesofwatersourcesand
populationwithsustainableaccesstothesewagesystemdecreasedatby
violationofwatertreatmenttechnology,depreciationof
1.5%ayear.Andforlackofthemaintenanceandrepairworks,the
theexistingwatersupplynetworksandfacilities,lackof
existinginfrastructureoftenfails.Thesituationgetsevenworseduethe
operationalservicesandindustrialcontrolinmostrural
internalmigrationprocessesthatcausedhighconcentrationofpopulation areas,unstablewatersupplytoconsumers.
inBishkekcityandotherlargecitiesofthecountry.Asaresult,ringsof
AccordingtothedataofterritorialSSESunits,currently,
squatterareaswithoutwaterdisposalsystemsappearedaroundBishkek
234of1,073waterpipes(21.8%)donotcomplywith
andothercitiesofChuioblast.However,beginningfrom2006worsening
sanitaryrequirements;havenosufficientsanitary
protectionareas,orsetsofwatertreatmentfacilities,
ofthesituationstopped,andin2007,accesstothesewagesystemeven
improvedabit.Inparticular,ithappenedduetoactiveworkofthe
disinfectingunits.Therearemorethan4thousandbroken
GovernmentoftheKyrgyzRepublic.TheActionPlanforperformingthe
watercolumns(13.3%).Hourlywatersupplyandphysical
taskswithintheInternationalSanitationYearhasbeenapprovedatthe
depreciationofwatersupplynetworkscauseemergency
CMCCmeeting,andisactivelyimplementednow.However,todayit
situationsandfacilitatecontaminationofdrinkingwater
withmicrobiologicalandchemicalagents.
seemsproblematictoachievethetargetindicatorinimprovingthewater
disposalandsewagesystems.
In2010,waterqualityinwaterpipelinesfedfromsurface
sources,doesnotmeettheestablishedrequirementsby
thesanitaryandchemicalindicatorsat9.8%(20093.3%)
ofsurveyedsamplesand25.5%samples(200919.6%)by
themicrobiologicalindicators.Thepipelinedrinkingwater
takingwaterfromgroundsourceshaddeviationsfromthe
establishednorms,at2%(20091.8%)and7.7%(2009
8.2%)ofthesurveyedsamples.Thehighestbacterial
contaminationofthepipelinewaterwasnotedinOshcity
(28.2%),settlementsofJalalabatoblast(22.8%),IssykKul
oblast(19.3%),Chuioblast(13.8%).

LaoPeople'sDemocraticRepublic

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Pourflushlatrinesarealmostexclusivelytheonlytypeacceptedby
Nofurthercomments
households.
Therefore,sustainabilityandhygieneofsanitationfacilitiesifhighlylinked
to
accesstosufficientquantityandcloseproximitywater

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UNWaterGLAAS201112

Lebanon

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Continuityinpolicyduetoeverchangingpoliticalgame.

Lesotho

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Inadequateinstitutionalframeworkandcooperationmechanismsfor
addressingsanitationinbothruralandurbanareas.Limitedcooperation
betweenlocalgovernmentauthorities,ministryofhealth,ministryof
educationandthewatersectorinstitutionsonpromotionofhygieneand
sanitation.TheLesothoWaterandSanitationPolicy(2007)andWaterAct
(2008)onlyaddresssanitationmarginally.

Liberia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
LiberiahasaveryrobustCompact(expiresMar2012)andSSPwhich
clearlyarticulatescrosscuttingactionpointsrelevanttoLiberiaandthisis
reflectedinadditionalrowsabove.

Madagascar

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcementdesactivitsd'Informationd'Educationetde
CommunicationpourleChangementduComportement(IEC/CCC)et
tudessurlesdterminantsduchangementducomportementsurl'AEPHA
Renforcementdecapacitsdesacteursenmatired'assainissement
(technologique;technique;marketingsocial;artisanslocaux;
empowerment)
Existencededeuxapprochesdistinctesconcernantlasubvention

Malawi

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
LandlordsvsTenantsattitudes,availabilityofland(inurbanareas),
inappropriatetechnology,SanitationnotbeinganattractiveNewsitem.
LandTenureRights

Maldives

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Highwatertableandnonavailabilityofadequatelandrestricttheuseof
differentseweragecollectionandtreatmentfacilities.

Mali

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Pourreleverledfidelassainissement,ilfautdisposerdunevisionqui
puissemobilisertouslesacteurs,mettreencohrencedesactionsjusqu
prsentdisparatesetaugmenterleniveaudeprioritpolitiqueaccorde
ausoussecteur.

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Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Thelowfunctionalityrateforruralwatersystemsofabout
70%couldbeimprovedthrougheffectivecooperation
betweenthewatersectorandthelocalauthorities.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
n/a

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Dlgationdegestionunprivprofessionnel
RenforcementduPPP.Miseenapplicationdumanuelde
procdure

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Indrinkingwatersupplysystems,Malawihasemphasized
ontheimportanceofbuildingstrongmanagementsystems
atlocalleveltooperateandmaintainthefacilities.For
example,establishmentofWaterUserAssociations(WUA)
andwaterpointcommittees.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Mauritania

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Renforcerlecadredupartenariatpublicpriv
Coordinationdusecteuraunniveaudimpactlev
Renforcementdesdirectionsrgionalesdeleauetdelassainissement
Promotiondebonnespratiquesenmatiredassainissement

Mongolia

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Morocco

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Lesystmederecouvrementdescotsdevratreamliorpour
permettreunfluxconstantdufinancementpourpouvoiratteindreles
objectifsdedurabilitdelasituationetdessystmesetservices
dassainissement.
Lesoprateursdoiventrespecterlescahiersdecharge.

Mozambique

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Thereisneedofcleardefinitionofrolesandmandatesofseveral
institutionsworkingonmainlyurbansanitation.Differentministrieshavea
role,butintegratedplanningandcoordinationistosomeextentfarweak.
Thisissueofscatteredactionhasbeencontributingtodispersealleffort
madesofaronwatersupplyandsanitation.

Myanmar

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Nepal

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Presentfragmentedrolesandpracticeofsanitationprogrammes
implementationandweakmonitoringmechanismsaretheseriousissues
inslowprogressofsanitation.Inaddition,allocationofresponsibilitiesand
resourcesisnotbasedonthecapacityofinstructions.Needstostreamline
activitiesandstrongmonitoringmechanism,whichisexpectedfromthe
newlyproposedmasterplan.InthemasterplanNWASH,RWASH,DWASH
andM/VWASHareproposed.Itsfunctionalitylargelydependsonthe
activenessofWASHsecretariatsatalllevels.

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16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Involvingwatersupplynetworkinurbanarea.
Monitoringdrinkingwaterresourceforherdsmenand
farmer.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Misesenplacedunsystmederecouvrementdescots
plusappropri,
Fairedeseffortsenmoyendeluttecontrelapollutiondes
ressourceseneau,
Grerlararetdesressourceseneauenprocdantdes
systmesinnovants(ressourceseneaunon
conventionnelles,rutilisationdeseauxusespures,
adaptationauxchangementsclimatique,....

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Needtobeimprovedtogettheaccesstothesafedrinking
watersupplyamongcommunities.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Limitedtechnical&managerialcapacityofoperators;
waterusersandsanitationcommittee(WUSC),Nepal
WaterSupplyCorporation,KathmanduUpatyaka
Khanepanilimited,managementboardsandmunicipalities
andpoorfinancialmanagement&watergovernanceare
thedeterminantsforsustainability.Insteadoffund
generation,operatorsaredependingonexternalsupport,
whichisaseriousreasonofpoorfunctionality

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Niger

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Nigeria

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Criteriabasedonpositiveimpactofsustainabilityofsanitationservice
provision

Oman

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

347

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Notrerflexionsurlesdterminantsdeladurabilitdes
systmesetservicesdeaupotablereposesurlesuivides
acquis.Unefoislessystmesmiseenplacemmesiles
ressourceshumainesexistentlesmoyensfinancierset
logistiquesmanquentpourpermettreauxservices
dcentralissdeltatdepoursuivrecesactions.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
TheSWAsshouldhavesufficientautonomytomake
managementandbudgetdecisions
Accountability
Costreflectivepricing

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
i)Onthesourcesideextraneouspollutiontothewellfields
isathreatandstrictmeasuresarebeingtakentocontrol
them..wellprotectionzonesareimplementedandare
followedrigidly..
ii)Ontheseawaterdesalinationsidethenatural
phenomenonof'RedTidesandAlgalBlooms'isareal
threatwhichposeshazardtocommittedproduction..
iii)Occasionaloilspillsarealsoexperienced...
iv)ThereareGovtauthorisedsmallPrivatenetwork
operatorsoperatinginsomeRuralareasandthelackof
knowledgeandawarenessoftheoperatorsposehazardsto
someextentduetoextraneouspollutionduetopoor
qualityofwatersupplysystems.Weexercisestrictcontrol
overtheseissues.
v)Internalplumingworksinthehousesarecorrodedand
leakyandareposedtoextraneouspollutioninsomecases
inRuralareas..awarenessisbeingcreatedamongstthe
usersnow...
vi)Apartfromthattherooftoptanksofthe
houses/consumersposeproblemssometimesdueto
uncleantanksandpollutionduetothenearbyvegetation
andmissingtankcovers,resultinginbirdfallsandtree
leavesandsimilarhazards..thisresultsinmicrobial
pollutionaswell..wetakeextrameasuresincreating
awarenesstotheconsumersonsuchthingsbywayof
healtheducationandlecturesarrangedinschoolsand
communitycentresandexhibitionsandalltheeffortsare
workingout...reachingthepeople..

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Pakistan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Policyandinstitutionalframeworkstheseexistwithcommitmentto
providebasicsanitationservicesforall,asafundamentalhumanneedand
abasichumanright.,butarerelativelyrecent.Theyrequireeffective
implementation
Financingowingtofinancialconstraints,overallinvestmentinthesector
islow.Thisrequiressignificantincreaseinallocationtomakeanimpact.
Resourceallocationisnotbasedonneedassessment,criteriaanddata.
Humanresourcesthereisarelativeshortageofskilledhumanresources.
Capacityofurbanmunicipalinstitutions/WASAsatalllevelsinplanning,
implementationandmonitoringofwatersupplyprogramsandsustainable
operationandmaintenanceofwatersupplysystemsisdeficient.Ourrural
watersectorisbeingoperatedandmaintainedmostlybytherural
communities,withoutanyadministrative,technical,andfinancialsupport
fromtheGovernment.Absenceofinstitutionalmechanismtogenerate
reliabledataonwatersector.
Regulatorydriversthereisnoregulatorybodyandthisisaserious
deficiency.Wastageofsweetdrinkingwaterasaresultoflackof
awareness,absenceofregulatoryframeworks,nonexistenceofdemand
managementtoolslikeconsumermetersandhighlyinappropriatetariffs.
Waterqualitythereischemical,biologicalandphysicalcontamination
(ref)Contaminationofsurfaceandundergroundwateraquifersdueto
dischargeofuntreatedindustrial,domesticandcommercialeffluent.
Increaseinarseniclevelsandofothercontaminantsintheunderground
wateraquifer.
WaterresourceissuesWaterleveldepletionduetoexcessiveminingof
undergroundwateranddecreasingrechargeofaquifersduetoshortagein
themovementofwaterthroughriverbasins.
AgeinginfrastructureContaminationofurbandrinkingwaterdueto
leakageinoveragedwaterandseweragepipes.Thereisatotalabsence
ofanymechanismtorehabilitateandaugmentruralwatersupplyschemes
afterthepassageofthedesignedlifeofthescheme.
EnvironmentalqualityWaterrechargeisalsoaffectedbythegrowing
andunbridledurbanizationwhichisresultinginconcretizationofland.
Internalconflict/politicalfragilityallprovincialgovernmentsare
committedtomeetMDGtargetsforsanitation
ClimatechangePakistanfallsinthevulnerablezoneforclimatechange
anddisasters.Thereisconsiderableincreaseinfrequencyandintensityof
extremeweatherevents,coupledwitherraticmonsoonrainscausing
frequentandintensefloodsanddroughts

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

348

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Policyandinstitutionalframeworkstheseexistwith
commitmenttoprovidebasicsanitationservicesforall,as
afundamentalhumanneedandabasichumanright.,but
arerelativelyrecent.Theyrequireeffective
implementation
Financingowingtofinancialconstraints,overall
investmentinthesectorislow.Thisrequiressignificant
increaseinallocationtomakeanimpact.Resource
allocationisnotbasedonneedassessment,criteriaand
data.
Humanresourcesthereisarelativeshortageofskilled
humanresources.Capacityofurbanmunicipalinstitutions/
WASAsatalllevelsinplanning,implementationand
monitoringofwatersupplyprogramsandsustainable
operationandmaintenanceofwatersupplysystemsis
deficient.Ourruralwatersectorisbeingoperatedand
maintainedmostlybytheruralcommunities,withoutany
administrative,technical,andfinancialsupportfromthe
Government.Absenceofinstitutionalmechanismto
generatereliabledataonwatersector.
Regulatorydriversthereisnoregulatorybodyandthisis
aseriousdeficiency.Wastageofsweetdrinkingwaterasa
resultoflackofawareness,absenceofregulatory
frameworks,nonexistenceofdemandmanagementtools
likeconsumermetersandhighlyinappropriatetariffs.
Waterqualitythereischemical,biologicalandphysical
contamination(ref)Contaminationofsurfaceand
undergroundwateraquifersduetodischargeofuntreated
industrial,domesticandcommercialeffluent.Increasein
arseniclevelsandofothercontaminantsinthe
undergroundwateraquifer.
WaterresourceissuesWaterleveldepletiondueto
excessiveminingofundergroundwateranddecreasing
rechargeofaquifersduetoshortageinthemovementof
waterthroughriverbasins.
AgeinginfrastructureContaminationofurbandrinking
waterduetoleakageinoveragedwaterandsewerage
pipes.Thereisatotalabsenceofanymechanismto
rehabilitateandaugmentruralwatersupplyschemesafter
thepassageofthedesignedlifeofthescheme.
EnvironmentalqualityWaterrechargeisalsoaffectedby
thegrowingandunbridledurbanizationwhichisresulting
inconcretizationofland.
Internalconflict/politicalfragilityallprovincial
governmentsarecommittedtomeetMDGtargetsfor
sanitation
ClimatechangePakistanfallsinthevulnerablezonefor
climatechangeanddisasters.Thereisconsiderable
increaseinfrequencyandintensityofextremeweather
events,coupledwitherraticmonsoonrainscausing
frequentandintensefloodsanddroughts

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Panama

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Avanzarhacialadescentralizacionypromoverelfortalecimientodela
organizacionyparticipaciondelacomunidadrepresentanaspectos
centralesparalograrelDesarrolloHumano,situacionqueesun
determinanteclavedelasostenibilidad

Paraguay

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Paralasostenibilidadencuantoalestadoyprogresodelsaneamientose
analizanpropuestasdeasistenciafinancieraafondoperdidoparalas
inversionesenobrasdeinfraestructuraamododeevitarlaincidenciade
losmismosenlatarifadelosservicios,puessinonopodrianpagarconla
tarifa.(subsidiodel100%alainversion).

Philippines

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Theannualoccurrenceofnaturaldisasters(e.g.typhoons,floods)affects
theoperationalstatusoffacilitieswhichwouldresulttorepairsornew
constructionrequiringadditionalinvestments.

Rwanda

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
PerformanceContractbetweenNationalgovtandlocalauthorities,
involvementofPublicPrivatePartnershipinManagementof
infrastructure,participatoryapproachesinplanning,implementationand
management,appropriatetechnology

Samoa

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Maintenanceofsanitaryfacilitiescouldbeadeterminantofsustainability

Senegal

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

349

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Avanzarhacialadescentralizacinypromoverel
fortalecimientodelaorganizacinyparticipacindela
comunidadrepresentaunaspectocentralparalograrel
DesarrolloHumano,situacinqueesundeterminante
clavedelasostenibilidad.
Movetowardsdecentralizationandpromotethe
strengtheningoftheorganizationandcommunity
participationisacentralaspectforachievinghuman
development,asituationthatisakeydeterminantof
sustainability.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
DeacuerdoalaEncuestaEspecializadadeAgua2010,30%
delapoblacintomaaguasdepozoscomunes

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Sustainabilityofwatersupplysystemsisthreatenedby
naturaldisastersoccurringannually.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
TransferofknowledgefromTAtolocalworkersisverylow.
Thus,leadto
maintenanceandsustainabilityofsystemsproblems

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

UNWaterGLAAS201112

SierraLeone

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
response2c)forruralis118

SouthAfrica

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Servicedeliveryhasbeendelayedbychangingpoliticalprioritiesand
implementationofinappropriateRDPlevelsofsanitationinruralarea

SouthSudan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

SriLanka

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Asmajorityoftoiletwastedisposalisonsite,waterresourcesaregetting
contaminatedifwastedisposalisnotdonesafely.

Sudan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Tajikistan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

Thailand

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

350

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Stakeholderstoidentifyappropriatemaintenance
technologythatissociallyacceptableandaffordableand
LocalCounciltoestablishmechanismtomeetthecostsof
O&Mwiththewillingnessandabilityofthecommunityto
operate,maintainandmanagethechosenoption.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
1.Lackofgoodpractice.
2.Inadequateplanning,notregardingwaterservicesasa
businesswithconsequentattentionnotbeinggivento
assetmanagement.
3.Lackofaccountabilityandresponsibilitybymany
municipalofficialsandelectedcouncillorswhoclearlyare
notapplyingbusinessprinciplesinthefulfillingoffunctions
providingaccesstowater.
4.Thewaterbusinessisnotrunonaringfencedbasisand
watertariffsarenotcostreflective.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
ThereisnoIntegratedWaterResourcesManagement
Authorityinthecountry.Therefore,watersharingissues
arethereamongwaterusersforagriculture,power
generation,industries,drinkingwater,recreation,etc.

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Sufficientfundingforthedesign,constructionand
operationofwatersupply

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
integratethemandatesofdrinkingwaterserviceinvolved
agencies

UNWaterGLAAS201112

TimorLeste

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Budgetallocationonsanitationhasbeeninsufficient.In2011,750K
allocatedforlatrineconstructionfor(4,000)outof50,000vulnerable
households.Nobudgetallocationforsanitationdemandcreation.
Inlast5years,TLhasencountered2timessecuritycrisis.

Togo

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Politiquedamnagementduterritoireappropri4

Informationducationetcommunicationpourunchangementde
comportement4

Uganda

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
commentstoMark:there2responsesfor"aginginfrastructure"4.0and
2.0

Uzbekistan

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Investmentsareneeded.

VietNam

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Awarenessofpeopleintheimportanceofsanitationservices,especiallyin
ruralareas,mountainousarea(inthemanagementscopeofMoCtownof
levelIVandIV)Anotherissueisthatpeoplerefusetopayforthemonthly
feeofsanitationservices.Thereisnocloselinkagebetweenregulators,
producersandcommunityindevelopmentofsanitationmarket

Yemen

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Theawarenessprogramsandtrainingcourses

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

351

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
EstablishmentoftheFacilityManagementGroupofwater
user(Especiallyintheruralarea)
RegularoperationalMaintenanceonillegalconnection
system(Inbothurbanandrural)

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
commentsforMark:question3a):tworesponsesfor"aging
infrastructure"4.0and2.0

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Communityattitudeandawarenessofpeopleonwater
supplyservice
Socializationinwatersupplyservice
Demandbasedapproach

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:
Participationofprivatesectorfordistributiondrinking
waterafterpurifiedandreachestotheYemenibottled
waterstandardandmonitoringfromthegovernment.
Thegovernmentstartsprojectsofdistillationofthesea
water,(inTaizcitywhichisverypoorareaofwater).
Lookingforanotherwatersourcesandthereareplansfor
transferwaterfromtherichareasofwatertothepoor
areasofdrinkingareas.

UNWaterGLAAS201112

Zimbabwe

Commentsonsanitationservicedeterminants:
Availabilityofastrongcommunitybasedmanagementsystemespecially
fortheRuralWASHSubSectorisastrongdeterminanttothesustenance
oftheprogressmadeinsanitation.Alsoafullycostrecoveryforoperation
andmaintanenceforurbanutilities

16.ServiceProvision

Commentsondrinkingwaterservicedeterminants:

Forruralwatersupply,thereisastrongneedtoensure
effectivecommunityparticipationtoreinforcecommunity
basedmanagementsothatcommunitiesultimatelytake
issuesofoperationandmaintenanceastheirdirect
responsibilityandnotthatofgovernmentorcooperating
partners.Forurbanwatersupplies,thereisastrongneed
toseparatewatersupplyprovisionfromregulationfor
effectiveserviceprovision(theproviderofwatershould
notbeseendoublingasaregulator)

2011GLAASCountrySurveycomments

352

UNWaterGLAAS201112