1.

electoronic flux and gauss law:

Electric Flux:
Flux is a measure of the number of field lines passing through an
area. If we define area as a vector, with its direction perpendicular
to the surface, the electric flux is given by:
E = E A = E A cos()
where is the angle between the electric field and the area
vector.
The more field lines pass through the area, the larger the flux.
Gauss's Law:
Gauss's law is a very useful law that relates the integral we just defined to the
amount of charge Q enclosed inside the surface.
E=E .dA =Q0

Gauss's law tells us that the net difference of electrical flux going in to and out of a
closed surface is determined by the amount of charge the surface encloses. We
should be careful to note it does not necessarily imply that there is zero field inside
a Gaussian surface that does not enclose any charge.

The reasons that this law is so useful is that it does not matter how the charge is
distributed inside the surface. Also we can choose the surface to be whatever we
want, if we choose carefully, guided by symmetry, the integrals required can often
be very easy.

2.
Gauss' law and Coulomb's law are equivalent
- meaning that they are one and the same thing. Either one of
them can be derived from the other. The rigorous derivations can

be found in any of the electrodynamics textbooks, for eg.,

Jackson. For eg., consider a point charge q. As per Coulomb's law,
the electric field produced by it is given by
E =kqr2r^
, where k=140. Now, consider a sphere of radius r centred on
charge q. So, for the surface S of this sphere you have:
SE .ds=Skqr2ds=kqr2Sds=kqr2(4r2)=4kq=q0
, which is Gauss' law. Note that if the r2 in the expression for the
surface area of the sphere in the numerator did not exactly cancel
out the r2 in the denominator of Coulomb's law, the surface
intergral would actually depend on r. Hence you would not have
the result that the surface integral is independent of the area of
the surface, which is what is implied by Gauss' law. Though this
result has been derived for a sphere, it can be derived for any
arbitrary shape and size of the surface, you can refer to Jackson
for eg., for the rigorous derivation. Note that by performing these
steps in reverse, you can also derive Coulomb's law from Gauss'
law, thus demonstrating that they are equivalent.
3.
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential or the
electrostatic potential) is the amount of electric potential energy
that a unitary point electric charge would have if located at any
point in space, and is equal to the work done by an electric field in
carrying a unit positive charge from infinity to that point.
This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a
dynamic (varying with time) electric field at a specific time in
units of joules per coulomb (J C1), or volts (V). The electric
potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
An electric dipole is two charged objects, with equal but opposite
electric charges, that are separated by a distance. The electric
field caused by a dipole falls off as the cube (third power) of the
distance from the dipole, and has a directional variation that

depends on whether youre moving along the line separating the

two charges or perpendicular to it. A dipole can be created, for
example, when you place a neutral atom in an electric field,
because the positively-charged constituents of the atom will be
pulled one way, and the negatively-charged constituents the
other way, creating a separation of charge in the direction of the
field.
4.

5.
There are two Kirchhoff laws, the voltage law and the current law. These two laws
can be used to determine all voltages and currents of circuits.
Kirchoffs First Law The Current Law, (KCL)
Kirchoffs Current Law or KCL, states that the total current or charge entering a
junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other
place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node. In other words the
algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to
zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchoff is commonly known as the
Conservation of Charge.

Here, the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the 2
currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value. Then this means we can
also rewrite the equation as;

I1 + I2 + I3 I4 I5 = 0

The term Node in an electrical circuit generally refers to a connection or junction of

two or more current carrying paths or elements such as cables and components.
Also for current to flow either in or out of a node a closed circuit path must exist. We
can use Kirchoffs current law when analysing parallel circuits.

Kirchoffs Second Law The Voltage Law, (KVL)

Kirchoffs Voltage Law or KVL, states that in any closed loop network, the total
voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same
loop which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages
within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchoff is known as the
Conservation of Energy.

Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the direction
of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to the same
starting point. It is important to maintain the same direction either clockwise or anticlockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero. We can use Kirchoffs
voltage law when analysing series circuits.

When analysing either DC circuits or AC circuits using Kirchoffs Circuit Laws a

number of definitions and terminologies are used to describe the parts of the circuit
being analysed such as: node, paths, branches, loops and meshes. These terms are
used frequently in circuit analysis so it is important to understand them.

6. Capacitor is an electronic device, which is used

to store electric charge or electrical energy. A
capacitor
stores electric charge on its plates.
There are a number of types of capacitors
available.

Capacitance of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of

the charge stored on any of the plates of
capacitor to the potential between the plates.
7.
magnetic dipole
A model of an object that generates a magnetic
field in which the field is considered to emanate
from two opposite poles, as in the north and south
poles of a magnet, much as an electric field
emanates from a positive and a negative charge
(each of which is a monopole) in an electric dipole.
Even though the existence of magnetic monopoles
as isolable particles has not been established, the
magnetic dipole remains a useful simplification of
the electrodynamics involved in magnetism.
Magnetic dipoles experience torque in the
presence of magnetic fields.