Laboratory report

Thick Cylinder

Ujjwalraj Anitha (@00414004)

Distribution, Transmission systems
and designs
Msc. Petroleum and gas engineering
Module co-ordinator: Prof.Ali kadir

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Contents
1.

Objective......................................................................................................... 2

2.

Abstract........................................................................................................... 2

3.

Introduction..................................................................................................... 2

4.

Theory............................................................................................................. 2
4.1 LAMES Theory............................................................................................... 2

5.

Apparatus required.......................................................................................... 5

6.

Procedure........................................................................................................ 5

7.

Results & computation.................................................................................... 6

8.

Discussion..................................................................................................... 15

9.

Conclusion..................................................................................................... 15

References........................................................................................................... 16

List of tables
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:

Depth penetration 0.68............................................................................6

Depth penetration 1.58............................................................................8
Depth penetration 2.29..........................................................................10
Depth penetration 3.65..........................................................................12
% error has been calculated for different penetrations..........................15

List of figure
Figure 1: pressure in thick cylinder........................................................................3
Figure 2: Top view.................................................................................................. 3

List of graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph
Graph

1: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2.....................................................................6

2: Hoop and radial strain V/S 1/r2................................................................7
3: Hoop and radial stress V/S r....................................................................8
4: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2.....................................................................8
5: Hoop and radial strain V/S 1/r2...............................................................9
6: Hoop and radial stress V/s r..................................................................10
7: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2...................................................................11
8: Hoop & radial strain V/S 1/ r2................................................................11
9: Radial & hoop stress V/S r.....................................................................12
10: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2.................................................................13
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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 11: Hoop strain & radial strain V/S 1/r2.....................................................14
Graph 12: Hoop stress & radial stress V/S r.........................................................14

1. Objective
To experiment the distribution of stress in a thick cylinder by applying
pressure internally.

2. Abstract
The experiment relates the correlation between the pressure inside the
thick cylinder, stresses due to applied pressure and the equivalent strains
as described by Lams theory. The stresses inside the thick cylinders are
calculated by the strain gauges placed at selected points. The results
obtained by analytical method were compared by the theoretical values
and analysed.

3. Introduction
Pressure vessels are used in different industries like energy, mechanical
industries and even in water supply in the world to hold liquids or gases at
different pressures. These vessels will be in different forms like pipes,
storage cylinders, heat exchangers etc. It is necessary to measure the
stress distribution of the internal to maintain the structural integrity of
these vessels.
Here we are applying a tapered plug inside the cylindrical bore with a
hydraulic ram to produce a pressure internally. Strain can be determined
by the gauges attached.

4. Theory
The Cylindrical vessels will have wall thickness to diameter not less than
1 t 1
( )
5 d 15
With hoop stress changing all through the cylinder thickness. Internal
radius has the maximum stress (hoop) and for external it is minimum.
Radial stresses are neglected in this case. However it changes from
internal to external radius. Lames theory is applied for variation of
stresses in the radial positions.

4.1 LAMES Theory

His theory is based on two assumptions:
1) Cylinder material should be homogeneous and isotropic.
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Lab Report on thick cylinder

2) Longitudinal axis perpendicular to the plane sections of the cylinder
remain plain under pressure
Later assumption tells that longitudinal strain is equal at all points.
Consider a thick cylinder (radius r, length l, internal radius and
external radius a & b) and with uniformly distributed pressure Pa and
Pb respectively.
The values of radial strain (er) and hoop strain (e) are given by the
strain gauge and are noted in the data logger attached with it. With
this we can find the hoop stress and radial stress. The equations :

Hoop stress

Radial stress

E (Youngs Modulus) = 208 kN/mm2

( Poissons ratio) = 0.3
The figure shows thick cylinder with pressure and stresses

Figure 1: pressure in thick cylinder

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Figure 2: Top view

From figure inner radius = R1 and outer radius =R2,

Cylinder having pressure p(internal) at distance r(radial),
The LAMES equation is given by,

Hoop stress ,

A
Radial stress

B
r2

B
r2

Using boundary conditions,

Then the equations become,

Lab Report on thick cylinder

5. Apparatus required

1) A thick cylinder with outer diameter = 304mm & inner diameter=

155mm attached with ten strain gauges at respective positions.
2) Hydraulic ram
3) Tapered plug inside the bore
4) Hydraulic cylinder to supply lubricating oil
5) Strain gauge
6) Data logger (Solatron Schlumber 3530)

6. Procedure

To attain zero reference lubricating oil is pumped to the tapered

plug. The plug is rotated at the same time during the lubrication
to ensure uniformity til the spiral groove is filled with the oil.
In case of hydraulic ram, an initial weight was applied and
0.26mm was obtained as initial reading. Now it is zeroed and 10
different channels of strain are initialised to the logging system.
The operator pushed the hand pump down to force the hydraulic
ram head till the tapered plug. Simultaneously lubrication is done
with the help of pump to ensure the uniformity of the ram and
the oil pump. Note down the readings of strain.

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Readings were noted for penetrations of 4mm with a step

difference of 0.75mm. Lubrication is done simultaneously. Load
should be removed when you are taking the readings.

7. Results & computation

a) Depth of penetration = 0.68

Table 1: Depth penetration 0.68

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 1: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2

From graph,
A= 5.4N/mm2
B= (0.437+0.704)/2 * 105 = 57050N
P= 4.4N/mm2
By Lames equation (theoretically),
A=

4.477.52
2
2
152 77.5

B=

4.477.5 152
2
2
152 4.4

In graph

= 1.545N/mm2
2

= 35711.18N
V/S r and

e ,

er

V/S 1/r2 are plotted.

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 2: Hoop and radial strain V/S 1/r2

Graph 3: Hoop and radial stress V/S r

b) Depth of penetration = 1.58

Table 2: Depth penetration 1.58

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 4: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2

From graph,
A= 9.9N/mm2
B= (1.695+1.997)/2*105 = 184600N
P= 10

N/mm2

Lames eqn,
A=

1077.52
152277.52

B=

1077.521522
15224.4 2

Given graph

= 3.51N/mm2

= 81161.79N
r

V/S r and

e ,

er

V/S 1/r2 for penetration 1.58 has

been plotted.

Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 5: Hoop and radial strain V/S 1/r2

Graph 6: Hoop and radial stress V/s r

c) Depth of penetration = 2.29

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Table 3: Depth penetration 2.29

Graph 7: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2

From graph,
A= 10.9N/mm2
B= (2.062+3.950)/2 * 105 = 300600N
P = 20.2N (Graph)
By Lames formula,
20.277.52
A= 152277.52 = 7.09N/mm2

B=

20.277.521522
15224.4 2

In graph

= 163946.81N
V/S r and

e ,

er

V/S 1/r2 ( penetration 2.29) has been

drawn below.

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 8: Hoop & radial strain V/S 1/ r2

Graph 9: Radial & hoop stress V/S r

d) Depth of penetration = 3.65

Table 4: Depth penetration 3.65

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 10: Hoop, radial stress V/S 1/r2

From graph,
A= 22N/mm2
B= (4.961+4.482)/2*105 = 472150N
P= 30N
By Lames theory,
A=

3077.52
152277.52

B=

3077.521522
15224.4 2

Graph of

= 10.53N/mm2

= 243485.37N
V/S r and

e ,

er

V/S 1/r2 ( penetration 3.65) has been

drawn below.

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Graph 11: Hoop strain & radial strain V/S 1/r2

Graph 12: Hoop stress & radial stress V/S r

Percentage error calculations:

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

Table 5: % error has been calculated for different penetrations

8. Discussion

When the plug penetration increases, the pressure inside the

cylinder also increases. When the depth of penetration is 0.68mm,
the internal pressure becomes 4.4N/mm2, and by increasing the
deepness to 1.58, 2.29, & 3.65mm, the related pressure values are
10, 20.2 & 30N/mm2 respectively. The following strain readings for
different heights would validate the increase in values of internal
pressure.

By comparing the values of theoretical & experimental data of A and

B, it shows that the theoretical values are lower compared to the
later. This shows the error encountered while doing the experiments.
Insufficient lubrication is also another reason for it.

Lubrication of plug is an important part to obtain accurate values as

it helps for the easy movement of cylinder when Pressure is applied,
so it should be lubricated properly.

9. Conclusion
The test to find the stress distribution in a thick cylinder based on
Lames theory was investigated and analytical results were
compared with calculated ones. The difference in values can be
accepted as it comes under acceptable range and these will be due
to experimental or human errors. Thus it is recommended to utilise
two methods in solving these kind problems.

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Lab Report on thick cylinder

References

Bhavikatti, S. S. Mechanics Of Solids. New Delhi: New Age

International Ltd., 2010. Print.
Hearn, E. (1997). Mechanics of materials. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann.
Clarke, J. (1969). An investigation of stress redistribution caused by
creep in a thick-walled circular cylinder subjected to axial and
thermal loading. London: H.M.S.O.

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