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Structure
Refers to a system of connected parts used to support a
load.
Example:
1. buildings
2. bridges
6. Pressure vessels
3. towers
7. Mechanical systems
8. Electrical supporting structures
PERFORMANCE CHARATERISTICS
1. Stresses or stress resultant
such as axial forces, shear forces, and
bending moments
2. Deflections
3. Support Reactions
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES
1. Tension Structures
2. Compression Structures
COLUMN
ARCH
3. Trusses
4. Shear Structures
5. Bending Structures
Beam
Rigid Frames
Plate
1. Dead Loads
Example:
a. Weights of frames
b. Framing and bracing systems
c. Floors
d. Roofs
e. Ceilings
f. Walls
g. Stairways
h. Heating and air conditioning systems
i. plumbing
j. Electrical system and so forth
UNIT WEIGHT/kN/m3
Aluminum
25.9
Brick
18.8
Concrete ,reinforced
23.6
Structural Steel
77.0
Wood
6.3
Live Load/kPa
1.92
2.87
4.79
Light manufacturing,
light storage warehouses,
wholesale stores
Heavy manufacturing,
heavy storage
warehouses
6.0
11.97
WIND PRESSURE
= I
Where:
= design wind pressure
= .
= . .
= . . 10
=
Exposure D
Exposure C
Exposure B
05
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
100
1.41
1.45
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.65
1.75
1.87
1.96
2.09
2.17
2.26
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.20
1.23
1.25
1.35
1.46
1.60
1.70
1.86
2.00
2.09
0.63
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.76
0.78
0.89
0.98
1.12
1.23
1.41
1.55
1.68
Description
Method 1 (Normal Force Method)
Walls:
Windward wall
Leeward wall
Roofs:
Wind perpendicular to ridge
Leeward roof or flat roof
Windward roof
less than 2:12
slope 2:12 to less than 9:12
Cq Factor
0.8 inward
0.5 outward
0.7 outward
0.7 outward
0.7 outward
0.9 outward or
0.3 inward
0.4 inward
0.7 inward
0.7 outward
Occupancy Categories
Occupancy Category
Essential Facilities
Hospitals and other medical facilities having surgery and emergency treatment areas
Fire and police stations
Tanks and other structures containing, housing or supporting water or other fire-suppression materials
or equipment required for the protection of essential or hazardous facilities or special occupancy
structures
Emergency vehicles and equipment shelters and garages
Structures and equipment in emergency preparedness centers
Stand-by-power generating equipment for essential facilities
Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency
purposes
Hazardous Facilities
Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public assembly having a capacity of more than 300
persons
Buildings for schools (through secondary) or day-care centers having a capacity of more than 250
students
Buildings for colleges or adult education schools with a capacity of more than 500 students
Medical facilities with 50 or more resident incapacitated, patients but not included above
Jails and detention facilities
All structures with an occupancy of more than 5000 persons
Structures and equipment in power generating stations and other public utility facilities not included
above and required for continued operation
II
III
200 kPH
175 kPH
150 kPH
2000 Pa
1500 Pa
1000 Pa
Occupancy Requirements
Occupancy Category
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Essential Facilities
Hazardous Facilities
Special Occupancy Structures
Standard Occupancy Structures
Importance Factor, I
1.15
1.15
1.00
1.00
NORMAL FORCE
METHOD
PROJECTED AREA
METHOD
5. Snow Loads
6. Earthquake loads
7. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressures
8. Thermal and other Effects
Support Connections
Three Types of Joints
1. Pin Connection
2. Roller Support
3. Fixed Joint
Support Connections
Idealized Models
Pin Connection
Roller Support
Fixed Support
Source: RC Hibbeler