01).

Reiterate - ritret - V
To repeat sth that you have already said, especially to emphasize it
Reiteration N
Reiterative - A
1. The government has reiterated its refusal to compromise with the terrorists.
2. She reiterated that she has never seen him before.
3. The policeman reiterated the warning.
4. I didn't hear the question the first time, so I asked the teacher to reiterate.
5. He reiterated his answer to the question over and over again.
02). Exploit - ksplt
To treat sb unfairly by making them work and not giving them much in return
Exploits N
Exploitation N
Exploiter N
Exploitative A - an exploitative economic system
Exploitable - A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees.

Marx wrote about the exploitation of the workers.
His behavior towards her was very exploitative
She told her friends about her exploits during the holyday weekend.
They continue to over-exploit all the island's resources.
What is being done to stop employers from exploiting young people?

03) Anticipate - ntspet - V

Anticipative AAnticipator N Anticipatory A

to expect sth
We don't anticipate any major problems.
Our anticipated arrival time is 8.30.
The eagerly anticipated movie will be released next month.
to see what might happen in the future and take action to prepare for it
1. The police are anticipating troubles at tomorrows protest march.
2. At this stage we cant anticipate what will happen.
3. The army anticipated the explosion by evacuating the house.
4.
We need someone who can anticipate and respond to changes in the fashion industry.
5. Try and anticipate what the interviewers will ask.

04). Motivate - mtvet To make sb want to do sth, especially sth that involves hard work and effort
Motivated A
Motivational A
Motivation N
Motivator N
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The management is looking for someone who will be able to motivate the staff to work hard.
She's very good at motivating her students.
The plan is designed to motivate employees to work more efficiently.
It is important to anticipate problems and try to answer the questions before they are asked.
The other day I anticipated the test would be hard so I studied all night.
She had anticipated that he would throw the ball to her, but he threw it to her brother instead.

05). Refute rfjut

Refutable A
Refutation N

To prove that sth is wrong

(To refute an argument/a theory, etc.)
He said: I can categorically refute that.
It was refuted by scientific evidence.

To say that sth is not true or fair

1. The lawyer used new evidence to refute the charges and clear the defendant.
2. The lawyer refuted the testimony of the witness.
3.
He refutes the notion that he's planning to retire soon.
4. She refuted the allegations against her.

06). Interdict - ntdkt V

Interdict N
Interdiction N
Interdictory A
1.
2.
3.
4.

( law ) an official order from a court that orders you not to do sth
They are trying to get an interim interdict to stop construction of the road.
The secretary was interdicted for misappropriation of public funds.
His object was to obtain an interdict against the progress of the works, but he was not successful.
Interdict the movement of Al Qaida in eastern Afghanistan.

07). Retaliate - rtliet v

Retaliatory A
Retaliation N
Retaliator N

To do sth harmful to sb because they have harmed you first

(If you retaliate when someone harms or annoys you, you do something which harms or annoys them in return.)
1. He slapped the policeman, who retaliated by kicking him.
2. If we impose import duties, other countries may retaliate against us.
3. The minority regime retaliated by murdering over a hundred peaceful demonstrators
4. The troops retaliated by firing into the crowd

08). Accelerate - kselret - V (I-T)

Acceleration N
Accelerator - N

1.
2.
3.

To happen or to make sth happen faster or earlier than expected

Too much exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
Inflation continues to accelerate.
You can accelerate your mastery of the language by doing all your vocabulary exercises.

1.
2.

( of a vehicle or person ) to start to go faster

The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
The car accelerated to overtake me.

09). Reinstate - rinstet V

Reinstatement N

1.
2.
3.

to give back a job or position that had been taken away from sb
1.
He was reinstated in his post.
to return sth to its previous position or status (restore)
There have been repeated calls to reinstate the death penalty.
Tennis has now been reinstated as an Olympic sport.
The water supply to the flats was subsequently reinstated.

10). Condone kndn V

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

To accept behavior that is morally wrong or to treat it as if it were not serious.

Terrorism can never be condoned.
If the government is seen to condone violence, the bloodsheds will never stop.
We will not condone disorderly conduct at church.
To condone your recent absences from my class, I will need a written note from your parent or guardian.
The college cannot condone any behavior that involves illicit drugs
By his silence, he seemed to condone their behavior.

11). Animate - nmet V/A

Animatedly Adv
Animation - N

1.
2.
3.
4.

to make sth more lively or full of energy

A smile suddenly animated her face.
A sparkle in her eyes animated his face whenever she smiled.
The world is consists of animate and inanimate things.
We were unable to animate his face.

to make models, toys, etc. seem to move in a film/movie by rapidly showing slightly different pictures of them in a series, one
after another
Animated - A

full of interest and energy (lively)

An animated discussion/conversation
Her face suddenly became animated.

( of pictures, drawings, etc. in a film/movie ) made to look as if they are moving

Animated cartoons/graphics/models
12). Complicate kmplket (T)
Complication N

To make sth more difficult to do, understand or deal with

1. I do not wish to complicate the task more than is necessary.
2.
To complicate matters further, there will be no transport available till 8 o'clock.
3. The issue is complicated by the fact that a vital document is missing.
4. This situation is further complicated by the language difficulties.
5. This latest bloodshed greatly complicates efforts to bring peace to the region.
6. The rescue operation has been complicated by bad weather.
7. His breathing problem has been complicated by a chest infection.
Complicated A
Made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand (Complex)
A complicated system
The instructions look very complicated.
The story is extremely complicated.
It's all very complicatedbut I'll try and explain.
13). Condense - kndens (T/I)

if a liquid condenses or you condense it, it becomes thicker and stronger because it has lost some of its water (reduce)
1. Condense the soup by boiling it for several minutes.
2. If you condense a liquid, you make it thicker by removing some of the water.

1.
2.
3.

to put sth such as a piece of writing into fewer words; to put a lot of information into a small space (T)
I tried to condense 10 pages of comments into two.
The article was condensed into just two pages.
The author has condensed a great deal of material into just 100 pages.

14). Exonerate - znret V

Exoneration V
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To officially state that sb is not responsible for sth that they have been blamed for
The report exonerated the crew from all the responsibilities for the collision.
The police report exonerated Lewis from all charges of corruption.
Let me say at once that Mr Sarath was completely exonerated in this whole matter.
In the judgment, all participants were totally exonerated except the BBC, which was roasted.
These people were all innocent, and subsequently exonerated.

15). Deteriorate dtriret (I)

Deterioration N
To become worse
1. The countrys economy has been deteriorating for some times.
2. She was taken into hospital last week when her condition suddenly began to deteriorate
3. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards.
4. Deteriorating weather conditions
5. The discussion quickly deteriorated into an angry argument.
6. A serious deterioration in relations between the two countries

16). Incorporate - nkpret- v

Incorporation N
Incorporated A
To include sth so that it forms a part of sth
The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features.
We have incorporated all the latest safety features into the design.
Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the plan.
The incorporation of foreign words into the language
Suggestions from the survey have been incorporated into the final design report.
This aircraft incorporated several new safety features in addition to the standard ones.

To create a legally recognized company

The company was incorporated in 2008. ]
The articles of incorporation of the company
17). Impoverish - mpvr - V
Impoverishment N Impoverished A

sb to make sb poor
These changes are likely to impoverish single-parent families even further.
The breakdown of the family unit would lead to an impoverished society.

sth to make sth worse in quality

Intensive cultivation has impoverished the soil.
Lack of fertilizer had impoverished the soil.
The rapid impoverishment of the people
Cultural impoverishment
18). Antagonize \ze - ntnaz V- (T)
Antagonistic A Antagonism N
Antagonist N

To do sth to make sb angry with you

1). Not wishing to antagonize her further, he said no more.
2).With the publication of satanic verses Rushdie antagonized the
Conservative Muslims
3). we feel they are adopting an unnecessary antagonistic approach towards the negotiations.
4). It's a very delicate situation and I've no wish to antagonize him.
5). the air was filled with antagonism directed towards the city council president's speech.
6). "the bad guy in the story practices antagonism." being that a bad guy in a story is the antagonist.
The detective was using antagonism to get the perpetrator to talk.

19). Invigorate - nvret V (T) Invigorative/Invigorating A

Invigoration N
Invigoratingly Adv
[Often passive] ~ sb to make sb feel healthy and full of energy
The cold water invigorated him.
They felt refreshed and invigorated after the walk.
A cold shower is more invigorating than a warm shower.
The invigorating northern air
A brisk walk along the shore is an invigorating experience.
They were invigorated by the drug.

to make a situation, an organization, etc. efficient and successful

They are looking into ways of invigorating the department.
My family's support has invigorated me to continue to develop in the future."
While controlling social unrest by providing jobs for the graduates, they are also trying to invigorate the economy
After 3 cups of coffee, I notice a sense of invigoration.
20). Prorogue - prrg V
Prorogation N (Prorogues, proroguing, prorogued)
Discontinue a session of (a parliament or other legislative assembly) without dissolving it:
1. James prorogued this Parliament, never to call another one
2. Political analysts speculated that she will not face a vote unless certain of victory, predicting that she may either prorogue Parliament for
another two months or dissolve it in favor of general elections.
3. In 1991, he prorogued parliament in order to block an impeachment motion against him.
4. The president prorogued the parliament for three months.

21). Segregate - seret V (T) Segregation N

sb (from sb) to separate people of different races, religions or sexes and treat them in a different way
A culture in which women are segregated from men
Whites and blacks were segregated into different parts of town.
A racially segregated community
A segregated school (= one for students of one race or religion only)
At school the girls were segregated from the boys.
"Blacks were segregated in churches, schools, and colleges"
"Disabled people should not be segregated from the rest of society"

2 ~ sth (from sth) to keep one thing separate from another

In all our restaurants, smoking and non-smoking areas are segregated from each other.

22). Phenomenon fnmnn N (C) (plural phenomena)

1 a fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood
Cultural/natural/social phenomena
Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century.
Early retirement is a relatively new phenomenon in Britain.
Something that exists or happens, usually something unusual
Storms, lightning, and other natural phenomena
Road rage seems to be a fairly recent phenomenon.
Glaciers are a unique and interesting natural phenomenon
2 (plural phenomenon in Name) a person or thing that is very successful or impressive
You are a phenomenon boy!!

23). Depression - dpren N

1 [uncountable] a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms such as being unable to
sleep, etc
Clinical depression
She suffered from severe depression after losing her job.
He committed suicide during a fit of depression.
2 [uncountable,countable] the state of feeling very sad and without hope
There was a feeling of gloom and depression in the office when the news of the job cuts was announced.
3 [countable,uncountable] a period when there is little economic activity and many people are poor or without jobs
The country was in the grip of (an) economic depression.
The great Depression of the 1930s
Due to depression in the economy the government was forced to print money.
{When you feel very unhappy, or a mental illness that makes you feel very unhappy
Nearly three million people suffer from depression every year.
ECONOMY a time when there is not much business activity
The stock market crash marked the start of a severe depression.}

24). Obligation - blen N

Obligative/Obligatory A
Obligate V 1 [uncountable] ~ (to do sth) the state of being forced to do sth because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc
You are under no obligation to buy anything.
She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.
I don't want people coming to see me out of a sense of obligation.
We will send you an estimate for the work without obligation (= you do not have to accept it).
2 [countable] something which you must do because you have promised, because of a law, etc
To fulfill your legal/professional/financial obligations
They reminded him of his contractual obligations.
It is obligatory for all employees to wear protective clothing.
To do sth we have a moral obligation to protect the environment.

25). Ideology - adildi N [Countable,uncountable] (Plural ideologies) (Sometimes disapproving)

1 a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on
Marxist/capitalist ideology
2 a set of beliefs, especially one held by a particular group, that influences the way people behave
The ideology of gender roles
Alternative ideologies
Ideological al - adjective
Ideological differences
Ideologically - adverb
Ideologically correct

26). Trauma - trm - N Traumatic A

Traumatize V
Traumatically Adv 1 [uncountable] (psychology) a mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the harmful effects last for a long time
The effects of trauma and stress on the body
The children showed no signs of trauma after their ordeal.
2 [countable,uncountable] an unpleasant experience that makes you feel upset and/or anxious
She felt exhausted after the traumas of recent weeks.
The trauma of marriage breakdown
The trauma she experienced when she show her child mutilated by the Israel bombs never left her mind for years.
3 [uncountable,countable] (medical) an injury
The patient suffered severe brain trauma.
1 extremely unpleasant and causing you to feel upset and/or anxious
A traumatic experience
Divorce can be traumatic for everyone involved.
The violence that he witnessed left him traumatized.
2 [only before noun] (psychology or medical) connected with or caused by trauma
Traumatic amnesia
TRAUMATIZE
[Usually passive] ~ sb
To shock and upset sb very much, often making them unable to think or work normally
He was so traumatized by the attack that he could not work for a year.
My wife was traumatized by the experience.
27). Catastrophe - ktstrf N 1 a sudden event that causes many people to suffer (disaster)
Early warnings of rising water levels prevented another major catastrophe.
After the drought, the country is facing environmental catastrophe.
Tsunami was a great catastrophe which killed more than a million people.
2 an event that causes one person or a group of people personal suffering, or that makes difficulties
The attempt to expand the business was a catastrophe for the firm.
We've had a few catastrophes with the food for the party.
Catastrophic = disastrous -adjective
Catastrophic effects/losses/results
Catastrophic al ly - adverb
To fail catastrophically
28). calibre - klb(r) N 1 [uncountable] the quality of sth, especially a person's ability =standard
He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job.
The firm needs more people of your caliber
The calibre of applicants was very high
Persons who have a high caliber
2 [countable] the width of the inside of a tube or gun; the width of a bullet
A .22 calibre bullet
A high calibre weapon

29). Camouflage - N/V - kmfl

1 [ uncountable ] a way of hiding soldiers and military equipment, using paint, leaves or nets, so that they look like part of their
surroundings
A camouflage jacket (= covered with green and brown marks and worn by soldiers)
Troops dressed in camouflage
2 [uncountable,singular] the way in which an animal's colour or shape matches its surroundings and makes it difficult to see
The whiteness of polar bears and arctic foxes provides camouflage.
The leopard's spots act as (a) camouflage.
The polar bears white fur is a natural camouflage.
Predators make as much use of camouflage as their prey do.
3 [uncountable,singular] behaviors that are deliberately meant to hide the truth
Her angry words were camouflage for the way she felt.
The teen tried to camouflage her pregnancy by wearing loose fitting clothes

To hide sb/sth by making them or it look like the things around, or like sth else
The soldiers camouflaged themselves with leaves.
Her size was camouflaged by the long loose dress she wore.
Jasper decided to camouflage himself while deer hunting.'

30). Hypocrisy hpkrsi

(Plural hypocrisies) [Uncountable,countable] (Disapproving)
Behavior in which sb pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have
He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another.
The hypocrisy of the parliamentarians is revealed when they all vote for their salary increases.
If you don't practice what you preach, your hypocrisy will be evident to everyone.
It's hypocrisy for them to pretend that they were shocked at the news.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 8th edition
Hypocrite N A person who pretends to have moral standards or opinions that they do not actually have
Charles was a liar and a hypocrite who married her for money.
Hypocritical - adjective
It would be hypocritical of me to have a church wedding when I don't believe in God.
Most people think Christians are hypocritical because they say one thing but don't do it.
Hypocritically - adverb

31). Recuperate V - rkupret - (Formal) (I)

1[intransitive] ~ (from sth) to get back your health, strength or energy after being ill/sick, tired, injured, etc (recover)
He's still recuperating from his operation.
His extended stay in the hospital allowed for him to recuperate from his injuries
After an exhausting few weeks I needed some time to recuperate.
She's still recuperating from her injuries.
2 [transitive] ~ sth to get back money that you have spent or lost
(Recoup, recover)
He hoped to recuperate at least some of his losses.
Recuperation - noun [uncountable]
It was a period of rest and recuperation.
After my recuperation, I will be able to travel as I like.
Recuperative A - (Formal)
Helping you to get better after you have been ill/sick, very tired, etc.
The recuperative powers of a good night's sleep

32). Purpose - pps N1 [countable] the intention, aim or function of sth; the thing that sth is supposed to achieve
Our campaign's main purpose is to raise money.
The purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.
A meeting was called for the purpose of appointing a new treasurer.
The experiments serve no useful purpose (= are not useful).
The building is used for religious purposes.
2 purposes [plural] what is needed in a particular situation
These gifts count as income for tax purposes.
For the purposes of this study, the three groups have been combined.
3 [countable,uncountable] meaning that is important and valuable to you
Volunteer work gives her life (a sense of) purpose.
4 [uncountable] the ability to plan sth and work successfully to achieve it
(Determination)
He has enormous confidence and strength of purpose.
on purpose
Not by accident; deliberately
He did it on purpose, knowing it would annoy her.
Purposeful A Having a useful purpose; acting with a clear aim and with determination
Purposeful work is an important part of the regime for young offenders.
She looked purposeful and determined.
Purposefully Adv Edward strode purposefully towards the door.
Purposefulness N - [uncountable]
Purposeless A Having no meaning, use or clear aim
Meaningless, pointless
Purposeless destruction
Purposely Adv On purpose; deliberately
He sat down, purposely avoiding her gaze.
Purposive A (Formal)
Having a clear and definite purpose = Purposeful
The human capacity for thought and purposive action

33).Insufficient - nsfnt A ~ (to do sth) | ~ (for sth) (formal)

Not large, strong or important enough for a particular purpose = Inadequate
Insufficient time
Her income is insufficient to support a family.
The work done by the council was insufficient.
The case was dismissed because of insufficient evidences.
If you have only fifty cents, that is insufficient to buy a hamburger.
His salary is insufficient to meet his needs. - Opposite >Sufficient
The management paid insufficient attention to working conditions.
There are fears that the existing flood barrier may prove insufficient.
Insufficiently Adv
He was insufficiently prepared for the exam.
Insufficiency N - [uncountable,singular] (technical)
Cardiac insufficiency

34). Illustrate - lstret V 1 [usually passive] to use pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book, etc
~ sth an illustrated textbook
~ sth with sth His lecture was illustrated with photos taken during the expedition.
2 to make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc
~ sth To illustrate my point , let me tell you a little story.
Last year's sales figures are illustrated in Figure 2.
~ How, what, etc Here's an example to illustrate what I mean.
3 ~ sth | ~ how, what, etc | ~ that to show that sth is true or that a situation exists = demonstrate
The incident illustrates the need for better security measures.
The latest conflict is further illustrates the weakness of the UN.
Illustration N 1 [countable] a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc. especially one that explains sth
50 full-colour illustrations
2 [uncountable] the process of illustrating sth
The art of book illustration
3 [countable,uncountable] a story, an event or an example that clearly shows the truth about sth
The statistics are a clear illustration of the point I am trying to make
This delay is a perfect illustration of of why we need a computer system.
Let me, by way of illustration, quote from one of her poems.
Illustrative A Helping to explain sth or show it more clearly = explanatory
An illustrative example
"Look at his paint stroke, it's not messy, it's very illustrative."
Illustrator N A person who draws or paints pictures for books, etc.
Illustrious A Very famous and much admired, especially because of what you have achieved
Distinguished
The composer was one of many illustrious visitors to the town.
A long and illustrious career

35). Tentative - tenttv -A -

1 (of an arrangement, agreement, etc.) not definite or certain because you may want to change it later
We made a tentative arrangement to meet on Friday.
Tentative conclusions
We have made tentative plans to take a trip to Kashmir next year.
I think we are moving to a bigger house in August, but it is only tentative.
After looking at all the applications, we reached the tentative conclusion that three or four people might be worth interviewing
I can show you the report if you wish to but let me inform you that it is still in a tentative stage...
Tentatively Adv
We agreed tentatively on the new schedule, knowing it could end up changing.
We tentatively made plans to see a movie last Saturday, but had to cancel.
They have tentatively agreed to our proposal.
She smiled tentatively.
Tentativeness N

36). Irreversible - rvsbl A Opposite-(reversible)

That cannot be changed back to what it was before
An irreversible change/decline/decision
Smoking has caused irreversible damage to his lungs.
Modern technology has had an irreversible impact on society.
"The problems you caused are irreversible; they can never be remedied."
The results of World War 2 are irreversible
Irreversible brain damage (= that will not improve)
Irreversibly Adv
The people who experienced it were completely, irreversibly transformed.
The relationship was irreversibly damaged.
Television has irreversibly changed our perception of the Royal Family.

37). Efficient - fnt A (PLURAL - EFFICIENCIES)

Doing sth well and thoroughly with no waste of time, money, or energy
An efficient secretary
Efficient heating equipment
The efficient use of energy
We offer a fast, friendly and efficient service.
As we get older, our bodies become less efficient at burning up calories.
'The efficient man walked his dog, cleaned his house, went to work, and then visited with his elderly mother.'
We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it run smoothly
Fuel-efficient cars (= that do not use much fuel)
(Opposite-inefficient)
Efficiently A very efficiently organized event

38). Transient -trnzint A/N = (fleeting, temporary)

1 continuing for only a short time
The transient nature of speech
Transient pleasures
The snow is transient and will melt as soon as the sun appears.
The doctor says my sons fever is transient and will break shortly.
Fortunately the lack of water in the lake is only a transient issue.
2 staying or working in a place for only a short time, before moving on
If you are a transient person, you never remain in one place for too long.
Because Jack and his wife relocate from city to city looking for work, they are considered to be a transient couple.
A city with a large transient population (= of students, temporary workers, etc.)
Because Los Angeles is filled with people who live there for a few months, Los Angeles has a very transient population.
Transience - [uncountable]
The transience of human life
(Especially Name)

Noun - A person who stays or works in a place for only a short time, before moving on
Most of the farm workers are transients.

39). indigenous - nddns = native AIndigenousness N

Belonging to a particular place rather than coming to it from somewhere else
The indigenous peoples/languages of the area
The kangaroo is indigenous to Australia.
There are many indigenous frogs in Riversten in Matale district.
"He was one of the indigenous people."
There are many animals indigenous to the Galapagos Islands that are not found elsewhere.

10

40). legislate - ledslet (I) V

To make a law affecting sth
The government will legislate against discrimination in the workplace.
You can't legislate against bad luck!
They promised to legislate to protect people's right to privacy.
Legislation N
A law or a set of laws passed by a parliament
An important piece of legislation
New legislation on the sale of drugs will be introduced next year.
A call for legislation to ban smoking in public places
The legislation was passed in Congress by a 2/3rds majority.

the process of making and passing laws

Legislation will be difficult and will take time.
There is no legislation in this country to stop someone from turning their garden into a wildlife park.'
Legislative A - [only before noun] (formal)

Connected with the act of making and passing laws

Congress uses its legislative power to interpret and apply the constitution by making laws.
A legislative assembly/body/council
Legislative powers
Legislator N

A member of a group of people that has the power to make laws

My legislator is preparing a bill to promote the construction of a new bridge.
Legislature N A group of people who have the power to make and change laws
A democratically elected legislature
The national/state legislature
The members of the town's legislature voted on the enactment of a law pertaining to the myriad issues with the local education system.

41). executive N/A - zekjtv

Noun
1 [countable] a person who has an important job as a manager of a company or an organization
Advertising/business/sales, etc. executives
A chief/senior/top executive in a computer firm
2 [countable + singular or plural verb] a group of people who run a company or an organization
The union's executive has/have yet to reach a decision.
3 the executive [singular + singular or plural verb] the part of a government responsible for putting laws into effect
(Compare judiciary, legislature)
Adjective - [Only before noun]
1 connected with managing a business or an organization, and with making plans and decisions
She has an executive position in a finance company.
Executive decisions/duties/jobs/positions
The executive dining room
2 having the power to put important laws and decisions into effect
Executive authority
An executive board/body/committee/officer
Executive power is held by the president.
3 expensive; for the use of sb who is considered important
An executive car/home
An executive suite (= in a hotel)
An executive lounge (= at an airport)

11

42/43). Optimism - ptmzm N - [uncountable] - pessimism

A feeling that good things will happen and that sth will be successful; the tendency to have this feeling
Optimism about/for the future
We may now look forward with optimism.
A mood of cautious optimism
There are very real grounds for optimism.
Both sides have expressed optimism about the chances of an early agreement.
Optimist N- pessimist

A person who always expects good things to happen or things to be successful

He's an incurable optimist.
Optimistic A- Pessimistic
Expecting good things to happen or sth to be successful; showing this feeling
She's not very optimistic about the outcome of the talks.
She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold middle.
I am optimistic that we can finish the work on time
The pessimistic way to see it is a glass half empty; the optimistic way to see it is the glass half full.
They are cautiously optimistic that the reforms will take place.
We are now taking a more optimistic view.
In an optimistic mood
I think you're being a little over-optimistic.
Optimistically
He spoke optimistically about better relations between the two countries.

44). Egocentric - esentrk A - selfish

Thinking only about him and not about what other people need or want
Young children are usually egocentric because they haven't learnt other forms of behavior.
She was an egocentric woman, as she never thought of anyone but herself.
Narcissistic people tend to be egocentric.
45). Impressive - mpresv - unimpressive A
(Of things or people) making you feel admiration, because they are very large, good, skilful, etc
An impressive building with a huge tower
An impressive performance
One of the most impressive novels of recent years
She was very impressive in the interview.
Impressively AdvImpressively high
Impressively organized
He paused impressively (= to make an impression).
The story she wrote was impressive.
That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.
His collection of paintings is most impressive.

46). Sarcasm - skzm [uncountable]

A way of using words that are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sb or to make fun of them
That will be useful, she snapped with heavy sarcasm (= she really thought it would not be useful at all).
A hint/touch/trace of sarcasm in his voice
Now and then there was a touch of sarcasm in his voice.
The teacher had a deep sarcasm in his tone, when he was addressing the class.
His praise of his longtime enemy was obviously sarcasm.
Sarcastic AShowing or expressing sarcasm
Sarcastic comments
A sarcastic manner
There's no need to be sarcastic, she said.
Sarcastically
John can't come. What a shame, my brother said sarcastically.
If you tend to make sarcastic comments in the name of fun, then this article is for you.

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47). Hospitable - hsptbl A (welcoming)

1 ~ (to/towards sb) (of a person) pleased to welcome guests; generous and friendly to visitors
the local people are very hospitable to strangers.
My best friend was quite hospitable when I stayed with her this summer.
They are a very hospitable couple to both friends and strangers.
I was given a very hospitable welcome.
She is always hospitable to visitors from abroad.
The villagers of Opalgala were very hospitable towards anyone who passed through.
2 ~ having good conditions that allow things to grow; having a pleasant environment
A hospitable climate
(Inhospitable)
Hospitably
He welcomed me most hospitably.

48). Initial - initial - adjective, noun, and verb - [only before noun]

Happening at the beginning; first

An initial payment of 60 and ten installments of 25
In the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaign
My initial reaction was to decline the offer.
Initial reports say that 7 people have died, though this has not been confirmed.
Noun
1 [countable] the first letter of a person's first name
What initial is it, Mrs. Owen? It's J, J for Jane.
2 initials [plural] the first letters of all of a person's names
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was often known by his initials JFK.
Just write your initials.
He wrote his initials at the bottom of the page.
Verb
To mark or sign sth with your initials
Please initial each page and sign in the space provided.
The agreement was finally initialed on May 8.

49). Controversial - kntrvl A (non-controversial, uncontroversial)

The awarding of the Peace Prize to President Obama was also controversial.
Causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement
A highly controversial topic
One of the most controversial of London's new office blocks
A controversial plan to build a new road
Winston Churchill and Richard Nixon were both controversial figures.
Controversially
Punishments for prisoners include loss of privileges and, more controversially, the stopping of visits.
Controversy - kntrvsi - [uncountable,countable] (plural controversies) (over/about/surrounding sb/sth)
Public discussion and argument about sth that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by
Although Eminem was a great lyricist, he caused a lot of controversy with his songs because they negatively targeted certain people.
The controversy was caused because some people did not want the bridge built, while others did.
The Satanic Verses was a controversial collection of poetry of written by Salman Rushdie.
To arouse/cause controversy
A bitter controversy over/about the site of the new airport
The controversy surrounding his latest movie
The President resigned amid considerable controversy.

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50). Deliberate - dlbrt - (adjective, verb)

Adjective
1 done on purpose rather than by accident
Intentional, planned (unintentional)
A deliberate act of vandalism
The speech was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the government.
2 (of a movement or an action) done slowly and carefully
She spoke in a slow and deliberate way.
Verb [intransitive,transitive] (formal)

To think very carefully about sth, usually before making a decision

The jury deliberated for five days before finding him guilty.
The Supreme Court Justices usually deliberate for a very long time before they render their decisions.
Because the Senate didn't want to come to a hasty decision on the topic at hand, they decided to deliberate the issues until they came to a
decision.
(On) whether, what, etc They deliberated (on) whether to continue with the talks.
Deliberately - intentionally, on purpose
Adverb
1 done in a way that was planned, not by chance
She's been deliberately ignoring him all day.
Anyone who brings a cell phone to school is deliberately breaking the rules.
The fire was deliberately set in order to destroy evidence.
2 slowly and carefully
He packed up his possessions slowly and deliberately.
Deliberation
Noun - [uncountable,countable,usually plural]

The process of carefully considering or discussing sth

After ten hours of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty.
The deliberations of the committee are completely confidential.
The result of the jury's deliberation was a life sentence.
After much deliberation, the student decided to resign from the student council.

[ uncountable ] the quality of being slow and careful in what you say or do
She signed her name with great deliberation.

51). Metropolis - mtrpls N

A large important city (often the capital city of a country or region)
Singapore has been built as a metropolis of skyscrapers, shopping areas and hotels.
Barcelona has all the amenities you would expect to find in a great metropolis.
Metropolitan A - [only before noun]
1 (also Name informal metro) connected with a large or capital city
The New York metropolitan area
Metropolitan districts/regions/ area/council
2 connected with a particular country rather than with the other regions of the world that the country controls
Metropolitan France/Spain

52). Entrepreneur - Nntrprn(r) - N

A person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks.
A serial entrepreneur who had founded 4 companies
A creative entrepreneur, he was continually dreaming up new projects.
He would not have succeeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurial A Entrepreneurial skills
Entrepreneurship N - [uncountable]

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53). Consumption - knsmpn N - [uncountable]

1 the act of using energy, food or materials; the amount used
The production of fuel for domestic consumption (= to be used in the country where it is produced)
Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold weather.
The meat was declared unfit for human consumption.
He was advised to reduce his alcohol consumption.
Her speech to party members was not intended for public consumption (= to be heard by the public).
Chinas total energy consumption,
2 the act of buying and using products
Consumption rather than saving has become the central feature of contemporary societies.
As a nation our consumption of junk food is horrifying.
3 (old-fashioned) a serious infectious disease of the lungs =Tuberculosis
The poet Keats died of consumption at the age of 26.
Consumptive N/A A person who suffers from consumption (= a disease of the lungs)

54). Discord - dskd N - [uncountable] (formal)

Disagreement; arguing (disagreement between people)
Marital/family discord
A note of discord surfaced during the proceedings
The sporadic fighting caused discord between Israel and Hamas
(Opposite concord/harmony)
Discordant A - [usually before noun] (formal)

Not in agreement; combining with other things in a way that is strange or unpleasant
Discordant views
The functional modernity of the computer struck a discordant note amid the elegant eighteenth-century furniture.
2 (of sounds) not sounding pleasant together (Opposite harmonious)

55). Prorogue - prrg V (Prorogue; 3rd person present: prorogues; past tense: prorogued; past participle: prorogued; gerund or present participle: proroguing)
Discontinue a session of (a parliament or other legislative assembly) without dissolving it.
Prorogation is the technical title for ending the current parliamentary session without dissolving Parliament, which is normally done when
the government feels they have completed their agenda and want to start
fresh. This is not to be confused with when Parliament goes on recess for the summer, which does not in and of itself end a session.
Stephen Harper has asked the Governor General to prorogue Parliament 3 times: In the 39th Parliament: September 14, 2007 to October 16,
2007In the 40th Parliament: December 4, 2008 to January 26, 2009December 30, 2009 to March 3, 2010 Both prorogations in the 40th
Parliament were controversial, the first having been used to prevent a no-confidence motion, and the second allegedly having been used to
avoid embarrassment during the Winter Olympics over the Afghan detainee issue, though the official reason was to "consult Canadians
about the economy". In both cases, many incomplete bills were dropped.
"James prorogued this Parliament, never to call another one"
Prorogation N
The prorogation of the parliament by the president will create a precedent for future presidents to abuse their power

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56). Depress - dpres V (T)

1 to make sb sad and without enthusiasm or hope
~ sb Wet weather always depresses me.
It depresses sb to do sth It depresses me to see so many young girls smoking.
2 ~ sth to make trade, business, etc. less active
The recession has depressed the housing market.
3 ~ sth to make the value of prices or wages lower
To depress wages/prices
4 ~ sth (formal) to press or push sth down, especially part of a machine
To depress the clutch pedal (= when driving).
Depressed A
1 very sad and without hope
She felt very depressed about the future.
Drugs will only give a momentary exhilaration to a depressed mind.
2 suffering from the medical condition of depression
3 (of a place or an industry) without enough economic activity or jobs for people
An attempt to bring jobs to depressed areas
4 having a lower amount or level than usual
Depressed prices
57). Momentous - mments - A Very important or serious, especially because there may be important results
A momentous decision/event/occasion
The greatest and most momentous fact which the history of the world records is the fact of Christs birth
The abrogation of the treaty was a momentous decision.

58). Prosecute - prskjut - V 1 [transitive,intransitive] ~ (sb/sth) (for sth/doing sth) to officially charge sb with a crime in court
The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act.
Sakviti Rnasinghe was prosecuted for fraud.
Trespassers will be prosecuted (= a notice telling people to keep out of a particular area) .
The police decided not to prosecute.
2 [intransitive,transitive] ~ (sb) to be a lawyer in a court case for a person or an organization that is charging sb with a crime
The prosecuting counsel/lawyer/attorney
James Spencer, prosecuting, claimed that the witness was lying.
3 [transitive] ~ sth (formal) to continue taking part in or doing sth
They had overwhelming public support to prosecute the war.
Prosecution - prskjun N 1 [uncountable,countable] the process of trying to prove in court that sb is guilty of a crime (= of prosecuting them); the process of being
officially charged with a crime in court
Prosecution for a first minor offence rarely leads to imprisonment.
He threatened to bring a private prosecution against the doctor.
2 the prosecution [singular + singular or plural verb] a person or an organization that prosecutes sb in court, together with the lawyers, etc
He was a witness for the prosecution.
The prosecutions have failed to prove its/their case.
Defense and prosecution
A prosecution lawyer
Prosecutor prskjut(r) N 1 a public official who charges sb officially with a crime and prosecutes them in court
The public/state prosecutor
2 a lawyer who leads the case against a defendant in court

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