Introduction to RAWE

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. Agricultural science provides

synthetic understanding of agriculture phenomena to make the production of food
grain practicable. Agricultural graduate require knowledge of fundamental principles
of various substance in agriculture as well as other related subjects. The curriculum
of agriculture graduate degree program has practical component which include lab
experiment, exercise, field practical, visit to fields etc.
The Randhawa review committee of agriculture has rightly pointed out
inadequacy in providing required practical in acquisition of skill by undergraduate
students. To overcome these inadequacies, there is a need for providing work
experience for students.
According to Randhawa committee, work experience include training, observations,
practical and personal involvement lead to any activity. This has more relevance to
the extension workers who is included in rural development after completion of 4

yrs.

Degree program. In agriculture, student will be able to take up job on farm in

development department. In this context job is not just enough for them to be
averaged with recent advances of agriculture but also require to equip themselves
with techniques of dissemination of farm methods; that can be understood and
followed by farmers. This is possible only when they stay and interact and work with
farmers to satisfy the situation of final year B.Sc. (Ag.) students or provide
opportunity to take up this job on an experimental basis when they are on the verge
of completing their degree program through the course of RAWE in field situation
and to practice the use of various extension teaching method to disseminate the
technology to farmer.
Some important objectives of RAWE
1. Develop an understanding of rural life with special reference to agriculture.
2. To study the socio-economic condition of the farmers.
3. To understand various agencies and institution, its involvement in rural
management.
4. To provide an opportunity to students for practical training through work
experience.
5. To identify production and marketing constraints in agricultural enterprises.

6. To develop communication skill in transfer of agricultural production

technologies.
7. To develop confidence and competition for facing problematic situation related
to agriculture and to include the habit for providing solution to various
problems.
8. To get the feedback of agricultural production problem for the farming
community.
9. Working with farmer and conducting method and result demonstrations and
include agricultural practices.

Principal of RAWE:

Go to the people and live with them.

Learn with them and serve with them.
Work and plane with them.
Start with what they known.

Expected outcome of rawe programme

1. Personality development.
2. Art of listing and art of negotiation.
3. Confidence building.
4. Develop art of creative thinking.
5. Develop skill of join efforts.
6. Efficient decision making.
7. Learn real experiences.
8. Time and relation management.
9. Working of local institution of organisation.
10. Observe problem and possible solution.

AGRICULTURE PROFILE OF VARANASI DISTRICT

1
. 1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
1zone

Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)

Agro Ecological Sub Region Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region
(ICAR)

(4.3)

Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission)

Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)

Vidhyan Zone
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) (UP-10)

Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
List all the districts falling

Allahabad, Ballia , Nagar , Sonbhadra ,

under the NARP

Chandauli,

Varanasi

Zone* (*>50% area falling in

the zone)

A
l
t
i
t
u
Geographic coordinates of
district

d
Latitude

Longitude

headquarters
8303E
2518N

75.7m

Name and address of the

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras

concerned ZRS/

Hindu University, Varanasi.

ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS

Mention the KVK located in

the district with

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi

address

Name and address of the

nearest Agromet

Institute of Agriculture Research farm

Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for

agro-advisories
in the Zone

2.Rainfall

Normal

Normal Rainy Normal

RF(mm)

days

Onset

Normal Cessation

(number)

3rd week

SW monsoon (JuneSep):

944.5

39

Dec):

60.9

Winter (Jan- March)

56.5

Summer (Apr-May)

19.8

NE Monsoon(Oct-

of June

1st week of October

Annual

1081

48

Land
3.Land

Geogra Cultiv For unde

Perm Cultiv

use

phical

est r

anent able

are

pastur waste unde uncultiv fallo fallo

able

pattern of
the

area

area

district

non-

es

land

Barren Curr Oth

Land and

agricultur

Misc

al use

able

ent

er

ws

ws

land

tree
crop
s
and
grov
es

152
Area (000 .67

95.7

ha)

48

2.9
0

32

4. Major Soils

2.96
0.024 2.56

Percent

(common names like

Area (000 (%) of

red sandy

ha)

total

loam deep soils

(etc.,)*

Sandy
loam

70.56
0

46.25

2.151

25.00
Loam

16.37

37.80
Clay loam

24.75

19.32
Sandy

5.Agricu

12.63

Cropping

ltural

Area

intensity

land use

(000 ha) %

9
5.
7

17

Net sown

area

6
2.
1
Area sown more

than once

Gross
cropped

134.

area

073

6.Irrigation

Area (000

ha)
Net
irrigated

82.2

area

06

Gross
irrigated

134.

area

073

Rainfed

13.5

area

42

1
. 1.0 Agro-Climatic/Ecological
1zone

Northern Plain (And Central Highlands)

Agro Ecological Sub Region Including Aravallis, Hot Semi-Arid Eco-Region
(ICAR)

(4.3)

Agro-Climatic Zone
(Planning Commission)

Middle Gangetic Plain Region (IV)

Vidhyan Zone
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) (UP-10)

Ghazipur, Jaunpur ,
Mirzapur , Sant Ravidas
List all the districts falling

Allahabad, Ballia , Nagar , Sonbhadra ,

under the NARP

Chandauli,

Varanasi

Zone* (*>50% area falling in

the zone)

A
l
t
i
t
u
Geographic coordinates of
district

d
Latitude

Longitude

headquarters
8303E
2518N

75.7m

Name and address of the

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras

concerned ZRS/

Hindu University, Varanasi.

ZARS/ RARS/ RRS/ RRTTS

Mention the KVK located in

the district with

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kallipur, Varanasi

address

Name and address of the

nearest Agromet
Field Unit (AMFU, IMD) for
agro-advisories
in the Zone

Institute of Agriculture Research farm

2.Rainfall

Normal

Normal Rainy Normal

RF(mm)

days

Onset

Normal Cessation

(number)

3rd week

SW monsoon (JuneSep):

944.5

39

Dec):

60.9

Winter (Jan- March)

56.5

Summer (Apr-May)

19.8

of June

1st week of October

NE Monsoon(Oct-

Annual

1081

48

Land
3.Land

Geogra Cultiv For unde

Perm Cultiv

use

phical

est r

anent able

are

pastur waste unde uncultiv fallo fallo

able

pattern of
the

district

area

area

non-

es

land

Barren Curr Oth

Land and

agricultur

Misc

al use

.
tree
crop
s
and
grov
es

able

land

ent

ws

er

ws

152
Area (000 .67

95.7

ha)

48

2.9
0

2.96

32

4. Major Soils

0.024 2.56

Percent

(common names like

Area (000 (%) of

red sandy

ha)

total

loam deep soils

(etc.,)*

Sandy

70.56

loam

46.25

25.00
Loam

16.37

37.80
Clay loam

24.75

19.32
Sandy

5.Agricu

12.63

Cropping

ltural

Area

intensity

land use

(000 ha) %

Net sown

17

area

5.

2.151

4
8

6
2.
1
Area sown more

than once

Gross
cropped

134.

area

073

Area (000
6.Irrigation

ha)

Net
irrigated

82.2

area

06

Gross
irrigated

134.

area

073

Rainfed

13.5

area

42

Area
7. Major

(000

field

ha)

crops
cultivate
d
KHARI

RABI

Irrigat

Rainf

Tot

Irrigat

Rai

Tota

Grand

ed

ed

al

ed

nfe

total

Summer

Rice

50.514

50.514

50.514

Pearl

4.297

4.297

4.297

4.233

4.233

4.233

2.915

2.915

0.011

millet

Pigeonpe
a

Maize

0.01

0.025

2.951

Wheat

69.063

69.0

69.063

63

2.434

0.305

2.739

2.739

Pea

Sugarcane

4.095

4.095

8.What is the major contingency the district

Regul

is prone to? (Tick mark)

ar

Drought

Flood

Occasional

None

Cyclone

Hail storm

Heat wave

Cold wave

Frost

Sea water
intrusion

Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of

planting
Demonstrating group no. 1
12102 :Ranjeet Kumar
12103 :Ravi Prakash Yadav
12104 :Ravi Shankar Singh
12105 :Reeta Jaiswal
12107 :Rizzwan Siddiqui
12109 :Rohit Tripathi

Content

Type of farmer:-small
Situation of farming:-rainfeed

Objective
Nursery raising and transplanting of plant under SRI method of planting
Introduction of SRI
SRI is a combination of several practices those include changes in nursery
management, time of transplanting, water and weed management. Its different way
of cultivating rice crop though the fundamental practices remain more or less same
like in the conventional method; it just emphasizes altering of certain agronomic
practices of the conventional way of rice cultivation. All these new practices are
together known as System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SRI is not a fixed package of
technical specifications, but a system of production with four main components, viz.,
soil fertility management, planting method, weed control and water (irrigation)
management. Several field practices have been developed around these
components
Pre-requisite conditions

Every member of family must be involved in agricultural

Labour is easily available

Resources are less
Well drained soil
Bed should be dry
Bed should be at highest area of the field
Height of bed should be 15 cm from ground
Nursery bed should be near the main field.

FIG.1 SRI Nursery

Preparation of Nursery bed

SRI requires careful leveling and raking, with drainage facilitated by 30 cm wide
channels at two-meter intervals across the field.

Vermin compost is added in the bed in enough quantity and mixed in soil.
Seed is spread on bed and covered with 5 mm thick layer of soil.
Now do the mulching and sprinkle water over it. Sprinkling of water is kept

doing according to requirement.

Mulch is removed on 5th day.
On 7th day 2-5 cm height of water is maintained.
Nursery will be ready to transplant in main field in 8-12 days.
120 m2 area of nursery is prepared for 1 ha. This require 5-6 kg of seeds.
Nursery must be near to main field.
Before rooting up, nursery must be light irrigated.
Plants must be uprooted with soil.

FIG.2 Transplanting

Transplanting in main field

The seedlings must be transplanted singly with their roots intact, while the seed sac
is still attached. They must not be plunged too deep into the soil, but placed at 1-2
cm on the ground at the appropriate point on the planting grid.

During transplanting field must have moisture and soil must be soft.
Before transplanting excess water is drained out from field.
Distance must be maintained at 25 cm X 25 cm, for this use rope or SRI

marker.
Transplant one plant at one place in slightly tilted position, maintaining square

shape at 1-2 cm deep.

Field is kept moist, for this irrigation is done as and when required.
Transplanting is done in between 15-30 min after uprooting plant from
nursery.

Economics
PARTICULARS
SEED @ 40/KG
FERTILIZERS
BIO FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION
LABOUR
TILLAGE
TOTAL

SRI
200
3685
1000
5000
7500
5000
17885

Direct seeding of rice (DSR)

Demonstration group no.2

CONVENTIONAL
1800
7370
0
12000
6000
5000
32170

12110- Roshan Singh

12111-Ruby Patel
12112- Rupesh Karn
12113-Sagar Jaiswal
12115- Sangeeta Kumari
12117- Santosh Yadav

Content

Type of farmer: small

Situation of farmer:irrigated

Objective
Direct seeding of rice using drum seeders.
Introduction
Increasing cost of inputs (especially irrigation water and labour) and unavailability of
labour for critical farm operations have made rice cultivation extremely difficult for
farmers in several areas of Andhra Pradesh which is a major rice growing state in
India. To address these issues and to provide an alternative option to traditional
system and 'SRI' method of rice cultivation, the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chittoor
introduced direct seeding method in rice using a fibre bodied 8 row drumseeder for
the first time in 2006. This led to considerable reduction in cultivation costs and the
area under direct seeding using drumseeder increased from 0.2 ha in 2006 to more
than 4600 ha in 2012. P. Bala Hussain Reddy, S Sreenivasulu and C Manohar from
KVK Chittoor share their experiences with promotion of this technology in this Good
Practice Note.
Material required

Levelled land.
Moist field (drain out excess water).

30-40 kg seed/ha soaked in water for 24 hrs. (10-15 min before sowing dry it

in shade).
Drum seeders for sowing.

Drum Seeder
It is a hand driven equipment, having 2-8 drums shafted on an axis interconnected
with two cycles. Drums have hole at 20 cm apart and made up of plastic. Thus it is
light weighted and easy to use.

FIG.3 Drum Seeder

Operation procedure

FIG.4 FILLING SEED IN DRUM SEEDER

After assembling, fill the drums with pre-germinated seeds. Remember only

two-third of the drum are to be filled at a time.

Close the mouth with the knob provided.

Pull the seeder manually at a normal walking speed (1 Km/h) in the backward

position as in the photo.

The wheel impression in the first pass will server as a maker.
In the second pass the wheel should pass on the same wheel impression of

the previous pass to maintain the row-to-row spacing of 20 cm.

Occasionally watch the dropping of the seeds through the holes of the seeder
Refill the drum when it reaches one fourth capacity.
Continue the seeding operation

Particul
ars

Traditional
method

Drumseeder
method

SRI method

Seed rate
Days to
transplant
Cost of nursery
(Rs)
Labour
required for
transplanting
/seeding
operation

75 kg
30 40 days
nursery

5 kg
8 12 days
nursery

37.5 kg

3000

500

50

30

Spacing

Zigzag method

Water
management

Weed
management

0 days

20 cm between rows
x 58
cm hill to hill in a row
5 cm or more
No standing water No standing water
standing
after
after
water from the day transplantation
seeding. The field is
of
stage;
kept
transplantation to alternate wetting wet until panicle
10
and
initiation
days before
drying only. The
stage and from then
harvesting
field is
on 23
kept wet until
cm standing water
panicle
until 10
initiation stage,
days before
and
harvesting.
from then on, 23
cm
standing water till
10
days before
harvesting.
25 cm x 25 cm

Manual weeding
Incorporation of
twice
weeds
(or) some apply of into the soil using

Weedicide is a must
once
or twice. Pre

weedicides 1st
time and
manual weeding
2nd
time.
3040 manual
labour
are required

Yield recovered
(Kg/ha)
Total cost of
cultivation
(Rs/ha)
Gro
ss
returns @
Rs.900/bag of
75 kg
returns
Net
per ha
(INR
)
Benefitcost
ratio

cono

emergence
weedicide just 12
days

weeder in both
directions (NS and
E
after seeding, and if
necessary post
W) One manual
emergence
weedicide at 1825
weeding with 34 days
labourers is
after seeding. Cono
sufficient.
weeder
1520 manual
is run in one
labour is
direction only,
either EW or NS,
required.
i.e., in
the direction in which
the
drumseeder was
pulled.

5784 kg

7125 kg

6469 kg

Rs. 34838/

Rs.32500/

Rs. 27962/

Rs. 78744/

Rs. 85500/

Rs. 77628/

Rs. 43906/

Rs. 54000/

Rs. 49666/

2.26

2.63

2.77

Source Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Silent feature

Labour cost is reduced drastically.

Uniformity in seed sowing and plant population.

Continuous drilling of seeds is eliminated.

Reduction in seed rate and thinning cost.

Crop matures 7-10 days earlier than transplanted paddy.

Light in weight and easy to handle.

An area of 1 hectare can be sown in a day.

Limitations

Undulated land
More than 1 cm water in field during sowing
Untrained labour and unawareness of technique
Rainfall just after sowing
Seed loss due to birds
Do not irrigate the field till 2-3 days after sowing

ECONAMICS
yield
Input cost
gross income
Net income

conventional
5784 kg
Rs. 34838
Rs. 81554
Rs. 46716

Using drum seeder

6469 kg
Rs. 27962
Rs. 91212
Rs. 63250

Weed management in direct seeded rice (DSR)

Demonstration group no.3

12119: Satyaprakash
12121: Seema Ranjan
12124: Shashi Kumar
12125: Shashi Ranjan
12128: Shweta Jain
12129: Sikha Sneha

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal.

Situation of farmer:-rainfeed

Objective
Weed management in direct seeded rice using steel seed bed technique.
Introduction
Stale seed bed is a relatively simple weed management tactic that generally
involves four steps:

1) a seedbed is prepared,
2) weed seeds in the shallow soil zone germinate naturally or via pre-irrigation and
then emerge,
3) emerged weeds are then killed with minimum soil disturbance as necessary, and
4) the crop is promptly seeded or transplanted into mostly weed free soil.
Material required

Disc plough or cultivator or harrow.

Chemicals glyphosate (41 SL) - 2.5 lit./ha in 500 litre of water.
- paraquat (24 SL) 2 lit./ha in 400 litre of water.
Knapsack sprayer.

Method
Stale seedbed technique is most appropriate to reduce the weed seed bank in the
soil. In this technique, weeds are allowed to emerge for at least 2 weeks before
being killed.
To do this:
1. Perform tillage operations. Plow, harrow, and level the field.
2. Stimulate

weed

emergence

by

light

irrigation

or

after

rainfall.

Give one irrigation at least 2 weeks before sowing. Maintain enough soil
moisture to allow weeds to germinate.
3. Kill the emerged seedlings using non-selective herbicides (e.g., glyphosate) or
light cultivation.
4. If the soil condition is suitable for sowing, plant the crop without further tillage
operations. Tillage could bring more weed seeds near the soil surface, thus
promoting weed germination.
Principle of stale seedbed technique
It has been stated that the stale seedbed technique is based on three principles:
1) cultivation promotes weed seed germination,

2) a small percentage of weed seeds in the soil is non-dormant and able to

germinate at any given time and those that can, mostly germinate quickly, and
3) the vast majority of weeds only emerge from seeds in the shallow layer of the soil
(i.e., top 2.5 inches), and most typically emerge only in significant numbers from the
top one inch of the soil. Stale seedbed works by targeting weed seeds in the shallow
layer (i.e., germination zone) of the soil. These nondormant seeds are allowed to
germinate and then killed just prior to planting the cash crop.

FIG.NO.5 killing germinating weeds by spraying herbicide

Precautions

Knapsack sprayer should be used by trained person when weed is properly

grown.
Choose herbicide according to use.
During spraying use pure water to avoid blockage of sprayer.

Benefits

4-6 quintal increase in yield.

Low cost.
Can be used in vegetable.
Applicable for organic as well as conventional farming.
Less use of herbicide.
Continuous use reduces no. Of weed seed.

Disadvantages of the stale seedbed technique

Though the stale seedbed technique can be effective, like any weed management
tactic there are some drawbacks. Weeds with lengthy emergence periods may not
be managed as well with this technique. Soil conditions such as moisture and
temperature affect weed emergence and these factors cannot be controlled. For
example, in the absent of adequate rainfall, fields may require pre-irrigation events to
initiate weed flushes. Finally, under certain conditions, especially when dealing with
wimpy or less competitive (e.g., small and slow growing) crops, multiple weed
flushes over time may be required before planting the crop to effectively prevent
weeds from competing with the crop after planting.

Limitation

Not applicable for weed whose seed is dormant.

Not applicable after onset of monsoon.
In case of high weed density repeated used is required.
Ploughing lead to weed seed come over surface.

Economic benefits
In comparison to conventional technique it saves Rs.2000/acre.

Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting

Demonstration group no.4

12130: Sonam Singh

12132:Sri Laxmi
12133: Sreenath
12134: Sripati Abhiram Sahoo
12135:Stuti Krishna

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal

Situation of farmer:-rainfeed

Objective
Growing sugarcane nursery and its transplanting with bud chip technique
Introduction
Sugarcane is vegetatively propagated for commercial cultivation. Different kinds of
planting materials viz., cane setts; settlings and bud chips are used for raising
sugarcane crop. Little portion of stem with one bud is known as bud chip. Bud chips
are used to raise settlings in nursery. They were found to produce a good crop when

transplanted in main field. The principal advantage of bud chips is substantial saving
in seed material. Seed requirement is reduced to less than one ton per ha.
Bud chip is a modern technique in which we use buds instead of sets of 25 cm. But it
cut from nodes and nursery prepared by it. It is ready for transplanting in 25-30 days.

Material required
6-8 months old, disease free cane, bud chipper, tray, poly bag, soil compost,
chopped rice straw, gunny bags, plastic sheet, urea, lime fungicide, drum etc.
PROCEDURE

FIG.NO.6 BUDCHIP CUTTER

Adopting the following procedure raises settlings from bud chips:

Prepare the bud chips from whole cane using a sharp edged knife in such a
way that each bud has a little portion of stem

Plant the bud chips on raised nursery beds adopting a inter-row spacing of 7.5
cm at the rate of 300 buds/m2

Alternatively nursery can be raised in polybags of 15 cm x 10 cm size

Fill the polybags with homogeneous mixture of equal quantity of soil, sand
and well rotten compost

Plant the bud chips in polybags with the bud facing upwards and cover with
soil mixture to avoid drying of the bud

Bottom of the bags should have holes to facilitate drainage

Ensure regular watering of bags or nursery area

Settlings are ready in 5 - 8 weeks for transplanting in the main field

Under good management conditions establishment of transplanted seedlings

in the main field is high (90-100%)

Ideal Seed Cane

Always use seed cane obtained from a seed crop of 7-8 months

Free from disease and pest infestation like red rot, wilt, smut, ratoon stunting
disease etc

Possesses healthy buds without any damage in handling and transport.

Buds with higher moisture content, adequate nutrients, higher amount of

reducing sugars and viability.

Free from aerial roots and splits.

Pure in quality.

Transplanting
Transplanting is done after 25-30 days (4-5*2 feet).

FIG.No.7 transplanting of budchip in main field

Benefits

More yield in less cost

Intercropping is possible
40% less water use.
Better intercultural operation.
60% less weed.

Easy transplanting. Sufficient time for main field preparation

Saving in water and fertilizer

Better weed management.

Limitations

Less trained labour.

Need extra care.
Care should be taken during cutting bud chips.

Economics

Comparison between Conventional and SSI methods of Sugarcane Cultivation

Particulars
Seeds/Setts
Nursery preparation
Measures to maintain
uniformity among plants

Conventional method
SSI method
48,000 buds (16,000
5000 buds (5000 single budded
three budded setts/acre) chips/acre)
No
Yes
No Grading

Grading is done during nursery

Planting

Direct planting of setts

in the main eld

Transplanting of 25-35 days old

young seed- lings raised in a
nursery

Spacing

1.5 to 2.5 ft between

rows

5 ft between rows

Water requirement

More (ooding of eld)

Less (maintenance of moisture in

the furrows)

High

Low

Less (10-15)

More (20-25)

4-5

9-10

Low

High

Less

More

Mortality rate among

plants
No. of tillers per plant
No. of millable canes
achieved per clump
Accessibility to air and
sunlight
Scope for intercrop

Raising mat type nursery and its transplanting

Demonstrating group no.5

12139: Tanushka Ojha

12141:Tishyarakshita
12142:Trivikram
12143:Tuhina Mitra
12145::Umesh
12146: Upvan Rastogi

Content

Type of farmer:-medium and large farmer

Situation of farmer:-rainfeed

Objective
Raising mat type nursery and mechanical transplanting of paddy.
Intoduction
Dapog nurseries can be located anywhere on a flat firm surface but water
supply/control should be very reliable. The area needed is about 100 m /ha or 1% of
2

the transplantable land which is much smaller than conventional nurseries.

In Mat nursery seedlings are established in a layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm
surface (Concrete floor/ polythene sheet/ seedling trays). Seedlings are ready for
planting within 14-20 days after seeding (DAS).
What is mat-type nursery?
A mat-type nursery is a nursery where rice seedlings are raised on a thin layer of
soil and farm yard manure (FYM) or compost mixture placed on a polythene sheet.
The polythene sheet prevents the seedling roots from penetrating the underlying
soil, creating a dense mat. This type of nursery is a pre-requisite for machine
transplanting. The mat can be cut into desired shapes and sizes to fit into the trays
of the transplanter. Seedlings are ready for planting within 14-18 days after seeding

(DAS).
Materials required

Good quality seeds

Nursery bed for transplanting one

acre is 30 m2 (1.5 m wide x 20 m long to suit the plastic sheet size)

Plastic sheet (1.3 m wide and 20 m long is commonly available) with even
perforations

Soil cleaning sieve

Soil mixture (4 parts of sieved soil + 1 part of FYM or compost / vermi

compost)

Gunny bag and water container for seed soaking

Watering can for irrigation

0.75 inch angle frame for a dry-bed and 0.5 inch frame for a wet-bed nursery.

Nursery area
Required nursery area is 100 m2 / ha (or) 2.5 cent / ha 1cent / acre
Nursery bed preparation
Select a level area near the water source with efficient drainage system. The surface
should be covered with banana leaves with the mid-rib removed or polyethylene
sheets or any flexible material or cemented floors to prevent seedling roots from
penetrating to the bottom soil layer.
a. Preparation of soil mixture
Four (4) m3 of soil mix is needed for each 100 m 2 of nursery. Mix 70% soil +
20% well-decomposed pressmud / bio-gas slurry / FYM + 10% rice hull. Incorporate
1.5kg of powdered di-ammonium phosphate or 2kg 17-17-17 NPK fertilizer with the
soil mixture.
b. Filling the soil mixture

Place a wooden frame of 0.5 m long, 1 m wide and 4 cm deep divided into 4
equal segments on the plastic sheet or banana leaves, fill the frame almost to the top
with the soil mixture.
c. Pre-germinating the seeds
Soak the seeds for 24 hrs, drain and incubate the soaked seeds for 24 hrs,
sow when the seeds sprout and radicle (seed root) grows to 2-3 mm long and cover
them with dry soil to a thickness of 5mm.
Water management

Water the nursery with rose can as and when needed (twice or thrice a day) to
keep the soil moist.
At 6 DAS, maintain thin film of water all round the seedling mats.

Nutrient management

Though the temperature and water are adequate, the seedlings show
yellowing (N deficiency). Sprinkle seedlings with 0.5% urea (1.5 kg Urea in
300 l water/100

m2).

Why Machine Transplant Rice?

Machine transplanting requires considerably less time and labor than manual
transplanting (1-2 ha/person/day versus 0.07 ha/person/day).

Mechanical transplanting of rice

1. Raise seedlings in special mat nurseries or in seedling trays. Use 18-25 kg of
good seed per 100 m2 of nursery for each ha.

2. Seedlings will be ready for transplanting in 12-15 days after seeding (DAS).

Fig. no.8 mechanical transplanting of rice

3. Ensure that fields are well puddled and leveled.

4. Drain fields and allow mud to settle for 1-2 days after the final puddling.
5. The subsurface soil layers need to be hard enough to support the
transplanting machine.
6. The soil is ready when a small V mark made in the puddled soil with a stick
holds its shape. At this moisture level, the soil can hold the seedlings upright.
7. Soil should not be so dry that it sticks to and interferes with planting parts or
wheels of the transplanter.
8. Load the seedling mats on the machine and transplant the seedlings at the
selected machine setting.
Advantages: Machine transplanting

Transplanting of seedlings at the optimal age (14-18 days)

Uniform spacing and optimum plant density (26-28 hills/m 2 with 2-3 seedling
per hill)

Higher productivity (0.5-0.7 t/ha) compared to traditional methods where plant

spacing and density may not always be consistent

Less transplanting shock, early seedling vigour and uniform crop stand

Lower stress, drudgery and health risks for farm labourers

Better employment opportunities for rural youth through the development of

custom service business

Addresses the problem of labour scarcity.

Advantages of a mat-type nursery

Uses less area when compared to the conventional nursery (30 m 2 vs. 400

m2/acre)
Produces robust seedlings, 18-20 cm tall in about 15 days
Minimizes root damage as the seedlings are not uprooted and transplanting

shock is reduced
Labour requirement for nursery raising is significantly reduced

Limitations:

Seedlings must be planted while still young, and so mechanical transplanting

is best suited for irrigated areas only.

Special nursery management is needed (mat nursery or seedling trays).

Good land preparation, leveling and water management are required.

Fields need good access for machine transport and field entry.

Transplanting machines are expensive; so poor farmers cannot afford them

(contract hiring of transplanters is available in some countries).

Problems in poorly prepared and leveled land, or with poorly designed

machines.

Good training is needed to operate the machine properly.

Economics

Rice okra intercropping

Demonstrating group no 6
12147: Vandana
12149: Veena Paul
12154: Vishal Sinha
12156: Zeeshan Mazhar
12158: Banshidhar Jha

Content

Type of farmer:-small and marginal

Situation of farmer:-irrigated

Objective
To study about rice okra intercropping.
Requirements
For 1 ha land we require-

1. paddy (35kg.) and okra (4-5kg.) of healthy seed.

2. salt 24 kg. For treatment of 35 kg. Paddy seed.
3. fungicide 20g. For 4-5 kg. Okra treatment
4. furrow maker and ridger.
5. knapsack sprayer, bucket, mask and gloves.
ProcedureNursery raising of paddy seedlings:For nursery raising farmer require 600 m2 fields for 1 ha. Main field. Nursery require
shaded place and well field we go for seed treatment then for this treat the seed of
paddy in 17% salt solution after treatment wash them 2-3time with clean water then
after 21-24 days of seedling the seedling are ready for transplanting into main field.
Preparation of main field
Ploughing the main field well and after that levelled it then make ridge and furrow in
the ratio of 600:400m2 for rice and okra. The heights of ridges are 30-40 cm and half
meter wide.
Transplanting of paddy
21-24 days old paddy seedlings are good for transplanting in this technique. During
transplanting it necessary to maintain the spacing i.e. make 25 cm spacing between
plant to plant and 25 cm in row to row.
Sowing of okra
After transplanting of paddy seedling sowing of okra is don. During the okra sowing
we should necessary to maintain the spacing i.e. 45 cm between row to row.
Important points

Prepare field before onset of monsoon.

Manage the nutrient from nursery time.
Very careful is needed during okra treatment.
Maintain the depth of okra seed during sowing.

Sake the okra seed in water full of night before sowing.

Advantage

Proper use of unit land.

Use of per unit resources is also increases.
Higher income than higher profits.
At least one crop gives some income.

Disadvantage

More problematic after transplanting and management.

Problem of using well develop equipments.
Costly of machine purchase.

Economics
Main point
Input
Profit
Net profit
Additional income

conventional
28660
70000
41340

intercropping
28100
90000
61900
20560

Azolla preparation and its application

Demonstrating group no. 7
12160:Megha SInha
12165: Naval Kumar
12166 : Bishwanath Behera
12169: Sandip Bharatiya
12170 : Devraj Vishwakarma
12173: Samish Basnet
Content

Type of farmer :-small and marginal

Situation of farmer:-irragated

Objective
Preparation of azolla and its application in rice field.
Introduction
Azolla is a symbiotic superorganism that captures all the nitrogen fertilizer it needs to
grow from the air around it. Asias farmers have long known this, growing Azolla
together with rice to provide a natural fertilizer to bolster rice productivity.

Fig no.9 azolla

Materials requried

One cent (40 sq.m) area plot

Cattle dung

Super phosphate

Furadan

Fresh Azolla inoculum

Procedure

Select a wetland field and prepare thoroughly and level uniformly.

Mark the field into one cent plots (20 x 2m) by providing suitable bunds and
irrigation channels.

Maintain water level to a height of 10 cm.

Mix 10 kg of cattle dung in 20 litres of water and sprinkle in the field.

Apply 100 g super phosphate as basal dose.

Inoculate fresh Azolla biomass @ 8 kg to each pot.

Apply super phosphate @ 100 g as top dressing fertilizer on 4th and 8th day
after Azolla inoculation.

Apply carbofuran (furadan) granules @ 100 g/plot on 7th day after Azolla
inoculation.

Maintain the water level at 10 cm height throughout the growth period of two
or three weeks.

Observations

Note the Azolla mat floating on the plot. Harvest the Azolla, drain the water
and record the biomass.

Azolla biomass incorporation as green manure for rice crop

Collect the fresh Azolla biomass from the Azolla nursery plot.

Prepare the wetland well and maintain water just enough for easy
incorporation.

Apply fresh Azolla biomass (15 t ha-1) to the main field and incorporate the
Azolla by using implements or tractor.

Note the growth of Azolla mat four weeks after transplanting and incorporate
the Azolla biomass by using implements or tranctor or during inter-cultivation
practices.

A second bloom of Azolla will develop 8 weeks after transplanting which may
be incorporated again.

By the two incorporations, 20-25 tonnes of Azolla can be incorporated in one

hectare rice field.

Benefits of azolla
Despite was introduced and popularized since the early 1990s, it has not been a lot
of farmers who use Azolla plant (Azolla pinnata) for his farming business. In fact the

benefits of aquatic plants this one quite a lot. In addition to the media for ornamental
plants and fertilizer, Azolla can also be used to feeding livestock and fish.
Because it is considered weeds, then farmers get rid them. In fact, when used as a
fertilizer in paddy rice, Azolla can suppress the use of urea up to 65 kg / ha.
Limitation
Azolla is a water fern and requires a growth temperature of 35-38 C. The
multiplication of Azolla is affected under elevated temperature. Hence adopting this
technology in dry zones where the temperature exceeds 40c is difficult.

Preparation and application of vermiwash

Demonstrating group no. 8

12174- Satya Prakash Kannoujia

12175- Vivek Kumar
12176- Anushree Bacchar
12177- Priyanka Upadhayay
12180-Mohit Singh
11031- Ashok Kumar Pokhrel

Content

Type of farmer:-marginal
Situation of farmer:- rainfed

Objective
Preparation of vermiwash and its application in maize field.
Introduction

Fig. no.10 vermiwash setup

Earthworms are known for their excellent contribution in increasing the soil
fertility and promoting plant growth through their body secretion and castings.
Therefore present demonstration is designed to study the effect of vermiwash
of Eiseniafetida

which is commonly used in vermiculture farm of farmers on

the growth of plants. The root length ,shoot length, number of twigs, leaves,

flowers , pods, grains and biomass were increased significantly compared to

that of control in all the plants treated with vermiwash.
Important factor related to production
Temperature-20-25 c
use of partially digested dung
use earthworm(Eisenia fetida) as young stage

Material required and method

The plastic vessel measuring about fourty liters capacity was taken and a
hole was made at the bottom of vessel.The hole of vessel was fixed with

a tap.
The vessel was filled with pebbles, sand and over this 10-15 days older

partially digested cow dung was added.

100-150 adult Eisenia fetida earthworms were introduced.
The setup was left undisturbed for next 15 days with required moisture.
The water was sprayed every day to maintain moisture required for the
worm bed. From the 16th day the liquid was collected by opening the tap

at the bottom of the vessel.

For continuous collection of vermiwash, a bucket of 5 litre is hanged

above the main unit which meets the demand.

The watery yellowish-black extract of vermiwash drains out from the

bucket.
The collected vermiwash was stored in bottles and keep in cool place.

Application method

Spray 100 lit of vermiwash conc.2 days before sowing

Spraying of solution of vermiwash and water(1:10) 50 lit/acre
Note- this method must be repeated 2-3 times
Solution of vermiwash,water and gau-mutra(1:1:10) spray in field as a
insecticide and fungicide

Chemical composition:
PH 7.48
C%
- 0.008
N
- 60 ppm

P
K
Zn

- 18 ppm
- 130 ppm
- 0.02 ppm

Fe

- 0.06 ppm

Precaution

Do not keep vermiwash in direct sunlight.

Mixing of excess water harms earthworms.
Use of concentrated vermiwash kills plants so it should be diluted
Never use metal made box or bucket
Always use partial digested dung
Collected vermiwash must be use within 1 month.

Advantages

Improve in physical and chemical condition of soil.

It prevents fungal infection, ring worm infection etc.
It also contains some important microbes which helps in plant

growth.
Improvement in food quality.
Increase in production by 10-15%.
Low cost and no harmful effect on environment.

Disadvantage

Earth warm is not easily available

Not a source of complete nutrition
Main crops like wheat and rice is not suitable.

Economics

Production technique of baby corn

Demonstration group no. 9
11088- Naveen Kumar Kushwaha
11097- Phool Singh Hindoria
11105- Praveen Mishra
11107- Priti Pandey
11129- Sachin Kumar
11174-Ankit Kumar

Content

Type of farmer: small and large

Situation of farmer: rainfed

Objective

To study about production technique of baby corn in maize.

Introduction
Baby corn is the ear of maize (Zea mays L.) plant harvested young, especially when
the silks have either not emerged or just emerged, and no fertilization has taken
place, depending on the cultivar grown. The dehusked young ears of baby corn can
be eaten as vegetable, whose delicate sweet flavor and crispiness are much in
demand. Importantly is free from pesticides and its nutritional value is comparable to
popular vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, tomato, eggplant and cucumber. Its by
products such as tassel, young husk, silk and green stalks provide good cattle feed.

Fig. No.11 babycorn

Selection of suitable varieties:

Short duration, prolific, single cross hybrid with medium height should be selected.
HM-4, Prakash, B.L-42, HQPM-1 etc. are suitable hybrids for baby corn.
Seed rate:
Optimum seed rate is 22-25 kg/ha depending upon the test weight of the hybrid.
Seed treatment:
Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio @ 2 g/kg seed for TLB, BLSB, MLB, etc.
Apron 35 SD @ 4 g/kg seed for BSDM
Fipronil @ 4 ml/kg for termite and shoot fly
Sowing time :

It can be sown round the year in southern India. In northern India, it can be sown
from February to November. It can be grown through transplanting in furrows in
December-January in northern India. For this purpose nursery should be raised in
November. Generally, August to November planting yield best quality baby corn.
Sowing method
Sowing should be done on southern side of the ridges with 60 cm x 15 -20 cm row x
plant spacing depending upon planttype( erect/spreading).

Nutrient management

Nutrient application should be based on soil test. Generally 150-180:60:60:25 Kg/ha

N,P,K and ZnS04 with 8-10 tons/ha FYM (Fig. 7) should be applied. Full dose of
phosphorus, potash and zinc and 10 % N should be applied as basal dose (Fig. 8).
The remaining dose of nitrogen should be applied in four splits as per details given
below to avoid losses and to meet the requirement throughout the crop cycle1 . 20% N at 41eaf stage
2. 30% N at 81eaf stage
3. 25% N before detasseling
4. 15% N after detasselin.
Protection from serious insect pests:

Stem borer (Chilo partellus), Pink borer (Sesamia inferens) and Sorghum shoot fly
(Atherigona spp) are serious problems in kharif, rabi and spring seasons,
respectively. Stem borer can be controlled by 1-2 spray of Carboryl or Endosulfan
after 10 and 20 days of germination. Spraying should be done in the central whorl of
plant.
Detasseling:
To maintain the quality of baby corn, detasseling is an essential operation. It is done
by removing the tassel of the plant as soon as it emerges from the flag leaf. It should
be practiced row-wise.

Fig no.12 detasseling

While detasseling, leaf should not be removed which will otherwise affect net
photosynthesis and ultimately reduce average baby corn yield. It has been observed
that the removal of 1 to 3 leaves along with tassel reduces 5-15 % yield of baby corn.
The removed tassel should not be thrown in the field as it is nutrient rich and should
be fed to the cattle.
Advantage
Diversification
Employment generation
Earning money in shortest possible time
Potential for export
Disadvantage
Less availability of quality seed
Unawareness among common people about its use and taste
Lack of processing facilities
Lack of marketing facilities in rural areas.
Economics
Maize

Baby corn

input

30335

32335

benefit

22665

147665

Weed control through by using dry land weeder

Demonstration group no. 10

12007: Akanksha Katiyar

12116: Sanjay Pandit
12127:Shiwani Agarwal
12151: Vikrant Kumar
12153: Vishal Kumar Pandey

Content

Type of farmer:-marginal
Situation of farmer:-rainfeed

Objective
To study about weed control through dry land weeder in maize.
Introduction
This equipment used for mechanical weeding in row in different standing crop.
AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) has been developed by the
scientists of Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar (Pusa), Samastipur. The
equipment is made-up od PVD made strong, durable wheel and hang grip. The

weeder is very efficient because of specially designed cultivator type tynes. The
equipment has three tynes. The front tyne varies in construction and design from
other two rear tynes. The front tyne opens the land and looses the soil whereas the
rear tynes cuts the weed and pulverizes the soil. The equipment is users friendly
and long lasting. With this equipment 8-10 man days is required for weeding 1
hectare of land. AGRIMAX-BIHAR brand Dry land weeder (Wheel hoe) is the liking of
farmers and is very popular among.
Major Weed Problems
Grasses

Sedges

Broad leaves

Echinochloa colona

Cyperus rotundus

Ipomoea aquatica

Digitaria ciliaris

Cyperus iria

Monochoria vaginalis

Echinochloa crus-galli

Fimbristylis miliacea

Commelina benghalensis

Ischaemum rugosum

Cyperus difformis

Phyllanthus niruri

Common problems due to weed

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lower productivity
Reduction in quality of produce
Increased insect-pest infestation
Problem in irrigation
Increased requirement of fertiliser.

Fig.no. 13 dry land weeder

Parts of dryland weeder

1. Handle handle must have good grip, can be easily used. It is like lateral U
shape just like handle of a bicycle.
2. Rod length must be according to user so that its handle must be below
chest of user
3. Shape it must be easy to use.
4. Weight light weight and easily transferable, even women can easily use it.
5. Wheel helps in rotation of dry land weeder.

Use of dryland weeder

Use dryland weeder after 10 days of transplanting and repeat the procedure

for 2-3 times at 10-12 days interval.

It is operated in single row by push and pull action.
This operation makes the soil aerated and also burry the weeds in the soil
which acts as green manure.

Salient Features :

Ideally suitable for SRI Wheat & row crops including vegetables.

Operated by simple push & pull action and provides for better aeration and
soil mulching.

Saving of 10 -12 man days per acre.

Working width : 10 cm.

Weight : 5.2 KGs.

Field capacity : 8-10 hrs per acre

Depth & Height adjustable.

Gender friendly, lighter in weight and durable

LIMITATIONS

Not suitable for black and loamy soil.

The axle hole gets widened upon continuous use.

Advantage

Proper aeration to roots.

Reduces competition for water, light, space and nutrition.
Provides green manure to the crop.
Increase in yield.

Saving in labour: 50%

Low maintenance required.

Easy to operate

Low cost of weed control

Conserves soil moisture

Disadvantage

Not suitable in wet condition.

Not suitable in broadcasting.

Economics

Harvesting of paddy by toothed sickle and threshing by

Thresher.
Demonstration group no. 11
12155: Yogesh Lal
12171: Jaiprakash
11008: Ajit Kumar
11028: Anup Morasini
11037: Bhisma G.C
11039: Vinod Gaire

Content

Type of farmer:- marginal

Situation of farmer:-rainfed

Objective
To study about harvesting of paddy by toothed sickle and threshing by thresher.
Introduction : 1.2% and 3.8%grain is lost due to harvesting and threshing . in
totality 40 lakh to 1 corer tone paddy is lost due to this purpose.
Time of harvesting:

When dough stage come i.e. when milking starts hardening start harvesting.
After flowering leave 20-30 days then after harvest.
Paddy harvesting only 20% water content must be there.
When 80% floret become yellow then harvest the paddy.

Toothed sickle
It is different from convential sickle. It has toothed like blade and handled it at upper
portion.
Working principle
It works on the principle of friction. It does not require regular maintenance.
Handle
It is bend towards back sickle, good capturing, and less chance of injured. It is easy
to cut the paddy from ground.
Weight - 150-200g
Price- Rs.30-35/sickle.

Fig. No. 14 serrated sickel

Threshing
Conventional type of threshing is practice. Threshing is done by beating on the floor.
Cost of threshing
17-20kg paddy/ha/person
Electric thresher:
Machine work by electric motor and seprate the grain from plant. It is more efficient
20 to 25 times more than convential type of threshing.
Cost of threshing
350-600 kg paddy/hr.
Working principle
Paddy plant when goes through hopper it sticks on the fast rotating cylinder and
separates into grain and straw.
Work of thresher
It separate economic part.
Clean the paddy
Gather the paddy at a place.
Motor
Power-5HP

Efficiency-98.5-99.5%
Price- 82350-84690
Subcidies-30%
Cost - 10 kg paddy/qt.
Precautions

Keep distance from children.

Clean sickle after use.
Skill person required is to operate the machine.
Supply paddy plant regularly.
Proper caring should be taken while putting paddy into hopper.

Advantage
Toothed shaped sickle.
Saving time
Lees labour cost
No danger for cut
Electric thrasher

More efficient than conventional thrasher.

Less labour cost
Less loss paddy
Easily separate even if moisture content is high.

Disadvantage

Sickle is not properly managed then it will damage through junk.

Where there is no electricity, it cannot work.
Maintenance is costly.
High costly.

Economics analysis

THRESSING
Grain yield (1400/q)

BY LABOUR

BY THRESHER

39 q=54600

42 q=58800

Labour cost

20*250=5000

rent
Gross income

3*250=750
420 kg=5880

49600

benefit

52170
2570

CONTROL OF WEEDS IN MAIZE USING WEEDICIDES THROUGH

KNAPSACK SPRAYER
Demonstration group no. 12
11054:Durga Bahadur G M
11058: Giriraj Khatri
11095: Pashupati Pathak
11102: Prakash Paudel
11158: Swati Priya
11168: Vipin Kumar Ram

Content

Type of farmer:- small and large farmer

Situation of farmer:- rainfed

Objective
Control of weed through knapsack sprayer in maize.
Introduction
Maize is the third main crop grown in India , maize is highly infested by the weeds,
due to weeds the production lost of maize annually reduced to about 40-60% but
using proper sets of information and technique such as timely sowing, mulching,
herbicide application in the field of maize can effectively optimize the production of
the maize.
Pre-sowing application of herbicide to control the weedsApplication of herbicides in the unplowed field before the 15 day of sowing .
Glycophosphate 1kg/ha a.i in 400-600 lts of water .
Paraquat0.5 kg/ha a.i in 600 lts of water .
Pre-germination application of herbicides
Atrazine- 1.0-1.5 kg/ha a,I in 600 lts of water.
Post-germination application of herbicides
DDT 0.5kg/ha a.i
Material requried
Knapsack sprayer
Nozzle
Shoe,clothes,Glasses, mask ,cap and proper herbicidal mixture.
Knapsack sprayerIt is pressurized application which may be manually operated or may be materialized
for carrying spray . most important and significant part of knapsack sprayer is
nozzle.the spraying pattern and type of solution are dependent on types of nozzle.

Fig. no 15 Knapsack sprayer

There are 3 types of nozzle
Flat fan nozzle
Cone nozzle
Deflector nozzle
Spray solutionspray(solution volume required) = Nozzle output (lt/min) * 10000ml /swepth width *
speed (m/min)
Before using it must be calibrated by assessing
Speed of travel
Nozzle output
Swepth width
Precautions

Water appropriate cloths, gloves, cap , glass, shoe etc.

Spray in the direction of wind.
Spraying should done either in morning or evening.
Spraying should be done at constant pressure and speed.

Advantages of spraying

Uniform distribution on crop canopy.

Avoid drift losses.
Optimise dose of chemical per hectare area.
Minimise lost of application.

Disadvantage
Damage the body if proper care is not taken.
Required certain filling the chemicals.
Not suitable if probability of rain fall.
Economics

DESCRIPTION

CONVENTIONAL

PESTICIDES

METHOD (rs./ha)
Cost of sprayer
Labour cost
Pre emergence

9000
-

METHOD
(rs./ha)
2000
1000
780

pesticide application
Total cost

9000

3780