Dwi Setyati 2015

Hormones

Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins (GA)
Ethylene (ethene)
Abscisic acid (ABA)

Other growth regulators

Brassinosteroids
Salicylic acid (SA)
Jasmonic acid (JA)
Systemin

Canary grass coleoptiles

Under normal
conditions, shoot tips
bend towards the light

Without light on the

tip, no bending

When not at tip,

collar doesnt
prevent bending

Conclusion: Light is sensed at the tip, but response not at tip

New hypothesis: A substance or chemical is transported

Auxin later isolated from shoot tips and established to be involved
in cell elongation

Isolasi auxin dari tumbuhan tinggi diperoleh pada th 1946

determinasi dg Mass spectrometry pd th 1972 menggunakan 15.000
potongan ujung koleoptil tanaman jagung
Dalam tubuh tumbuhan dijumpai dlm bentuk :
bebas (IAA)
terikat dg molekul lain
sebagai prekursor : indol asetaldehid, indol asetonitril,
indol etanol, triptamin

Plant Hormone: Auxin

Auxin role:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zctM_TWg5Ik

ALL

Mustard and Corn

Pea

Naturally occuring Auxin

IAA
IBA (indol asam butirat)
PAA (phenil asam asetat)
4-Cl-IAA (found in pea, more active than
IAA)

*promote pea pod development

*increase the expression of PsGA3ox1 mRNA in
pea pod

Naturally occuring Auxin

IBA (indol asam butirat)

Banyak digunakan untuk memacu perakaran

More stable than IAA against in vivo catabolism and
inactivation by conjugation
Plants are able to convert IBA to IAA and vice versa
Masih belum jelas apakah IBA = IAA ?
IBA = prekursor IAA?

PAA: more abundance but has a low auxin activity

10- to 100-fold lower than IAA and IBA
dijumpai hanya pada lokasi tertentu

Auksin konjugate

berikatan dengan gugus ester:

6-O-IAgluc, IAA-Inos, IAA-glycoproteins
Berikatan dengan gugus amida:
IAA-aminoacid
IAA-proteins
IAA-peptides

Biosintesis auksin

Jalur biosintesis auksin:

1. Jalur indol asam piruvat
2. Jalur triptamine
3. Jalur indol acetaldoxime

Jalur sintesis: IPA

Triptofan

Triptofan

transaminasi

indol asam piruvat

dekarboksilasi

indol 3-asetaldehid
oksidasi
Indol-3-Acetic Acid

dekarboksilasi
Triptamin
oksidasi

indol 3-asetaldehid
oksidasi
Indol-3-Acetic Acid

*Jalur triptamin dijumpai pada tanaman tembakau,

gandum, tomat, barley

http://users.ugent.be/~pdebergh/pri/pri4et04.htm

Auksin metabolisme

Biosynthesis,
Perombakan/inactivation other auxins
Hidrolisis IAA & IAA konjugate
Transport,
Kompartmentasi (kadar di dalam sel)

Metabolisme Auksin
Ada tiga macam mekanisme yang mengatur :
1. Oksidasi oleh cahaya (foto oksidasi)
chy
IAA
indol asam karboksilat, indol asam glikolat (in aktif)

2. Oksidasi oleh enzim

IAA oks / Peroksidase
IAA metilen oksindol
3. Terikat oleh molekul organik sehingga inaktif
Berikatan dengan gugus amida:
IAA-aminoacid
IAA-proteins
IAA-peptides
Berikatan dengan gugus ester :
6-O-IAgluc, IAA-Inos, IAA-glycoproteins
IAA + As. Aspartat indol asetil aspartat (tidak aktif).

Site of synthesis & transport

*Jaringan meristematik, bagian-bagian

yang sedang tumbuh
Transport : polar, terutama melalui selsel parenkim yang berhubungan dengan
berkas pengangkut

Auxin is the only plant

hormone known to be
transported polarly.
Polar transport is
basipetal (toward the
base).
Transport Active

Movement of auxin through

certain plants is polar
unidirectional from apex to
base, but not due to gravity
Transport depends on location
of auxin anion efflux carriers,
membrane proteins that are
confined to basal ends of cells
In cytoplasm at neutral pH,
auxins have negative charge
(anions)

 Proton pumps in plasma membrane

pump H+ out, making cell walls acidic
As anions, auxins can only leave cell
at base by efflux carriers

Figure 37.9 Polar Transport of Auxin

Sensitivitas jaringan tumbuhan terhadap IAA

promotion

batang

akar
inhibition

10-11
10-9 10-7 10-5 10-3
Molar concentration of IAA

10-1

Efek Fisiologis Auksin

abscission - loss of leaves

flower initiation
sex determination
fruit development
apical dominance

Cell Enlargement
Shoot Growth
Internodes
Tubers
Bulbs
Root Growth
Storage Roots
Adventicious Roots
Fruit Growth
Strawberry - Receptacle enlargement
Apical Dominance
Auxin:Cytokinin Ratio
High - Dormant Axillary Buds
Low - Axillary Bud Growth

Rooting of Cuttings
Propagation
Greenhouse and Nursery Crops
Hormodin, Rootone, etc.
Commercial preps of 2,4-D
Herbicide
High Concentration 2,4-D
Dicots more sensitive
Monocots less sensitive
Weed control in cereal crop production
Prevent Abscission of Leaves and Fruit
Older leaves
Ripe Fruit
Endogenous production of IAA stops
Replaced by exogenous NAA

Fototropism

Tropism- directional growth in response to

an external stimulus.

Plants in a window usually bend toward the light.

You may wonder how the plant is attracted to the light
Tropisms are controlled by a plant hormone called auxin
Auxin is produced at the growing tips of plants.
.

 When light strikes coleoptile

on one side auxin moves
laterally to other side
cell growth increases on that
side
Seedling bends toward light

 If a shoot is tipped over, even in dark, auxin will

move to the lower side
cell growth results in bending of shoot so that it grows
up gravitropism.
Upward gravitropic response of shoots is negative
gravitropism; downward response of roots is positive

gravitropism

The amount of auxin in the cells controls the

amount of cell elongation.

Experiments show that auxin is

sensitive to light.
As a result, auxin concentrations are
always higher on the shaded side of a
stem.

Geotropism (gravitropism) growth

directed by gravity

Fenomena penghambatan terhadap tumbuhnya tunas lateral oleh tunas

pucuk disebut sebagai dominasi apikal.

Auksin yang disintesis di pucuk batang yang bertanggung jawab terhadap

penghambatan pertumbuhan tunas lateral.

Control

Auxin production &

transport from tip inhibits
lateral bud growth
Pinching the tip releases
buds for growth
The actual mechanism is
not simplistic: IAA may
induce ethylene
production which inhibits
lateral bud growth.
Cytokinins which move
apically may actually be of
greater importance.

week
TwoOne
weeks

Apical Dominance
Apical dominance is thought to
be caused by the apical bud
producing IAA (auxin) in
abundance. This auxin is
transported basipetally from the
apical bud. The auxin causes
the lateral buds to remain
dormant. How could a lower
concentration cause lateral
buds to remain dormant and a
higher concentration cause the
apical bud to grow? This is
explained in the following
graph:

http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/apical/apical.html

When the apical bud is

removed, the source of IAA is
removed. Since the auxin
concentration is much lower, the
lateral buds can now grow. In
fact their growth will be
stimulated by a relativley small

drop in auxin concentration (see

graph). Thus, decapitating (pruning) a
shoot will cause it to branch!

High auxin
concentration

Low auxin
concentration

Drawings depicting Coleus (Lamiaceae family)

Abscission detachment
of old leaves from stem

Auxin inhibits abscission,

which results from
breakdown of cells in
abscission zone of petiole
Timing of leaf fall is
determined in part by
decrease in movement of
auxin from blade through
petiole

Figure 37.11 Changes Occur when a Leaf Is About to Fall

Shorter days of fall, drought, or the lack of

nutrients cause lower auxin production
A "senescence factor" stimulates cells to
form ethylene which produces cellulase (an
enzyme that breaks down cellulose) and
pectinase.
Middle lamella is digested causing cells to
separate causing abscission.
Ratio of auxin to cytokinin may play a role

Applications of plant hormones

When a gardener takes cuttings

from a plant, the base of each
cutting is first dipped into a
rooting compound to stimulate
the growth of roots.
Many rooting compounds
contain auxin.
www.beauchamp.leics.sch.uk/ast/resource/tctc/Student%20Resources/Powerpoints/tropism.ppt

stimulate
adventitious
root

The inferior part of the plant including roots ( or root cap) is cut off and the
plant is put in a medium containing auxin or free of it.
Without auxin, adventitious roots can developed. This is the principle of
cuttings.

However, with auxin, root development is much better.

With synthetic auxin

Without synthetic auxin

Adventitious roots
growing from stem
tissue

Saintpaulia (Gesneriaceae family)

Another example of misleading common name

The African violet is not in the violet family

Fruit development normally depends on

fertilization of the egg
If unfertilized ovaries are treated with auxin
or gibberellins, fruit will form
parthenocarpy
Some plants spontaneously form
parthenocarpic fruits (e.g., grapes, bananas,
some cucumbers).
Parthenocarpic fruit- by treating a female
flower parts (carpels) of certain species with
auxin it is possible to produce a fruit (without
fertilization- a virgin fruit) i.e. seedless
tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants.
Developing seed is a source of auxin

Applications of plant hormones

Auxins can be sprayed onto flowers so
that the fruits develop without
pollination or fertilisation.
These fruits are seedless.

PROCESS: PARTHENOCARPY

www.beauchamp.leics.sch.uk/ast/resource/tctc/Student%20Resources/Powerpoints/tropism.ppt

Normal
All achenes
Band of achenes
conditions
removed
removed
Without seed formation, fruits do not develop. Developing seeds are a
source of auxin.
What do you expect?
Not shown: Auxin replacement restores normal fruit formation and can be
used commercially to produce seedless fruits
However, too much auxin can kill the plant and thus synthetic auxins used
commercially as herbicides

Fragaria (Rosaceae family)

Applications of plant hormones

Can you explain the use of hormones in
each diagram.
Click to reveal the answer.

Auxins can be used as herbicides.

Weeds have broader leaves than the
grass on a lawn. The weeds will take
up more auxin than the grass when
the lawn is sprayed.

The weeds will grow too quickly and die.

www.beauchamp.leics.sch.uk/ast/resource/tctc/Student%20Resources/Powerpoints/tropism.ppt

Auxin- sintetik
indolebutyric acid (IBA)
2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D)
2, 4, 5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5 T)
picloram

Growth Regulator Herbicides

These herbicides affect several plant
processes such as :
*cell division, cell enlargement,
*protein synthesis and respiration.

They act by upsetting the normal hormonal

balance in plants.

Karakteristik

Umumnya diaplikasikan lewat daun, tetapi bisa

meninggalkan residu di tanah
Length of soil activity tergantung konsentrasi yang
diaplikasikan
Highly translocated in susceptible plants (systemic)
Aktifitasnya sebagai herbisida bervariasi untuk masingmasing spesies
Primarily broadleaf activity but can affect grasses

Gejala yang timbul akibat herbisida

Tanaman berdaun lebar tumbuh memutar

(twisting) dan melengkung (curling)

Untuk rumput-rumputan dapat menunjukkan daun

yang menggulung (leaf rolling), pertumbuhan akar
yang abnormal, serta mengakibatkan sterilitas
bunga dan bulir yang tak berisi.

Digunakan sebagai
herbisida

A mixture of 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T was the "agent orange"

used by the U.S. military to defoliate the forest in parts of
South Vietnam.

PEMANJANGAN SEL

Figure 37.13 Cellulose in the Cell Wall

Auksin

menginisiasi pemanjangan sel dengan cara

mempengaruhi pengendoran /pelenturan dinding sel.

Bagaimana dinding sel menjadi lebih LUNAK/LENTUR di

bawah pengaruh auksin? ADANYA perubahan sifat fisik dari
dinding sel, yaitu :
1. elastisitas yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan peregangan
yang dapat balik (reversible)
2. plastisitas yang tidak dapat balik (irreversible).
ELASTISITAS
Auksin memacu protein tertentu yang ada di membran plasma sel tumbuhan
menginduksi POMPA PROTON untuk memompa ion H+ ke dinding sel (pH
sitoplasma netral di dinding sel pH menurun/ asam). Keasaman dinding sel
meningkatkan elastisitasnya

IAA stimulates H+ pumps in the cell membrane.

H+ pumps secrete H+ into the cell wall, decreasing its pH.
This acidifies the cell wall which activates pH-dependent enzymes and breaks
bonds between cellulose microfibrils.
The wall "loosens" because of the broken bonds and the turgor pressure
expands the cell.

Acidified cell walls have increased elasticity

PLASTISITAS

Ion H+ ini mengaktifkan enzim tertentu sehingga memutuskan

beberapa ikatan silang hidrogen rantai molekul selulosa penyusun
dinding sel/ putusnya ikatan kimia antara mikrofibril dengan matrik
dinding sel
pelarutan material dinding sel oleh enzim hidrolisis.

orientasi mikrofibril dibawah tegangan berubah

Orientation of cellulose
microfibrils determines direction
of cell expansion

 For cells to expand, wall must loosen and

stretch, and new polysaccharides and
cellulose microfibrils deposited
Plant cell walls recover incompletely from
being stretched.
Reversible stretching is elasticity;
irreversible stretching is plasticity