Chap

ter

10
BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN
(1892 1896)

The failure of the reform movement led even a reformist like Marcelo
H. Del Pilar to think of revolution. Insurrection, Del Pilar wrote in La
Solidaridad, is the last remedy, especially when people have acquired the
belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for evils prove futile.
With Rizals La Liga Filipina, the struggle changed its recourse from reform
to revolution.
Upon Rizals arrest and exile to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio, saw the
futility of the peaceful campaign for reforms. He had a different idea; he
would teach the people to depend for themselves for their salvation. He
organized the Katipunan- the revolutionary society responsible for the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.

THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

July 7, 1892- The newspapers published Rizals arrest and the governorgenerals order to banish him to Dapitan
A small group of patriotic Filipinos
-This group met at a house on Azcarraga Street, Manila (now Claro M.
Recto Avenue)
-Created a secret society
-These men were: Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz,
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and one or two others.
-They all belonged to the lower class of society
-Arellano was the most educated among them
- Organized KKK o Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan; (in English, Supreme and Venerable Association of
the Sons of the People)
Founders of Katipunan- performed the blood compact ritual
Blood Compact
-A sign of patriotism and love of things that were Filipino
-An ancient Filipino custom of sealing friendship or brotherhood
(kapatiran)
Triangle System
-The members of Katipunan used this method to recruit Filipinos to
become members.
-Example: Member Jose would recruit Pedro and Juan to become
members. The new
members knew Jose but they dont know each
other.
-Used to minimize the danger of discovery by the Spanish authorities
A new system similar to Masonry
- was adopted to speed up the process of enlisting members
-each member would pay a membership fee and monthly dues

THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THE KATIPUNAN

Andres Bonifacio
-conceived the idea of organizing the Katipunan
-laid down the three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic,
political, and moral
Three Primary Objectives of the Katipunan
-Civic objective (based on the principle of self-help and defense of the
weak and poor)
-Political objective (separation of the Philippines from Spain; secure the
independence
of the colony
-Moral objective (focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene,
and good moral
character)
Katipuneros
- The Katipunan members
- were urged to help sick comrades and their families
Damayan
- In case of death, Society paid the funeral expenses

THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

Bonifacio
- had seen and attended the only meeting of La Liga Filipina
- took note this societys structure
- borrowed the structure of La Liga

Three Governing Bodies

- Kataastaasang Sanggunian/ Supreme Council (highest of these
governing bodies)
- Sangguniang Bayan/ Provincial Council
- Sangguniang Balangay/ Popular Council
- Equivalent of the central, provincial and the municipal government
Sangguniang Hukuman/ Judicial Council
- passed judgment on members who violated the rules of Society
Katipunan Assembly
Composed of:
- Supreme Councils members
- Presidents of the Provincial and Popular Councils
Secret Chamber
- Composed of Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Pio Valenzuela
- Sentenced members who exposed the secrets of the Katipunan
- Punishment: expulsion from the Society

THE KATIPUNAN ELECTIONS

Slow and Ineffectiveness of Triangle Method
- Only 100 were new members at the end of 1892
- became the reason why all members were allowed to get as many
new members as circumstances permitted
Increased of membership of the Society
- the Katipunan had enough members
- was then thought that a set of officers would be elected
Elected Officers of the first Supreme Council
- President/ Supremo: Deodato Arellano
- Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio
- Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
- Secretary: Teodoro Plata
- Treasurer: Valentin Diaz
Arellano(busy man) as the President of Katipunan
- was not very active in the Society, as observed by Bonifacio
- early in 1893, he was replaced by Roman Basa through an election
Second Supreme Council Officers
- Supremo: Roman Basa
- Fiscal: Bonifacio
- Secretary: Jose Turiano Santiago
- Treasurer: Vicente Molina
-Elected Councilors: Briccio Brigido Pantas, Restituto Javier, Teodoro
Plata, Teodoro
Gonazales, and Ladislao Diwa
Bonifacio, early in 1895
- was not contented of Basa as supremo
- had elected himself as replacement of Basa
- remained the Supremo of the Katipunan until the establishment of the
revolutionary
government in Tejeros, Cavite

MEMBERSHIP
Three Kinds of Katipunan
members:
- first grade ( katipon )

- second grade ( kawal )

- third grade ( bayani )
Passwords

-Anak ng Bayan
- Rizal
- Gom-Bur-Za
How to be recognized each other
- In the streets, a member, upon meeting another member,
would place the palm of his right hand on his breast, and as he
passed the other member he would close his hand
and bring his
index finger and his thumb together.

THE KATIPUNAN CODES

A System of Writing was invented by Bonifacio
- to make it difficult for the Spaniards to read the Katipunan
letters or any written communication.
FIRST SECRET CODE
Spanish
Equivalent in
Spanish
Equivalent in
Alphabet
the
Alphabet
the
Katipunan
Katipunan
Alphabet
Alphabet
A
Z
M
V
B
B
N
I
C
C
O
C
D
D
P
P
E
Q
Q
E
F
H
R
R
G
G
S
S
H
F
T
T
I
R
U
M
J
L
V
M
K
K
W
W
L
J
X
U
LL
N
Y
Y
Three more Katipunan alphabets
- were devised by Bonifacio
- Last of which was made in Cavite in March 1897
Changes in the codes of the Katipunan
- necessitated by Spaniards discovery of the previous codes
- people considered as enemies by the Katipunan

THE KATIPUNAN FLAGS

Benita Rodriquez- requested by Bonifacio to make a flag for the
Katipunan
Gregoria de Jesus- Bonifacios wife; helped Benita and a flag was
made
Flag- a symbol of their unity

Official Flag of the Katipunan

- consisted of a rectangular piece of red cloth with three white
letter Ks arranged
horizontally in the middle
- it was changed a few weeks after the revolution broke out in
August 1896
New Official Flag of the Katipunan
- consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun
and eight white rays in the middle. Inside the circle representing the
sun was the letter K in the ancient Tagalog
script.
Bonifacios own personal flag
- consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with a white sun
were the three Ks
arranged horizontally.

THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN

Ten Commandments for the members
- prepared by Bonifacio
- to guide the Katipuneros in leading a highly moral life.
-He called this commandments: Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Anak ng Bayan ( Duties
of the Sons of the People )
- may be described as a Decalogue.
1. Love God with all your heart
2. Bear always in mind that the love of God is also love of
country,
And this, too, is love of ones fellowmen.
3. Engrave in your heart that the true measure of honor and
happiness is to die for the freedom of your country.
4. All your good wishes will be crowned with success if you have
serenity, constancy, reason and faith in your acts and
endeavor.
5. Guard the mandates and aims of the K.K.K. as you guard your
home.
6. It is the duty of all to defend, at the risk of their own lives and
wealth
anyone who run great risks in the performance of his
duty.
7. Ou responsibilities to ourselves and the performance of our
duties
will be the example set for our fellowmen to follow.
8. In so far as it is within your power, share your means with the
poor
and the unfortunate.
9. Diligence in the work that gives sustenance to you is the true
basis
of love-- love for your own self, for your wife and
children, and
for your brothers and countrymen.
10. Punish any scoundrel and traitor and praise all good work.
Believe,
Likewise, that the aims of K.K.K. Are Gpd-given, for
the will of

the people is also the will of God.

- these two writings of the great katipuneros constituted the
Teachings of the Katipunan.

THE WOMEN OF THE KATIPUNAN

Bonifacio suggested that women be taken as members of
the Katipunan.
Eligible for membership
-only the wife, sister, daughter of a Katipunero, and a few
selected women to minimize the danger of exposing the Society
to women who were not reliable.
Katipuneras duty
-Helped the male members in propagating the ideas and ideals
of the Society.
-Make the police authorities believe that no Katipunan meeting
was being held in the house
-They engaged in dancing and singing in full view of the people
on the street while the male members were holding a meeting in
a room behind a sala, where the women were singing and
dancing.
Prominent Women Members of the Katipunan
-President: Josefa Rizal
-Vice President: Gregoria de Jesus
-Secretary: Marina Dizon
-Fiscal: Angelica Lopez Rizal (Rizals niece)
-Keeper of the Katipunan documents: Gregoria de Jesus

THE KALAYAAN
Bonifacio and Jacinto believed that a printing press was
needed to easily propagate their revolutionary ideas.
The organization had no money to purchase a printing
machine
Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo
-Two Visayan patriots from Kalibo, Capiz
-gave the Katipunan the money to purchase a printing press
-won one thousand pesos in a lottery
The printing press
-was worth four hundred pesos
-once transferred to the house of Bonifacio
Jacinto purchased some templates for the Katipunan
newspaper (other templates were stolen from a Spanish printing
press)
Ulpiano Fernandez and Faustino Duque
-Two experienced printers
-both Katipuneros
-managed the press
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
-Suggested the name of the newspaper, KALAYAAN
Kalayaan
-Came out in the middle of March 1896
-written in Tagalog

-contained articles written by Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Valenzuela

-they put the place of publication: Yokohoma
to mislead
the
-editor: Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Spanish
authorities
-Jacintos Pahayag (Manifesto) and Bonifacios poem, Pag-ibig sa
Tinubuang Lupang (Love of Country) were also published
-easily influenced many Filipinos to become members of the
Society
-writers didnt sign their true names for them not to be
discovered
Pen Names
-Jacinto: Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw
-Bonifacio: Agapito Bagumbayan
-Valenzuela: Madlang-Away
January 1896- the total number of members didnt exceed 300
Places where Kalayaan was distributed and reached a total
number of membership of 30 000:
-Pampanga, Tarlac, and in the Tagalog provinces, from Manila in
the center to Nueva Ecija on the north, and Batangas on the South.
Kalayaan was destroyed by Fernandez and Duque
-to prevent confiscation from Spanish authorities
Fiery pen, revolutionary spirit, and political will of
Bonifacio-Jacinto tandem in the newspaper- proved effective
and unifying the people towards kalayaan

TWIN SOULS OF THE

KATIPUNAN
Andres Bonifacio and
Emilio Jacinto
-both believed that
that
they
should
change their strategy
and tactics
Katipunan, a different
society from La Liga
-Katipunan aimed to
make the Philippines a free country by force of arms; La Liga
used evolutionary of peaceful means.
Andres Bonifacio
-Born on: November 30, 1863
-In: a small nipa house on what is now Azcarraga Street near the
present Manila Railroad station
-Parents: (belonged to the middle class)
Santiago Bonifacio (was a tailor, a boatman, and a former
municipal official in Tondo)
Catalina de Castro (Spanish-Chinese of Filipino origin from
Zambales; worked at a cigarette factory)
-Bonifacios parents died while he was in his teens and so he had
to support the family
Brothers: Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio
Sisters: Espiridiona and Maxima
-he sold canes and paper fans in his early years
-Due to poverty, he was not able to finish the equivalent grade
four today

-He worked: as a messenger of J.M Fleming and Co., an English

trading firm;
An agent of the German trading, Fressel and Co.
-He read newspapers and books at night and all written in
Spanish
-He taught himself to read and write in Spanish and became
literate
He read the following books:
-Original Spanish version of Rizals Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo
-French Revolution of 1789
When Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896
-Bonifacio felt sad and angry because a great Filipino was
executed (his cause to fight for justice and liberty)
Bonifacio was anti-friar and anti-Spanish
- Whether they were friars, civil employees or officials, for him,
they were all the same: greedy, immoral, cruel, and lazy.
Tapunan ng Lingap and Ang Mga Cazadores
-poems written in Tagalog by Bonifacio
-attacked the Spaniards furiously
-He called the Spaniards white cattle
Huling Hibik ng Pilipanas
-Bonifacios poem which openly called for independence from
colonial rule.
Revolution of 1896
-the Katipunan Revolution
-sowed the seeds of the national independence in the masses
minds
-Bonifacio: leading thinker of the Revolution of 1896.
Emilio Jacinto
-twin soul of Bonifacio in the Katipunan
-born in: Tondo, Manila
-on: December 15, 1875
-his father died at his early age
-he was sent by mother to his uncles house for support
-first studied at San Juan de Letran
-transferred to the University of Santo Tomas and studied Law.
-about 18, he heard about Katipunan and immediately joined.
-was loved by Bonifacio because of being serious-minded,
humble, intelligent, and industrious.
-he wrote in Tagalog except for one poem in Spanish, A Mi
Patria (To My Country)
-wrote such pieces: Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Sa Mga
Kababayan, and others.
Bonifacio and Jacinto wrote in Tagalog
-believed that the people could be reached through their own
language
-the very reason why they succeeded in uniting the people
behind them
The reformists failed
-Because they wrote for the intellectuals and Spaniards who read
only in Spanish
Jacinto fought side by side with Bonifacio as the Revolution
broke out
Jacinto was assigned by Bonifacio to lead rebels in Laguna

April 6, 1899 in Mahayhay, Laguna

-Jacinto died at the young age of twenty-four.

Chap
ter

11

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

By 1896, there were concrete and objective conditions in the economy, society,
and governance that justified revolution at the time of the Katipunan but people were not
totally united. The wealthy and educated class was divided on the issue of independence
and the use of force to obtain it. The masses, mostly the poor, less educated and illiterate,
led by the Katipunan, who were ready. However, the conflict over leadership inside the
Katipunan resulted in the tragic death of Bonifacio, the founder and leader of the armed
revolution. Ironically, it was the death of Rizal that brought downfall to the Spanish rule
in the Philippines. The poet, Cecilio Apostol, expressed it well, Que si una bala destroz
tu craneo, tu idea, en cambio destruy un imperio. (Though a bullet pierced or
destroyed your skull, your idea destroyed an empire.) from here, despite of all the
failures of the Filipinos, they still fought valiantly towards freedom and independence of
a nation yet to be born

CONDITIONS BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

Late in 1895
-Bonifacio was busy propagating the political ideals of the
Katipunan in many towns in Manila
-Some Spanish authorities were already suspecting about the
underground society who aimed to end Spanish rule but they
had no clear proof of its existence
Friars informed governor-general about their suspicions but
he did not believe them
Rumors continued to reach the friars through their spies
-example of which was the gathering in Batangas where rifles
and weapons were being smuggled; the weapons came from
Hongkong and Yokohama.
The governor-general ordered the banishment of some
prominent citizens of Batangas and Bulacan to mollify the
friars
Friars suspicions were correct all along because of the
general dissatisfaction among the Filipinos:

-money was difficult to get

-few Filipinos were gainfully employed
-life of the people was far from prosperous
-common people were suffering from heavy taxation, from
abusive friar and civil authorities, and from lack of economic
opportunities.
The government was spending millions of pesos for the
army and navy
-in the budget for the fiscal year 1894-1895, the expenditure of
the Department of War and Navy totaled more than six million
and a half pesos
But the amount being spent for public improvement was
pitifully small
-expenditure for public works was P 628, 752.46 (which showed
that very little was spent for improvement in public works
The most serious cause of peoples satisfaction were the
ABUSES of the Spaniards- friars and civil authorities alike
-personal honor and dignity of the Filipinos were taken for
granted
-physical maltreatment and unjust orders of executions to
faraway places like Guam, Jolo, and Palawan on suspicions of
crimes and petty ones
The institution of Forced Labor
-Provided opportunities to Spaniards for rampant abuse to
Filipinos
For three hundred years, Filipinos kept silent as they
suffered they abuses but the seed of hatred had been
planted in their hearts.

THE DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN

Father Mariano Gil
-Parish curate of Tondo, Manila
-one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil
authorities about the secret society
Teodoro Patio
-A Katipunero
-he visited his sister in an orphanage in Mandaluyong
-having quarreled with another Katipunero, he told his sister
about the Katipunan and its aims; her sister cried and so she
told the Madre Portera of the orphanage
-He was then advised to tell Father Mariano Gil about it
August 19, 1896
- Patio went to see Father Gil that afternoon and revealed the
Katipunan and its plans
Father Gil immediately rushed to the Manila Polices
headquarters and informed them about Patios revelation
At the Printing shop of the daily newspaper DIARIO DE
MANILA
-Father Gil, the police, and the owner of the newspaper, found
some Katipunan receipts and other evidences
- Patio told Father Gil that those evidences were genuine

The police was convinced and so they raided many houses

in Manila and the suburbs looking for alleged members of
the Katipunan.
That night of August 19
-Many innocent Filipinos were arrested.

THE CRY OF
PUGADLAWIN

Wealthy Filipinos were being wanted to help finance the

Katipunan in its struggle
Bonifacio ordered some of his trusted men to approach the
rich Filipinos and asked for contributions
Francisco L. Roxas
-a Spaniard born in the Philippines; considered this country as
his own
-was asked to support the society for he was a millionaire
-belonged to a family that owned vast tracts of lands and put up
the San Miguel Brewery
-got angry and threatened to tell the police about the Katipunan
Many wealthy Filipinos refused to help the Katipunan
except for a physician named Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Bonifacio and his men did not lose hope
August 19
-Katipunan was discovered by the Spanish authorities
-Bonifacio was in Caloocan with his wife, Gregoria de Jesus
-Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak fearing that he might
be arrested
Bonifacio ordered his runners to inform the Katipuneros
that a meeting will be held in Balintawak on August 24.
At midnight of August 21, Bonifacio, accompanied by four
men, reached Balintawak;
In the afternoon, about 500 Katipuneros left Sitio Kangkong
(part of Balintawak) and arrived at the next sitio called
Pugadlawin the next day.
Juan A. Ramos
-at his yard, a meeting was held
-son of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)
Melchora Aquino
-Mother of the Katipunan
Bonifacio shouted to bring out their cedulas and tear them
into pieces
-this showed that they were prepared to take up arms
All men brought out their cedulas and tore them into pieces
and the ground was littered with those pieces of paper
Cedulas- sign of slavery for the Katipuneros
August 23
-They shouted in one voice, Long live the Philippines! Long live
the Katipunan

-Cry of the Pugadlawin (symbolized the determination of the

Filipinos to fight for independence unto death.

THE FIGHTING BEGINS

Civil guards were following the Katipuneros and were about
to inspect the mountains.
Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio, called
Pasong Tamo
August 25-Some women notified Bonifacio that civil guards and
infantrymen were coming.
A short skirmish ensued in which one civil guard and two
Katipuneros were killed.
Spaniards, thinking that the rebels were strong, retreated;
Rebels, believing that their weapons were inferior, also
retreated towards BALARA. They proceeded to Marikina and to
Hagdang Bato
August 28- Bonifacio issued a manifesto
August 29, 1896- Bonifacio set the attack on the city of Manila
August 30, 1896- A fighting between Filipino forces and the
Spanish soldiers broke out

MARTIAL LAW
Revolutionary flame spread to the following places:
-provinces of Central Luzon and Southern Tagalog of Cavite,
Laguna, and Batangas
August 30 -Governor-general Ramon Blanco issued a decree to
prevent the spread of the revolution
First eight provinces which rose in arms:
-Cavite, Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac
and Nueva Eciija (placed under martial law)
Blancos policy and attraction
-stated that those who surrender within forty-eight hours after
the decrees publication wont be tried by military court.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela and his companions took advantage of
this decree and so they surrendered.

PERSECUTION CONTINUES
The suspects in Manila and other provinces were punished
even without trial
Heads of families were shipped to the Caroline in the Pacific
and in Africa
Fort Santiago was packed with hundreds of prisoners, most
of them were INNOCENT
Many died when Pasig River entered the lower portion of
the cell while others died due to suffocation
Luis R. Yangco
-One of the wealthy Filipinos who were arrested for allegation
with the Katipunan
In Bulacan, the Spaniards massacred many people
September 4, 1896
-Four Katipuneros were executed in Bagumbayan Field (now part
of Rizal Park)
September 12, 1896

-Thirteen suspects from Cavite were executed (Thirteen Martyrs

of Cavite)
January 4, 1897
-Twelve Bicolano patriots were executed; nineteen patriots from
Kalibo were shot to death.

RIZALS EXECUTION
Since 1892- Rizal had been in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
In 1896- He asked permission from the government to go to Cuba
as a military surgeon
Rizal was in a Spanish cruiser when the revolution broke
out
He refused to be saved by revolutionaries and then he
transferred to the streamer
Sailing on the way to Cuba, Rizal was ordered to return to
Manila
Fort Santiago- where Rizal was imprisoned
Rizal was helped by a Spanish military lawyer
The military court did not listen to his arguments and he
was then sentenced to be shot to death
People who appealed to the governor-general for Rizals
pardon:
-Rizals parents, brothers, sisters
Another appeal was made to the Minister of War in Spain
but it was not granted
December 30, 1896
-Rizal was executed early in the morning
Rizals execution
-emboldened the Filipinos to fight for their country

BONIFACIO GOES TO CAVITE

Emilio Aguinaldo
-Young mayor of Kawit, Cavite; led the rebels against the
Spaniards
-was called Heneral Miong for peoples admiration of his
qualities as a military leader
September 5, 1896
-Aguinaldos famous victory was in Imus when he defeated the
Spanish army contingent under General Ernesto de Aguirres
command
Sword of the Spanish army contingent
-was took by Aguinaldo as a memento of his victory
Katipunan in Cavite was divided into two factions: the
MAGDIWANG and the MAGDALO
End of December 1896
-Bonifacio, with his wife and two brothers, arrived in Cavite
-purpose was to mediate the two fractions
December 31, 1896, an Assembly in Imus was held
-Magdiwang: favored the Katipunan retention
-Magdalo: favored the Katipunans change of structure

THE TEJEROS CONVENTION

Cavite became the major battleground of the revolution

Rebels decided to meet at Tejeros, San Francisco de
Malabon (now General Trials)
March 22, 1897
-there was a convention at the estate house of Tejeros
-The conventions second part was presided by Bonifacio &
Artemio Ricarte (secretary)
Formation of new government was agreed and officials were
elected
Result of the Election:
President:
Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President:
Mariano Trias
Captain General:
Artemio Ricarte
Director of War:
Emiliano Riego
de Dios
Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio
Daniel Tirona
-A member of faction Magdalo, protest that Jose del Rosario
(an attorney) was more qualified of the position than Bonifacio
Tirona refused to take back what he said and so Bonifacio took
out his pistol and aimed at him but Ricarte quickly held his hand.
The angry Bonifacio (as the incumbent Supremo of the
Katipunan) declared the results as NULL AND VOID then he
and his men hurriedly left the place.

ANOTHER MEETING AT TEJEROS

March 23- Bonifacio, Ricarte and others, met at the same place
Acta de Tejeros (Minute of Tejeros)- a document that
recorded what happened the previous day
Tejeros Resolution
- Bonifacio and others (45 in all) gave their reasons for the
results rejection of the previous days election
-main reason: fraud committed by the Magdalo peole

THE NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT

Bonifacio persuaded his men to have a military agreement
in which another government will be established.
General Pio Del Pilar will be the COMMANDER of this army
and the HEAD was Bonifacio.
Among those who signed the document were:
-Bonifacio and his brothers, Artemio Ricarte, Pio Del Pilar, and
Severino de las Alas

THE EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO

After the military agreement, Bonifacio and his company
left the town of Indang and settled in the barrio of LIMBON.
Aguinaldo heard about the agreement and so he sent some
soldiers to persuade Bonifacio to recognize the Tejeros
election results
Colonel Agapito Bonzon
-headed the party to contact Bonifacio; used force on Bonifacio
and his brothers

Bonifacio and his brothers fought back

-Ciriaco: was killed in the skirmish
-Bonifacio: was wounded in the neck and on the left arm
Bonifacio was brought to the municipal building of Indang,
then transferred to Maragondon for treason
Military court announced that Bonifacio and Procopio (his
brother) were GUILTY OF TREASON even without strong
evidence; they were sentenced to be shot to death
Aguinaldo commuted the death penalty to banishment
General Pio Del Pilar and General Mariano Noriel
-persuaded Aguinaldo to withdraw the commutation of the death
sentence
May 10, 1897
-Major Lazaro Macapagal took the prisoners and brought to
Mount Tala
-Bonifacio and his brothers were executed at Mount Tala

THE GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON

Filipino rebels: suffered from one defeat to another
Spanish forces: suffered from tropical diseases and lack of
experience
Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja
-in December 1896, he succeeded General Ramon Blanco
-grew tired of fighting the Filipinos; his health failed him and so
he asked to be relieved
Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera
-successor of Governor-General Polavieja
Aquinaldo escaped to Batangas to escape captivity
With 500 faithful armed men, Aguinaldo walked the
following distance:
-San Juan del Monte, Montalban, and to Mount Puray
Biak-na-Bato, in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan
-Aguinaldos headquarters
Rebels met at Mount Puray
- established the Departmental Government of Central Luzon
Comprised the following provinces of:
-Manila, Morong, Bulacan, Laguna, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,
and Pangasinan
Officials:
President:
Father Pedro
Dandan
Vice President:
Anastacio
Francisco
Secretary of the Treasury:
Paciano Rizal
Secretary of War:
Cipriano
Pacheco

BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

Primo de Rivera
-failed to win over the Filipinos back to Spain.
Before July or early in July -Aguinaldo established the Biak-naBato Republic (a republican government)
Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
-copied word for word the Cuban Constitution of
Jimanguayu, except for one article
Constitution in its Preamble
-declared the aim of the Revolution as the separation of the
Philippines from the Spain
Article VIII (not found in the Constitution of Jimanguayu)
-Tagalog will be the official language of the Republic
November 1
-the Constitution was approved
Officers elected were:
President:
Andres Bonifacio
Vice President:
Mariano Trias
Secretary of Foreign Affairs:
Antonio
Montenegro
Secretary of the Interior:
Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of War:
Emiliano Riego
de Dios
Secretary of the Treasury:
Baldomero

THE TRUCE OF BIAK-NA-BATO

Pedro A. Paterno
-A Filipino of Chinese ancestry
-approached Governor Primo de Rivera and offered himself as a
mediator
November 18, 1897
The first document was signed by:
-Paterno: on behalf of the Filipino rebels
-Primo de Rivera: on behalf of the colonial government
December 14, 1897 -the second document was signed by Paterno
and Rivera
December 15, 1897-the third document was signed
The Truce
of Biak-Na-Bato -the first, second, and third
document constituted together
The agreement provided the following:
1. that Aguinaldo and his men would go into voluntary exile;
2. that Primo de Rivera would pay Aguinaldo the sum of P800
000 in three installments:
a. P400 000 upon departure from the Philippines;
b. P200 000 when arms surrendered to Spanish authorities
exceeded to 700 pieces;
c. P200 000 when general amnesty had been proclaimed
and the TE DEUM had been sung; and
3. Primo de Rivera would pay P900 000 to families of noncombat Filipinos who suffered during the revolution
December 27, 1897 -Aguinaldo and his company boarded a ship
for Hongkong and had with him a check for P400 000.

THE FAILURE OF THE TRUCE

Month of January 1898- a happy one for the Spaniards; peace
reigned once more
January 23, 1898 -The TE DEUM was sung at the Manila
Cathedral to celebrate the publication of peace treaty.
Armed clashes started at February because of the mutual
suspicion of Filipino rebels and Spanish authorities
General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac
-organized the Central Executive Committee (independent
government) and had the Makabulos Consitution
Failure of the Truce
-Bad faith on both sides of the Filipinos and Spanish authorities.

Cebu Normal University

Osmea Boulevard, Cebu City
Philippines 6000

A
DETAILED SUMMARY
IN CHAPTER 10-11

IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY I

Submitted by:
Pastoril, Julie Marie D.
Submitted to:
Mr. Jovanni Villacora