Introduction

Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with about 1,500
species currently described they dominate fungal diversity in the oceans. For thousands of years
the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used in baking industry and fermenting
alcoholic drink. It is also really important as a model organism in modern cell biology research,
and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms. Yeast also has been
used as natural supplements and probiotics for human consumption. Yeast is used in nutritional
supplements popular with vegans and the health conscious, where it is often referred to as
nutritional yeast. It is usually Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is an excellent source of protein
and vitamins, especially the B-complex vitamins, whose functions are related to metabolism as
well as other minerals and cofactors required for growth. Rhizopus oligosporus also known as
Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus is a rare cause of human zygomycosis (Tintelnot and
Nitsche 1989). Rhizopus oligosporus belongs to the Rhizopus microsporus group. Colonies are
pale yellowish-brown to grey and sporulation is often poor. Rhizoids are subhyaline and simple.
Sporangiophores are brownish, up to 300 m high and 15 m wide, with 1-3 produced together.
It hold the sporangium. Sporangia are black, spherical, up to 100 m in diameter. Columellae are
subglobose to somewhat conical. Sporangiospores are subglobose to globose, up to 9 m in
diameter, almost smooth, with larger spores often irregular in shape. Chlamydospores are
abundant, hyaline, single or in chains, spherical, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 7-35 m in diameter.
Zygospores are not known. There is growth at 45C with a maximum of 4648OC. Compound
microscope are so called because they are designed with a compound lens system. The objective
lens provides the primary magnification which is compounded by the ocular lens. Visual
information produced by compound microscopes are two dimensional, as opposed to those
produced by stereomicroscopes which are three dimensional. Most provide an image which is
upside down and backward as compared to the actual orientation of the object. Compound
microscopes usually have several objectives in magnifications ranging from about 4x to 100x.
Eyepieces are commonly 10x resulting in total magnifications of 40x to 1000x (Objective x
Eyepiece). Compound microscopes may be upright or inverted. There are a variety of
microscopy techniques available for compound microscopes, many of which are discussed
below. Stereo microscope, also called dissecting microscopes, are really two compound
microscopes which focus on the same point from slightly different angles. This allows the
specimen to be viewed in three dimensions. As opposed to compound microscopes, the image is
upright and laterally correct and not upside down and backwards. Stereo microscopes are
relatively low power compared with compound microscopes, usually below 100x. They can
have a single fixed magnification, several discrete magnifications, or a zoom magnification
system. Working distance is much longer than with a typical compound microscope as well,
allowing work to be done on the specimen while it is being observed through the microscope
hence the name dissecting microscope. Many stereo microscopes are modular in design
allowing a variety of stands, eyepieces, objectives, and lighting techniques to be implemented
depending on the intended use.

References

Microscope. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 10, 2014, from

http://www.martinmicroscope.com/microscopes/
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (n.d.). All About the little Microbes. Retrieved June 10, 2014,
from http://littlemicrobes.wordpress.com/bmm-usage/saccharomyces-cerevisiae-2/
Yanai, K., Takaya, N., Kojima, N., Horiuchi, H., Ohta, A., & Takagi, M. (1992).
Purification of two chitinases from Rhizopus oligosporus and isolation and sequencing of the
encoding genes. Journal of Bacteriology, 174, 73987406.
Rhizopus sp.. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 10, 2014, from
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Zygomycetes/Rhizopus/