TEKNIK RESERVOIR MINYAK

& GAS-BUMI
Lesson 11
Resource & Reserve
Hadi Nugroho
Geological Department
Diponegoro University
2010

Modified by EBS 2014

Reading Materials
Rukmana, D., 2009,Pandangan BP Migas: Definisi

dan Metode Estimasi Cadangan Minyak Dan gas

Bumi Nasional, Presentasi pada Forum IATMI dan
K3S
Satter, A., et al, 2008, Practical Enhanced Reservoir

Engineering, Chapter 9
SPE/AAPG/WPC/SPEE/SEG, 2011, Guidelines for

Application of the Petroleum Resources

Management System

Stages of HC Fields

Exploration

Discovery

Production

Abandonment

Play

Appraisal

Monitoring

Plug Back

Lead

Economics

Infill

Clearing

Prospect

Plan of
Development

Secondary
Recovery

Restoration

Play Prospect Lead

Play - a group of oil fields
or prospects in the same
region that are controlled
by the same set of
geological circumstances

Prospect a geological
feature that might contain
HC, mapped in detail and
ready for drilling
Lead identified geological feature that might contain
HC; not yet ready for drilling

Volumetric Calculation

Volumetric Calculation

Volumetric Calculation

Volumetric Calculation

Calculating Original HC In Place

Oil:
Gas:
OOIP/OGIP Original Oil / Gas In Place
Constants converting acre-ft to barrel / cubic-ft
Vb

(1-Sw)
Boi / Bgi

- Rock Volume in acre-ft

- Porosity in fraction
- HC Saturation
- Oil / Gas Formation Volume Factor

Calculating Original HC In Place

Oil:
Gas:
OOIP/OGIP Original Oil / Gas In Place
Constants converting acre-ft to barrel / cubic-ft
Vb

(1-Sw)
Boi / Bgi

- Rock Volume in acre-ft

- Porosity in fraction
- HC Saturation
- Oil / Gas Formation Volume Factor

How Much Can We Recover?

Oil:

OOIP * RF (in bbl)

Gas:

OGIP * RF (in cu ft)

OOIP or OGIP Original Oil or Gas In Place (bbl

or cu ft)

RF

Recovery Factor (in fraction)

Oil Reservoirs Recovery Factors

Drive Mechanism

Oil Recovery Factors

% OOIP
Range

Average

Solution Gas Drive

5 - 30

15

Gas Cap Drive

15 - 50

30

Water Drive

30 - 60

40

Gravity Drainage Drive

16 - 85

50

Gas Reservoirs
Drive
Gas Expansion Drive
Water Drive

Gas Recovery
factors (% of OGIP)
Range
Average
70 - 90
80
35 - 65
50

Other Reserve Calculation Approach

Volumetric Calculation:

Deterministic

Probabilistic / Stochastic

Decline Curve Analysis

Material Balance
Reservoir Simulation

Probabilistic Assessment

Probabilistic volume calculation result is always lognormal

The Importance of Reporting

As a Company / Country there is regular reporting

requirement
This makes it necessary for a regulation / rule that

standardizes the calculation and reporting methods

Last decade SPE/AAPG/WPC/SPEE/SEG

collaborating to generate the system called PRMS

Petroleum Resources Management

System
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) adopts

PRMS

On the News

The Importance of Reporting

Resource
Inventory

Internal
Business
Management
Portfolio
Management
system
to make

investment
decisions and
allocate
resources

Resources

Project and

Reserves

Production

Proved
Probable
Possible

Discovered
Not Yet
Commercial
Undiscovered
Potential

External
Business
Management
Regulatory
Commissions (required
by law)
Government Tax
Investment Community

Financial Transactions

Resource Classification

PRMS
follows the
line of
thought

Resource Definition
Resources
Encompasses all quantities of petroleum naturally occurring
on or within the earths crust, discovered and undiscovered,
(recoverable or in-place). Further, it includes all types of
petroleum whether currently considered conventional or
unconventional

Reserves
Those quantities of petroleum anticipated to be commercially
recoverable by application of development projects to known
accumulations from a given date forward under defined
conditions
Reserves are a subset of Resources!

PRMS Internal Reporting

More Certain

Less Certain

Naming Conventions
High
Confidence

Reserves

Proved
(P1)*

Contingent
Resources
Prospective
Resources

1P

Moderate
Confidence

Low
Confidence

Probable

Possible

(P2)*

1C
(C1)*

2P

(P3)*

2C
(C2)*

Low Estimate

Best Estimate

3P
3C

(C3)*

High Estimate

* widely used but not official PRMS terms

Reserve Categorization Example-1

Drilled Well
Proved Developed
Proved Undeveloped

Fault
1

Pool 1

Seismic Structure
on top of Sand "A"

Pool 2

Lowest Known Oil (LKO)

Wells:

Cross Section View

LKO

Sand "A"
Sand "A"
Fault

Reserve Categorization Example-2

Drilled Well
Proved Developed
Proved Undeveloped

Fault
1

Pool 1

Seismic Structure
on top of Sand "A"

Pool 2

Lowest Known Oil (LKO)

Wells: 2

Cross Section View

Sand "A"
LKO

Sand "A"
Fault

Reserve Categorization Example-3

Proved Developed
Proved Undeveloped
Dry Hole

Fault
1

P90 O/W contact

4

Pool 2

Pool 1

Lowest Known Oil (LKO)

Wells: 4

Cross Section View

Sand "A"
LKO
OWC

Seismic Structure
on top of Sand "A"

P90

Fault

Reserve Categorization Example-4

Proved Developed

Fault

Proved Undeveloped
Probable

P90 & P50 O/W contact

4

Pool 2

Pool 1

Lowest Known Oil (LKO)

Wells: 4

Cross Section View

Sand "A"
LKO
OWC

P90
P50

Seismic Structure
on top of Sand "A"

Fault

Reserve Categorization Example-5

Proved Developed
Proved Undeveloped
1

Probable
Additional locations
required to deplete

Fault

Proved Undeveloped

Pool 1

Seismic Structure
on top of Sand "A"

Pool 2

Lowest Known Oil (LKO)

Wells:

OWC
4

Pressure communication
measured across each of the
wells

Cross Section View

Sand "A"
Sand "A"
Fault

Economic Modifiers
Economic Status
Projects may be further characterized by economics and
commercial modifiers into:

Economic (Reserves)
Marginal Economic (Contingent Resources)
Reserves
in waiting

cats &
dogs

those quantities associated with technically feasible projects that are either
currently economic or projected to be economic under reasonably forecasted
improvements in commercial conditions but are not committed for development
because of one or more contingencies.

Sub-Marginal Economic (Contingent Resources)

those quantities associated with discoveries for which analysis indicates that
technically feasible development projects would not be economic and/or other
contingencies would not be satisfied under current or reasonably forecasted
improvements in commercial conditions. These projects nonetheless should be
retained in the inventory of discovered resources pending unforeseen major changes
in commercial conditions.
29

Additional Classification Modifiers

Reserves Status
Recoverable quantities may be subdivided based on the funding and
operational status of wells and associated facilities into:

Developed (Producing or Non-Producing)

Undeveloped
There is no change in the definitions/criteria associated with Reserves Status
However,

Reserves status may be applied to Proved, Probable, and Possible

(Even Developed Producing Reserves have a range of ultimate recovery)

Reserves status is not really a subclass.

Reserves are allocated to status based on operations & funding.
Its a money thing .. and it is important for project management!

3. DEFINISI & KLASIFIKASI CADANGAN

Proved
Estimate
Developed

Probable
Estimate

Undeveloped
90%P1 + 50%P2 Or 90% P1

Ekonomis

Possible
Estimate

POD

Reserves

Annual Reserves Report

(dari BPMIGAS)
Klasifikasi Cadangan yang digunakan oleh BPMIGAS dan
Ditjen Migas mengacu SPE 2001 yang telah dimodifikasi
berdasarkan karakter reservoar di Indonesia.

Tidak Ekonomis

Hasil Forum di Bali 10-11 Agustus 2009 (Penyamaan Persepsi Kategori & Perhitungan cadangan ) telah
disepakati BPMIGAS-Ditjen Migas Pertamina bahwa klasifikasi cadangan dari PRMS 2007 (SPE 2007)
sampai saat ini belum bisa dipakai dalam POD atau dalam pelaporan cadangan tahunan (Annual Reserves
Report).

Reserve Audit
To increase reliability of the reserve report an audit

by independent auditor is recommended called

Reserve Certification
Below are names of well known auditors:

DeGolyer and MacNaughton (D&M)

Gaffney & Cline Associates (GCA)

Sproule

Ryder Scott

Netherland and Sewell Associates (NSA)

And many others