Annotated Bibliography:

1) Levy, Stuart B., and Bonnie Marshall. "Antibacterial Resistance Worldwide: Causes,
Challenges and Responses."Nature.com. Nature Medicine, 30 Nov. 2004. Web.
The primary topic for this article is an analysis of current bacterial strands with resistant characteristics
to various antibiotics, it is then compared to previous known strands of bacterial resistance to
antibiotics. The essay discusses the causes of antibiotic resistance and the scenarios that may occur due
to it. Therefore the source would offer me various possibilities of what causes antibiotic resistance in
genes as well as providing. Lastly the essay would provide possible scenarios which could occur from
genetic mutations of bacteria resulting in resistance to common medications.
2) Van Den Bogaard, Anthony E., and Ellen E. Stobberingh. "Epidemiology of Resistance to
Antibiotics: Links between Animals and Humans."ScienceDirect. International Journal of
Antimicrobial Agents, Apr.-May 2000. Web.
This article goes into the effects of using antibiotics on consumer goods for humans such as meat and
vegetables, and products for animals such as their feed. The article would assist my paper due to the
fact that it would reveal yet another instance in which human intervention has altered bacteria. In an
attempt to conserve goods, primarily food, the actions taken to help sustain life by providing a more
sustainable food source has resulted in bacteria that have become resistant to the antibiotics used. Due
to the food containing antibiotic resistant bacteria, it is very likely that through consumption of the
goods the animal or human will contract the bacteria and further allow it to spread through society.
Therefore the article will be used to illustrate how human intervention has led to an increase in and
creation of lethal antibiotic resistant bacteria.
3) Khachatourians, G. G. "Canadian Medical Association Journal."Agricultural Use of
Antibiotics and the Evolution and Transfer of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria. CMAJ, 3 Nov. 1998.
Web.
This article further supports the case of human interference as it shows a connection between antibiotic
resistant bacteria and the animals that are normally consumed. The various drugs given to livestock to
prevent sickness and increase growth, has resulted in the abundance of bacteria entirely resistant to
those antibiotics and therefore survive and thrive within their hosts. Once consumption of the livestock
occurs small traces of the bacteria could mutate and live within a human host, resulting in the mutation
of an already antibiotic resistant bacteria into one that can affect humans. The article thus reveals cases
in which human interference and mass production of livestock has resulted in bacteria possessing a
remarkable amount of resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
4) Stephens, Pippa. "Antibiotic Resistance Now 'global Threat', WHO Warns - BBC News." BBC
News. N.p., Apr.-May 2014. Web.
This article posted by BBC assits in developing my thesis and increase the understanding that antibiotic
resistant bacteria have drastically begun to increase in number and have become a serious threat to man
kind. This article supports the idea that antibiotic-resistant bacteria need to be further researched and
solutions caused by its main proponents need to be discovered and be put into use.
5) Strom, Stephanie. "Perdue Sharply Cuts Antibiotic Use in Chickens and Jabs at Its
Rivals."The New York Times. The New York Times, 31 July 2015. Web.

The largest cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria occur in live stock primarily due to the health standards
and overdosing of medication forced upon them so that they do not perish. This article provides
evidence of one of the largest contributes to antibiotic-resistance being fought against by the very
companies that cause it. Indicating a movement away from a threatening byproduct of over production
of live stock, therefore contributing to the essay by showing plausible solutions to combat the threat.
6) Whiteman, Honor. "Antibiotic resistance: how has it become a global threat to public health?
"Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 10 Sept. 2014. Web.
The article supports the idea that a major cause for the predicament of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is the
ignorant man, for he does not know of the threat and does not prepare for it nor reduce his own
chances of causing it. The article supports that the human race is the main cause for the bacteria's
resistance in comparison to other species or things that influence bacteria.
7) Moskvitch, Katia. "How to Solve the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance." Scientific American
Global RSS. Scientific American, 28 Jan. 2015. Web.
The article supports my thesis and paper by introducing even more problems that have appeared after
further research had been conducted into the resistance of bacteria. The article goes on to reveal that the
number of new antibiotics have begun to diminish in number since the 1940's and that new methods to
combat the bacteria are indeed needed to safe the populace from a plague.
8) "The Results."Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 07 July 2015. Web.
The measures provided by the CDC further display methods to combat the ever growing number of
antibiotic resistant bacteria, offering examples and methods to increase sanitary measures. This article
while providing counter measures does reveal that there is no definitive defense against the bacteria's
spread. Due to the seriousness and risks shown by the CDC's analysis it depicts the true affects that
these super bacteria have had and may have.
9) Davies, Julian, and Dorothy Davies. "Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic
Resistance."American Society for Microbiology. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews,
n.d. Web. 1 Sept. 2010.
This article goes further in depth into the of mutating bacteria, and the causes that resulted in genetic
mutation of the prokaryotic cells, as well as restates the need for creative counter measures needed to
combat the bacteria.
10) Martinez, Jose L. "Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural
Environments."Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural Environments. Sciencemag,
18 July 2008. Web.
The article analysis the natural and environmental effects that had altered bacteria prior to human
alteration through the use of antibiotic, stating the possibility of harnessing the cause of past
alterations. Overall the essay disregards the notion of the attacker and defender in terms of bacteria and
humans, and instead brings light to the natural selection that affected bacteria in the past. The analysis
of this article would reveal the purpose of non-essential plasmids within the bacterial cells.