PRESENTATION

ON
Hydrology and Water Power Studies

SK Singal
Principal Scientific officer, AHEC

ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE

Small Hydro

UNDP GEF Hilly Hydro Project

AHEC/IITRoorkee/Sept.2002

Zonal Plan -Activity

Power Potential and Energy

Power (kW)

= 9.81 x Discharge (cumecs) x Head (m) x Efficiency

Energy (Units)= Power x 8760 (No of hours)

PROJECT HYDROLOGY

Hydrological data collection/assessment

Data analysis to establish a reliable water flow with time
variability
Peak flood discharge
Fixing the installed capacity and establishing energy generation
Accurate assessment of the hydrology is important for planning
of SHP schemes and design of various hydrological structures
Over estimate of water availability may lead to higher
installation and larger investment lower estimate may result in
non-utilization of potential optimally
Water availability at the intake site decides the technoeconomic feasibility flood discharge is important for safe
design of the structures

DATA REQUIREMENT
The basic data for hydropower development is the head and
discharge
Generally observed long term stream flow data are not available
Discharge is to be started measuring at the first possible opportunity
The discharge data may also be assessed by use of indirect methods
with the help of the following data:
Catchment area with following characteristics:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Altitude
Raingauge locations and their long term rainfall data
River system
Shape
Land use pattern
Snow cover, if any
Soil types
Details of existing projects in the catchment, if any.

Stream flow and rainfall data of adjoining and/or similar

catchments.
Water utilization data from existing projects/facilities.

SOURCES OF DATA

Rain gauge locations, rainfall and snowfall data and other

climatological information such as temperature, wind velocity,
evaporation, cloud cover etc. are available with the India
Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune
Major rivers and their tributaries are being gauged regularly by the
Central Water Commission and State Governments and long term
records of water levels, sediment load and daily discharges
Other sources
Survey of India
Irrigation/water resources Department of State Governments
Agriculture Department of State Governments
Forest Department of State Governments
District Revenue Department of State Governments
Water Year Books of State Governments
Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)

COLLECTION OF DATA

The project developer should install gauging station near the intake
site
The discharge measurements should be carried out for a minimum
of two years covering two lean seasons and one monsoon season
on daily basis.
Two years discharge data though is short to develop a long term
series but it gives an idea about minimum discharge expected
In order to have longer period observed discharges, the gauging
site should be established at the earliest and the data till the
preparation of detailed project report (DPR) should be used in
hydrological studies.
For the SHP projects on existing dams and canal falls, a longer
time series 5-15 years normally be used depending on data
availability at existing facilities, which normally is available.

QUALITY OF DATA

For assessing the quality of data, details of methods of

measurement and observations, the instruments used and the
frequency of observations is essential.
Adequate length of data is essential for any hydrologic analysis.
The longer the length of data more is the confidence on the
reliability of the analysis.
for small hydro power projects, a 10 years period may be adequate.
However, planning may be initiated with minimum of two years
daily discharge data.

FILLING-IN MISSING DATA

It is generally observed that rainfall and discharge data in many

cases are found missing for some days and even for months.
The following techniques are used for filling missing data:
Using values of observed discharges earlier or later of the
missing period
Using the observations of the adjoining stations. At least three
stations be used.

FLOW ASSESSMENT FOR AN UNGAUGED

CATCHMENT
Long Term Data of Some Other Site
When long term flow measurement data of a site on the same
stream or adjoining stream are available, they can be transposed
to the proposed site in proportion to the catchment areas of the
two sites.
Q1 A1
A
= i.e. Q1 = 1 Q2
Q2 A2
A2

1 denotes ungauged site and 2 denotes the site for which flow
data is available.
In case the rainfall data are available for both the catchments,
the rainfall variability may also be considered.
Regional Model

POWER EQUATION
P = 9.81QH
Where

= Overall efficiency of turbine, generator and gear box

Q = Discharge in cumec
H = Head available for power generation in m
P = Power in kW

POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES AND

INSTALLED CAPACITY

Prior to the determination of installed capacity, the followings are

to be ensured:
Applicable efficiencies including part load efficiency of
equipment such as turbine, generator and gear box.
Accurate assessment of rated head.
Minimum discharge as environmental flow to be released in
the river/stream at diversion structure as per regulations and
deducted from the water availability.
Provision has been made for silt flushing discharges and other
losses in the water conductor system.
Other requirements of water use such as drinking, irrigation,
industrial, navigational, recreational, etc., if any are met and
deducted from the water availability as applicable.

FIXATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY

Obtain daily/10-daily average hydrological inflow series (yearwise) in m3/sec for all hydrological years.
Deduct environmental flow to have water availability for power
generation.
Arrange discharge data for each year in descending order.
Calculate average discharge for all the years data
Calculate % of time corresponding to average discharge values and
plot flow duration curve
Calculate power potential for each discharge value using power
equation given in para 2.0.
Consider number of alternatives of installed capacities in suitable
steps say 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000 kW

Compute incremental energy generation ( kWh) for every

incremental MW or so ( MW) and plot the curve between
installed capacity and corresponding annual energy
Installed capacity is fixed at a value where the fall in the graph is
sharp.
The alternative for installed capacity, which provides higher
energy generation with a acceptable / saleable generation cost as
compared to alternate source cost is selected.

INSTALLED CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL

ENERGY
S. No.

Inst
Cap.(MW)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Annual
Energy
(GWh)
84.89
91.50
97.77
103.83
109.84
115.63
120.84
125.83
130.27
134.60
138.51
142.39
146.01
149.60
152.83
155.94
159.06

Load factor
(%)
96.91
94.95
93.01
91.18
89.57
88.00
86.21
84.50
82.62
80.87
79.06
77.40
75.76
74.25
72.69
71.21
69.84

Incremental
Benefit
MU/MW
6.60
6.27
6.06
6.01
5.78
5.21
5.00
4.44
4.32
3.92
3.88
3.62
3.59
3.23
3.12
3.11

Potential
Exploited
(%)
30.12
32.46
34.68
36.83
38.97
41.02
42.87
44.64
46.21
47.75
49.14
50.51
51.80
53.07
54.22
55.32
56.43

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF INSTALLED

CAPACITY VS INCREMENTAL ENERGY

SELECTION OF UNIT-SIZE & NUMBER OF

UNITS

Equal Sized Turbine Generating Unit

Turbine Generating Unit

Unequal Sized

DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2005)

Day \ Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

JAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1150
1150
1550
1550
1775
1775
1775
1775
1550
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1550
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
0
0
400
690

FEB
2150
2000
1350
945
750
660
630
630
630
600
600
570
540
310
460
440
440
415
415
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

APR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
1685
2150
1390
810
1470
1350
1190
1015
570
270
270
270
270
235
235
200
200
145
90
0
0
0

JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
810

JULY
1150
1150
570
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
510
510
510
510
510

AUG
510
510
0
510
510
0
0
510
510
510
510
510
510
510
510
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
510
950
1550
2000
0

SEPT
2500
2500
2000
2000
2050
2050
1550
1775
1775
2000
2000
2250
1775
1550
1550
1550
810
1550
2000
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
1595
1550
1550
1550
1510
1470

OCT
1430
1430
1390
1390
1350
1350
1310
1310
1310
1310
1270
1270
1270
1230
1230
1230
1230
1190
1190
1190
1310
1310
1310
1270
1270
1230
1230
1190
1115
1080
1050

NOV
1015
1015
980
980
945
945
910
880
880
845
845
845
880
880
845
810
810
810
0
0
690
690
660
1190
1470
1150
1150
1390
1150
1470

DEC
1550
1775
1910
1775
1595
1510
1430
1510
1470
1510
1650
1730
1775
1775
1775
1230
1050
1115
1115
945
880
780
570
440
340
295
250
0
0
0
0

DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2006)

Day \ Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

JAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
270
270
270
810
2400
2400
2400
2400
2250
2100

FEB
2150
2000
1350
945
750
660
630
630
630
600
600
570
540
490
460
440
440
415
415
390
390
390
390
390
390
370
370
370

MAR
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
185
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

APR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
810
1550
1150
1470
1470
1270
1080
910
750
600
490
440
390
390
390
1190
1650
1650
880
490
370
320
160

JUNE
215
200
235
235
215
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

JULY
0
0
0
0
0
510
810
1150
1150
1150
1430
880
540
510
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250

AUG
2250
2250
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2400
2400
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2000
2000
2500
2500
2500

SEPT
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2000
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500

OCT
1550
1775
1550
1550
1550
1550
1350
1150
980
810
810
810
810
810
1350
1775
2000
1550
1350
1115
810
630
540
460
415
415
415
390
390
390
390

NOV
390
270
270
270
180
90
90
90
270
180
180
660
1150
810
660
390
270
180
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DEC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2007)

Day \ Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

JAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
1150
980
270
180
90
90
90
90
180
180
180
180
270
180
90
90
90
90
90

FEB
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

APR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
270
390
980
980
980
980
810
390
320
180
90
90
90
90
90
90
0
0
0
0
0
0

JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

JULY
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
510
1550
2000
2500
2500
2500
2350
2250
2000
1775
1775
2250
2250
2500
2500

AUG
2500
270
270
270
810
1550
2000
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2250
2500
2500
2500
2250
2250
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500

SEPT
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2250
2500
2500
2500
2500
2250
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2400

OCT
2500
2500
2500
2000
2250
2250
2250
2250
2000
1350
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
980
980
810
810
810
660
510
390
390
0
0
0
0
0
390
810

NOV
1550
2000
2000
1550
1550
1470
1550
1550
1350
1150
980
810
510
390
270
270
270
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DEC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2008)

Day \
Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

JAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

FEB
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

APR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAY
270
110
0
0
0
0
0
270
810
810
600
390
390
270
180
180
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90

JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
0
510
2000
2000
1550
1150
2000
2000
2000
2000

JULY
2000
2000
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
510
510
1150
2000
1550
1550
1550
1550
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1910

AUG
1910
1910
1910
2000
2000
2000
2150
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2000
2000
2000
1150
1150
1150
1150
1150
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910

SEPT
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1650
1910
1910
2100
1775
2250
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2500

OCT
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2000
2500
2500
2500
2250
2150
2150
2150
2150
2000
2000
1270
1510
1230
1080
810
690
540

NOV
510
510
540
1350
1550
1650
1550
1685
1595
1430
1190
1115
1080
1150
1350
1190
1050
980
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DEC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DAILY DISCHARGE DATA (YEAR 2009)

Day \ Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

JAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
390
1150
810
810
1150
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1650
1650
1550
1550
1470
980
1150
810
390
270

FEB
180
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

APR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

MAY
0
0
0
0
0
0
270
810
810
660
510
460
510
370
295
235
180
145
125
110
90
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

JUNE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

JULY
0
0
0
0
0
510
810
1150
1150
1150
1430
880
540
510
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
1550
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250
2250

AUG
2500
270
270
270
810
1550
2000
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2250
2500
2500
2500
2250
2250
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500
2500

SEPT
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910
1650
1910
1910
2100
1775
2250
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2400
2500

OCT
1550
1775
1550
1550
1550
1550
1350
1150
980
810
810
810
810
810
1350
1775
2000
1550
1350
1115
810
630
540
460
415
415
415
390
390
390
390

NOV
1550
2000
2000
1550
1550
1470
1550
1550
1350
1150
980
810
510
390
270
270
270
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DEC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10-DAILY DISCHARGE (Cusec)

Month
JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

Year
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III

2005
385
1820
945
1035
419
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
196
1049
150
0
0
108
287
0
232

2006
0
0
1440
1035
476
383
148
0
0
0
0
0
263
963
716
210
100
0
477
1266
1932

2007
0
339
144
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54
610
41
0
0
0
0
683
2241

2008
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
227
237
90
0
27
1521
616
1242
1787

2009
39
1322
1184
27
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
255
294
8
0
0
0
477
1266
1932

Month

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

Year

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

357

2440

1517

2063

1517

II

255

2490

2450

1625

2450

III

455

2409

2477

1849

2477

2020

2500

2500

1884

1884

II

1754

2450

2475

2195

2195

III

1923

2500

2465

2410

2410

1358

1382

2185

2500

1382

II

1230

1238

1014

2355

1238

III

1215

477

286

1403

477

940

210

1572

1237

1572

II

673

430

350

911

350

III

1101

1604

II

1416

III

323

FLOW DURATION
% Time
Equalled
or
Exceeded

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Average
(cusecs)

Average
(cumec)

2.78
5.56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44.44
47.22
50.00
52.78
55.56

2020
1923
1820
1754
1604
1416
1358
1230
1215
1101
1049
1035
945
940
673
455
419
385
357
323

2500
2500
2490
2450
2440
2409
1932
1440
1382
1266
1238
1035
963
716
477
477
476
430
383
263

2500
2477
2475
2465
2450
2241
2185
1572
1517
1014
683
610
350
339
286
144
54
41
0
0

2500
2410
2355
2195
2063
1884
1849
1787
1625
1521
1403
1242
1237
911
616
237
227
90
27
0

2477
2450
2410
2195
1932
1884
1572
1517
1382
1322
1266
1238
1184
477
477
350
294
255
39
27

2399
2352
2310
2212
2098
1967
1779
1509
1424
1245
1128
1032
936
676
506
333
294
240
161
123

67.97
66.63
65.44
62.65
59.42
55.72
50.40
42.76
40.34
35.26
31.94
29.23
26.51
19.16
14.33
9.42
8.33
6.80
4.56
3.47

% Time
Equalled
or
Exceeded

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Average
(cusecs)

Average
(cumec)

58.33

287

210

101

2.86

61.11

255

210

93

2.63

63.89

232

148

76

2.15

66.67

196

100

59

1.67

69.44

150

30

0.85

72.22

108

22

0.61

75.00

0.00

77.78

0.00

80.56

0.00

83.33

0.00

86.11

0.00

88.89

0.00

91.67

0.00

94.44

0.00

97.22

0.00

100.00

0.00

10 Daily Average Data in Cumecs

S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

%Availability
2.78
5.56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44.44
47.22
50.00
52.78
55.56
58.33
61.11
63.89
66.67
69.44

Qav. (Cumecs)
67.97
66.63
65.44
62.65
59.42
55.72
50.40
42.76
40.34
35.26
31.94
29.23
26.51
19.16
14.33
9.42
8.33
6.80
4.56
3.47
2.86
2.63
2.15
1.67
0.85

S. No.
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

%Availability
72.22
75.00
77.78
80.56
83.33
86.11
88.89
91.67
94.44
97.22
100.00

Qav. (Cumecs)
0.61
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

FLOW DURATION CURVE

70

Discharge (in cumecs)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0

20

40
% Time Equalled or Exceeded

60

80

100

POWER POTENTIAL
S. No.

% of
Time

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

2.78
5.56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44.44
47.22
50.00
52.78
55.56
58.33
61.11

Power Potential Power Potential Power Potential

Discha
Net
at Installed
at Installed
at Installed
rge
Power Potential
Head
Capacity (2000 Capacity (3000 Capacity (4000
(cumec
(kW)
(m)
kW)
kW)
kW)
s)
67.97
8.75
5093.41
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
66.63
8.75
4992.82
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
65.44
8.75
4903.75
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
62.65
8.75
4694.65
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
59.42
8.75
4453.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
55.72
8.75
4175.20
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
50.40
8.75
3776.72
2000.00
3000.00
3776.72
42.76
8.75
3203.90
2000.00
3000.00
3203.90
40.34
8.75
3022.92
2000.00
3000.00
3022.92
35.26
8.75
2642.51
2000.00
2642.51
2642.51
31.94
8.75
2393.81
2000.00
2393.81
2393.81
29.23
8.75
2190.13
2000.00
2190.13
2190.13
26.51
8.75
1986.20
1986.20
1986.20
1986.20
19.16
8.75
1436.04
1436.04
1436.04
1436.04
14.33
8.75
1073.60
1073.60
1073.60
1073.60
9.42
8.75
706.17
706.17
706.17
706.17
8.33
8.75
624.11
624.11
624.11
624.11
6.80
8.75
509.87
509.87
509.87
509.87
4.56
8.75
341.99
341.99
341.99
341.99
3.47
8.75
260.34
260.34
260.34
260.34
2.86
8.75
214.48
214.48
214.48
214.48
2.63
8.75
197.42
197.42
197.42
197.42

S. No.

% of
Time

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

63.89
66.67
69.44
72.22
75.00
77.78
80.56
83.33
86.11
88.89
91.67
94.44
97.22
100.00

Dischar
ge
(cumec
s)
2.15
1.67
0.85
0.61
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Net
Head
(m)
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75
8.75

Power Potential Power Potential Power Potential

at Installed
at Installed
at Installed
Power Potential
Capacity (2000 Capacity (3000 Capacity (4000
(kW)
kW)
kW)
kW)
161.26
161.26
161.26
161.26
125.46
125.46
125.46
125.46
63.49
63.49
63.49
63.49
45.85
45.85
45.85
45.85
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Average Power
(kW)
881.84
1165.91
1360.45
Annual Enegry
(MU)
7.72
10.21
11.92
Load factor
0.44
0.39
0.34

ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES

Items

Works
A. Preliminary
B. Land
C. Civil Works
D. Electrical and Mechanical
equipment
(a) Freight,
insurance,
transportation, erection and
commissioning charges
(b) Transmission line upto grid
Total I-Works
Establishment
and
other
indirect charges (12% of I
works)
Total (I+II)
Installation cost per kW ( Rs.)

Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I
Alternate-II
Alternate-III
(2x1000 kW) (2x1500 kW) (2x2000 kW)
7.00
10.00
550.00
700.00

8.00
12.00
800.00
990.00

10.00
15.00
1050.00
1300.00

70.00

100.00

130.00

1337.00
160.44

1910.00
229.20

2505.00
300.60

1497.44

2139.20
71307

2805.60
70140

74872

GENERATION COST
Items

(a) Annual Expenses

Operation and maintenance
cost 3% of project cost
Annual depreciation charges
3% of project cost
Interest charges 12% of
project cost
Total Annual expenses
(b) Energy Generation
(c) Cost of Generation
(Rs. / kWh)

Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I
Alternate-II Alternate-III
(2x1000 kW) (2x1500 kW) (2x2000 kW)
44.92

64.18

84.17

44.92

64.18

84.17

179.69

256.70

336.67

269.53
7.30

385.06
9.65

505.01
11.26

3.69

3.99

4.48

GENERATION COST CONSIDERING

SUBSIDY AND CDM BENEFITS
For recommended option of (2 x 1500 kW) for installation:
Installation cost

Rs.2139.20 lacs

Subsidy

Rs.330 lacs

Installation cost with subsidy

Rs.1809.20 lacs

Annual expenses:
- Operation and maintenance cost (3% of project cost) Rs.54.28 lacs
- Annual depreciation charges (3% of project cost)

Rs.54.28 lacs

- Interest charges (12% of project cost)

Rs.217.10 lacs
Sub Total Rs.325.66 lacs

CDM benefits

Rs.48.56 lacs

Annual expenses with CDM benefits

Rs.277.10 lacs

Cost of generation with subsidy and CDM benefits

Rs.2.87 per kWh

ABSTRACT OF COST ESTIMATES

Sl. No.

I.

II.

Items

Works
A. Preliminary
B. Land
C. Civil Works
D.
Electrical
and
Mechanical works
Total I-Works
Establishment and other
indirect charges (12% of I
works)
Total (I+II)

Cost (Rs. Lacs)

Alternate-I
Alternate-II
(2 x 2000 kW) (2 x 2500 kW)
10.00
15.00
1000
1440

12.00
20.00
1200
1700

2540
330

2990
389.00

2870

3379

INSTALLATION COST
Items

Alternate-I

Alternate-II
(2 x 2500 kW)

(2 x 2000 kW)
Installation cost per kW ( Rs.)

71,750

67,574

GENERATION COST
Items
(a) Annual Expenses
Operation and maintenance cost
3% of project cost
Annual depreciation charges 3%
of project cost
Interest charges 12% of project
cost
Total Annual expenses
(b) Energy Generation
(c) Cost of Generation (Rs. / kWh)

Alternate-I
(2 x 2000 kW)

Alternate-II
(2 x 2500 kW)

Rs. 86.10 Lacs

Rs. 86.10 Lacs
Rs. 344.40 Lacs

Rs. 101.36 Lacs

Rs. 101.36 Lacs
Rs. 404.44 Lacs

Rs. 516.60 Lacs

22.05 MU
Rs. 2.34/kWh

Rs. 608.16 Lacs

26.57 MU
Rs. 2.29/kWh

10 Daily Discharge Data

Month/Year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1988
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III

1.12
1.05
0.98
0.77
0.75
0.76
0.90
0.93
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
0.90
0.92
0.96
1.27
1.52
2.59
3.00
3.50
3.75
3.90
3.80
3.60
3.00
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.79
2.78
2.12
2.06
1.98
1.81
1.62
1.40

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1.12
1.05
0.98
0.77
0.75
0.76
0.90
0.93
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.02
0.91
0.93
0.97
1.28
1.53
2.61
3.20
3.60
3.80
3.95
3.90
3.70
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.82
2.81
2.14
2.08
2.00
1.83
1.64
1.41

1.13
1.06
0.99
0.78
0.76
0.77
0.91
0.94
1.02
1.03
1.03
1.03
0.93
0.95
0.98
1.34
1.61
2.74
3.30
3.70
3.90
4.00
3.95
3.80
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.95
2.89
2.88
2.19
2.13
2.05
1.87
1.67
1.44

1.15
1.08
1.01
0.79
0.78
0.78
0.93
0.96
1.04
1.06
1.06
1.06
0.94
0.96
0.99
1.36
1.62
2.77
3.35
3.75
3.95
4.05
4.00
3.85
3.25
3.15
3.05
3.10
2.92
2.91
2.21
2.15
2.07
1.89
1.69
1.46

1.17
1.09
1.02
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.94
0.97
1.05
1.07
1.07
1.07
0.93
0.96
0.99
1.36
1.62
2.77
3.35
3.75
3.95
4.05
4.00
3.85
3.25
3.15
3.05
3.10
2.92
2.90
2.21
2.14
2.07
1.88
1.69
1.46

1.16
1.09
1.02
0.80
0.79
0.79
0.94
0.97
1.05
1.07
1.07
1.07
0.93
0.95
0.97
1.36
1.62
2.77
3.35
3.75
3.95
4.05
4.00
3.85
3.25
3.15
3.05
3.10
2.92
2.91
2.21
2.15
2.07
1.89
14.69
1.46

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Flow Duration
Discharge (Cumecs)

% of time
equalled
or
exceeded

2.78
5.56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44.44
47.22

1988
3.90
3.80
3.75
3.60
3.50
3.00
3.00
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.79
2.78
2.59
2.12
2.06
1.98
1.81

1989
3.95
3.90
3.80
3.70
3.60
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.82
2.81
2.80
2.61
2.14
2.08
2.00
1.83

1990
4.00
3.95
3.90
3.80
3.70
3.30
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.95
2.89
2.88
2.74
2.19
2.13
2.05
1.87

1991
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.85
3.75
3.35
3.25
3.15
3.10
3.05
2.92
2.91
2.77
2.21
2.15
2.07
1.89

1992
4.05
4.00
3.95
3.85
3.75
3.35
3.25
3.15
3.10
3.05
2.92
2.90
2.77
2.21
2.14
2.07
1.88

90% of
Av.Discharge
for power gen.
1993Average
4.69
4.107
3.950
4.05
4.00
3.892
3.95
3.792
3.85
3.692
3.75
3.325
3.35
3.192
3.25
3.092
3.15
3.017
3.10
2.962
3.05
2.897
2.92
2.865
2.91
2.732
2.77
2.273
2.21
2.128
2.15
2.053
2.07
1.892

3.70
3.56
3.50
3.41
3.32
2.99
2.87
2.78
2.72
2.67
2.61
2.58
2.46
2.05
1.92
1.85
1.70

50.00

1.62

1.64

1.67

1.69

1.69

1.891.700

1.53

52.78

1.52

1.53

1.61

1.62

1.62

1.621.587

1.43

55.56

1.40

1.41

1.46

1.46

1.461.438

1.29

58.33

1.27

1.28

1.44
1.34

1.36

1.36

1.361.328

1.20

61.11

1.12

1.12

1.13

1.15

1.17

1.161.142

1.03

63.89

1.05

1.05

1.06

0.96

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.09
1.07

1.091.070

66.67

1.08
1.06

1.071.045

0.94

69.44

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.06

1.07

1.071.045

0.94

72.22

1.02

1.02

1.03

1.06

1.07

1.071.045

0.94

75.00

1.01

1.01

1.02

1.04

1.05

1.051.030

0.93

77.78

0.98

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.021.000

0.90

80.56

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.02
0.99

0.970.977

0.88

83.33

0.93

0.93

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.970.952

0.86

86.11

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.96

0.96

0.950.943

0.85

88.89

0.91

0.93

0.94

0.94

0.940.927

0.83

91.67

0.90
0.90

0.90

0.91

0.93

0.93

0.930.917

0.83

94.44

0.77

0.77

0.78

0.79

0.80

0.800.785

0.71

97.22

0.76

0.76

0.77

0.78

0.79

0.790.775

0.70

100.00

0.75

0.75

0.76

0.78

0.79

0.790.770

0.69

Fig 4.1. : Flow Duration Curve

4.500

4.000

Discharge in Cumecs

3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000

1.500

1.000

0.500

0.000
0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

% of Time Equalled or Exceeded

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

Power Potential and Energy Generation

%
of
timeDischarge
equalled
orfor power
exceeded
gen.
(Cumecs)

Power
Potential
(kW)

Power
Available
(kW)

Power
Available
(kW)

2x750 kW
2.78
5.56
8.33
11.11
13.89
16.67
19.44
22.22
25.00
27.78
30.56
33.33
36.11
38.89
41.67
44.44
47.22
50.00
52.78
55.56
58.33
61.11

3.70
3.56
3.50
3.41
3.32
2.99
2.87
2.78
2.72
2.67
2.61
2.58
2.46
2.05
1.92
1.85
1.70
1.53
1.43
1.29
1.20
1.03

7750.10
7454.44
7344.35
7155.63
6966.91
6274.94
6023.31
5834.59
5693.05
5589.25
5466.59
5406.82
5155.20
4290.23
4016.59
3875.05
3569.95
3208.24
2994.36
2714.42
2506.83
2154.55

1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00

Power
Available
(kW)

2x1000 kW
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00

Power
Available
(kW)

2x1500 kW
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
2994.36
2714.42
2506.83
2154.55

3x1000 kW
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
2994.36
2714.42
2506.83
2154.55

63.89
66.67
69.44
72.22
75.00
77.78
80.56
83.33
86.11
88.89
91.67
94.44
97.22
100.00

0.96
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.83
0.71
0.70
0.69
Load Factor

Av. Power (kW)

Energy (MU)

2019.30
1972.12
1972.12
1972.12
1943.81
1887.20
1843.16
1795.98
1780.26
1748.80
1729.93
1481.45
1462.58
1453.14

1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1500.00
1481.45
1462.58
1453.14
99.80

2000.00
1972.12
1972.12
1972.12
1943.81
1887.20
1843.16
1795.98
1780.26
1748.80
1729.93
1481.45
1462.58
1453.14
95.85

2019.30
1972.12
1972.12
1972.12
1943.81
1887.20
1843.16
1795.98
1780.26
1748.80
1729.93
1481.45
1462.58
1453.14
82.80

2019.30
1972.12
1972.12
1972.12
1943.81
1887.20
1843.16
1795.98
1780.26
1748.80
1729.93
1481.45
1462.58
1453.14
82.80

1497
13.11

1917
16.80

2484
21.76

2484
21.76

Monthly Discharge Data

Discharge (Cumecs)
Month/Year

1999

2000

January

3.24

3.52

February

2.95

3.10

March

3.20

3.65

April

4.80

4.52

May

5.10

5.30

June

6.86

July

7.12
10.17

Aug.

9.23

Sept.

8.69

9.00
8.85

Oct.

7.84

7.50

Nov.

4.92

5.10

Dec.

4.10

3.90

10.55

Flow Duration, Power Potential and Energy Generation

% of time

0
8.33
16.67
25.00
33.33
41.67
50.00
58.33
66.67
75.00
83.33
91.67
100.00

Discharge in Cumecs 90% of

Power
Av.Discharge Potential (Kw
1999 2000 Average
10.17 10.55 10.360
10.17 10.55 10.360
9.23 9.00 9.115
8.69 8.85 8.770
7.84 7.50 7.670
7.12 6.86 6.990
5.10 5.30 5.200
4.92 5.10 5.010
4.80 4.52 4.660
4.10 3.90 4.000
3.24 3.65 3.445
3.20 3.52 3.360
2.95 3.10 3.025

9.32
9.32
8.20
7.89
6.90
6.29
4.68
4.51
4.19
3.60
3.10
3.02
2.72

12141.84
12141.84
10682.71
10278.37
8989.18
8192.23
6094.36
5871.68
5461.48
4687.97
4037.51
3937.89
3545.28

Fig. 4.1 Flow Duration Curve

12

Discharge in cumecs

10

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Percent of time equalled or Exceeded

80

90

100

90% of
Power
Av.Discharge Potential
for
power ( kW)
gen.(cumecs)
9.32
8.20
7.89
6.90
6.29
4.68
4.51
4.19
3.60
3.10
3.02
2.72

12141.84
10682.71
10278.37
8989.18
8192.23
6094.36
5871.68
5461.48
4687.97
4037.51
3937.89
3545.28
Av. Power (kW)
Energy (MU)
Load Factor

Power
Available
( kW)

Power
Available
( kW)

Power
Available
( kW)

Power
Available
( kW)

2x2000
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00
3937.89
3545.28
3956.93
34.66
98.90

2x2500
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
5000.00
4687.97
4037.51
3937.89
3545.28
4684.05
41.03
93.68

2x3000
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
5871.68
5461.48
4687.97
4037.51
3937.89
3545.28
5295.15
46.39
46.39

3x2000
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
6000.00
5871.68
5461.48
4687.97
4037.51
3937.89
3545.28
5295.15
46.39
46.39

Thank You