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2
]
1+ 2
= 33.3% when = 1
< 33.3% when < 1
[ (efficiency) =
To overcome this shortcoming, we may suppress the carrier component from the modulated
wave, resulting in double sided-suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation.
A double-sideband, suppressed carrier AM signal is obtained by multiplying the message signal
m(t) with the carrier signal.
Thus we have the amplitude modulated signal
s (t ) = c(t ).m(t )
(23).
= Ac cos( c t ). Am cos( m t )
(24).
= A A cos( t ) cos( t )
m c
c
m
cos( + )t + cos( )t
c
m
c
m ]
=A A [
m c
2
s (t ) =
Am Ac
A A
cos( c + m )t + m c cos( c m )t
2
2
(25).
m(t)
M ( )
Modulating Wave
Am
C ( )
c(t)
Ac
Tc=1/fc
Phase Reversals
S ( )
s(t)
Ac
c m
c + m
No Carrier
Fig 11.
M ( )
S ( )
2m
2m
The transmission bandwidth required for DSB-SC modulation is the same as that for full
amplitude modulation, namely 2 m .
The generation of a DSB-SC modulated wave consists simply of the product of the message
signal m(t) and the carrier wave Ac cos( c t ) . A device for achieving this requirement is called a
product modulator, which is another term for a straightforward multiplier as shown in Fig 13.
c(t ) = Ac cos( c t )
Power content of the DSB-SC Wave
s (t ) =
Am Ac
A A
cos( c + m )t + m c cos( c m )t
2
2
Average power delivered to a 1 resistor can be calculated as,
A A 2
Upper side frequency Power (Pu) = ( m c ) 2
2
Pu =
Am Ac
8
(28).
A A
PL = m c
8
Am Ac 2
2
)2
(29).
Total Power ( PT ) = Pu + PL = 2(
Am Ac
A A
)= m c
8
4
in the DSB - SC
modulated wave
u
PT
A A 8
PL
= m 2 c 2 100 = 50%
PT
Am Ac 4
For the sinusoidal modulation, the average power in the lower or upper side-frequency with
respect to the total power in the DSB-SC modulated wave is 50%.
cos( c t + )
It is assumed that the local oscillator output is exactly synchronised, in both frequency and
phase with the carrier wave c(t) used in the product modulator to generate s(t). [See Fig 13.]
This method of demodulation is called Coherent Detection.
Let us assume that the local oscillator frequency at the receiver is the same frequency as the
carrier, but arbitrary phase difference , measured with respect to the carrier wave c(t).
We know that s(t ) = A cos t.m(t ) { See equation 24, page 29}
v(t ) = s(t ) cos( t + ) = A cos t.m(t ) cos( t + )
c
v(t ) =
1
1
Ac cos( ).m(t ) + Ac cos(2 c t + ).m(t )
2
2
(30).
2c .
Figure 15 shows the magnitude spectrum of v(t).
V ( )
2 c B
2c
2 c + B
c >> B
2c B
2 c
2 c + B
B
1
Ac cos(2 c t + )m(t )
2
To accomplish this, the pass-band of the low-pass filter must extend over the entire message
spectrum. More precisely, the low-pass filter specifications must satisfy two requirements:
1. Cutoff frequency : B
2. Transmission band : B 2 c B
Thus the overall output v0 (t ) ( See Fig 14.) is given by v0 (t ) =
1
Ac cos .m(t )
2
(31).
V ( )
2 c B
2 c
2 c + B
v0 (t ) =
cos = 0.
1
Ac cos( ).m(t )
2
phase error
message
The phase error in the local oscillator causes the detector output to be attenuated by a factor
equal to cos .
As long as the phase error is constant, the detector output provides an undistorted version of
the original signal m(t).
In practice, we find that the phase error varies randomly with time, owing to random
variations in the communication channel.
The result is that at the detector output, the multiplying factor cos also varies randomly with
time, which is obviously undesirable.
Therefore circuitry must be provided at the receiver to maintain the local oscillator in perfect
synchronism, in both frequency and phase, with the carrier wave used to generate the DSB-SC
modulated wave in the transmitter.
The resulting increase in receiver complexity is the price that must be paid for suppressing the
carrier wave to save transmitter power.
s (t )
s (t )
v(t )
v0 (t )
cos(c t + )
c (t ) = Ac cos c t
= 0.
= 0.
v(t ) = [
Am Ac
A A
cos( c m )t + m c cos( c + m )t ] cos c t
2
2
Am Ac
cos( c + m )t. cos c t
2
v(t ) =
Am Ac
cos( c m )t. cos c t
2
1
1
1
1
Am Ac cos(2 c m )t + Am Ac cos m t + Am Ac cos(2 c + m )t + Am Ac cos m t
4
4
4
4
The coherent detector output thus produces the original modulating wave.
v 0 (t ) =
1
1
Ac Am cos m t + Ac Am cos m t
4
4
We therefore conclude that for the transmission of information, only one side-frequency is
necessary. Hence Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) i.e. Next Section.
Example:
Consider a message signal m(t) with spectrum shown below. The message bandwidth
m = 2 10 3 rad / sec . This signal is applied to a product modulator, together with a carrier
wave Ac cos( c t ), producing the DSB-SC modulated signal s(t).
The modulated signal is next applied to a coherent detector. Assuming perfect synchronism
between the carrier waves in the modulator and detector, determine the spectrum of the detector
output when :
M ( )
Suggested Answer:
M ( )
(10 3 rad/s)
S ( )
4.5
2.5
0.5 0.5
2.5
4.5
M ( )
(103 rad / s )
S ( )
1.5
3.5
0.5
0.5
3.5
1.5
(103 rad / s )
M ( )
(103 rad / s )
The spectrum V ( ) refers to demodulated signal appearing at the output of the detector. There
is a message distortion. To avoid message distortion in demodulation due to sideband overlap,
we must choose the carrier frequency in accordance with the condition c m . The minimum
acceptable value of c is therefore m .
For c < m , we have sideband overlap and therefore message distortion.
10
Ac cos c t
Suggested Answer:
s1 (t ) = Ac (1 + k a m(t )) cos c t
s2 (t ) = Ac (1 k a m(t )) cos ct
ka
s (t ) = 2k a Ac m(t ) cos( c t )
Which is the formula for a DSB-SC modulated signal. For this system to work satisfactorily, the
two AM modulators must be carefully matched.
11
Example:
frequency error
s(t)
v(t)
v0(t)
LPF
local
oscillator
Coherent detector
Ac m(t )
A m(t )
cos t + c
cos(2 c t + t )
2
2
s (t )
Low-pass filtering v(t) results in the output v0 (t ) =
Ac
m(t ) cos( t )
2
desired component
DSB-SC
We have
s (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos c t
v0 (t ) =
Ac
m(t ) cos( t )
2
A
B
Ac
m(t ) .
2
The effect of frequency error in the local oscillator is to produce a new DSB-SC modulated
signal with an effective carrier frequency of (see equations A & B above).
If = 0 then v0 (t ) =
12
Full AM
|S(f)|
DSB-SC
|S(f)|
Carrier
fC-fB
-fC
fC
fC+fB
No Carrier
-fC
fC-fB
Transmission
BW=2fB
fC
fC+fB
Transmission
BW=2fB
In either case, one-half the transmission bandwidth is occupied by the upper sideband of the
modulated wave, whereas the other half is occupied by the lower sideband.
The upper and lower sidebands are uniquely related to each other by virtue of their symmetry
about the carrier frequency (see fig above).
Given the amplitude and phase spectra of either sideband, we can uniquely determine the other.
Therefore as far as the transmission of information is concerned, only one sideband is necessary,
and if both the carrier and the other sideband are suppressed at the transmitter, no information is
lost. In this way the channel needs to provide only the message bandwidth.
i.e.
13
The spectrum of DSB-SC modulated wave, obtained by multiplying m(t) by carrier wave
Ac cos c t is shown in Fig 15(b).
When upper sideband is transmitted, the resulting SSB modulated wave has the spectrum shown
in Fig 15(c).
14
Magnitude spectrum of SSB modulated wave containing lower sideband only is shown in
Fig15(d).
Thus the essential function of SSB modulation is to translate the spectrum of the modulating
wave (message) to a new location in the frequency domain.
Using the frequency domain description in Fig 15, we may develop a scheme for producing SSB
modulation (see Fig 16). The scheme consists of a product modulator followed by a band-pass
filter.
Message Signal
m(t)
Product
Modulator
Carrier
c(t ) = Ac cos(ct )
Fig 16.
For a filter to be physically realizable, the transmission band separating the pass-band from the
stop band must have a finite width.
The band-pass filter demands that there be an adequate separation between the lower sideband
and the upper sideband of the DSB-SC modulated wave produced at the output of the product
modulator.
Such a requirement can only be satisfied if the message signal m(t) applied to the product
modulator has an energy gap in its spectrum as shown in Fig 15(c).
15
Fig 15 (c)
Transition band
Energy gap
S(f)
Band-pass filter
-fc
fc-fb
-fc+fb
fc
fc-fa
-fc+fa
fc+fb
fc+fa
Fortunately, speech signals for telephone communication do exhibit an energy gap extending
from 300Hz to 3000Hz (Telephone speech BW: 300 3400 Hz). It is this feature of speech
signal that makes SSB modulation well suited for its transmission.
In summary, the transmission bandwidth requirement of a SSB modulator system is one-half
that of a standard AM or DBS-SC modulation system.
The benefit of using SSB modulation is therefore derived principally from the reduced
bandwidth requirement and the elimination of the high-power carrier wave.
The principal disadvantage of SSB modulation is the cost and complexity of implementing both
the transmitter and the receiver.
We have a tradeoff between increased system complexity and improved system performance.
Example:
A SSB modulated wave s(t) is generated using a carrier of frequency c and a sinusoidal
modulating wave of frequency m . The carrier amplitude is Ac and that of the modulating wave
is Am . Draw a block diagram of a system for generating SSB modulated wave s (t ) . Define
s(t ) assuming that (a) only the upper side-frequency is transmitted. (b) the lower side-frequency
is transmitted.
s
m(t ) = Am cos m t
s (t )
s(t )
c(t ) = Ac cos c t
16
s (t ) = Am Ac cos m t. cos c t
s (t ) =
Am Ac
A A
cos( c + m )t + m c cos( c m )t
2
2
upper side
frequency
lower side
frequency
Am Ac
cos( c + m )t
2
A A
= m c cos( c m )t
2
s (t ) upper =
s (t ) lower
Example:
The spectrum of a speech signal lies inside the band a m b . The carrier frequency is c .
Specify the pass band, transmission band and stop band of the band-pass filter (see diagram
below) so as to transmit (a) the lower sideband and (b) the upper sideband.
s(t )
m(t )
c(t )
17
S ( f )
fc
fc
fc fb
fc fa
fc + fa
fc + fb
S ( f ) LSB
fc
fc fb
fc fa
fc
fc + fa
f c + fb
fc fb
fc fa
f
fc + fa
fc + fb
Pass band : f c f b f f c f a
Transition band : f c f a f f c + f a
Stop band : f c + f a f f c + f b
Pass band : f c + f a f f c + f b
Transition band : f c f a f f c + f a
Stop band : f c f b f f c f a
18
H( f ) =
j
0
f >0
f =0
f <0
H( f ) =1
f >0
H( f ) =1
f <0
H ( f ) = 90 o
f >0
H ( f ) = +90 o
f <0
Magnitude response is unity for all frequencies, both positive and negative.
The phase is -90o for positive frequencies +90o for negative frequencies.
H ( f ) = jSgn( f )
19
Ac m(t ) cos c t
sUSB (t )
Ac cos c t
m(t )
Ac sin ct
H ( f ) = jSgn( f )
+
+
m (t )
Ac m (t ) sin ct
sLSB (t )
1
m(t ) = Am cos 2f m t
f c >> f m
then m (t ) = Am cos(2f m t 90)
m (t ) = Am sin 2f m t
If we take upper branch we get the upper side-frequency.
USB
1
(t ) = [ Am cos mt. Ac cos c t Am sin mt. Ac sin c t ]
2
= m(t )
Am Ac
[cos c t. cos mt sin c t. sin mt ]
2
A A
sUSB (t ) = m c cos(c + m )t
USB
2
=
20
1
sLSB (t ) = [ Am sin mt. Ac sin c t + Am cos mt. Ac cos c t ]
2
= m (t )
=
s LSB (t ) =
Am Ac
[cos c t. cos mt + sin c t. sin mt ]
2
Am Ac
cos(c m )t
2
LSB
m(t )
X
Ac cos c t
s (t )
H(f)
90
Phase-shift method
Phase Shifter
Ac sin c t
m (t )
21
Example:
LPF
f
BW = B
2
vU (t )
Oscillator
f =
qU (t )
Oscillator
fB
2
f = fc
m(t )
fB
2
s (t )
vL (t )
p L (t )
m (t )
LPF
f
BW = B
2
m(t ) = cos m t
q L (t )
fm < fB
Show that,
1
cos( c + m )t
2
1
(b) vU (t ) v L (t ) = cos( c m )t
2
(a ) vU (t ) + v L (t ) =
pU (t ) = cos m t. cos
pU (t ) =
qU (t ) =
B
2
1
1
cos( B + m )t + cos( B m )t
2
2
2
2
1
cos( B m )t
2
2
22
vU (t ) =
1
cos( B m )t. cos( B + c )t
2
2
2
1
= [cos( B + c B + m )t + cos( B m + B + c )t ]
4
2
2
2
2
(33).
fB
t.
2
1
p L (t ) = [sin( B + m )t + sin( B m )t ]
2
2
2
1
p L (t ) = sin( B m )t
2
2
Removed by the upper branch LPF
v L (t ) =
1
sin( B m )t. sin( B + m )t
2
2
2
1
= [cos( B + c B + m )t cos( B m + B + c )t ]
4
2
2
2
2
(34).
23
v(t)
Vm(t)
Low-Pass Filter
output
Carrier
c(t ) = Ac cos( c t )
Answer:
M( f )
fm
fl
fl
fm
f c fl
fc fm
fc
S( f )
fc + fl
fc + fm
fc
24
Let s (t ) =
1
cos( c + m )t
2
upper side-frequency
2 c m
+ m )t
Ac
[cos(2 c + m )t + cos( m )t ]
2
V ( )
2 c l
2 c
2 c + l
2 c + m
2c
From the above figure we see that the product modulator output v(t) consists of two
components:
Vm ( f )
The simplest technique to demodulate SSB is to multiply s(t) by a demodulation carrier and lowpass filter as explained above( pages ., ..).
25
s(t )
v(t )
vm (t )
Ac
v0 (t )
amplitude scaling
cos(ct + (t ))
v(t ) = s (t ). cos{ c t + (t )}
where
(equation 32).
after low-pass
filtering
after amplitude scaling: v0 (t ) = m(t ) cos (t ) + m (t ) sin (t )
(35).
Observation of above equation illustrates that for (t ) = 0 , the demodulated output is the desired
message.
v0 (t ) = m(t ) cos(0) + m (t ) sin(0)
v0 (t ) = m(t )
(36).
However if, (t ) is nonzero, the output consists of the sum of two terms.
The first term is {m(t ) cos (t )} a time varying attenuation of the message signal.
The second term is a crosstalk term {m (t ) sin (t )} which can represent serious distortion
if (t ) is not small.
26
Another useful technique for demodulating an SSB signal is carrier reinsertion. ( see below )
i.e. add the carrier.
s (t )
v(t )
v0 (t )
SSB
k cos c t
The output of the local oscillator is added to the received signal s(t).
USB
LSB
v(t ) = s (t ) + cos c t
= s(t ) (page....)
(37).
, = tan 1
b(t )
a(t )
27
v (t ) =
0
( Ac m(t ) + k ) 2 + Ac m (t )
(38).
v0 (t ) = Ac m(t ) + k
v0 (t ) ( Ac m(t ) + k ) 2 .
(39).
28