Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EAP
(Artificial Muscles)
Vol. 11, No.1
Newsletter
WW-EAP Newsletter
http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov
June 2009
LIST OF CONTENTS
FROM THE EDITOR ..................................................... 1
GENERAL NEWS.......................................................... 1
Redefining the material categories within the FieldActivated EAP group ..................................................... 2
RECENT CONFERENCES............................................ 2
2009 SPIE EAPAD Conference .................................. 2
UPCOMING CONFERENCES ...................................... 5
2010 SPIE EAPAD Conference ...................................... 5
SMN2009 conference .................................................... 5
2010 ACTUATOR Conference ................................... 6
SPECIAL TOPICS - BRAILLE DISPLAYS ................. 6
Refreshable Braille displays using electroactive
polymers (EAP) ........................................................... 6
EAP Braille Display Needs and Requirements ........... 9
GENERAL NEWS
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
References
Pelrine, R., et al., FY 1992 and FY 1993 project
reports for SRI project Artificial Muscle for
Small Robots, MicroMachine Center, MBR99
Bldg. 6F 67, Kanda-sakumagashi, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo, 101-0026 Japan. The FY 1992
submitted in Feb/March (1993), and the FY
1993 report submitted in Feb-March (1994).
Zhenyi, M., Scheinbeim, J.L., Lee, J.W., Newman,
B.A., J. Polymer Sci. B. (Polymer Physics), 32,
(1994) pp. 2721
RECENT CONFERENCES
2009 SPIE EAPAD Conference
The 2009 SPIEs EAPAD conference, which is the
11th one, was held from March 8 - 12, 2009, in San
Diego, California. The Conference was chaired by
the Editor of this Newsletter, Yoseph Bar-Cohen,
and was Co-chaired by Thomas Wallmersperger,
University of Stuttgart, Germany (Figure 1). The
Conference Program Committee consisted of
representatives from 20 countries as follows:
Australia, Canada, China, Czech Republic,
Denmark, England, Estonia, Germany, India, Israel,
Italy, Japan, Lebanon, New Zealand, South Korea,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, and USA.
The conference included presentations by
individuals from the academia, industry, and
government agencies from the USA and overseas.
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Figure 3: The EAPAD 2009 Chair, Yoseph BarCohen, JPL, and the two co-Chairs of the
Biomimetic Session, Gabor Kovacs of EMPA, and
Iain Anderson of The Auckland Bioengineering
Institute's Biomimetics Lab.
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Demonstrating
the
performance
of
PolyPower DEAP), Hans-Erik Kiil, Director
R&D, and Michael Tryson, Electronics
Specialist, Danfoss PolyPower A/S, Nordborg,
Denmark (Figure 5).
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
UPCOMING CONFERENCES
SMN2009 conference
The 2nd International Conf. on Smart materials and
Nanotechnology in Engineering is going to be held
at Weihai, China, from July 8 thru 11, 2009. This
Conference will cover at least the following
materials: Shape-memory alloys and polymer,
Electroactive Polymer (EAP), piezo-materials,
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Hans-Erik Kiil
Federico Carpi
Figure 10: The new Chairs of the Polymer
Actuators Session of the 2010 ACTUATOR Conf.,
Bremen, Germany.
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Max.
1.6m
m
0.9m
m
Typical
Min.
1.4mm
Nominal
1.5mm
0.48mm
0.5mm
2.3mm
2.5mm
2.6m
m
2.45m
m
6.1mm
6.35mm
6.5m
m
6.42m
m
10mm
10.75mm
12.25m
m
13.25mm
11.15
mm
13.75
mm
10.55
mm
13mm
1.5mm
0.7mm
ADVANCES IN EAP
Danfoss PolyPower A/S
Fuelling Commercialization of EAP
through Innovation Contest
Hans-Erik Kiil, hekiil@danfoss.com; Lone Ivang,
lone_ivang@danfoss.com; www. polypower.com
The first year of operation for Danfoss PolyPower
A/S the Danish manufacturer of PolyPower
DEAP material has been exciting. Their
technology is based on micro-structured film that
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Fraunhofer Institute
Manufacturing Engineering and Automation
IPA and Structural Durability and System
Reliability LBF
11
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
0
(a12 + b)2
20
(a12 + b)2
D~ 3a1221 + 2b1322
a2 (3a + 2b11)
0
(a12 + b)2
2a1121(3a + 2b1121)
1
1
2
+
]
+
(a12 + b)3
(a12 + b)3
~2
2 2
1 2
~2
1 3
1 1
a
b
D
a
b
D
(3
+
4
)
3
(
+
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
U12 +
U22 +
[
[
2
2
20
(a12 + b)
0
(a12 + b)
D~ 3a1122 + 2b1223
, 12 s
2
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
a
b
+
)
a
a
b
a
a
b
2
(3
+
2
(3
+
2
)
0
1
2
+ 1 2
1 2
1
2
+ 2
]
(a12 + b)3
(a12 + b)3
~
~
2 1
3 2
1 2
2 3
D 3a1 2 + 2b1 2
D 3a1 2 + 2b1 2
1
2 2
H =
1
2
2
2
+
+
+
a
b
a
b
a
b
(
)
1 2
0
1 2
0
1 2
0
~2
~2
~
D
D
D
3
2
2
4
2
3
3
3
2
U +
U12 +
1 2
1 2
1 2
11
c0
c0
c0
~2
~2
~
U + + 2D 33 U + 3D c42 2D 32
, 12 > s
1
2
22
2 1
2 1
12
c
c
c
0
0
0
~
~
2D 3 2
2D 3 2
1 2 2
2 1
1 2
c 1 2
c0
c0
0
(1)
, s (2)
2
1
1 1
1 2
2A1
0Em2ax =
1
2
2
2
22
2 2
2
1 2 U111 U222 )+ (4U12
1 2 U111 U222 ) +12
1 2 (UU
11 22 U12 )] ,
1 2 >s
6c[(4U12
~2
0Emax = 2A11 2
1
1 1
2
2
1 1
2
2 2
2 2
2
1 2 >s
6c [(4U121 2 U112 U221 ) + (4U121 2 U112 U221 ) +121 2 (U11U22 U12 )],
1
2
W U j j 0 Emax , 12 s
sj =
=
2
j U j j1 0 Emax
, 12 > s
(3)
(4)
In our recently accepted papers 17, MooneyRivlin elastic strain energy function with two
material constants is used to analyze the
electromechanical
stability
performance
of
dielectric elastomer. This elastic strain energy
together with the electric energy incorporating
linear permittivity are the main items to construct
the free energy of the system. Particular numerical
results are also calculated for further understanding
of the dielectric elastomers typical stability
performance. The proposed model offers great help
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
4 D~2
C1
C
(22 + 4 3) + 2 (22 + 4 3) +
2
2
2[1+ a(2 1) + b(2 + 2 3)] ~
~
Emax
= 0.9363 C1 ~ , but
(5)
0.7905 C1 ~ respectively.
have W ( , D ~ ) = 0 ,
D~
C1
2[(6 1) + k(8 2 )]
{1+ a[2n + (n +1)2 (3n +1)]}
2 + a[n (n +1)3]{1+ a[2n + (n +1)2 (3n +1)]}1
E~
C1 ~
D~
1 + a ( 1) + b(2 + 3) C1 ~
2
2[(2 8 ) + k(16 )]
=
{1+ a[2n + (n +1)2 (3n +1)]}1
~
2
+
a
[
n
(
n
+
1)
3]{1+ a[2n + (n +1)2 (3n +1)]}1
C1
E~
(6)
(7)
(8)
14
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
14
15
16
17
Harvard University
Maximal energy that can be converted by
a dielectric elastomer generator
References
1
L. Liu, J. Fan, Z. Zhang, L. Shi, Y. Liu and J.
Leng, Adv. Mater. Res. 47-50, 298 (2008).
2
Z. Zhang, L. Liu, J. Fan, K. Yu, Y. Liu , L. Shi
and J. Leng, Proc.SPIE. 6916, 691610 (2008).
3
L. Shi, Y. Liu, L. Liu, Z. Zhang and J. Leng,
Proc. SPIE. 6927, 69271A (2008).
4
L Liu, Y Liu, Z Zhang, K Yu, G Deng, S Sun,
Shi L, and J Leng, SPIE. 7287, 728719 (2009).
5
Z Zhang, L Liu, G Deng, S Sun, Y Liu, and J
Leng. SPIE. 7287, 72871V (2009).
6
X. Zhao and Z. Suo, Appl. Phys. Lett.
91,061921 (2007).
7
X. Zhao, W. Hong, and Z. Suo, Physical Review
B.76, 134113 (2007).
8
Z. Suo, X. Zhao, and W. H. Greene, J. Mech.
Phys. Solids 56, 472 (2008).
9
J. Zhou, W. Hong , X. Zhao , Z. Zhang and Z.
Suo, J. Solids Struct. 45, 3739 (2008).
10
X. Zhao and Z. Suo, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 123530
(2008).
11
A. N. Norrisa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 026101
(2007).
12
R. Daz-Calleja, E. Riande, and M. J. Sanchis,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 101902 (2008).
13
Y. Liu, L.Liu, Z. Zhang, L.Shi, and J. Leng,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 106101 (2008).
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
References
1. R. Pelrine et. al., Dielectric elastomers:
Generator mode fundamentals and applications,
Proc. SPIE, 4329, 148, 2001.
2. S. J. A. Koh, X. Zhao and Z. Suo, Maximal
energy that can be converted by a dielectric
elastomer generator, to be published in Appl.
Phys.
Lett.,
July
2009.
http://imechanica.org/node/5527
3. J. S. Plante & S. Dubowsky, Large-scale failure
modes of dielectric elastomer actuators, Int. J.
Solids Struct., 43, 7727, 2006.
The DSL has developed a variety of physicsbased models for analyzing the complex
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17
WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
1) Directionability of transmission
The fluid-mediated hydrostatic coupling between
each active surface and any other surface allows a
uniform transmission of the actuating action along
any direction (isotropic transmission), according to
the Pascals principle. Therefore, by properly
distributing and guiding the fluid (e.g. by means of
chambers and/or conduits), actuation can be
conveyed along preferred directions (directionability), even different from that, or those, along
which it is primarily generated by the active
surfaces. Figure 25 shows an example.
Moreover, this permits also to eventually
allocate the encumbrance of the active components
along more advantageous directions and/or in
different positions.
References
[1] R. E. Pelrine, R. D. Kornbluh, Q. Pei and J. P.
Joseph, High-speed electrically actuated
elastomers with strain greater than 100%,
Science, vol. 287, pp. 836-839, 2000.
[2] F. Carpi, D. De Rossi, R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine
and P. Sommer-Larsen, Ed., Dielectric
elastomers as electromechanical transducers,
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.
[3] F. Carpi, G. Frediani, D. De Rossi,
Hydrostatically coupled dielectric elastomer
actuators, IEEE/ASME Transaction on
Mechatronics, In press.
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
NEW BOOKS
The Coming Robot Revolution
Expectations and Fears About Emerging
Intelligent, Humanlike Machines
Yoseph, Bar-Cohen and David Hanson (with
futuristic illustrations by Adi Marom), Springer,
ISBN: 978-0-387-85348-2, (February 2009)
Biomedical applications of
electroactive polymer actuators
Federico Carpi and Elisabeth Smela (Editors)
ISBN-10: 0-470-77305-7; ISBN-13: 978-0-47077305-5, John Wiley & Sons, Wiley (April 2009).
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)
Reality,
Potential
and
Challenges was published.
This
book
includes
description of the available
materials,
analytical
models,
processing
techniques,
and
characterization methods.
This book is intent to
provide a reference about
the subject, tutorial resource, list the challenges and
define a vision for the future direction of this field.
Observing the progress that was reported in this
field is quite heartwarming, where major milestones
are continually being reported.
UPCOMING EVENTS
Date
July 7
11, 2009
March 8
- 12,
2012
Conference/Symposium
2 International Conf. on Smart
materials and Nanotechnology in
Engineering, Weihai, China
For information contact: Jingsong
Leng, lengjinsong@yahoo.com
Web: http://smart-nano.org/smn2009
12th EAPAD Conf., SPIEs Smart
Structures & Materials and NDE
Symposia, San Diego, CA., For
information contact: Rob Whitner,
SPIE, mikes@SPIE.org Website:
nd
http://spie.org/smart-structuresnde.xml?WT.mc_id=RCALLACE
EAP ARCHIVES
Information archives and links to various websites
worldwide are available on the following (the web
addresses below need to be used with no blanks):
Webhub: http://eap.jpl.nasa.gov
Newsletter: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/eap/WW-EAP-Newsletter.html
Recipe: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/eap/EAP-recipe.htm
EAP Companies: http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/eap/EAP-material-n-products.htm
Armwrestling Challenge:
http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasande/lommas/eap/EAP-armwrestling.htm
Books and Proceedings:
http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/nasa-nde/yosi/yosibooks.htm
http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/ndeaapub/Biomimetics/Biologically-Inspired-Technology.pdf
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WW-EAP Newsletter, Vol. 11, No.1, June 2009 (The 21th issue)