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Purification
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Form #: 3287
Date: 2/5/1425
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Table of Contents
Introduction 9
The Unique Qualities of Purification 16
Section 1: Wudoo 22
-Purification from Physical Impurities 23
-Istinjâ´ and Istijmâr 24
-What is Wudoo´ 27
-Wudoo´ is a Prerequisite to the Following Acts 27
-A Description of a Complete Wudoo´ 29
-Minimum Required Acts for a Valid Wudoo´ 35
-Voluntary Acts of Wudoo´ 36
-Things That Invalidate Wudoo´ 41
-Things in which the Scholars have Differed
in regards to its invalidation of Wudoo´ 45
-In Cases of Doubt 46
-When Wudoo´ is Recommended 47
-Common Mistakes in Performing Wudoo´ 50
-Some Verdicts Regarding Wudoo´ 56
Section 2: Wiping over Leather Socks and their likes 58
-The Area which must be Wiped 61
-The Conditions for Wiping over Leather Socks 62
-Description of Wiping over Leather Socks 64
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Introduction
All praises are due to Allâh, and may Allâh’s Mercy and Safety be
upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family and Companions.
Purity (Tahârah) is a beautiful word that is pleasing to the ears,
and it is a quality which everyone strives to maintain. From an
Islamic perspective, purity is a word which is general in its mean-
ing. It may mean physical cleanness, which is purity (of the body)
from impure substances or states of impurity, or it may mean
spiritual purity, which is the purity of one’s self from vices, faults,
sins, and replacing them with good deeds, whether in speech or
deeds. This comprehensive meaning of purity is indicated in the
words of Prophet Muhammad, ()1 as reported by Abu Hurairah,
():2
1 This symbol means: “May Allah have mercy upon Him keep him safe from
all harm..”
2 This symbol means: “May Allah be pleased with him.”
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5 Facing harship in performing wudoo', such as cold weather and water, etc.
6 Whether due to walking a long distance, or walking to the masjid frequently.
7 Those sins he commited with is mouth, such as lying, cursing, etc.
8 Fitrah: the true nature in which Allâh created all humans.
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“Ten acts are from the true nature, namely: clipping the
moustache, leaving the beard to grow, brushing the
teeth, rinsing the nose with water, clipping the nails,
washing all the finger joints, removing the hair of the
armpits, shaving the pubic hair, and cleaning the private
parts with water (after call of nature) Mus‘ab [the narrator]
said: “I have forgotten the tenth, but it may have been rinsing
the mouth.” (Muslim)
Also from the qualities of ablution is what has been narrated
in a hadeeth of Abu Hurairah (), that Allâh’s Messenger ()
once visited a graveyard and said:
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Abdur-Rahmân Al-Sheha
P O Box 59565,
Riyadh 11535
E-mail: ALSHEHA@ISLAMLAND.ORG
9 The Cistern, or ‘Hawd’ in Arabic: the reservoir from which the Prophet
() will give his followers drink whiter than milk on the Day of Judgment,
after which they will never feel thirst again.
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Wudoo´
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One must be sure to keep himself clean from all forms of impuri-
ties. A stern warning has been issued to those who do not keep
themselves clean from urine. Ibn ‘Abbâs () said: “The Messen-
ger of Allâh passed by two graves and said:
10 It is allowed for a person to use other objects other than stones, like toilet
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“If one goes to answer the call of nature, let him take
with him three stones for cleaning, and this will be
sufficient.” (an-Nasâ`i)
One must use more than three stones [if there are still some
impurities left] until he sees that all the impurities have been re-
moved and he has cleansed the area. It is preferable to use an odd
number of stones, due to the saying of the Prophet ():
“If one of you uses stones to cleanse himself, then let him
use an odd number.” (Muslim)
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One must never use their right hand to clean their private
parts, since this has been forbidden in a hadeeth narrated by
Abd-ur-Rahmân ibn Zaid () who reported:
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What is Wudoo´?
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11 Mushaf: The book which contains the written Qur`ân, for the Qur`ân is the
12 Hijrah: Emmigration.
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“After praying the Fajr prayer, ‘Ali () entered and sat in
terrace, and then said to a young boy: ‘Bring me some
water for wudoo´.’ The boy brought him a bowl of water
and a basin. ‘Abd-ul-Khair said ‘We were sitting and
watching him.’ He said: He held the vessel with his right
hand and poured [water] into his left, and washed his
hands up to the wrist. Then he [again] held the vessel
with his right hand and poured [water] into his left, and
washed his hands up to the wrist. He never put his hands
inside the bowl until he washed both hands thrice. Then
he put his right hand in the bowl and rinsed his mouth
and nose three times, expelling the water from his nose
with the help of his left hand. He washed his face thrice,
13 Sunnah: Here it means the method which was employed by the Prophet
(), which is praiseworthy not obligatory.
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his right hand to the elbow thrice, and then his left hand
to the elbow thrice. He then put his right hand into the
bowl until it was immersed in the water, took it out and
wiped his left hand with whatever water was on it, then
he wiped his head with both hands once. He poured
water with his right hand over his right foot thrice,
washing it with his left hand, and then poured water with
his right hand over his left foot thrice, washing it with his
left hand [as well]. Then he put his hand into the bowl,
took some water up into his palm and drank it. He then
said, ‘This is how the Prophet of Allah () performed
wudoo´. Whoever would like to see how he used to
perform wudoo´, this is it.’ ” [Saheeh ibn Hibbân]
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must move it in order to allow the water to reach the skin under-
neath it. This is due to the saying of Allâh ():
Wiping the head once. This is done by wetting the hands and
passing them over the head, beginning from front, proceeding to
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the back, then passing them back over the head to the front. Ab-
dullah ibn Zaid () narrated:
Wiping the ears once. This is done by wiping inside the cavi-
ties of the two ears with his right and left index fingers, respec-
tively, wiping behind them with his thumbs. Ibn ‘Abbâs (), in
his description of the Prophet’s wudoo´, said:
“He wiped his head and [then his] ears from the inside
with the index fingers and from the outside with his
thumbs. He washed them from the inside and out.”
(Saheeh ibn Hibbân)
Washing the feet three times from the tips of the toes up to
and including the ankles. Ibn ‘Umar () said:
We were just passing wet hands over our feet (and not
washing them properly) so the Prophet addressed us in a
loud voice and said twice or thrice: “Once the Prophet
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14 Note that he did not merely order him to wash his foot, but rather he
The following acts are of the wudoo´ are obligatory, and a per-
son’s wudoo´ is incomplete without them:
One must rinse the mouth and then the nose once, both with
the same handful of water.
One must wipe over his head and inside his ears with his wet
hand once.
One must maintain the correct order in washing the parts, and
he should do so in succession.
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One should begin washing each part with the right, due to
the saying of the Prophet ():
One should wash all the parts three times, except for the
head, which should only be wiped once. This is known from a
hadeeth which states:
15 The Siwaak or Miswaak is a small twig which is used like a brush to clean
the teeth. One may also use anything else that serves the same purpose.
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One should run his fingers through his beard. Anas ()
narrated:
16 The amount which fits into the two hands held together.
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Our example in this regard is our Prophet (). Abu Bakr (), the
companion of the Messenger of Allâh () said:
19Rak‘ah: One cylce in a prayer, consisting of the standing, bowing, and two
prostrations.
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20 The two passages: The urethra and anus in regards to males, and the
Deep sleep in which one loses all perception. Ali () re-
ported Allâh’s Messenger () as saying:
Also, in the hadeeth about wiping over leather socks, Safwân bin
Assâl al-Murâdi said:
he is asleep.
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However, light sleep during which one can still perceive what is
around him does not invalidate wudoo´. Anas () said:
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He also said:
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“If a man touches his penis, let him perform wudoo´, and
if a woman touches her vulva, let her (also) perform
wudoo´.” (Ahmad)
He also said:
And also:
What exits the body from passages other than the urethra and
anus, such as blood, vomit, and nosebleed.
Touching a woman with desire.
Vomiting.
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In Cases of Doubt
If a person who had performed wudoo´ is in doubt whether he
had done something to invalidate his wudoo´, his wudoo´ is not
considered invalid until he becomes certain that he had done
something to invalidate it. There is no difference whether one is
praying or not praying. In a hadeeeth narrated by Abu Hurairah,
(), the Prophet () said:
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If you die on that very night, you will die on the religion
of the true and pure nature (i.e. Islâm). Let these words
be the last thing you say [before you sleep].” So I
repeated these words to the Prophet (), and when I
reached: “O Allâh! I believe in Your Book (the Qur`ân)
which You have revealed,” I said: “…and in Your
Messenger,” upon which he () corrected, “No, ‘and in
Your Prophet whom you have sent.’ ” (al-Bukhâri)
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“If one of you has intercourse with his wife and then
intends to do so again, let him perform wudoo´ [before
doing so].” (Muslim)
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There is no proof that the Prophet () wiped his neck in wu-
doo´; no authentic Hadeeth has been reported in this regard.
Rather, the authentic traditions which describe the Prophet’s
wudoo´ do not contain any indication that he () wiped his
neck. Therefore, the majority of Muslim scholars do not deem
this act as recommended. Those who do recommend it rely on
a tradition narrated by Abu Hurairah () or a weak hadeeth
which states that he wiped his head until up to occiput23, and
this can neither be used as a proof, nor does it contradict what
other traditions indicate. If a person does not wipe his neck,
his wudoo´ is still valid, and all the scholars agree to this. (Al-
Fatâwâ al-Kubrâ, The Book of Purification, p. 280)
23The back, or posterior, part of the head or skull; the region of the occipital
bone.
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Some people think that they must wash their private parts
in order to perform wudoo´, and this is incorrect. This is only
required after one has have answered the call of nature (by urina-
tion or defecation). As for sleeping or passing wind, one may
make perform wudoo´ without the need of washing the private
parts.
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Wiping over
Leather Socks
and their likes
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24 Some examples of other things which may be wiped over are boots, thick
socks, etc.
25 Mutawaatir: A hadeeth that has been narrated by so many chains of
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2. Leather socks and their likes must be free from any impu-
rities. If they have any impurities on them, it is not permissible to
wipe over them or pray in them until one removes the impurities
first. Abu Sa‘eed al-Khudri () said,
3. One may only wipe over leather socks and the like when
performing wudoo´, and not when performing ghusl. Safwân
ibn ‘Assaal () said:
4. One may only wipe over the leather socks within the leg-
islated time limit, which is one day and night for residents and
three days and nights for travelers. ‘Ali ibn Abi Tâlib () was
asked about the time limit for wiping, and he replied:
The Prophet () legislated three days and nights for the
traveler and one day and night for the resident. (Muslim)
5. The leather sock must cover the whole area of the foot
which must normally be washed in wudoo´.
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One may wipe over leather socks or the like, if he had worn them
in a state of purification, instead of removing them and washing
his feet. After wetting his hands, he should pass his right hand
over his right foot, starting from the toes up to the [the beginning
of the] leg, and then do the same with the left. He should do this
only once, not more. Al-Mugheerah ibn Shu’bah () said:
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Three days and nights for a traveler, and one day and
night for a resident. This is based on the hadeeth of ‘Ali bin Abi
Tâlib () mentioned earlier, that when he was asked about the
time limit for making wudoo´, he replied:
The Prophet () allowed three days and nights for the
traveler and one day and night for the resident. (Muslim)
This time period starts from the first time one wipes in
performing wudoo´ from a minor state of impurity, and this is
the stronger view of the scholars. The period ends after the
elapse of twenty-four hours for a resident, and seventy-two hours
for a traveler.
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Expiry of the legislated time limit for wiping, one day and
night for residents, and three days and nights for travelers, as
stated in the tradition narrated by ‘Ali ibn Abi Tâlib ():
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will cause harm, he may then bandage the wound and wipe over
the bandage [instead of the wound itself]. It is not a requirement
that one perform ablution or ghusl prior to applying the splint or
bandage. Also, he may wipe over that area for as long as it is leg-
islated for him to wipe,26 [and there is no specific time limit].
However, once it is no longer legislated, that area must be washed
with water.
26 What is legislated is that he may wipe over the bandage until he is able to
wipe over the wound itself, and he may wipe over the wound itself until he is
able to wash the recovered area fully.
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Q. Are there conditions for wiping over splints? What if, for ex-
ample, the bandage is larger than the wound?
A. One may not wipe over a splint except in cases of necessity,
and one should take measures in proportion to the necessity. The
area of the wound or pain is not the only area which is necessary
to cover when applying a splint or bandage, rather anything
which is needed for fixing the splint or adhesive tape also comes
under this ruling. (Ibn Uthaymeen, Fatâwâ al-Mas-h ‘alaa al-
Khuffain, p.26)
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Q. How should one wipe over a splint? Should one wipe all of it
or only a part of it?
A. Yes, one should wipe over all of it. The general principle is
that the same ruling applies to the substitute as that which applies
to the thing which has been substituted, unless the Sunnah ex-
plains otherwise. Here, wiping is a substitute for washing; just as
it is obligatory to wash the whole body part, it is obligatory to
wipe over the whole splint. But as for wiping over leather socks,
it is a concession, and the Sunnah explicitly states that it is suffi-
cient to wipe over a part of them. (Fatâwâ al-Mas-h ‘alaa al-
Khuffain, p.27)
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Purification
from
Major States of Impurity
Ghusl
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27 Also included under this heading is the fluids secreted by women upon
having an orgasm.
28 If sperm is released due to sickness or other reasons other than desire, then
in this case it is not obligatory to make ghusl.
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‘Â`ishah () reported that Fâtimah bint Abi Hubaysh () asked
the Messenger of Allâh ():
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“ ‘Let one of you take water [mixed with the leaves of]
sidr (lote-tree) and perform a complete wudoo´. Then let
her pour [the water] over her head and rub it vigorously,
until [the water] reaches the roots of her hair. Let her
then pour water over [the rest] of her body. Afterwards,
she should take a piece of cotton dabbed with musk and
cleanse herself with it.’ Asmâ´ asked: ‘How should she
cleanse herself with the help of that?’ Upon this he
observed: ‘Glory be to Allâh! She should cleanse herself!’
‘Â`ishah said [in a subdued tone], ‘She should apply it to
the place from which she bled.’ She [Asmâ´] further
asked about bathing after sexual intercourse, and he
replied: ‘She should take water and perform a complete
wudoo´, then let her pour [water] over her head and rub
it vigorously, until [the water] reaches the roots of her
hair. Let her then pour water over [the rest] of her body.’
” ‘Â`ishah said: “How good are the women of Ansâr that
their shyness did not prevent them from learning
religion.” (Muslim)
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He should wash his hands, and then wash his private parts
to remove the filth.
Then he should pour water over the rest of his body, rub-
bing it, beginning with the right side and then the left. He should
take care that water reaches his armpits, ears, navel, and in be-
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tween the folds of the skin if he were fat, for these folds of flesh
which form in the obese prevent water from reaching the areas of
skin concealed within the folds and may remain dry. He should
then wash his feet if he had not already done so while making
wudoo´ [before performing the ghusl]. ‘Aa`ishah () reported:
29 People in the past and present use earth as a soaping agent, in that it makes
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The Prayer of the two Eids (Fitr and Adhâ´), and the Day of
‘Arafaat. This is due to the hadeeth narrated by Al-Fakih ibn Sa’d:
“The Prophet () took off his clothes and took a bath for
Ihrâm.” (Saheeh ibn Khuzaimah)
30 Ihrâm: the state in which a pilgrim enters when performing Hajj or 'Umrah,
32 Sa‘i: Walking between the two mounts of Safâ´ and Marwah during ‘Umrah
or Hajj.
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Thus Allâh has not allowed that one has intercourse with his
wife until she stops bleeding and purifies herself by performing
ghusl. If one has sex with his wife before she performs ghusl,
he has committed a sin and must pay expiation. If she happens
to conceive a child from having intercourse during her monthly
period or prior to taking a bath, it is not said that her child is
illegitimate, rather it is deemed legitimate. (Fatâwâ Islâmiyyah,
v.1, p.218)
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Tayammum
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Tayammum
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If the search for water will risk his life; honor or wealth,
for example, if there were an enemy or if that would expose him
to the danger of wild animals.
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Important Notes:
If a person performs tayammum and prays, and then finds wa-
ter, or if the factors which prevented the use of water cease to
exist after completion of the Prayer, it is not required for him to
repeat that Prayer even if there is still time. Abu Sa‘eed al-Khudri
said:
“Two men set out on a journey. When the time for Prayer
came, they had no water, so they performed tayammum
and prayed. Later, they found water within that prayer
time, so one of performed wudoo´ and repeated that
Prayer while the other did not. When they met Allâh’s
Messenger () and informed him of what had occurred,
he said to the one which did not repeat [the prayer], ‘You
have done the Sunnah, and your Prayer is valid,’ while he
said to the one who perfomed wudoo´ and repeated [the
Prayer], ‘You have a double reward.’ ” (Mustadrak al-
Hâkim)
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Also,
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Also, in the story of the one whose head was inflicted with a
wound, Ibn Abbâs narrated that the Prophet () said:
“If he had only washed his body and left his head where
he was wounded.”
Thus, if the person who this question concerns has not already
repeated his Prayer, then he must do so.” (Islamic verdict by a
group of scholars. p1/197)
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with his wet hands as a substitute for washing. He need not per-
form tayammum since wiping replaces washing.
The ill must clean all impurities from their body. If they are un-
able, they may perform Prayer in whatever state they are in. It is
considered valid, and they are not required to repeat the Prayer.
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It is not permissible for the ill to delay a Prayer beyond its pre-
scribed time if they are unable to purify themselves. Rather, they
should purify themselves as much as they are able and perform
the prescribed Prayer within its stated time, even if there be some
impurities on their body or clothes which they are unable to re-
move.
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He should also take care that urine does not spread over his
clothes, body or place of prayer. (Shaikh ibn Bâz, Al-Fatâwâ al-
Islâmiyyah, v.1, p.173)
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