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1. Dimensional analysis does not give any due regarding the selection of
variables. 2.The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis.
3.The values of coefficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by experiments or
from mathematical analysis.
11. Define Similitude
Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and prototype.
12. State Froudes model law
Only Gravitational force is more predominant force. The law states The
Froudes number is same for both model and prototype
UNIT-IV
1. What is meant by Pump?
A pump is device which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
2. Mention main components of Centrifugal pump.
i) Impeller ii) Casing
iii) Suction pipe,strainer & Foot valve iv) Delivery pipe & Delivery valve
3. What is meant by Priming?
The delivery valve is closed and the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery pipe upto
delivery valve are completely filled with the liquid so that no air pocket is left. This is called as
priming.
4. Define Manometric head.
It is the head against which a centrifugal pump work.
5. Define Mechanical efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of the power actually delivered by the impeller to the power supplied to
the shaft.
7. Define overall efficiency.
It is the ratio of power output of the pump to the power input to the pump.
9. Define speed ratio, flow ratio.
Speed ratio: It is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet to the theoretical velocity of jet
corresponding to manometric head.
Flow ratio: It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit to the theoretical velocity of jet
corresponding to manometric head.
10. Mention main components of Reciprocating pump.
1. Piston or Plunger
2. Suction and delivery pipe
3. Crank and Connecting rod
11. Define Slip of reciprocating pump. When the negative slip does occur?
The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called slip of the pump.
But in sometimes actual discharge may be higher then theoretical discharge, in such acase
coefficient of discharge is greater then unity and the slip will be negative called as negative slip.
12. What is indicator diagram?
Indicator diagram is nothing but a graph plotted between the pressure head in the cylinder and
the distance traveled by the piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of the
crank.
13. What is meant by Cavitations?
It is defined phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the
pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the sudden collapsing of theses vapor
bubbles in a region of high pressure.
14. What are rotary pumps?
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working method differs.
Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be obtained by using these rotary pumps, It has
the combined advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps.
UNIT-V
1. Define hydraulic machines.
Hydraulic machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy
2. Give example for a low head, medium head and high head turbine.
Low head turbine Kaplan turbine
Medium head turbine Modern Francis turbine
High head turbine Pelton wheel
3. What is impulse turbine? Give example.
In impulse turbine all the energy converted into kinetic energy. From these the turbine will develop
high kinetic energy power. This turbine is called impulse turbine. Example: Pelton turbine
4. What is reaction turbine? Give example.
In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here portion of
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the turbine. Example: Francis
and Kaplan turbine.
5. What is axial flow turbine?
In axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft. Example: Kaplan
turbine
6. What is mixed flow turbine?
In mixed flow water enters the blades radially and comes out axially, parallel to the turbine
shaft. Example: Modern Francis turbine.
7. What is the function of spear and nozzle?
The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. Thus the nozzle delivers
high speed jet. To regulate the water flow through the nozzle and to obtain a good jet of water
spear or nozzle is arranged.
8. Define gross head and net or effective head.
Gross Head: The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the level
at the tailstock.
Effective Head: The head available at the inlet of the turbine.
9. Define hydraulic efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet.
10. Define mechanical efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by
the turbine runner.
11. Define volumetric efficiency.
It is defied as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the
jet.
12. Define over all efficiency.
It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power available from
the water jet
PART B QUESTIONS
1.(i)
Define the term boundary layer.
(ii)
Define minor losses. How they are different from major losses?
(iii)
The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of above pipe
which is 200 mm suddenly enlarges to 400 mm at a point. If the pressure of water in the smaller
diameter of pipe is 120 kN/m2, determine: loss of head due to sudden enlargement; pressure of
water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to sudden enlargement.
2. (i) What is meant by critical Reynolds number
(ii) Obtain a relationship between shear stress and pressure gradient.
3. Derive Hagen-poiseuilles equation state the assumptions made.
4 .Derive an expression for head loss through pipes due to friction
5. Explain the losses of energy in flow through pipes.
6. Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths and diameters
L1,L2,L3,d1,d2,d3 respectively.
7. For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow conditions show
that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the average velocity is half of the
maximum velocity.
8.A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into
the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm
diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8
m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of
flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.
9.(i)
Obtain expression for Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for flow in a pipe.
(ii)
A smooth pipe carries 0.30 m3/s of water discharge with a head loss of 3.0 m per 100m
length of pipe. If the water temperature is 20C, determine the diameter of the pipe.
10. A 150 mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100 mm diameter. If the pipe carries
water at 30 liters per second. Calculate the pressure loss across the contraction. Take coefficient of
contraction as 0.6.
11(a) The space between two square flat parallel plate is filled with oil. Each side of the
plate is 600mm.The thickness of the oil films is 12.5mm.The upper plate, which moves at
2.5m/s requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed. Determine
(i) The dynamic viscosity of the oil in poises
(ii) The kinematic viscosity of the oil in strokes if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.95.
12(a). (i) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at the liquid in a capillary tube of radius r having
surface tension and contact angle. If the plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of
water having surface tension=0.073N/m and angle 00.Take r=1 mm
(ii) A pipe of 30cm diameter carrying 0.25m3/s water. The pipe is bent by 1350 from the horizontal
anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe is 400KN.Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force on the bend.
13(a)(i) Three pipes of diameters 300mm, 200mm and 400mm and lengths 450m,255m and 315m
respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is
18m.Determine the rate of flow of water if co-efficient of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078 and 0.0072
respectively considering the major losses and by neglecting the minor losses.
(ii) Derive Darcy weisbach equation for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.
14(a) A 150 mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100 mm diameter. If the pipe
carries water at 30litres per second, calculate the pressure loss across the contraction. Take
coefficient of contraction as 0.6.
15(a) using Buckinghams theorem, show that the velocity through a circular pipe is given by
H head causing flow, D dia of orifice, coefficient of viscosity, mass density, g acceleration
due to gravity.
16(a) The efficiency of a fan on mass density, coefficient of viscosity angular velocity, D dia
of rotor, and Q Discharge. Express in terms of non dimensional parameters using Buckinghams
theorem
17(a). A Centrifugal pump running at 800 rpm is working against a total head of 20.2 m. The
external diameter of the impeller is 480mm and the outlet width is 60mm. If the vane angle at
outlet is 40degreees and manometric efficiency is 70%
Determine
1. Flow velocity at outlet
2. Absolute velocity of water leaving the vane
3. Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion
4. Rate of flow through the pump
18(a). A Single acting reciprocating pump running at 50 rpm, delivers 10 litres per sec of water .The
diameter of the piston is 200mm and stroke length 400mm.. Determine the theoretical
discharge of the pump, coefficient of discharge , slip and % of slip.
19(a) A Pelton wheel having 1.6 m bucket diameter develops a power of 3600 Kw at 400 rpm,
under a net head of 275 m. If the over all efficiency is 88% and the coefficient of velocity is
0.97.Determine the speed ratio, Discharge, Diameter of nozzle and specific speed.
20(a). In an inward flow radial turbine , waters enters at an angle of 22 degrees to the wheel
tangent to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s .The flow velocity is constant through the
runner.The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively.The speed of the
runner is 300 mm.The discharge through the runner is radial .
Determine
Find Inlet and outlet blade angles
Taking inlet width as 150 mm and neglecting the thickness of blades , Find the power developed by
the turbine