PE01

A Current Controller

AbstractA current source inverter (CSI) requires a

Design for Current Source

capacitor filter for the commutation of switching

Inverter-Fed AC Machine

device as well as for attenuating switching harmonics.

Drive System

Hence, the CSI-fed ac machine has a second-order

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2013

system in the continuous time domain. This paper

presents a design methodology for the closed-loop
current controller of the CSI-fed ac machine drive
system. A multiloop current controller design using a
pole/zero cancellation method is employed with a
transfer function matrix. To decouple the
crosscoupling terms which cause mutual
interferences between the dand q-axes in the
synchronous reference frame, two types of controller
are proposed and implemented using different
decoupling method. Additionally, active damping
methods are incorporated to enhance the stability of
the system. A stability analysis in discretetime domain
is investigated to verify the feasibility of the proposed
closed-loop current controller. To evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed current controller,
computer simulations and experimental tests were
performed and the results are discussed.
PE02

A DCDC Converter

AbstractThis paper presents a pulsewidth

Based on the Three-State

modulation dcdc nonisolated buck converter using

Switching Cell for High

the three-state switching cell, constituted by two active

Current and Voltage

switches, two diodes, and two coupled inductors.

Step-Down Applications

Only part of the load power is processed by the

active switches, reducing the peak current through the
switches to half of the load current, as higher power
levels can then be achieved by the proposed
topology. The volume of reactive elements, i.e.,
inductors and capacitors, is also decreased since the
ripple frequency of the output voltage is twice the
switching frequency. Due to the intrinsic
characteristics of the topology, total losses are
distributed among all semiconductors. Another
advantage of this converter is the reduced region for
discontinuous conduction mode when compared to the

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2013

conventional buck converter or, in other words, the

operation range in continuous conduction mode is
increased, as demonstrated by the static gain plot. The
theoretical approach is detailed through qualitative
and quantitative analyses by the application of the
three-state switching cell to the buck converter
operating in nonoverlapping mode (D < 0.5). Besides,
the mathematical analysis and development of an
experimental prototype rated at 1 kW are carried out.
The main experimental results are presented and
adequately discussed to clearly identify its claimed
advantages.
PE03

A High Step-Down

AbstractThis paper presents a high step-down

Transformerless Single-

tranformerless single-stage single-switch ac/dc

Stage Single-Switch

converter suitable for universal line applications (90

AC/DC Converter

270 Vrms ). The topology integrates a buck-type

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2013

power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buckboost

dc/dc cell and part of the input power is coupled to the
output directly after the first power processing. With
this direct power transfer feature and sharing
capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve
efficient power conversion, high power factor, low
voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 130 V)
and low output voltage without a high step-down
transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the
component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike
most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of
the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor
current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of
both inductor currents. Detailed analysis and design
procedures of the proposed circuit are given and
verified by experimental results.
PE04

A High Step-Up

AbstractAnovel high step-up converter is proposed

Converter With a Voltage

for a frontend photovoltaic system. Through a voltage

Multiplier Module for a

multiplier module, an asymmetrical interleaved high

Photovoltaic System

step-up converter obtains high stepup gain without

operating at an extreme duty ratio. The voltage

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2013

multiplier module is composed of a conventional boost

converter and coupled inductors. An extra
conventional boost converter is integrated into the
first phase to achieve a considerably higher voltage
conversion ratio. The two-phase configuration not only
reduces the current stress through each power
switch, but also constrains the input current ripple,
which decreases the conduction losses of metal
oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs). In addition, the proposed converter
functions as an active clamp circuit, which alleviates
large voltage spikes across the power switches.
Thus, the low-voltage-rated MOSFETs can be adopted
for reductions of conduction losses and cost.
Efficiency improves because the energy stored in
leakage inductances is recycled to the output terminal.
Finally, the prototype circuit with a 40-V input voltage,
380-V output, and 1000- W output power is operated
to verify its performance. The highest efficiency is
96.8%.
PE05

A High-Performance

AbstractThis paper presents the design of a high-

SPWM Controller for

performance sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation

Three-Phase UPS

(SPWM) controller for threephase uninterruptible

Systems Operating Under

power supply (UPS) systems that are operating

Highly Nonlinear Loads

under highly nonlinear loads. The classical SPWM

method is quite effective in controlling the RMS
magnitude of the UPS output voltages. However, it is
not good enough in compensating the harmonics and
the distortion caused specifically by the nonlinear
currents drawn by the rectifier loads. The distortion
becomes more severe at high power where the
switching frequency has to be reduced due to the
efficiency concerns. This study proposes a new
design strategy that overcomes the limitations of the
classical RMS control. It adds inner loops to the
closed-loop control system effectively that enables
successful reduction of harmonics and compensation

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2013

of distortion at the outputs. Simulink is used to

analyze, develop, and design the controller using the
state-space model of the inverter. The controller is
implemented in the TMS320F2808 DSP by Texas
Instruments, and the performance is evaluated
experimentally using a three-phase 10 kVA
transformer isolated UPS under all types of load
conditions. In conclusion, the experimental results
demonstrate that the controller successfully achieves
the steady-state RMS voltage regulation specifications
as well as the total harmonic distortion and the
dynamic response requirements of major UPS
standards. (Index TermsInverter, nonlinear load,
sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (PWM) control,
uninterruptible power supply (UPS).)
PE06

A New Control Method of

AbstractIn outdoor light-emitting diode (LED)

Interleaved Single-Stage

lighting systems, there are a lot of applications.

Flyback ACDC Converter

Depending on the output power rating, the power

for Outdoor LED Lighting

stage to drive an LED can be classified into single-

Systems

stage and two-stage structures. The single-stage

structure is for low-power LED lighting applications.
However, it is difficult to apply at over 6070 W of
output power because of its low efficiency and huge
transformer at high power. On the other hand, the
two-stage structure is usually used for high power
applications. However, it is undesirable to cover wide
output power range because of its poor power factor
(PF) under the light load condition. To solve these
problems, this paper proposes a new pulse duty
cycle control method with pulse frequency
modulation for an interleaved single-stage flyback ac
dc converter. The proposed converter provides high
efficiency under heavy loads with low ac line
condition and under light loads with high ac line
condition. In addition, the proposed converter shows
high PF and low total harmonic distortion even when
the output power is very low. As a result, a single LED

IEEE
2013

acdc converter can cover wide power range for

outdoor LED lighting applications. To verify the
validity of the proposed converter, an 81-W prototype
converter has been implemented and experimented
on. (Index TermsFrequency control, interleaved
flyback, lightemitting diode (LED), power factor
correction (PFC), single-stage, total harmonic
distortion (THD).)
PE07

A New DC Anti-Islanding

AbstractThis paper proposes a photovoltaic (PV)

Technique of Electrolytic

generation system interfaced with a dc distribution

Capacitor-Less

system. DC interface allows for the improvement of

Photovoltaic Interface in

system efficiency by fully utilizing dc-based

DC Distribution Systems

renewable sources and storage devices. In this

paper,issues on PV interface for dc distribution
systems are discussed for energy-efficient and
reliable system implementation. AC and dc PV
interfaces are mathematically analyzed. In dc
distribution, eliminating electrolytic capacitors in PV
interfaces improves system reliability, increases
system efficiency, and reduces cost. In addition, this
paper proposes a new anti-islanding technique for dc
distribution as a system protection scheme. The
operating principle is presented in detail and analysis
shows that the proposed injected current perturbation
technique is an effective solution for anti-islanding
operation. A prototype converter features a simple
structure with no electrolytic capacitor, which ensures
a longer lifetime of the PV power circuit.
Experimental results of the prototype circuit show a
maximum efficiency of 98.1% and a European
efficiency of 97.5%. The proposed anti-islanding
technique shows fast response to the islanding
condition in less than 0.2 s. It also shows that the
average maximum power point tracking efficiency is
99.9% in normal conditions, which verifies the
performance of the proposed scheme. (Index Terms
Anti-islanding, building integrated photovoltaic

IEEE
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(BIPV), dc distribution, islanding, photovoltaic (PV).)

PE08

A Single-Phase Grid-

AbstractIn this paper, the boost-inverter topology is

Connected Fuel Cell

used as a building block for a single-phase grid-

System Based on a Boost-

connected fuel cell (FC) system offering low cost and

Inverter

compactness. In addition, the proposed system

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incorporates battery-based energy storage and a dc

dc bidirectional converter to support the slow
dynamics of the FC. The single-phase boost inverter is
voltage-mode controlled and the dcdc bidirectional
converter is current-mode controlled. The lowfrequency current ripple is supplied by the battery
whichminimizes the effects of such ripple being
drawn directly from the FC itself.Moreover, this
system can operate either in a grid-connected or
stand-alone mode. In the grid-connected mode, the
boost inverter is able to control the active (P) and
reactive (Q) powers using an algorithm based on a
second-order generalized integrator which provides a
fast signal conditioning for single-phase systems.
Design guidelines, simulation, and experimental
results taken from a laboratory prototype are
presented to confirm the performance of the
proposed system. (Index TermsBoost inverter, fuel
cell, grid-connected inverter, power conditioning
system (PCS), PQ control.)
PE09

A Three-Level Converter

AbstractThis paper proposes a pulse-width

With Reduced Filter Size

modulation threelevel converter with reduced filter

Using Two Transformers

size using two transformers. The proposed converter

and Flying Capacitors

hasmany advantages. All switches sustain only the

half of the input voltage and since the secondary
rectified voltage is a three-level waveform, the output
filter inductor can be reduced. Also, because of the
power sharing of transformer and reduced output
inductor, high efficiency can be obtained. The
operational principle, analysis, and design
considerations of the proposed converter are
presented in this paper. The validity of this study is

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2013

confirmed by the experimental results from a

prototype with 600W, 500600V input, and 60V
output. (Index TermsReduced filter size, three-level
converter.)
PE10

Adaptive Dead-Time

AbstractThis study presents a new software-based

Compensation for Grid-

plug-in dead-time compensator for grid-connected

Connected PWM Inverters

pulsewidth modulated voltage-source inverters of

of Single-Stage PV

single-stage photovoltaic (PV) systems using

Systems

predictive current controllers (PCCs) to regulate

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2013

phase currents. First, a nonlinear dead-time

disturbance model is reviewed, which is then used for
the generation of a feed-forward compensation signal
that eliminates the current distortion associated with
current clamping effects around zero-current crossing
points. A novel closed-loop adaptive adjustment
scheme is proposed for fine tuning in real time the
compensation model parameters, thereby ensuring
accurate results even under the highly varying
operating conditions typically found in PV systems
due to insolation, temperature, and shadowing effects,
among others. The algorithm implementation is
straightforward and computationally efficient, and can
be easily attached to an existent PCC to enhance its
dead-time rejection capabilitywithout modifying its
internal structure. Experimental results with a 5-kW
PV system prototype are presented. (Index Terms
Current-controlled voltage-source inverter (CCVSI),
dead-time compensation, grid-connected pulsewidth
modulated (PWM) inverter, harmonic distortion,
predictive current control (PCC), single-stage
photovoltaic (PV) system.)
PE11

Adaptive Theory-Based

AbstractThis paper presents a hardware

Improved Linear

implementation of three-phase distribution static

Sinusoidal Tracer Control

compensator (DSTATCOM) using an adaptive theory-

Algorithm for DSTATCOM

based improved linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST)

control algorithm for different functions of
DSTATCOM such as reactive power compensation for

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2013

power factor correction, harmonics elimination, load

balancing, and zero-voltage regulation under
linear/nonlinear loads.AnILST-based control algorithm
is used for the extraction of fundamental load
currents and their active and reactive power
components. These components are used for the
estimation of reference source currents. A prototype
of DSTATCOM is developed and its real-time
performance is studied using a digital signal
processor. The performance of DSTATCOM is found
satisfactory with the proposed control algorithm under
various types of loads. (Index TermsImproved
linear sinusoidal tracer (ILST) control algorithm, power
factor correction (PFC), power quality, reactive
power, voltage source converter (VSC), zero voltage
regulation (ZVR).)
PE12

Adaptive Voltage Control

AbstractIn the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems,

of the DC/DC Boost Stage

an adequate PV voltage regulation is fundamental in

in PV Converters With

order to both maximize and limit the power. For this

Small Input Capacitor

purpose, a large input capacitor has traditionally

been used. However, when reducing that capacitors
size, the nonlinearities of the PV array make the
performance of the voltage regulation become highly
dependent on the operating point. This paper
analyzes the nonlinear characteristics of the PV
generator and clearly states their effect on the control
of the dc/dc boost stage of commercial converters by
means of a linearization around the operating point.
Then, it proposes an adaptive control, which enables
the use of a small input capacitor preserving at the
same time the performance of the original system
with a large capacitor. Experimental results are carried
out for a commercial converter with a 40 F input
capacitor, and a 4 kWPV array. The results
corroborate the theoretical analysis; they evidence the
problems of the traditional control, and validate the
proposed control with such a small capacitor. (Index

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TermsAdaptive control, photovoltaic converters,

photovoltaic power systems, small-signal modeling,
voltage control.)
PE13

An Adaptive Output

AbstractA primary-side controlled method is

Current Estimation Circuit

commonly used in flyback LED driver to regulate

for a Primary-Side

output current by employing an auxiliary winding.

Controlled LED Driver

However, owing to intrinsic propagation delay in real-

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2013

world circuits, a primary-side controlled flyback

converter experiences a worse line regulation. This
paper proposes a smart output current estimation
scheme to improve line regulation for constant ontime control, and it can be compatible with the current
flyback topology. A 9.5-W prototype of the proposed
flyback LED driver has been fabricated in Nuvoton
Technology Corporation 0.6-m 5-V/40-V CMOS
process. The maximum switching frequency is set to
around 100 kHz with universal-line input, single-stage
power factor correction for LED lighting applications.
Experimental results prove that the proposed scheme
can improve the line regulation within 1.5% and the
power efficiency can be up to 89.7%. (Index Terms
Flyback converter, light-emitting diode (LED) driver,
line regulation, primary-side controlled.)
PE14

An Optimal Control

AbstractBoundary conduction mode (BCM) and

Method for Photovoltaic

discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) control

Grid-Tied-Interleaved

strategies are widely used for the flyback

Flyback Microinverters to

microinverter. The BCM and DCM control strategies

Achieve High Efficiency in

are investigated for the interleaved flyback

Wide Load Range

microinverter concentrating on the loss analysis

under different load conditions. These two control
strategies have different impact on the loss distribution
and thus the efficiency of the flyback microinverter.
For the interleaved flyback microinverter, the
dominant losses with heavy load include the
conduction loss of the powerMOSFETs and diodes,
and the loss of the transformer; while the dominant
losses with light load include the gate driving loss, the

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2013

turn-off loss of the power MOSFETs and the

transformer core loss. Based on the loss analysis, a
new hybrid control strategy combing the two-phase
DCM and one-phaseDCMcontrol is proposed to
improve the efficiency in wide load range by reducing
the dominant losses depending on the load current.
The optimal design method based on the boundary
condition of the hybrid control is also presented. The
experimental results verify the benefits of the proposed
control. (Index TermsAC module, grid-connected,
interleaved flyback, microinverter, photovoltaic (PV).)
PE15

Analysis and Comparison AbstractOffshore wind farm with an internal

of Medium Voltage High

medium-voltage dc (MVDC)-grid collection connected

Power DC/DC Converters

HVDC transmission may be an option to harvest

for Offshore Wind Energy

offshore wind energy. High-power MV dc/dc

Systems

converters with high-step-up conversion ratios are the

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2013

key components for the internal MVDC grid. In this

paper, a highefficiency step-up resonant switchedcapacitor converter for offshore wind energy system
is studied, which is characterized by the soft-switching
condition for all switches and diodes. This
significantly reduces switching losses and higher
switching frequency is feasible to reduce the overall
system volume and weight. The comparisons with
other two kinds of topologies are also presented;
moreover, the possible specification requirements of
high power MV dc/dc converters are analyzed and
set. The operation principle of the proposed converter
has been successfully verified by simulation and
experiment results. (Index TermsHigh power,
medium-voltage dc (MVDC) converter, MVDC grid,
offshore wind farm.)
PE16

Analysis and Design of a

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel power-factor

PushPull Quasi-

corrector (PFC), which is mainly composed of two-

Resonant Boost Power

phase transition-mode (TM) boost-type power-factor

Factor Corrector

correctors (PFCs) and a coupled inductor. By

integrating two boost inductors into one magnetic

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2013

core, not only the circuit volume is reduced, but also

the operating frequency of the core is double of the
switching frequency. Comparing with single-phase
TM boost PFC, both the input and output current
ripples of the proposed PFC can be reduced if the
equivalent inductance of the coupled inductor equals
the inductance of singlephase TM boost PFC.
Therefore, both the power-factor value and the power
density are increased. The proposed topology is
capable of sharing the input current and output current
equally. A cut-inhalf duty cycle can reduce the
conduction losses of the switches and both the turns
and diameters of the inductor windings. The
advantages of aTMboost PFC, such as quasiresonant (QR) valley switching on the switch and
zero-current switching (ZCS) of the output diode, are
maintained to improve the overall conversion
efficiency. Detailed analysis and design procedures of
the proposed topology are given. Simulations and
experiments are conducted on a prototype with a
universal line voltage, a 380-V output dc voltage and a
200-W output power to verify its feasibility. (Index
TermsCoupled inductor, power factor corrector,
push pull topology, quasi-resonant (QR) converter.)
PE17

Analysis of a Fifth-Order

AbstractPower transformer is one of the most

Resonant Converter for

complex parts of power converters. The complicated

High-Voltage DC Power

behavior of the transformer is usually neglected in the

Supplies

power converter analysis and a simple model is

mostly used to analyze the converter. This paper
presents a precise analysis of a fifth-order resonant
converter which has incorporated the resonant circuit
into the transformer. The derived model, which is
based on the accurate model of the power
transformer, can fully predict the behavior of the fifthorder resonant converter. The proposed fifth-order
resonant converter is able to effectively reduce the
range of phase-shift angle fromno load to full load for a

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2013

fixed-frequency phase-shift control approach.

Therefore, the converter is able to operate under
zero voltage switching during entire load range with a
fixed-frequency control method. Also, the proposed
converter offers a high gain which leads to a lower
transformer turns ratio. A 10-kVDC, 1.1-kW prototype
has been prepared to evaluate the performance of the
proposed converter. The experimental results exhibit
the excellent accuracy of the proposed model and
the superiority of the performance compared to the
lower order resonant converters, especially for highvoltage applications. (Index TermsFifth-order
resonant converter, high-voltage dc power supply,
phase-shift fixed-frequency control approach, steady
state analysis, zero voltage switching (ZVS)
operation.)
PE18

Analysis, Design, and

AbstractThis paper proposes a new novel

Experimental Results of a

snubberless currentfed half-bridge front-end isolated

Novel Soft-Switching

dc/dc converter-based inverter for photovoltaic

Snubberless Current-Fed

applications. It is suitable for grid-tied (utility

Half-Bridge Front-End

interface) as well as off-grid (standalone) application

Converter-Based PV

based on the mode of control. The proposed converter

Inverter

attains clamping of the device voltage by secondary

modulation, thus eliminating the need of snubber or
active-clamp. Zero-current switching or natural
commutation of primary devices and zero-voltage
switching of secondary devices is achieved. Softswitching is inherent owing to the proposed
secondary modulation and is maintained during wide
variation in voltage and power transfer capacity and
thus is suitable for photovoltaic (PV) applications.
Primary device voltage is clamped at reflected output
voltage, and secondary device voltage is clamped at
output voltage. Steady-state operation and analysis,
and design procedure are presented. Simulation
results using PSIM 9.0 are given to verify the proposed
analysis and design. An experimental converter

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2013

prototype rated at 200 W has been designed, built,

and tested in the laboratory to verify and demonstrate
the converter performance over wide variations in
input voltage and output power for PV applications.
The proposed converter is a true isolated boost
converter and has higher voltage conversion (boost)
ratio compared to the conventional active-clamped
converter. (Index TermsCurrent-fed converter, high
frequency, photovoltaic (PV) inverter, renewable
energy system, soft-switching.)
PE19

Application and Stability

AbstractThis paper presents a novel technique to

Analysis of a Novel Digital

suppress common-mode electromagnetic

Active EMI Filter Used in a

interference (EMI) using a digital active EMI filter

Grid-Tied PV
Microinverter Module

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2013

(DAEF). The DAEF control technique is concurrently

implemented with a digital controller of a grid-tied
photovoltaic microinverter. A brief description of the
microinverter architecture and its inverter circuit is
illustrated. The inverter stability is investigated using
the overall transfer function. Accordingly, the system
compensation is designed based on the direct
quadrant (DQ) reference frame control technique.
Finally, the proposed digital controller is tested on a
grid-connected 200-W dcac microinverter. The
experiment results validate the effectiveness of the
proposed technique. Compared with the conventional
passive EMIfilter, the proposed digital controller can
achieve an equivalent or better performance in terms
of EMI suppression and maintain stability within the
operation bandwidth. Therefore, the embedded
DAEF can significantly reduce the size, cost, and
space of the overall power inverter printed circuit
board without the need of a conventional passive EMI
filter. (Index TermsDigital filters, electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference
(EMI) suppression, microinverter, photovoltaic (PV).)

PE20

Asymmetric Control of

AbstractIt is important to improve the overall

DC-Link Voltages for

efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter when it is

IEEE

Separate MPPTs in Three-

connected to the grid. Fundamentally, the conversion

Level Inverters

efficiency from dc to ac power of an inverter is

2013

important. However, in the presence of partial

shading, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) on
PV modules is more important than the conversion
efficiency. In this paper, a new control method for a
three-level inverter is proposed.With the proposed
method, each dc-link voltage of the three-level inverter
can be asymmetrically regulated. When PV modules
are split into two and each split module is connected
to the respective dc-link capacitors of the inverter, the
asymmetric control can be helpful because
separateMPPTs are possible. The effectiveness of
the proposed method was examined through
experiments with a T-type three-level inverter, where
each dc-link capacitor was supplied by a PVsimulator
emulating two separate PVmodules under different
shading conditions. (Index TermsAsymmetric
voltage control, grid-connected inverter, maximum
power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV),
three-level inverter.)
PE21

Battery/Supercapacitors

AbstractThis study presents a study of the

Combination in

reduction in battery stresses by using

Uninterruptible Power

supercapacitors (SCs) in a 500-kVA rated UPS. We

Supply (UPS)

aim at investigating the optimal supercapacitorsbattery combination versus the SCs cost. This
investigation is threefold; first, supercapacitors and
battery models developed using MATLAB/Simulink
are presented and validated. Second, the
architecture and the simulation of the designed system
that combines the SCs and the battery are shown.
The supercapacitors are used as high-power storage
devices to smooth the peak power applied to the
battery during backup time and to deliver full power
during short grid outages. By charging the SCs
through the battery at a suitable rate, all impulse
power demands would be satisfied by the

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supercapacitors. Third, extensive simulations are

carried out to determine the gain in batteryRMS
current, the gain in energy losses, the energy
efficiency and the elimination rate of surge load power.
These four performance parameters are determined
by simulation and then analyzed. The influence of the
SCs recharge on the performance indicators is
highlighted. A thorough analysis involving optimal
study proposes to draw the optimal SCs number and
filter constant from the variation of the
aforementioned parameters versus the cost of the
SCs. (Index TermsHybrid power sources, lead-acid
battery, supercapacitors, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS).)
PE22

Bridgeless SEPIC

AbstractConventional power factor correction

Converter With a Ripple-

(PFC) singleended primary inductor converter (SEPIC)

Free Input Current

suffers from high conduction loss at the input bridge

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2013

diode. To solve this problem, a bridgeless SEPIC

converter with ripple-free input current is proposed. In
the proposed converter, the input bridge diode is
removed and the conduction loss is reduced. In
addition, the input current ripple is significantly
reduced by utilizing an additional winding of the input
inductor and an auxiliary capacitor. Similar to the
conventional PFC SEPIC converter, the input current
in a switching period is proportional to the input
voltage and near unity power is achieved. The
operational principles, steady-state analysis, and
design equations of the proposed converter are
described in detail. Experimental results from a
130Wprototype at a constant switching frequency of
100 kHz are presented to verify the performance of the
proposed converter. (Index TermsBridgeless
converter, coupled inductor, power factor correction
(PFC), single-ended primary inductor converter
(SEPIC).)
PE23

Cascaded Multicell

AbstractInverters with high-output voltage gain

IEEE

Trans-Z-Source Inverters

usually face the problem of high-input current flowing

through their components. The problem might further

2013

be exaggerated if the inverters use high-frequency

magnetic devices like transformers or coupled
inductors. Leakage inductances of these devices must
strictly be small to prevent overvoltages caused by
switching of their winding currents. To avoid these
related problems, cascaded trans-Z-source inverters
are proposed. They use multiple magnetic cells in an
alternately cascading pattern rather than a single
magnetic cell with large turns ratio. Simulation and
experimental results have shown that the multicell
inverters can produce the same high-voltage gain,
while keeping currents and voltages of the
components low. The inverters can also step down
their output voltages like a traditional voltage-source
inverter without compromising waveform
quality. (Index TermsCascaded inverters, coupled
inductors, highfrequency magnetic, transformers, Zsource inverters.)
PE24

Class-D/DE Dual-Mode-

AbstractInduction heating (IH) technology is

Operation Resonant

nowadays widely present in domestic appliances

Converter for Improved-

because of its cleanness, high efficiency, and faster

Efficiency Domestic

heating process. All of these advantages are due to

Induction Heating System

its heating process, where the pot is directly heated

by the induced currents generatedwith a
varyingmagnetic field.As a result, the glass where the
pot is supported is not directly heated and,
consequently, efficiency and heating times are
improved. IH systems are based on dc-link inverters
to generate the required alternating current to feed the
inductor. Usually, resonant converters are used to
achieve higher efficiencies and power densities. In
such systems, themaximum output power and
efficiency are achieved at the resonant frequency, and
the switching frequency is increased to reduce the
output power. As a consequence, in these

IEEE
2013

converters, the efficiency is also reduced in the lowmedium output power range. This paper proposes
the use of the half-bridge inverter in two operating
modes to achieve higher efficiency in a wide output
power range. The power converter topology can be
reconfigured by changing the resonant capacitors
through electromechanical relays. As a consequence,
the entire efficiency of the cooking process is
improved with a cost-effective procedure.(Index
TermsInduction heating (IH), inverter, resonant
power conversion.)
PE25

Common-Mode Voltage

AbstractCommon-mode voltages (CMVs) can lead

Reduction Methods for

to premature failure of the motor insulation system in

Current-Source

medium-voltage current-source-fed drives. By

Converters in Medium-

analyzing the CMV values at all switching states

Voltage Drives

under different operating conditions of a

currentsource-inverter (CSI)-based motor drive, this
paper first indicates that the CMV peaks are
produced by the zero states in most of the cases. The
nonzero-state (NZS) modulation techniques
employed in voltage-source converters are adapted
for use in a spacevector- modulated current-source
converter (CSC) to reduce the CMV magnitude. For
NZS modulation in CSCs, the nearest threestate
(NTS) modulation sequences are designed with good
loworder harmonic performances in their linear
modulation region of ma 0.67 and with no increase
in the device switching frequency. A combined activezero-state (AZS) modulation technique is also
proposed as compensation, for a lower modulation
index in the range of 0.40.67, when a compromise is
made between the dc-link current minimization and
high input power factor control. The simulation and
experimental results are provided to validate the CMV
reduction effects and harmonic performances of the
NTS and combined AZS modulation methods in CSIfed drives. (Index TermsActive-zero-state (AZS)

IEEE
2013

modulation, commonmode voltage (CMV), currentsource converter (CSC), nearest three-state (NTS)
modulation, nonzero-state (NZS) modulation.)
PE26

Control of Improved Full-

AbstractThis paper presents an improved full-

Bridge Three-Level

bridge threelevel (IFBTL) dc/dc converter for a wind

DC/DC Converter for Wind

turbine in a dc grid by inserting a passive filter into the

Turbines in a DC Grid

dc/dc converter to improve the performance of the

IEEE
2013

converter. The passive filter can effectively reduce

the voltage stress of the medium frequency
transformer in the IFBTL dc/dc converter. A
modulation strategy, including two operation modes,
is proposed for the IFBTL dc/dc converter. Then, a
voltage balancing control strategy is proposed for the
IFBTL dc/dc converter. Furthermore, the control of
thewind turbine based on the IFBTL dc/dc converter in
a dc-grid system is presented. Finally, a small-scale
IFBTL dc/dc converter prototype was built and tested
in the laboratory, and the results verify the theoretical
analysis. (Index TermsDC/DC converter, dc grid,
full-bridge three-level (FBTL), permanentmagnet
synchronous generator, wind turbines.)
PE27

DC-Voltage Fluctuation

AbstractUnbalanced grid voltage causes a large

Elimination Through a DC-

second-order harmonic current in the dc-link

Capacitor Current Control

capacitors as well as dc-voltage fluctuation, which

for DFIG Converters

potentially will degrade the lifespan and reliability of

Under Unbalanced Grid

the capacitors in voltage source converters. This

Voltage Conditions

paper proposes a novel dc-capacitor current control

method for a grid-side converter (GSC) to eliminate
the negative impact of unbalanced grid voltage on
the dc-capacitors. In this method, a dccapacitor
current control loop,where a negative-sequence
resonant controller is used to increase the loop gain,
is added to the conventional GSC current control loop.
The rejection capability to the unbalanced grid
voltage and the stability of the proposed control
system are discussed. The second-order harmonic
current in the dc capacitor as well as dc-voltage

IEEE
2013

fluctuation is very well eliminated. Hence, the dc

capacitors will be more reliable under unbalanced grid
voltage conditions. A modular implementation method
of the proposed control strategy is developed for the
DFIG controller. Finally, experiments are presented to
validate the theoretical analysis. (Index Terms
Control analysis, dc-capacitor current, doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG), resonant controller,
unbalanced grid voltage.)
PE28

Design and

AbstractThis paper presents the design and

Implementation of Energy

implementation of an energy management system

Management System With

(EMS) with fuzzy control for a dc microgrid

Fuzzy Control for DC

system.Modeling, analysis, and control of distributed

Microgrid Systems

power sources and energy storage devices

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2013

withMATLAB/Simulink are proposed, and the

integrated monitoring EMS is implemented with
LabVIEW. To improve the life cycle of the battery,
fuzzy control manages the desired state of charge.
The RS-485/ZigBee network has been designed to
control the operating mode and to monitor the values
of all subsystems in the dc microgrid system. (Index
TermsEnergy management system (EMS), fuzzy
control, microgrid.)
PE29

Design Methodology for

AbstractThis paper introduces a

a Very High Frequency

designmethodology for a resonant boost converter

Resonant Boost Converter

topology that is suitable for operation at very high

frequencies. The topology we examine features a low
parts count and fast transient response, but suffers
from higher device stresses compared to other
topologies that use a larger number of passive
components.Anumerical design procedure is
developed for this topology that does not rely on
time-domain simulation sweeps across parameters.
This allows the optimal converter design to be found
for a particular main semiconductor switch. If an
integrated power process is used where the designer
has control over layout of the semiconductor switch,

IEEE
2013

the optimal combination of converter design and

semiconductor layout can be found. To validate the
proposed converter topology and design approach, a
75-MHz prototype converter is designed and
experimentally demonstrated. The performance of
the prototype closely matches that predicted by the
design procedure, and the converter achieves good
efficiency over a wide input voltage range. (Index
TermsDC-DC power converters, power transistors,
RLC circuits, schottky diodes, tuned circutis.)
PE30

Design Optimization of

AbstractThis paper presents a new methodology

Transformerless Grid-

for optimal design of transformerless photovoltaic

Connected PV Inverters

(PV) inverters targeting a cost-effective deployment of

Including Reliability

grid-connected PV systems. The optimal switching

IEEE
2013

frequency as well as the optimal values and types of

the PV inverter components is calculated such that the
PV inverter LCOE generated during the PV system
lifetime period is minimized. The LCOE is also
calculated considering the failure rates of the
components, which affect the reliability performance
and lifetime maintenance cost of the PV inverter. A
design example is presented, demonstrating that
compared to the nonoptimized PV inverter structures,
the PV inverters designed using the proposed
optimization methodology exhibit lower total
manufacturing and lifetime maintenance cost and
inject more energy into the electricgrid and by that
minimizing LCOE. (Index TermsDCAC power
conversion, failure analysis, optimization methods,
photovoltaic (PV) power systems, reliability.)
PE31

Design, Analysis, and

AbstractThis paper proposes a high step-up solar

Implementation of Solar

power optimizer (SPO) that efficiently harvests

Power Optimizer for DC

maximum energy from a photovoltaic (PV) panel then

Distribution System

outputs energy to a dc-microgrid. Its structure

integrates coupled inductor and switched capacitor
technologies to realize high step-up voltage gain. The
leakage inductance energy of the coupled inductor

IEEE
2013

can be recycled to reduce voltage stress and power

losses. A low voltage rating and low-conduction
resistance switch improves system efficiency by
employing the incremental conductance method for
the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm.
Because of its high tracking accuracy, the method is
widely used in the energy harvesting of PV systems.
laboratory prototypes of the proposed SPO that have
an input voltage range of 20 to 40 V and a maximum
PV output power of 400 V/300 W are applied. The
highest PV power conversion efficiency is 96.7%. The
maximum MPPT accuracy is 99.9%, and the full load
average MPPT accuracy is 97.8%. (Index Terms
High step-up voltage gain, maximu tracking (MPPT),
solar power optimizer (SPO).)
PE32

Development and

AbstractThis paper develops the operational

Operational Control of

control of two maximum power point trackers

Two-String Maximum

(MPPTs) for two-string photovoltaic (PV) panels in dc

Power Point Trackers in

distribution systems. This dc distribution system is

DC Distribution Systems

connected to ac grid via a bidirectional inverter. Two

PV strings and two MPPTs are implemented in this
system. The proposed MPPT topology consists of
buck and boost converters to deal with wide output
voltage range of PV panels. To accurately determine
the input current of MPPTs, the PV-string
configuration check is accomplished online. The
perturbation and observation method are applied for
maximum power point tracking. Moreover, the current
balancing of two MPPT modules in parallel is
achieved. In this paper, the system configuration and
the operational principle of the proposed MPPT are
first introduced. Afterward, the perturbation and
observation method and the mode transition are
demonstrated. Flowcharts of the online PV-string
configuration check and current balancing are
explained. The validity of configuration check and
current balancing is verified via the experimental

IEEE
2013

results. Maximum power tracking performance and

power conversion efficiency are also obtained. (Index
TermsCurrent balancing, dc distribution system,
maximum power point tracking, photovoltaic (PV),
solar power.)
PE33

Digital Plug-In Repetitive

AbstractThis paper investigates a plug-in repetitive

Controller for Single-

control scheme for bridgeless power factor correction

Phase Bridgeless PFC

(PFC) converters to mitigate input current distortions

Converters

under continuous conduction mode and discontinuous

IEEE
2013

conduction mode operating conditions. From the PFC

converter model and the fact that a type-II
compensator is used, a design methodology to
maximize the bandwidth of the feedback controller is
suggested. After that, the error transfer function
including the feedback controller is derived, and the
stability of the repetitive control scheme is evaluated
using the error transfer function. The implementation
of the digital repetitive controller is also discussed. The
simulation and experimental results show that the
input current THD is significantly improved by using
the proposed control scheme for a 1-kW singlephase bridgeless PFC converter prototype. (Index
TermsACDC converters, bridgeless power factor
correction (PFC) converter, digital average current
control, repetitive control.)
PE34

Dual Transformerless

AbstractAlternative energy sources have for some

Single-Stage Current

time attracted great interest in the area of static

Source Inverter With

converter development. This fact is related in greater

Energy Management

part to issues such as sustainability and detrimental

Control Strategy

effects on the natural environment, which all

contribute to the viability of this type of energy source.
In this context, power electronics performs important
tasks making viable the connection of all these kind
of clean power sources to the conventional grid and
also to the load. From this perspective, a new
challenge must be faced which is the development of
energy management systems capable of providing

IEEE
2013

intelligent planning and control of appliances in lowand high-power applications. That being so, this
paper intends to contribute presenting a novel dual
transformerless single-stage current source inverter
fed by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC) and a photovoltaic (PV) array. High voltage
gain and totally controlled output voltage can be
achieved without using dedicated step-up dcdc
converters or transformers either. The main feature of
this inverter structure is the intelligent power
management technique which focuses on the
extraction of maximum power from the PV array
keeping the PEMFC as an energy storage system.
Theoretical analysis is presented and corroborated
by experimental results of a 400Wlaboratory
prototype. (IndexTermsBuckboost, current source
inverter (CSI), energy management, fuel cell (FC),
inverters, photovoltaic (PV), singlestage,
transformerless.)
PE35

Electric Equivalent Model

AbstractThis paper presents an electric equivalent

for Induction Electrodeless

model applied to induction electrodeless fluorescent

Fluorescent Lamps

lamps. The model is based on passive components

and takes into account the real and reactive lamp
power. The presented model and its obtention
methodology will be an important tool for ballast
designers. One of the most important features of the
proposed methodology is the concern regarding core
losses and lamp reactive characteristics, because
nowadays there are no electricmodels including
these characteristics. In order to obtain and validate
the electrodeless lamp model, a seriesparallel
resonant half-bridge inverter is used as ballast.
Plasma and lamp windings are modeled as
resistances and reactances depending on the lamp
power. Simulations employing the proposed model
are also presented, showing an excellent agreement
with experimental results. (Index Terms

IEEE
2013

Electrodeless fluorescent lamps, equivalent model,

high frequency.)
PE36

Enhanced Control of a

AbstractThis paper presents an enhanced control

DFIG-Based Wind-Power

method for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-

Generation System With

based wind-power generation system with series grid-

Series Grid-Side

side converter (SGSC) under unbalanced grid

Converter Under

voltage conditions. The behaviors of the DFIG

Unbalanced Grid Voltage

system with SGSC during network unbalance are

Conditions

described. By injecting a series control voltage

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2013

generated from the SGSC to balance the stator

voltage, the adverse effects of voltage unbalance upon
the DFIG, such as stator and rotor current
unbalances, electromagnetic torque, and power
pulsations, can be removed, and then the conventional
vector control strategy for the rotor-side converter
remains in full force under unbalanced conditions.
Meanwhile, three control targets for the parallel gridside converter (PGSC) are identified, including
eliminating the oscillations in the total active power or
reactive power, or eliminating negative-sequence
current injected to the grid. Furthermore, a precise
current reference generation strategy for the PGSC
has been proposed for the PGSC to further improve
the operation performance of the whole system.
Finally, the proposed coordinated control strategy for
the DFIG system with SGSC has been validated by
the simulation results of a 2-MW-DFIG-based wind
turbine with SGSC and experimental results on a
laboratory-scale experimental rig under small steadystate grid voltage unbalance. (Index TermsDoubly
fed induction generator (DFIG), enhanced control, grid
voltage unbalance, series grid-side converter
(SGSC), wind-power generation.)
PE37

Generalized Multicell

AbstractTraditional voltage-source inverter is

Switched-Inductor and

limited by its only voltage step-down operation, while

Switched-Capacitor Z-

current-source inverter is limited by its only current

Source Inverters

step-down mode. In order to add an extra boosting

IEEE
2013

flexibility while keeping the number of active

semiconductors unchanged, voltage-type and currenttype Z-source inverters were earlier proposed. These
new classes of inverters are generally more robust
and less sensitive to electromagnetic noises. However,
their boosting capabilities are somehow
compromised by high component stresses and
poorer spectral performances caused by low
modulation ratios. Their boosting gains are, therefore,
limited in practice. To overcome these shortcomings,
the generalized switched-inductor and switchedcapacitor Z-source inverters are proposed,whose
extra boosting abilities and other advantages have
already been verified in simulation and
experiment. (Index TermsCascaded inverters,
multicell inverters, switchedcapacitor (SC), switchedinductor (SL), Z-source inverters.)
PE38

Grid Interfacing of

AbstractThis paper investigates the suitability of

Multimegawatt

selective harmonic elimination (SHE) for low-loss

Photovoltaic Inverters

multimegawatt gridconnected photovoltaic (PV)

inverters. The proposed system is able to meet
utilities regulations, IEEE and IEC standards. In an
attempt to substantiate the potential superiority of SHE
over carrier-based or space-vector pulsewidth
modulation (PWM), this paper demonstrates that
SHE may allow grid-connected PV inverters to be
controlled using a switching frequency of less than 1
kHz, while the inverter is still able to provide
necessary operation features such as independent
control of active and reactive powers and operation
control simplicity. For system validation, experimental
results with SHE are compared to the case when the
inverter is controlled using third-harmonic injection
PWM, with a 2-kHz switching frequency.
Furthermore, the paper proposes a new
implementation technique for SHE that utilizes the
third harmonics to spread the switching angles over

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2013

90 instead of being located in a narrow range as

generated when using conventional techniques, along
with increases in modulation index. The advantages
of the proposed technique include simplicity in
implementation and flexibility in PWM waveforms.
Simulation and experimentation demonstrate
agreement, which validates the practicability of the
proposed system. (Index TermsGrid-connected
photovoltaic inverters, highpower medium-voltage
inverters, pulsewidth modulations (PWMs), switching
losses.)
PE39

High Boost Ratio Hybrid

AbstractThis paper presents a nonisolated, high

Transformer DCDC

boost ratio hybrid transformer dcdc converter with

Converter for Photovoltaic

applications for low-voltage renewable energy

Module Applications

sources. The proposed converter utilizes a hybrid

transformer to transfer the inductive and capacitive
energy simultaneously, achieving a high boost ratio
with a smaller sized magnetic component. As a result
of incorporating the resonant operation mode into the
traditional high boost ratio pulsewidth modulation
converter, the turn-off loss of the switch is reduced,
increasing the efficiency of the converter under all
load conditions. The input current ripple and
conduction losses are also reduced because of the
hybrid linear-sinusoidal input current waveforms. The
voltage stresses on the active switch and diodes are
maintained at a low level and are independent of the
changing input voltage over a wide range as a result
of the resonant capacitor transferring energy to the
output of the converter. The effectiveness of the
proposed converter was experimentally verified using
a 220-W prototype circuit. Utilizing an input voltage
ranging from 20 to 45V and a load range of 30220W,
the experimental results show system of efficiencies
greater than 96% with a peak efficiency of 97.4% at
35-V input, 160-W output. Due to the high system
efficiency and the ability to operate with a wide

IEEE
2013

variable input voltage, the proposed converter is an

attractive design for alternative low dc voltage energy
sources, such as solar photovoltaic modules and fuel
cells. (Index TermsCalifornia energy commission
(CEC) efficiency, energy sources with low dc voltage,
European union (EU) efficiency, high boost ratio dc
dc, high efficiency, hybrid transformer, photovoltaic
(PV) module.)
PE40

High Power Factor AC

AbstractIn this paper, a new method is proposed to

DC LED Driver With Film

eliminate electrolytic capacitors in a two-stage acdc

Capacitors

light-emitting diode (LED) driver. DC-biased sinusoidal

IEEE
2013

or square-wave LED drivingcurrent can help to

reduce the power imbalance between ac input and dc
output. In doing so, film capacitors can be adopted to
improve LED drivers lifetime. The relationship
between the peakto- average ratio of the pulsating
current in LEDs and the storage capacitance
according to given storage capacitance is derived.
Using the proposed zero-low-level square-wave
driving current scheme, the storage capacitance in
the LED driver can be reduced to 52.7% comparing
with that in the driver using constant dc driving
current. The input power factor is almost unity, which
complies with lighting equipment standards such as
IEC-1000-3-2 for Class C equipments. The voltage
across the storage capacitors is analyzed and
verified during the whole pulse width modulation
dimming range. For the ease of dimming and
implementation, a 50WLED driver with zero-low-level
square-wave driving current is built and the
experimental results are presented to verify the
proposed methods. (Index TermsConverters,
dimming, LED driver, lighting, pulsating driving
current.)
PE41

High-Efficiency

AbstractDue to their high reliability and luminous

Asymmetrical Half-Bridge

efficacy, high-brightness light-emitting diodes are

Converter Without

being widely used in lighting applications, and

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2013

Electrolytic Capacitor for

therefore, their power supplies are required to have

Low-Output-Voltage AC

also high reliability and efficiency. A very common

DC LED Drivers

approach for achieving this in acdc applications is

using a two-stage topology. The power factor corrector
boost converter operating in the boundary conduction
mode is a very common converter used as first
stage. It is normally designed without electrolytic
capacitors, improving reliability but also increasing
the low-frequency ripple of the output voltage. The
asymmetrical half-bridge (AHB) is a perfect option for
the second stage as it has very high efficiency, it
operates at constant switching frequency, and its
output filter is small (i.e., it can be also easily
implemented without electrolytic capacitors).
Moreover, the AHB is an excellent candidate for
selfdriven synchronous rectification (SD-SR) as its
transformer does not have dead times. However, the
standard configuration of the SD-SR must bemodified
in this case in order to deal with the transformer
voltage variations due to the input voltage ripple and,
more important, due to the LED dimming state. This
modification is presented in this paper. Another
important issue regarding the AHB is that its closedloop controller cannot be very fast and it cannot
easily cancel the previously mentioned low-frequency
ripple. In this paper, a feed-forward technique,
specifically designed to overcome this problem, is
also presented. The experimental results obtained
with a 60-W topology show that efficiency of the AHB
may be very high (94.5%), while the inherent control
problems related to the AHB can be overcome by the
proposed feed-forward technique. (Index Terms
ACDC converter, asymmetrical half bridge, dc dc
converter, LED drivers, low-output voltage, self-driven
synchronous rectification (SD-SR).)

PE42

High-Efficiency Single-

AbstractThe aim of this study is to develop a high-

Input Multiple-Output DC

efficiency single-input multiple-output (SIMO) dcdc

IEEE

DC Converter

converter. The proposed converter can boost the

2013

voltage of a low-voltage input power source to a

controllable high-voltage dc bus and middle-voltage
output terminals. The high-voltage dc bus can take as
the main power for a high-voltage dc load or the front
terminal of a dcac inverter. Moreover, middlevoltage output terminals can supply powers for
individual middle-voltage dc loads or for charging
auxiliary power sources (e.g., battery modules). In
this study, a coupled-inductorbased dcdc converter
scheme utilizes only one power switch with the
properties of voltage clamping and soft switching,
and the corresponding device specifications are
adequately designed. As a result, the objectives of
high-efficiency power conversion, high stepup ratio,
and various output voltages with different levels can
be obtained. Some experimental results via a kilowattlevel prototype are given to verify the effectiveness of
the proposed SIMO dcdc converter in practical
applications. (Index TermsCoupled inductor, highefficiency power conversion, single-input multipleoutput (SIMO) converter, soft switching, voltage
clamping.)
PE43

Hybrid-Frequency

AbstractThis paper presents a unique modulation

Modulation for PWM-

method for extending the input range of pulse-width

Integrated Resonant

modulation (PWM)- integrated resonant converters,

Converters

such as the isolated boost resonant converter, while

maintaining high conversion efficiency. The technique
includes primarily the hybridizing of constant-on,
constantoff, and fixed-frequency control depending
only on the required duty cycle. The modulation
scheme reduces core loss and conduction loss
dramatically by decreasing the applied volt-seconds at
the transformer and improving the switching period
utilization. With hybrid-frequency control, the circuit
alsomaintains zero current switching for the output
diodes, minimizes switching loss, and eliminates

IEEE
2013

circulating energy at the transformer across the entire

operating range. It also allows for a predictable
voltage gain, dependent only on duty cycle and
transformer turns ratio. A detailed loss analysis is
provided and verified against a 180 W experimental
prototype, with an input range of 1248 V and a
switching frequency range of 3070 kHz.
Implementation issues are also handled with a
variety of solutions for realizing the modulation
scheme. Experimental results show greater than 4%
weighted efficiency improvement in the prototype
using the proposed method. (Index TermsDCDC
modulation, integrated boost resonant (IBR) converter)
PE44

Improved Sensorless

AbstractVarious applications, like in underground

Operation of a CSI-Based

mines and oil and gas industries, require remote

Induction Motor Drive:

operation of vectorcontrolled medium-voltage variable

Long Feeder Case

speed drives via a long motor feeder. The use of

voltage source inverters in such cases leads to motor
overvoltage and harmonic quality problems. The
current source inverter (CSI) is ideally matched to
these applications because of its motor-friendly
voltage output. Speed sensorless operation is
mandatory due to the longmotor feeder. Although the
model reference adaptive system (MRAS) is a
powerful and proven speed estimation tool, its
implementation in long motor feeder drives faces
many challenges. Among them, and addressed in this
paper, are inherent dc offset in its stator model, the
need for actual motor voltage and current values, and
oscillations in the estimated speed due to errors in
the motor current measurement signals. In this paper,
a sensorless CSI vector-controlled drive, suitable for
long motor feeder applications, is studied. Improved
speed estimation is achieved by proposing 1) a
modified dc-offset eliminator for an MRAS speed
estimation and 2) a compensation technique for
motor currents measurement errors. Intensive

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2013

experimental results, for a low-voltage scaled model,

along with simulations validate the effectiveness of
the proposed technique. (Index TermsCurrent
source inverter, long feeder, medium voltage drives,
speed sensor-less.)
PE45

Improved Trans-Z-

AbstractThis paper deals with a new family of high

Source Inverter With

boost voltage inverters that improve upon the

Continuous Input Current

conventional trans-Z-source and trans-quasi-Z-source

and Boost Inversion

inverters. The improved trans-Z-source inverter

Capability

provides continuous input current and a higher boost

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2013

voltage inversion capability. In addition, the improved

inverter can suppress resonant current at startup,
which might destroy the device. In comparison to the
conventional trans-Z-source/-trans-quasi-Zsource
inverters, for the same transformer turn ratio and
input and output voltages, the improved inverter has a
higher modulation index with reduced voltage stress
on the dc link, lower current stress flow on the
transformer windings and diode, and lower input
current ripple. In order to produce the same input and
output voltage with the same modulation index, the
improved inverter uses a lower transformer turn ratio
compared to the conventional inverters. Thus, the size
and weight of the transformer in the improved
inverter can be reduced. This paper presents the
operating principles, analysis and simulation results,
and compares them with those of the conventional
trans-Z-source/-quasi-Z-source inverters. To verify
the performance of the improved converter, a
laboratory prototype was constructed based on a
TMS320F2812 digital signal processor with 100 Vdc
input and 115 Vrms output voltage. (Index Terms
Boost inversion ability, shoot-through state, trans-Zsource inverter, transformer, Z-source inverter.)
PE46

Improved Voltage-Vector

AbstractThis paper presents a dead-beat predictive

Sequences on Dead-Beat

direct power control (DPC) strategy and its improved

Predictive Direct Power

voltage-vector sequences for reversible three-phase

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2013

Control of Reversible

grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). The

Three-Phase Grid-

instantaneous variation rates of active and reactive

Connected Voltage-

powers, by applying each converter voltage vector in

Source Converters

12 different sectors, are deduced and analyzed. Based

on the power variation rates, it is found that the
values of the predicted duration times for the two
conventional active converter voltage vectors are less
than zero when the grid-connected VSC operates as
either a rectifier or an inverter. In order to solve this
issue, two new alternative vector sequences are
proposed and compared. Experimental results on a
1.5 kW reversible grid-connected VSC system are
presented to validate the feasibility of the proposed
voltage-vector sequences on the dead-beat
predictive DPC strategy. (Index TermsDead-beat,
direct power control (DPC), duration time, predictive,
vector sequences, voltage-source converter (VSC).)

PE47

Input Differential-Mode

AbstractIn this paper, the differential-mode (DM)

EMI of CRM Boost PFC

electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise of a single-

Converter

phase boost power factor correction converter

operating in critical current mode was analyzed. The
DM noise spectra are calculated based on the
mathematicalmodel of EMI receiver and the required
corner frequencies of DM filter are obtained. It can be
seen that the minimum corner frequencies are
determined by the maximum noises at 150 kHz. With
the relation between the magnitude of the inductor
current ripple and theDMnoise, the characteristics of
noise at 150 kHz are obtained by analyzing the current
ripple magnitude at 150 kHz; thus, the worst
conditions which have the maximum noise value are
figured out. Meanwhile, the maximum noises at 150
kHz for different input voltages are identical, so the
DM filter can be designed based on one worst
spectrum at one input voltage without testing the
spectra in other conditions. (Index TermsBoost
converter, critical current mode (CRM), differential

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2013

mode (DM), electromagnetic interference (EMI),

power factor correction (PFC).)
PE48

Integration and Operation

AbstractThis study is focused on integration and

of a Single-Phase

operation of a single-phase bidirectional inverter with

Bidirectional Inverter With

two buck/boost maximum power point trackers

Two Buck/Boost MPPTs

(MPPTs) for dc-distribution applications. In a dc-

for DC-Distribution

distribution system, a bidirectional inverter is required

Applications

to control the power flow between dc bus and ac grid,

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2013

and to regulate the dc bus to a certain range of

voltages.Adroop regulation mechanism according to
the inverter inductor current levels to reduce
capacitor size, balance power flow, and accommodate
load variation is proposed. Since the photovoltaic
(PV) array voltage can vary from 0 to 600 V,
especially with thin-film PV panels, the MPPT topology
is formed with buck and boost converters to operate
at the dc-bus voltage around 380 V, reducing the
voltage stress of its followed inverter. Additionally, the
controller can online check the input configuration of
the two MPPTs, equally distribute the PV-array output
current to the twoMPPTs in parallel operation, and
switch control laws to smooth out mode transition. A
comparison between the conventional boostMPPT
and the proposed buck/boostMPPT integrated with a
PV inverter is also presented. Experimental results
obtained froma 5-kW system have verified the
discussion and feasibility. (Index TermsBidirectional
inverter, buck/boost maximum power point trackers
(MPPTs), dc-distribution applications.)
PE49

Interleaved Boundary

AbstractAn interleaved boundary conduction mode

Conduction Mode (BCM)

powerfactor- correction buck converter that maintains

Buck Power Factor

high efficiency across entire load and line range is

Correction (PFC)

proposed. The adaptive master slave interleaving

Converter

method maintains stable 180 out-of-phase operation

during any transient. By interleaving two parallelconnected buck converters, the input current ripple is
halved while the ripple frequency is doubled, which

IEEE
2013

leads to a smaller differential mode line filter. The line

current harmonic distortion is analyzed to examine
the allowable output voltage range while meeting
harmonic regulations. The operation and
performance of the proposed circuit is verified on a
300 W, universal line experimental prototype with 80
V output. The measured efficiencies remain above
96% down to 20% of full load across the entire
universal line range. Even at 10% of full-load
condition, the efficiency remains above 94%. The
input current harmonics also meet the IEC61000-3-2
(class D) standard. (Index TermsBoundary
conduction mode (BCM), buck converter, interleaving,
power factor correction (PFC).)
PE50

Light-Load Efficiency

AbstractSingle-stage single-switch ac/dc

Improvement in Buck-

converters with power factor correction (PFC)

Derived Single-Stage

generally have higher power losses under a light-load

Single-Switch PFC

condition, as compared to that of the two-stage

Converters

approach, due to the sharing of a common power

transistor such that the PFC stage cannot be
switched OFF separately to save power losses. This
letter addresses this problem by using a buck topology
for the PFC stage of the single-stage single-switch
converters as it can be completely turned OFF by
operating the converter only near the zero crossing of
the input voltage, due to the presence of the dead
angle of input current. Hence, the switching and
conduction losses to the transistor and diodes, and
passive devices are reduced. Also, further
improvement is made by finding the best combination
of dc-bus capacitor charging time and discharging time
to achieve the lowest power loss. A recently
proposed converter topology which combines a buck
PFC cell with a buckboost dc/dc cell is used as an
example. Experimental results are reported and
confirmed that the proposed light-load power loss
reduction scheme on the converter can improve power

IEEE
2013

stage efficiency by up to 7% at 1 W of output power

as compared to that without the proposed
scheme. (Index TermsLight-load efficiency, power
consumption, Power factor correction, single-stage.)
PE51

Light-to-Light: PV-Fed

AbstractThis paper discusses the principle of

LED Lighting Systems

operation, dynamic modeling, and control design for

light-to-light (LtL) systems, whose aim is to directly

IEEE
2013

convert the sun irradiation into artificial light. The

system discussed in this paper is composed by a
photovoltaic (PV) panel, an LED array, a dcdc
converter dedicated to the maximum power point
tracking of the PV panel and a dcdc converter
dedicated to drive the LEDs array. A system controller
is also included, whose goal is to ensure the
matching between the maximum available PV power
and the LED power by means of a low-frequency
LEDs dimming. An experimental design example is
discussed to illustrate the functionalities of the LtL
system. (Index TermsLED lighting, maximum
power point tracking, PV systems.)

IEEE
2013