Situation: Todays realm demands individual who are flexible, creative, and be able

to empower others to be flexible and creative. With the nursing shortage, managed
care, higher patient acuity, fewer resources, highly diverse demographics, and
outside influences, nurses need to be more effective leaders that ever as they
manage patients in various settings. In order to understand the phenomenon of
leadership and how contemporary perspectives shape leadership behaviors, it is
helpful to know how view about leaders and leadership have changed over time.
1. Ben is the president of their schools Student Nurses Association. His
subordinates see him as a good leader, having the potential to lead the whole
Nursing Department. He is a good speaker, he shows great confidence in
dealing with activities and different situations in their college and his height
and body built certainly add to the leadership factor. This applies which
nursing leadership theory?
a. Transformational Theory
b. Great Man theory
c. Situational theory
d. Trait Theory
Answer: D
Rationale: During the early part of the 20th century, several researchers studied
the behaviors and traits of individuals thought to be effective leaders. Studies
revealed that these leaders possessed multiple characteristics. Although there were
commonalities among them (e.g., they tended to be taller, be more articulate or
exude self-confidence), there was no standard list that fit everyone or that or that
could be used to predict or identify who was or could be an effective leader.
Core Competency: Empowering Competency
Key Areas: Personal and Professional Development.
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Process and Practice
by Rebecca A. Patronis jones, DnSc, RN, CNAA, BC Page 4

2. Rizza, a student leader is holding a meeting with her subordinates regarding

the leadership enhancement programs that they have planned 3 months
before. She proposed for certain changes to be upheld that would enhance
the motives of the followers by seeking their needs and developing their full
selves rather than seeking for ways to just motivate them to work. Rizza is
applying which nursing leadership style?
a. Transformational theory
b. Great Man theory
c. Situational theory
d. Trait theory

Answer: A
Rationale: A new way of thinking about leadership emerged in the mid-1970s
when James McGregor Burns asserted that the true nature of leadership is not the
ability to motivate people to work hard for their pay but ability to transform
followers to become more self-directed in all they do. Transformational leaders
therefore, look for potential motives in followers, seek to satisfy higher needs, and
engage the full person of the follower.
Core Competency: Patient Care Competency
Key Areas: Collaborative and Teamwork.
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice
by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 5

3.

There are different circumstances that call for different interventions to be

applied. The most common theory of nursing leadership that can be
witnessed in clinical setting is the?
a. Transformational theory
b. Great Man theory
c. Situational theory
d. Trait theory

Core Competency: Enabling Competency

Key Areas: Management of Resources and Environment.
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processses and
Practice by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 4

Situation: Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice by Rebecca

A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 4
Situation: Leadership and Management are related phenomena but they are not
the same. It is important to realize the difference between the two in order to seek
out who are true leaders from those who are purely managers.
4. Mr. Rodriguez is a man of age whom people look up to. He is not wealthy nor
is in any legitimate position to make others follow him. But when he speaks,
nearly everyone listen and for thos who listen; they follow Mr. Rodriguez is
portraying a?
a. Leader
b. Manager
c. Supervisor

d. Lay Person
Answer: A
Rationale: Leadership is not necessarily tied to a position of authority. Leadership
can and needs to be exercised by each of us wherever we may be. In other words,
even though an individual does not hold a management position, she can still be a
leader on clinical unit, in an institution, in her community, or in the profession as a
whole.
Core Competency: Empowering Competency
Key Areas: Legal Responsibility
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice
by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, BC page 7

5. Leaders do things right; and managers do the right things.; This statement is
considered as:
a. True
b. False
c. Both
d. None of the above
Answer: B
Rationale: Indeed our practice world is greatly enhanced when leaders are able to
manage and managers are able to lead. Bennis and Nanus (1985,p.21) have been
quoted often as saying leaders do the right thing and managers do things right.
Core Competency: Empowering Competency
Key Areas: Legal Responsibility
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and
Practice by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 7

Situation: Nurses manage care for individual clients, families, and communities in
hospitals, outpatient settings, clinics, health departments, home health agencies,
long-term care facilities, and rehabilitation centers as well as in other specialized
healthcare organizations. The strategies they use to organize care are drawn from
leadership and management theories. The approaches to leadership and
management reflect the dynamic state of health-care delivery as nurse managers
and leaders strive t empower nurses to provide care that produces optimal
outcomes.

6.

Managers have traditionally been responsible for the control of resources

required to accomplish organizational goals. There are four functions that fall
under management in nursing. The following are these, except?
a. Planning
b. Optimizing
c. Directing
d. Controlling

Answer: B
Rationale: Managers have traditionally been responsible for the control of
resources required to accomplish organizational goals. Managers have four
functions namely planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Optimizing is not
one of them.
Core Competency: Empowering Competency
Key Areas:

Personal and Professional Development

References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice

by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 14
7.

Leaders and Managers have certain differences. Managers are known to?
a. Be skill- based
b. Be goal- oriented
c. Make use of influence
d. Do the right things

Answer: B
Rationale: Managers are expected to teach workers the best way to perform the
job; match the employee to the job; provide motivational incentives to workers; see
that time, energy, and materials are used efficiently, and ensure that the
organization fulfill its objectives and goals. The other options refer to leaders.
Core Competency: Empowering Competency
Key Areas: Personal and Professional Development
References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice
by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 13

8. There are several issues that cause people to question whether being a nurse
requires one to be a leader or a manager, or both. In reality, management
and leadership are two sides of the same coin. There is no doubt that

management is an important function of any leadership position; both are

required for the organization to function effectively. Which of the following
would support the concept of leadership and management?
a. The managers inspires trust; the leader relies on control
b. The manager has his eye on the horizon; the leader his eye on the
bottom line.
c. The manager asks how and when; when the leader ask what and why.
d. The manager focuses on people; the leader focuses on systems and
structure.
Core Competency:

Enhancing Competency

Key Areas: Quality Improvement.

References: Nursing Leadership and Management Theories, Processes and Practice
by Rebecca A. Patronis Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BC page 15

Situation: Ramon, a nurse researcher is conducting a study on the difference

between the skills performance of emergency room nurses from private and
government- based hospitals in Metro Manila. He used ER nurse from every hospital
selected randomly.
9. Researchers have various characteristics such as using a systematic process
while avoiding biases, which is known as:
a. Methodical
b. Empirical
c. Logical
d. Analytical
Answer: A
Rationale: Methodical research is conducted in an orderly manner without bias
using systematic procedure. Empirical researches are based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher. Logical researches are based on valid procedures
and principles. Analytical researchers utilize proven analytical procedure in
collecting data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Palmer- Calmorin, Laurentina and Calmorin- Piedad Ma. Lauremelch.
Nursing Research. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 2008. Pp 3-5.
10.Which of the following reasons for conducting research in nursing is correct?
a. It provides specific knowledge base from which nursing theories
emerge and develop.

b. It provides theoretical and scientific basis for nursing practice.

c. It describes the characteristics of the nursing situations about which
little knowledge is known.
d. All of the above statements are correct.
Answer: D
Rationale: All of the above statements are correct.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Barrientos- Tan, Cretita A Research Guide in Nursing Education.
Makati: Visual Print Enterprises, 3rd edition, 2006. Pp5-7.

11.Which among the following purposes of research is most applicable to the

study of Ramon is conducting?
a. Description
b. Prediction and Control
c. Explanation
d. Exploration
Answer: A
Rationale: Description. Research describes a phenomenon that relates to the
nursing profession as well as to observe, define, and document nursing situations
under inquiry. Prediction and Control. Research anticipates possible psychological
and physiological reactions to nursing interventions. Explanation. Research seeks
clarification of a prevailing situation to answer questions that ask why a
phenomenon occurred. Exploration. Research explores the phenomenon being
investigated by observing and recording events or situations occurring in that
phenomenon.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: : Barrientos- Tan, Cretita A Research Guide in Nursing Education.
Makati: Visual Print Enterprises, 3rd edition, 2006. Pp7-9.
12.Ramon should consider several criteria in to secure a good research problem.
Which criterion refers to the capability of the problem to be resolved through
empirical research?
a. Significance
b. Feasibility
c. Researchability

d. None of the Above

Answer: C
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Gregorio, Ernesto Jr. R and Mencias Cristina F. A guide for Research in
Health, Nursing and in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: C and E Publishing, Inc.,
2008.pp 2.
13.All but one the following are characteristics are necessary to ensure
feasibility of the research study;
a. Availability of the researcher
b. Adequate subjects can be included in the study.
c. Resources are available
d. The procedures are technically possible.
Answer: A
Rationale: Availability of the researcher.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Gregorio, Ernesto Jr. R and Mencias Cristina F. A guide for Research in
Health, Nursing and in the Social Sciences. Quezon City: C and E Publishing, Inc.,
2008.pp 3.
14.One of the factor that may affect Ramons study is the education and
competency enhancement of the ER nurses, which may not be prevented
during the process of research. This is further known as:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Extraneous variable
d. Moderator variable
Answer: C
Rationale: Extraneous variable through not be direct foci of the study may affect
result to a certain extent. Independent variables are factors that are being
manipulated by the researcher and the focus of the study.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Social Sciences. Quezon City: C and E Publishing, Inc., 2008 pp3.

15.Which among the following research design is the most appropriate for
Ramons study?
a. Comparative Research
b. Experimental Research
c. Ethnological Research
d. Phenomenological Research
Answer: A
Rationale: Comparative studies examine several intact groups to find out the
difference between and among them in certain dependent variables of interest.
Experimental research is an inquiry on cause-and-effect relationships, and is
conducted in a specialized setting. Ethnographic studies refer to the collection and
analysis of data on the lifestyle and daily activities of ethics. Phenomenological
studies examine the live experiences of individuals about a phenomenon through
description and analysis.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Barrientos-Tan, Crestita. A research Guide in Nursing Education.
Makati: Visual Print Enterprises, 3rd Edition, 2006 pp116,129,138,39.
16.Which among the following is the independent variable for the Ramons
study?
a. Metro Manila
b. Skill Performance
c. Type of Hospital
d. Emergency Room Nurses
Answer: C
Rationale: Type of Hospital. Independent variables are factors that are being
manipulated by the researcher and the focus of the study. Dependent variables are
the factors that are affected or influence by the independent variable. The type of
hospital is the focus of the study that may influence the skills performance of
emergency room nurses, which is the dependent variable. Metro Manila is not a
variable but the setting of the study. Emergency Room nurses are the subjects of
the study.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Barrientos-Tan, Crestita. A research Guide in Nursing Education.
Makati: Visual Print Enterprises, 3rd Edition, 2006 pp 47-48.

17. The research problem Ramon would like to answer aims to identify the
difference in the skills performance of ER Nurses between private and
government- based hospitals; hence, be classified as?
a. Basic Research
b. Applied Research
c. Experimental Research
d. Historical Research
Answer: A
Rationale: Basic research aims to improve patient care; alleviate the problem of
nursing shortage; enrich the nursing curriculum and strengthen the organization of
nursing service among others. Applied research is undertaken for practical purposes
seeking solution to immediate problems that have been identified by the clients and
the nurse on the actual work setting. Experimental research is an inquiry on causeand-effect relationships, and is conducted in a specialized setting. Historical
research is a critical investigation and analysis of events, developments and
experiences of the past.
Core Competency: Enhancing Competency
Key Areas: Research
References: Barrientos-Tan, Crestita. A research Guide in Nursing Education.
Makati: Visual Print Enterprises, 3rd Edition, 2006 pp 116,126-127.